,! ,ROOTS ( ,TURKI% ,FASCISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,CRIME?,9C4 

,TEXT 3 

,LIKE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & MANY O!R C\NTRIES1 ,TURKEY HAS BE5 ON A TRAJECTORY T[>DS ESCALAT+ AU?ORIT>IANISM = A LONG TIME2 IT IS >GUABLY FUR!R ALONG ?IS TRAJECTORY ?AN MO/4 ,H[ DID AN AUTOCRATIC GOV]NM5T GA9 CONTROL 9 ,TURKEY1 =G+ AN ALLIANCE BETWE5 A ONCE-SECUL> NATIONALISM & FUNDAM5TALI/ ,ISLAM8 ,/UDY+ ! ROOTS ( PRES5T-DAY FASCISM 9 ,TURKEY WILL HELP US TO UND]/& ! ORIG9S ( ! ,TURKI% 9VASION ( ,ROJAVA1 ID5TIFY POT5TIAL COMRADES & FAULT L9ES )9 ,TURKI% SOCIETY1 & CAT* A GLIMPSE ( :AT ! FUTURE MAY LOOK LIKE EV]Y:]E IF WE DON'T SUCCE$ 9 HALT+ ! RISE ( AUTOCRACY4 

,! APP5DIX 9CLUDES AN 9T]VIEW ) A MEMB] ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,AN>*I/ ,ACTION1 AN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION ACTIVE 9 ,TURKEY = T5 YE>S4 

,NOT LONG AGO1 ,TURKEY WAS A D>L+ ( ! ,WE/]N WORLD4 ,A FAVORITE T\RI/ DE/9ATION ( ,EUROPEANS & ,RUSSIANS1 HOME TO ! ONE ( ! LONGE/-/&+ ,U,S =EIGN MILIT>Y BASES1 & A TOP RECIPI5T ( ,I,M,F_/,WORLD ,BANK LOANS1 ! C\NTRY BRIDG+ ,ASIA & ,EUROPE ONCE HAD A G5]ALLY A FAVORABLE REPUTATION AMONG ALL FROM ,U,S MILIT>Y BRASS TO F9ANCIAL SPECULATORS4 ,?IS IMAGE HAS BE5 SEV]ELY T>NI%$ BY ! ,TURKI% MILIT>Y'S LATE/ 9CURSION 9TO NOR!RN ,SYRIA1 :I* ELICIT$ WIDESPREAD DISAPPROVAL FROM V>I\S POLITICIANS AS WELL AS 9T]NATIONAL SOCIAL MOVEM5TS4 

,YET AL?\< ! 9VASION TOOK MANY PEOPLE BY SURPRISE1 ,TURKEY ITSELF HAS ALWAYS BE5 %AP$ BY A MIX ( FASCISMS--AN E?NO-/ATE BUILT UPON ! SLAU<T] ( ,>M5IANS & ! EXPULSION ( ,GREEKS AS WELL AS ! COLONIAL ASSIMILATION ( ! LOCAL ,KURDI% POPULATION4 ,AT ITS F\NDATION1 ! NATIONAL ,TURKI% ID5TITY WAS CONCEIV$ = ! B5EFIT ( ! ,MUSLIM POPULATION1 BORR[$ FROM ! 0NATION SY/EM0 BY :I* ! ,OTTOMAN ,EMPIRE DIVID$ ! POPULATION ACCORD+ TO RELIGION4 

,= ITS FIR/ #bg YE>S1 />T+ 9 #a#i#b#c1 ! ,TURKI% ,/ATE WAS RUN BY A ONE-P>TY CORPORATI/ SY/EM ?AT CAN PROP]LY BE DESCRIB$ AS FASCI/4 ,AFT] #a#i#e1 ADDITIONAL POLITICAL P>TIES W]E P]MITT$ TO 5T] ! P>LIAM5T>Y SY/EM--AT LEA/ UNTIL ! MILIT>Y C\P 9 #a#i#f4 

,9 ! 5SU+ YE>S1 ,TURKEY WAS 9FLU5C$ BY ! GLOBAL REVOLUTION>Y LEFTI/ WAVE4 ,?IS RELATIVELY 9CLUSIVE P]IOD 5D$ ) ! MILIT>Y C\P 9 #a#i#h2 ! FASCI/IC NEOLIB]AL REGIME ?AT FOLL[$ WAS V]Y SIMIL> TO ,P9O*ET'S ,*ILI4 ,! W> AGA9/ ,KURDI% MOVEM5TS 9T5SIFI$ DUR+ ! #a#i#iS ALONGSIDE POLITICAL 9/ABILITY1 ) ONE COALITION GOV]NM5T DIS9TEGRAT+ AFT] ANO!R4 ,! E>LY #bS1 :5 ,RECEP ,TAYYIP ,]DOGAN TOOK ! /AGE1 APPE>$ TO REPRES5T A BREAK ) CLASSICAL ,TURKI% POLITICS1 A LIB]AL DEMOCRATIC TURN--BUT ! HONEYMOON GRADUALLY 5D$ AS AU?ORIT>IAN NEOLIB]ALISM BL5D$ ) TRADITIONAL ,TURKI% FASCISM4 ,! LATE/ IT]ATION ( ,TURKI% FASCISM1 EMBODI$ BY ,PRESID5T ,]DOGAN1 REPRES5TS ! MELD+ ( A DEEP-ROOT$ NATIONALISM ) MORE REC5T POLITICAL ,ISLAM4 

,ON ! SURFACE1 ?IS IDEOLOGICAL M]G] IS SURPRIS+1 AS ! TWO CURR5TS US$ TO BE AT ODDS4 ,! F\ND+ PR9CIPLES ( ! ,TURKI% /ATE AS >TICULAT$ BY ,MU/AFA ,KEMAL ,ATATURK EMPHASIZ$ ?AT IT WAS TO BE A SECUL> /ATE4 ,?IS SECUL>ISM1 :ILE REPRESSIVE 9 SOME WAYS--= EXAMPLE1 PROHIBIT+ ! PUBLIC DISPLAY ( RELIGI\S G>B--WAS ALSO F> FROM COMPLETE4 ,S9CE ! F\ND+ ( ! /ATE1 ITS M9I/RY ( RELIGI\S AFFAIRS HAS REPEAT$LY ATTEMPT$ TO REGULATE & 9/ILL ,SUNNI ,ISLAM ?R\<\T ,TURKEY4 ,MORE IMPORTANTLY1 AMALGAMATIONS ( /ATE =CES1 ,SUNNI NATIONALI/ MILITIAS1 & MOBS HAVE C>RI$ \T P]IODIC MASSACRES AGA9/ ,TURKEY'S ,ALEVI POPULATION.<#a.>-- 9 #ai* 9 ,D]SIM AGA9/ ,ALEVI ,KURDS1 #ai< 9 ! CITIES ( ,M>AS & ,MALATYA1 9 ,CORUM 9 #a#i#h1 9 ,SIVAS 9 #a#i#i#c4 

,DESPITE ! NATIONALI/ UND]P9N+S ( ! /ATE & ! P]IODIC MOBILIZATION ( ,ISLAM AT ! S]VICE ( ,TURKI% NATIONALISM1 ?IS =M ( HEGEMONIC FASCISM *IEFLY EMPHASIZ$ ! ,TURKIC ROOTS ( ! ,C5TRAL ,ASIAN /EPPE1 RA!R ?AN ! BL5D ( ! ,OTTOMAN IMP]IALISM & ,ISLAMIC FUNDAM5TALISM ,]DOGAN P$DLES TODAY4 ,?IS =M ( FASCISM WAS WEAPONIZ$ AGA9/ ! LEFTI/ /UD5T MOVEM5T ( ! LATE #a#i#fS & '#gS1 9 :I* ! 9ITIAL F\ND]S & CADRES ( ! ,KURDI/AN ,WORK]S' ,P>TY 7,P>TIYA ,K>K]5 ,KURDI/ANE1 ,P,K,K7 ALSO CUT !IR TEE?1 9CLUD+ ! WELL-KN[N LEAD] ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN HIMSELF4 ,BO? ! /ATE & RELAT$ FASCI/ P>AMILIT>Y =MATIONS COMMITT$ MASSACRES1 SU* AS ! 9FAM\S #ai< RAID 9 ,ANK>A 9 :I* SEV5 Y\NG MEMB]S ( ! ,TURKI% ,WORK]S ,P>TY W]E MURD]$4 ,SOME ( ! P]PETUATORS ( ?AT P>TICUL> MASSACRE LAT] BECAME AG5TS 9 ,OP]ATION ,GLADIO1 ! ,C,I,A- & ,N,A,T,O-DIRECT$ 9T]NATIONAL P>AMILIT>Y ORGANIZATION ?AT WAS RESPONSIBLE = C>RY+ \T ! ,ITALIAN 0/RATEGY ( T5SION0 7/RATEGIA DELLA T5SIONE7 AGA9/ ! ,AUTONOMI/ MOVEM5T ( ! #a#i#gS4 ,!IR EXPLOITS /RET*$ OV] DECADES4 ,!SE /ATE OP]ATIVES ALSO ORGANIZ$ ! C\NT]-9SURG5CY =CES ?AT T>GET$ ,P,K,K MEMB]S & !IR ,KURDI% F9ANCI]S ACROSS ,TURKEY 9 ! #a#i#iS4 

,! ,RISE ( ,POLITICAL ,ISLAM 

  

,MEAN:ILE1 AMID ! VIOL5T TURMOIL BETWE5 LEFTI/ /UD5TS & /ATE-BACK$ FASCI/ P>AMILIT>IES1 ! F\ND]S ( MOD]N ,TURKI% POLITICAL ,ISLAM W]E QUIETLY ORGANIZ+4 ,AMONG !M WAS ,FETULLAH ,GUL51 A ,TURKI% ,ISLAMIC CL]IC CURR5TLY 9 EXILE 9 ! ,POCONO ,M\NTA9S ( ,P5NSYLVANIA4 ,GUL5'S LONG RELATION%IP ) ! ,A,K,P & ) ,]DOGAN HIMSELF HAS BE5 TUMULTU\S TO SAY ! LEA/4 ,/>T+ \T 9 ! EA/]N ,TURKI% CITY ( ,]ZURUM AS A MEMB] ( A CONGREGATION FOLL[+ ! TEA*+S ( ,SAID ,NURSI1 ,GUL5 BECAME ! CL]IC ( A SMALL NUMB] ( FOLL[]S 9 ! WE/]N CITY ( ,IZMIR 9 ! LATE #a#i#fS & '#gS4 7,SAID ,NURSI1 AN AVID ANTI-COMMUNI/1 WAS ALSO PROSECUT$ BY ! ,TURKI% /ATE UNTIL HIS DEA? 9 #a#i#f2 HIS P>TICUL> V>IANT ( ,ISLAM WAS DEEM$ A ?REAT TO ! ,KEMALI/S BECAUSE IT 9CORPORAT$ CAPITALISM & MOD]NITY47 

,]DOGAN'S ROOTS CAN BE TRAC$ TO A RIVAL ,ISLAMI/ MOVEM5T1 ! ,NATIONAL ,P]SPECTIVE ,MOVEM5T 7,MILLI ,GORUS1 A REF]5CE TO ! ,OTTOMAN L9K BETWE5 ! ,TURKI% ,NATION & ,ISLAM7 F\ND$ BY ,NECMETT9 ,]BAKAN4 ,GUL5 & ,]BAKAN DIFF]$ 9 /RATEGY4 ,]BAKAN ADVOCAT$ = A POLITICAL MOVEM5T TO CAPTURE P>LIAM5T>Y SEATS & ULTIMATELY ! GOV]NM5T1 :ILE ,GUL5 PURSU$ A MORE 9SIDI\S APPROA* ?AT COMB9$ BUS9ESS-BUILD+ & ! CADREFICATION ( V>I\S ORGANS ( ! /ATE1 PRIM>ILY ! MILIT>Y & JUDICIAL ONES1 9CLUD+ ! POLICE =CES4 

,(T5 COMPET+1 !SE TWO /R&S ( ,TURKI% POLITICAL ,ISLAM ROSE TO PROM95CE 9 ! E>LY #a#i#hS FOLL[+ ! MILIT>Y C\P ( ,SEPTEMB] #a#b1 #a#i#h4,! C\P PUT ! MILIT>Y GOV]NM5T ( ,K5AN ,EVR5 9 P[]1 :I* >RE/$ NE>LY #f#e1 PEOPLE--MO/LY LEFTI/ REVOLUTION>IES4 ,BEH9D CELL DOORS1 #aga W]E KILL$ DUR+ TORTURE & 9T]ROGATION2 #di W]E EXECUT$ \TRI<T4 ,?IS BRUTAL WAVE ( REPRESSION PAV$ ! WAY = ! RISE ( POLITICAL ,ISLAM1 MO/LY AS A C\NT]=CE TO ! LEFTI/ WAVE SWEEP+ ?R\< ! ,TURKI% Y\? & UNIONIZ$ WORK]S4 ,! PROCESS WAS ACCEL]AT$ BY ,PRESID5T ,TURGUT ,OZAL1 :O FOLD$ ! ,TURKI% ECONOMY 9TO ! GLOBAL NEOLIB]AL SY/EM BY LIMIT+ PUBLIC 9VE/M5T1 TAK+ MEASURES TO ATTRACT =EIGN CAPITAL1 5ACT+ SWEEP+ PRIVATIZATIONS ( PUBLIC 9/ITUTIONS1 & TRANSITION+ TO AN EXPORT-DRIV5 ECONOMY4 

,OCALAN HAD FL$ ! C\NTRY PRIOR TO ! #aih MILIT>Y C\P4 ,9 ! #a#i#hS1 FROM ,SYRIA1 HE />T$ TO ORGANIZE ! ,P,K,K MORE S]I\SLY1 ORGANIZ+ =MAL GU]RILLA TRA9+S & 9TRODUC+ HIS IDEAS 9TO ,KURDI% SOCIETY 9 ! VILLAGES & CITIES ( S\!A/]N ,TURKEY4 

,ULTIMATELY1 BO? /R&S ( POLITICAL ,ISLAM--! ,GUL5I/ 0,CONGREGATION0 & ,]BAKAN'S 0,NATIONAL ,P]SPECTIVE ,MOVEM5T0--SUCCE$$ 9 !IR RESPECTIVE /RATEGIES4 ,! ,CONGREGATION DEEPLY 9FILTRAT$ ! MILIT>Y & ! JUDICI>Y1 :ILE ,]BAKAN'S ,WELF>E ,P>TY 7,REFAH ,P>TISI7 BECAME A COALITION P>TN] 9 ! #aiif G5]AL ELECTIONS ) ITS F\ND] S]V+ AS PRIME M9I/]4 ,]DOGAN'S 9ITIAL RISE 9 ,TURKI% POLITICS1 AS MAYOR ( ,I/ANBUL FROM #aiid TO #a#i#i#h1 CAME AB\T BY WAY ( HIS MEMB]%IP 9 ,]BAKAN'S ,WELF>E ,P>TY4 ,FOLL[+ ! SUPPRESSION ( ! ,WELF>E ,P>TY BY ,TURKEY'S ,NATIONAL ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL & ,]DOGAN'S BRIEF F\R?-MON? IMPRISONM5T = RECIT+ AN ,ISLAMI/ POEM1 ! ,JU/ICE & ,DEVELOPM5T ,P>TY 7,A,K,P7 WAS =M$ 9 #b#a4 

,! ,A,K,P CAME TO P[] 9 ! #bb G5]AL ELECTIONS ) A SWEEP+ VICTORY1 =M+ A S+LE-P>TY GOV]NM5T = ! FIR/ TIME S9CE ,OZAL'S REIGN 9 ! #a#i#hS4 ,!Y SUCCE$$ 9 H>NESS+ VOT] FRU/RATION AB\T ! NEOLIB]AL RESPONSE TO ! #ba ,TURKI% ECONOMIC CRISIS4 ,AN ALLIANCE ) ! ,GUL5I/ MOVEM5T ALSO CONTRIBUT$ TO !IR RAPID RISE TO P[]4 ,! ,CONGREGATION CADRE PLAY$ AN ESS5TIAL ROLE1 S9CE UNTIL !N ,ISLAMI/ P>TIES & GOV]NM5TS HAD ALWAYS BE5 %UT D[N BY ! C\RTS OR MILIT>Y4 ,SUPPORT+ EA* O!R1 ! TWO PREVI\SLY DIV]G5T CURR5TS )9 POLITICAL ,ISLAM EV5 TOOK ON ! LONG/&+ NATIONALI/ MILIT>Y CADRES ( ,TURKEY VIA V>I\S CONSPIRATORIAL OP]ATIONS & 9VE/IGATIONS4 

,H[EV]1 ?IS T5U\S ALLIANCE BROKE AP>T >\ND #b#a#a4 ,! CAUSES ( ! SPLIT W]E COMPLEX4 ,ON ! SURFACE1 ! CATALY/ WAS ! PEACE NEGOTIATIONS BETWE5 ! ,A,K,P & ! ,P,K,K TAK+ PLACE 9 ,NORWAY4 ,! TEMPOR>Y RAPPRO*EM5T WAS A ?ORN 9 ! SIDE ( ! /AUN*LY ANTI-,P,K,K ,GUL5I/S4 ,! BREAKUP WAS ALSO PRECIPITAT$ BY ! DIV]G5CE BETWE5 ,TURKI% & ,U,S POLICY T[>DS ! ,SYRIAN CONFLICT1 AS ,GUL5 WAS BECOM+ A CLI5T ( ! ,U,S4 ,MORE FUNDAM5TALLY1 ! RISE ( ,]DOGAN & ! ,A,K,P BECAME AN EXI/5TIAL ?REAT TO ! ,GUL5I/S1 AS ! =M] W]E ABLE TO HO>D AN 9CREAS+LY L>GE SLICE ( ! CRONY CAPITALI/ PIE = !MSELVES4 ,DUR+ ! ,A,K,P YE>S1 ! VOLUME ( PRIVATIZATION--I4E41 WEAL? TRANSF] FROM ! PUBLIC SECTOR TO PRIVATE 9DIVIDUALS--REA*$ @s#f BILLION1 ALMO/ T5 TIMES AS MU* AS DUR+ ! PRIOR ADM9I/RATIONS4 ,! CONFLICT BETWE5 ! TWO SIDES RAG$ = FIVE YE>S1 ULTIMATELY CULM9AT+ ) ! FAIL$ ,JULY #a#e1 #baf C\P ATTEMPT BY ,GUL5I/ CADRES 9 ! MILIT>Y4 

,! ,FAIL$ ,C\P 

  

,! C\P ATTEMPT PROVID$ ! P]FECT PRETEXT = ,]DOGAN TO CONSOLIDATE HIS P[]4 ,HE WAS ABLE TO PURGE HIS OLD ,GUL5I/ ALLIES1 :O HAD BECOME A ?REAT TO HIS REIGN1 & TO UNLEA% A /ORM ( REPRESSION AGA9/ ALL OPPOSITION1 9CLUD+ ! ,KURDI% MOVEM5T & V>I\S LEFTI/ GR\PS & ACTIVI/S4 ,]DOGAN HAD ONCE REF]R$ TO ,GUL5 RESPECTFULLY AS HIS ,HODJA1 OR TEA*]2 N[ HE DISP>AG+LY REF]S TO HIM BY ! LOCATION 9 ! ,U,S :]E ,GUL5 LIVES 9 EXILE1 0,P5NSYLVANIA40 ,ALONGSIDE HIS PRACTICE ( REF]R+ TO ! ,Y,P,G BY PRON\NC+ ! ACRONYM 9 ,5GLI%1 ?IS %[S H[ ,]DOGAN 9T5TIONALLY PRES5TS HIMSELF TO ! ,TURKI% POPULATION & TO ! ,MUSLIM UMMA 9 G5]AL 7ALL ,MUSLIMS IMAG9$ AS A S+UL> COMMUNITY B\ND BY RELIGION7 AS SOME SORT ( ANTI-IMP]IALI/4 

,! DECL>ATION ( A /ATE ( EM]G5CY FOLL[+ ! C\P ATTEMPT GAVE ,]DOGAN ! P[] TO ISSUE EM]G5CY DECREES4 ,?IS L$ TO ! JAIL+ ( MORE ?AN #h MEMB]S ( ! ,KURDI%-L$ ,PEOPLES ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY 7,H,D,P71 ! DISMISSAL ( MORE ?AN #f ACADEMICS FROM !IR UNIV]SITIES = OPPOSITION VIEWS1 & A POLICY ( Z]O TOL]ANCE = ANY PUBLIC DEMON/RATION CRITICAL ( ! ,A,K,P--EV5 ?\< NONE ( !SE GR\PS HAD ANY?+ TO DO ) ! C\P4 ,9 ITS SCOPE1 IF NOT 9 ITS BRUTALITY1 ! REPRESSION ,]DOGAN UNLEA%$ AFT] ! C\P ATTEMPT COMP>ES ) :AT OCCURR$ AFT] ! SUCCESSFUL MILIT>Y C\P ( #a#i#h4 

,! FAIL$ C\P ALSO PROVID$ A R5EW$ 0ORIG9 /ORY0 = ! ,A,K,P1 :I* HAD BE5 ON ! ROPES S9CE ! ,GEZI ,UPRIS+ ( #b#a#c4 

,AT ! 5D ( ,MAY #b#a#c1 RIOT POLICE BRUTALLY EVICT$ AN OCCUPATION DEF5D+ ,GEZI ,P>K 9 ,TAKSIM ,SQU>E AT ! C5T] ( ,I/ANBUL4 ,PEOPLE FROM MANY DIFF]5T /RUGGLES & DEMOGRAPHICS RESPOND$1 =C+ ! POLICE \T ( ! >EA & BUILD+ B>RICADES >\ND ! NEI<BORHOOD4 ,= T5 DAYS1 ! SUBSEQU5T OCCUPATION MA9TA9$ A LIB]AT$ POLICE-FREE ZONE 9 ! HE>T ( ,I/ANBUL1 :ILE HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE--9CLUD+ RIVAL FOOTBALL CLUBS1 V>I\S LEFT GR\PS1 & AN>*I/S DEMON/RAT$ AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T ALL >\ND ,TURKEY4 ,9 RETROSPECT1 ?IS WAS ONE ( ! LA/ \TBREAKS ( REVOLT 9 ! WAVE ( MOVEM5TS ?AT BEGAN ) ! ,GREEK 9SURRECTION ( ,DECEMB] #bh & CONCLUD$ ) FASCI/S GA9+ A FOO?OLD 9 ! ,UKRA9IAN REVOLUTION ( #b#a#d4 

,! ,GEZI UPRIS+ WAS ! LONGE/ LA/+1 MO/ WIDESPREAD1 & MO/ P>TICIPATORY /REET-LEVEL 9SURRECTION TO DATE 9 ,WE/]N 7I4E41 NON-,KURDI%7 ,TURKEY4 ,! COMMUNAL /RUCTURES ?AT EM]G$ 9 ! 5CAMPM5T (F]$ A GLIMPSE ( FUTURE REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,AFT] ! OCCUPATION WAS EVICT$1 ! MOM5TUM ( ! MOVEM5T CONT9U$1 ALBEIT LOS+ /EAM1 = ANO!R YE>4 

,YET 9 ! 5D1 ! MOVEM5T FAIL$ TO RECON/ITUTE ITSELF AFT] ! POLICE REGA9$ CONTROL ( ! /REETS4 ,?IS WAS P>TLY A MATT] ( FATIGUE4 ,LIKEWISE1 ! SPONTANEITY ( ! MOVEM5T--UNQUE/IONABLY ONE ( ITS GREATE/ /R5G?S--ULTIMATELY FAIL$ TO (F] A CLE> WAY TO BR+ ! P>TICIPANTS BACK TOGE!R AFT] !Y W]E DISP]S$ FROM ,TAKSIM ,SQU>E2 ! V>I\S POLITICAL FACTIONS ONCE AGA9 )DREW 9TO !IR RESPECTIVE IDEOLOGICAL <ETTOS4 ,/ILL1 ! ,GEZI UPRIS+ REMA9S ALIVE 9 MANY PEOPLE'S MEMORIES1 EV5 IF ! CON/RICTION ( PUBLIC POLITICS FOLL[+ ! C\P ATTEMPT HAS MADE IT DIFFICULT TO SPEAK AB\T IT PUBLICLY4 

,AFT] ! FAIL$ C\P1 ,]DOGAN W5T SO F> AS TO PA9T ! ,GEZI UPRIS+ AS ANO!R UNSUCCESSFUL PUTS*4 ,:ILE IT BECAME IMPOSSIBLE TO ORGANIZE ACCORD+ TO ! IDEALS ( ! ,GEZI UPRIS+1 ! C\P ATTEMPT 5ABL$ ,]DOGAN TO FA%ION A NEW N>RATIVE 9 :I* HE & HIS GOV]NM5T W]E PROTECT+ ,TURKEY FROM ?REATS1 BO? 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL4 ,! PUBLIC DISPLAYS GLORIFY+ CITIZ5 0M>TYRS0 :O DI$ OPPOS+ ! MILIT>Y & ! R5AM+ ( BRIDGES1 P>KS1 AV5UES & MANY O!R PUBLIC SPACES TO REFLECT ! EV5TS ( ,JULY #a#e1 #baf KEEP ! FAIL$ C\P ALIVE 9 ! PSY*E ( ,TURKS1 CREAT+ A S5SE ( NATIONAL UNITY 9 ! FACE ( 0=EIGN 5EMIES40 

,! YE>S S9CE ! C\P ATTEMPT HAVE SE5 ,]DOGAN TI<T5 HIS POLITICAL /RANGLEHOLD ON ! C\NTRY4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ?IS HAS MADE HIM MORE ISOLAT$ & VULN]ABLE1 COMPELL+ HIM TO SE>* = NEW POLITICAL ALLIES--PR9CIPALLY 9 ! ULTRA-NATIONALI/ ,NATIONALI/ ,MOVEM5T ,P>TY 7,M,H,P71 :I* N[ MA9TA9S A T5U\S COALITION ) ! ,A,K,P4 ,?IS COALITION HAS COME TO EMBODY ! LONG-T]M EF=T TO BR+ TOGE!R A SYN!SIS ( ,TURKI% NATIONALISM & ,ISLAM4 ,?IS IS ! DOM9ANT POLITICAL IDEOLOGY ( ! ,]DOGAN REGIME TODAY2 IT IS BE/ EXEMPLIFI$ BY ! H&-SIGN 9SIGNIA SE5 BO? AT ,A,K,P RALLIES & AMID ! JIHADI/ PROXIES ( ,TURKEY OP]AT+ 9 ,ROJAVA4 ,ON ONE SIDE IS ! GRAY WOLF SYMBOL ( ! FASCI/ ,M,H,P2 ON ! O!R1 ! F\R F+]S ( ,RABIA1 :I* WAS POPUL>IZ$ BY ,]DOGAN 9 SOLID>ITY ) ! ,MUSLIM ,BRO!RHOOD ( ,EGYPT4 ,IT REPRES5TS ! F\R PILL>S ( ,A,K,P FASCISM3 ONE NATION1 ONE FLAG1 ONE HOMEL&1 ONE /ATE4 

,PRIOR TO ! 9VASION1 ,]DOGAN'S GRIP ON P[] WAS SLIPP+4 ,IT WAS A BL[ TO ! ,A,K,P ?AT DESPITE ,]DOGAN =C+ A RE-VOTE1 ! C5T]-LEFT NATIONALI/ ,REPUBLICAN ,PEOPLE'S ,P>TY 7,*,P7 C&IDATE WON ! ,I/ANBUL MAYORAL ELECTION--TWICE1 & BY A MU* HI<] M>G9 ! SECOND TIME--?ANKS 9 P>T TO SUPPORT FROM ! H>D NATIONALI/ ,GOOD ,P>TY 7,I,Y,I7 & IMPLICIT SUPPORT FROM ! ,H,D,P4 ,MEAN:ILE1 SOME LONGTIME ,A,K,P MEMB]S1 9CLUD+ SOME ( ITS F\ND]S1 HAVE SPLIT FROM ,]DOGAN & >E CONSID]+ =M+ A NEW P>TY OR P>TIES4 ,! SAME K9D ( 9T]NAL FRACTURE HAS BE5 9ITIAT$ BY =M] MEMB]S ( ! ,NATIONALI/ ,PEOPLE'S ,P>TY 7,M,H,P74 

,LOOK+ AT ALL ! AUTOCRATS >\ND ! WORLD--,BOLSON>O1 ,DUT]TE1 ,TRUMP1 ,PUT91 ,XI1 ,SISI1 & ,ORBAN1 NOT TO M5TION ! ASPIR+ DEMAGOGUES NOT YET 9 P[]--ONE C\LD SAY ?AT ,]DOGAN WAS ! ORIG9AL /RONGMAN1 SAVE ,PUT94 ,]DOGAN & ! O!R DESPOTS MAKE A PO9T ( GLORIFY+ EA* O!R3 ,ORBAN CR[S AB\T H[ 0,TURKEY HAS A LEAD] ) A /RONG LEGITIMACY10 :ILE ,TRUMP REM>KS1 9 REF]5CE TO ,XI ,J9P+'S LIFETIME APPO9TM5T1 0,MAYBE WE'LL HAVE TO GIVE IT A %OT ONE DAY40 

,9 ! SAME WAY1 REVOLUTION>IES FROM ! ,U,S TO ! ,PHILIPP9ES MU/ LE>N FROM :AT HAS HAPP5$ 9 ,TURKEY4 ,WE %\LD ANALYZE ! ALLIANCES1 EV5 IF !Y >E APP>5TLY FRAGILE1 )9 ! NATION'S RI<T-W+ GR\PS2 WE %\LD EXAM9E ! POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES ( ! V>I\S FACTIONS ?AT MAKE UP ! /ATE2 MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 WE MU/ DISCOV] H[ TO DRIVE W$GES 9 ! CRACKS BETWE5 !M 9 ORD] TO TOPPLE ! /RUCTURE !Y COMPRISE TOGE!R4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 WE HAVE TO UND]/& H[ NATIONALISM & RELIGI\S FUNDAM5TALISM >E MOBILIZ$ TO RECIPROCALLY RE9=CE ONE ANO!R1 SO WE CAN UND]M9E ?OSE ALLIANCES BE=E !Y MAKE IT IMPOSSIBLE = US TO ORGANIZE & ACT4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 WE HAVE TO COMMUNICATE AN ALT]NATIVE VISION = SOCIETY TO ! SEGM5TS ( ! POPULATION ?AT >E MO/ SUSCEPTIBLE TO ?IS BL5D ( NATIONALISM & FUNDAM5TALISM4 

,! ,KURDI% ,/RUGGLE ,P]SEV]ES 

  

,! ,KURDI% MOVEM5T 9 ,TURKEY & ACROSS ! BORD] 9 ,SYRIA HAS REPEAT$LY PROV5 CAPABLE ( RE9V5T+ ITSELF 9 ORD] TO \TMANEUV] ITS 5EMIES4 ,! MO/ REC5T IT]ATION ( ! MOVEM5T'S LEGAL POLITICAL P>TY1 ! ,PEOPLE'S ,DEMOCRACY ,P>TY 7,H,D,P71 CAPTUR$ ! IMAG9ATION ( L>GE SWA!S ( ! LEFT ?R\<\T WE/]N ,TURKEY1 =G+ SOME?+ ( A UNIT$ FRONT ) PROGRESSIVE =CES BEYOND TRADITIONALLY ,KURDI% REGIONS ( ! C\NTRY = ! FIR/ TIME4 ,AL?\< LIMIT$1 ! RELATIVE POLITICAL SUCCESS ( ! P>TY PRES5T$ S]I\S *ALL5GES TO ! ,A,K,P'S DOM9ANCE4 ,BUT ! GREATE/ GA9 MADE REC5TLY BY ! ,KURDI% FRE$OM MOVEM5T HAS OCCURR$ AMID ! NOR!RN FRONTS ( ! ,SYRIAN CIVIL W> 9 ,ROJAVA4 

,:5 ! ,A,K,P FIR/ ASSUM$ P[]1 !RE WAS 9ITIALLY A LEVEL ( MISPLAC$ HOPE FROM SEGM5TS ( ! ,KURDI% MOVEM5T AS WELL AS ! LIB]AL LEFT ?AT IT MI<T F9ALLY *IP AWAY AT ! NATIONALI/ LEGACY ( ! ,TURKI% ,/ATE4 ,]DOGAN'S RISE M>K$ A DEP>TURE FROM CLASSICAL ,TURKI% POLITICS2 IT WAS UND]/&ABLE ?AT A HI/ORICALLY OPPRESS$ GR\P LIKE ! ,KURDS1 LONG D5I$ BASIC FRE$OMS UND] AN (FICIAL POLICY ( BRUTAL NATIONALI/ ASSIMILATION1 W\LD BE CAUTI\SLY OPTIMI/IC4 ,9 ADDITION1 A PEACE PROCESS GOT UND]WAY ?AT RECOGNIZ$ ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN AS A P>TY TO ! PROCESS FROM ! ISL& PRISON :]E HE IS HELD 9 COMPLETE ISOLATION4 ,!SE GLIMM]S ( OPTIMISM QUICKLY VANI%$ AS ! ,A,K,P DEEM$ ! ,H,D,P A POLITICAL ?REAT TO ITS HEGEMONY FOLL[+ !IR DEFEAT 9 ! ,JUNE #bae G5]AL ELECTION4 ,9 RESPONSE TO ?IS DEVELOPM5T1 ,]DOGAN DEPLOY$ COMBATANTS ?R\< A WELL-KN[N JIHADI PIPEL9E FROM ,NOR!RN ,SYRIA TO C\NT]ACT ! ,KURDI% MOVEM5T 9 ,TURKEY4 

,! SOCIAL REVOLUTION C>RI$ \T BY ! ,KURDI% MOVEM5T 9 ,ROJAVA HAS BE5 WIDELY CELEBRAT$ ON V>I\S RADICAL M$IA \TLETS2 MORE MA9/REAM & CORPORATE \TLETS HAVE COMM5D$ ITS MILIT>Y PR[ESS TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT IT IS NOT NECESS>Y TO REEXAM9E IT H]E4 ,! IMPORTANT ?+ TO UND]/& IS ?AT ,TURKI% POLITICS >E TI<TLY L9K$ ) ! CRISIS 9 ,SYRIA4 ,NOT ONLY DID ! REVOLUTION 9 ,ROJAVA 9JECT LIFEBLOOD 9TO ! ,KURDI% MOVEM5T 9 ,TURKEY1 IT ALSO COMPELL$ ! ,TURKI% /ATE TO 9T5SIFY ITS REPRESSION4 ,ON ONE SIDE ( ! BORD] ) ,SYRIA1 ! ,TURKI% /ATE FACILITAT$ ! FL[ ( >MS & RECRUITS TO ,I,S,I,S4 ,ON ! O!R SIDE1 ! DREAM ( ,KURDI% AUTONOMY 9 ,TURKEY WAS RE9VIGORAT$2 ! IDEAS GIV5 LIFE 9 ,ROJAVA CONT9UE TO 9SPIRE REVOLUTION>IES ACROSS ! WORLD4 ,?IS 5?USIASM IS BE/ EXEMPLIFI$ BY ! 9T]NATIONAL VOLUNTE]S FI<T+ ALONGSIDE ! ,Y,P,G & ,Y,P,J & ! \TP\R+ ( 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY 9 RESPONSE TO ! 9VASION ( ,ROJAVA4 

,ISLAMI/ IDEOLOGY1 FIR/ 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! ,TURKI% MILIT>Y /RUCTURE VIA ! ,GUL5I/ CADRES1 HAS FUR!R P5ETRAT$ ?R\< NEWLY =G$ RELATION%IPS ) GR\PS ACTIVE 9 ! ,SYRIAN W>4 ,! PRES5CE ( !SE GR\PS WAS DISPLAY$ = ALL TO SEE DUR+ ! MON?S-LONG 9CURSIONS 9TO ,KURDI% /RON<OLDS DUR+ ! SUMM] ( #b#a#e4 ,! ,ISLAMI/ GRAFFITI LEFT BY ! ,TURKI% MILIT>Y %\LD P]SUADE ANYONE :O HAS D\BTS AB\T ?IS4 

,SUICIDE BOMB]S SPECIFICALLY T>GET$ ?OSE ATTEMPT+ TO BUILD SOLID>ITY BETWE5 ,TURKS & ,KURDS EXP]I5C+ ,TURKI% MILIT>Y OCCUPATION4 ,! FIR/ SU* SUICIDE BOMB+ ATTACK TOOK PLACE 9 ,JULY #bae T>GET+ A DELEGATION ( LEFTI/ Y\? 9 ! CITY ( ,SURUC :O W]E ATTEMPT+ TO TRAVEL TO ,KOBANE TO TAKE TOYS TO ! *ILDR5 ( ! W>-TORN CITY4 ,?AT ATTACK KILL$ #cc PEOPLE4 ,DESPICABLY1 ! /ATE US$ IT AS AN EXCUSE TO LAUN* ! PREVI\SLY M5TION$ FULL-SCALE ASSAULT ( SUMM] #b#a#e4 ,EV5 MORE DEADLY WAS ! BOMB+ ( A M>* PROTE/+ ! W> 9 ! ,KURDI% T]RITORIES2 ?IS TOOK PLACE 9 ! ,TURKI% CAPITAL1 ,ANK>A1 ON ,OCTOB] #a1 #b#a#e1 KILL+ #ai PEOPLE4 ,9 BO? CASES1 ! ATTACK]S W]E ,I,S,I,S-AFFILIAT$ ,TURKI% CELLS WELL KN[N TO & AT TIMES FACILITAT$ BY ! /ATE4 ,! POLICE DEP>TM5T ( ! CITY ?AT ! BOMB]S W]E FROM1 ,ADIYAMAN1 & ! ,NATIONAL ,9TELLIG5CE ,AG5CY 7,M,I,T71 MA9TA9$ CONT9U\S SURVEILLANCE ON !M--& DIDN'T >RE/ OR DETA9 !M DESPITE !RE BE+ W>RANTS \T = !IR >RE/4 

,! ,A,K,P HAS TOSS$ A FEW M9OR CONCESSIONS TO ! ,KURDI% POPULATION1 SU* AS A /ATE-RUN ,KURDI% TELEVISION /ATION & A P>TIAL EAS+ ( ! RE/RICTIONS ON SPEAK+ & S++ 9 ,KURDI%4 ,BUT !SE CRUMBS >E SCATT]$ OV] ! A%ES ( :ATEV] POLITICAL AUTONOMY ! ,KURDS HAD BE5 ABLE TO C>VE \T = !MSELVES4 ,EV5 P>TICIPATION 9 /&>D P>LIAM5T>Y OR MUNICIPAL POLITICS HAS BECOME PRACTICALLY IMPOSSIBLE4 ,AT LEA/ A DOZ5 ELECT$ MEMB]S ( ! P>LIAM5T HAVE BE5 IMPRISON$ ALONGSIDE DOZ5S ( CO-*AIR MAYORS ( MUNICIPALITIES4 ,S9CE ! LATE/ MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS 9 SPR+ #b#a#i1 ,H,D,P CO-*AIRS HAVE BE5 =C$ \T ( (FICE 9 #ae MUNICIPALITIES1 REPLAC$ ) NEW MAYORS APPO9T$ FROM ,ANK>A4 

,TURKI% NATIONALI/S >E QUICK TO PO9T TO PROM95T ,KURDS :O HAVE 5JOY$ PRIVILEG$ POSITIONS 9 ,TURKI% SOCIETY1 JU/ AS !IR ,U,S EQUIVAL5TS CLAIM$ ?AT ,OBAMA'S PRESID5CY H]ALD$ ! >RIVAL ( A PO/-RACIAL ,AM]ICA4 ,! PROM95CE ( A FEW 9DIVIDUALS DOES NOT DIM9I% ! FACT ?AT ,KURDS1 AS A PEOPLE1 HAVE HI/ORICALLY BE5 AN 9T]NAL COLONY ( ,TURKEY4 ,9 ! ,TURKI% ECONOMY1 ,KURDI% PEOPLE S]VE AS A *EAP1 HYP]-EXPLOIT$ LABOR =CE = DANG]\S 0UNSKILL$0 JOBS--= EXAMPLE1 AS PREC>I\S1 SEASONAL AGRICULTURAL WORK]S 9 ! L[E/ RUNGS ( ! S]VICE SECTOR & AS EXP5DABLE MANUAL DAY-LABOR]S 9 9DU/RIES SU* AS CON/RUCTION4 ,5VIRONM5TALLY & CULTURALLY DE/RUCTIVE L>GE-SCALE DEVELOPM5T PROJECTS SU* AS MEGA-DAMS HAVE BE5 BUILT 9 ! ,KURDI% T]RITORIES 9 ! EA/ TO SUPPLY P[] & O!R COMMODITIES TO WE/]N ,TURKEY4 ,PUBLIC S]VICES & 9VE/M5T >E M9IMAL 9 ,KURDI% >EAS4 ,! ,KURDS HAVE F\<T BACK FI]CELY OV] ! PA/ SEV]AL DECADES1 BUT TODAY1 AT LEA/ 9 ,TURKEY1 ANY AUTONOMY !Y HAVE GA9$ IS ]OD+1 CO9CID+ ) A REC5T SPIKE 9 RACI/ ATTACKS AGA9/ ,KURDI% PEOPLE ACROSS ! C\NTRY4 

,IT %\LD GO )\T SAY+ ?AT ,KURDS HAVE NO HEGEMONIC BELIEF SY/EM3 SOME >E MORE POLITICAL ?AN O!RS1 SOME MORE LEFT-LEAN+1 &1 9 T]MS ( RELIGION1 SOME >E /AUN*LY PI\S1 :ILE O!RS >E NOT4 ,ONE FACTOR CONTRIBUT+ TO ! ELECTORAL SUCCESSES ( ! ,H,D,P IS ?AT !Y HAVE SET ASIDE SOME ( ! ,P,K,K'S NATIONAL LIB]ATION & ,M>XI/ RHETORIC 9 ORD] TO ATTRACT A WID] RANGE ( ,KURDI% VOT]S4 ,!RE >E ,KURDS :O SUPPORT ! ,A,K,P1 BUT A L>G] EXI/5TIAL ?REAT TO ! ,KURDI% FRE$OM MOVEM5T IS ! GR[+ SEGM5T ( ! ,KURDI% POPULATION ?AT IS EXHAU/$ FROM :AT FEELS LIKE A NEV]-5D+ CONFLICT4 ,EV5 IF !Y DO NOT SUPPORT ! ,A,K,P1 !Y >E WE>Y ( W> &1 9 SOME CASES1 HE>TBROK5 BY OR F$ UP ) ! ,P,K,K ON ACC\NT ( ITS /RATEGIC BLUND]S4 

,! RE/RUCTUR+ ( ! ,TURKI% MILIT>Y FOLL[+ ! C\P ATTEMPT HAS ALSO CONTRIBUT$ TO ! CRISIS BESETT+ ! ,KURDS4 ,9 FACT1 MANY ( ! HI<-RANK+ COMM&]S 9VOLV$ 9 ! C\P W]E ALSO BEH9D ! BRUTAL MILIT>Y 9VASIONS & CURFEWS IMPOS$ ?R\<\T ! ,KURDI% REGIONS ( ,TURKEY 9 ! SUMM] & FALL ( #b#a#e1 :I* RESULT$ 9 ! SLAU<T] ( MORE ?AN #d PEOPLE4 ,! IMPLICATION ( !SE (FICIALS 9 ! C\P ALL[$ ,]DOGAN TO WA% HIS H&S ( RESPONSIBILITY = ! MASSACRES1 IRONICALLY PLAC+ ! SAME ,GUL5I/ PROSECUTORS & JUDGES ?AT HAD JU/ L$ ! CRACKD[NS AGA9/ ,KURDI% & LEFTI/ ACTIVI/S ON ! RECEIV+ 5D ( /ATE REPRESSION ALONGSIDE !IR =M] OPPON5TS4 ,= ALL 9T5TS & PURPOSES1 ! :OLE JUDICIAL & LAW 5=CEM5T APP>ATUS1 :I* HAD BE5 POPULAT$ BY ,GUL5I/ CADRES1 HAS BE5 ?R[N 9TO DIS>RAY 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! FAIL$ C\P4 

,! MILIT>Y LEAD]%IP ROLES OCCUPI$ BY ,GUL5I/S UNTIL #bae >E ONCE AGA9 9 ! H&S ( ! OLD-S*OOL ,TURKI% NATIONALI/ CADRES ?AT ! ,GUL5I/S HAD PURG$ ) ! HELP ( ! ,A,K,P4 ,!SE CADRES >E AT LEA/ AS HO/ILE TO ! ,KURDI% MOVEM5T AS !IR PR$ECESSORS4 ,9 ?IS REG>D1 IT IS HI<LY PLAUSIBLE ?AT ! SAME ,TURKI% NATIONALI/S :O JU/ ACC$$ TO !SE MILIT>Y PO/S PLAY$ A ROLE 9 5C\RAG+ ! MO/ REC5T 9VASION ( ,ROJAVA4 

,! 9VASION ( ,ROJAVA & ! 5SU+ W>TIME MOBILIZATION HAS EFFECTIVELY SIL5C$ ANY SEMBLANCE ( MA9/REAM POLITICAL OPPOSITION4 ,A REC5T P>LIAM5T>Y DECISION TO GRE5-LI<T ! 9VASION WAS APPROV$ BY ALL POLITICAL P>TIES EXCEPT = ! ,KURDI% L$ ,H,D,P4 ,LONE POLITICIANS FROM ! ,*,P OR O!R POLITICAL FIGURES :O VOICE !IR OPPOSITION TO ,]DOGAN'S COLONIAL AMBITIONS >E SUBJECT TO A B>RAGE ( ATTACKS FROM ! M$IA & ! JUDICIAL APP>ATUS4 

,9 HIS MEGALOMANIA1 ,]DOGAN (T5 LIK5S HIMSELF TO SOME K9D ( NEO-,OTTOMAN SULTAN ) IMP]IAL AMBITIONS = ! REGION4 ,?IS CALLS = A C]TA9 DEGREE ( MUSCLE FLEX+ EV5 IF !RE IS NO LONG-T]M /RATEGY AT PLAY4 ,BUT ! /RATEGY ( TRANS=M+ ,NOR!RN ,SYRIA 9TO A K9D ( PROXY DEP5D5T ON ,TURKEY PROVIDES C]TA9 ADVANTAGES TO ,]DOGAN4 ,= A LONG TIME1 ! ,TURKI% ECONOMY & CURR5CY HAVE BE5 ON ! BR9K ( COLLAPSE4 ,! W> ECONOMY & CON/RUCTION & DEVELOPM5T PROJECTS 9 ,NOR!RN ,SYRIA MI<T /AVE (F ! 9EVITABLE1 AT LEA/ TEMPOR>ILY4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 ,TURKEY IS HOME TO MORE ?AN ?REE MILLION ,SYRIAN REFUGEES & UNKN[N ?\S&S ( JIHADI/S :O >E %ELT]$ & =MALLY TRA9$ 9 CAMPS RUN BY ! ,TURKI% /ATE 9 BO? ,TURKEY & ,SYRIA4 ,ALL ! MA9/REAM POLITICAL P>TIES HAVE BE5 /OK+ RACISM AGA9/ ,SYRIAN REFUGEES TO SOLICIT VOTES4 ,! ,A,K,P HAS ALSO BE5 SCAPEGOAT+ ,SYRIAN REFUGEES = ! DECL9+ ECONOMY--! LATE/ NUMB]S %[ NE> #a#d.0 UNEMPLOYM5T 9 ,TURKEY4 ,REPOPULAT+ ,ROJAVA ) REFUGEES FROM O!R P>TS ( ,SYRIA W\LD NOT ONLY DISPLACE ! ,KURDI% POPULATION1 IT W\LD ALSO P&] TO ! RACISM AGA9/ ,SYRIANS M\NT+ 9 ! WE/]N CITIES ( ,TURKEY LIKE ,I/ANBUL1 A RACISM ?AT ! OPPOSITION IS ALSO IMPLICAT$ 94 

,! FUNDAM5TAL CAUSE ( ! 9VASION IS ! +RA9$ 5MITY BETWE5 ! ,TURKI% ,/ATE--AT ITS F\NDATION1 REG>DLESS ( ! RUL+ P>TY--& ! ,KURDI% PEOPLE FI<T+ = AUTONOMY & RECOGNITION AS AN E?NIC GR\P4 ,HAV+ REC5TLY MORE OR LESS NEUTRALIZ$ ! ,P,K,K )9 ! BORD]S ( ,TURKEY1 ! TIME HAS COME = ,]DOGAN TO TAKE ! W> :]E ! ,KURDI% FRE$OM MOVEM5T IS ! /RONGE/1 ! LIB]AT$ T]RITORIES ( ,ROJAVA4 

,OPPOSITION ,POLITICS 9 ,TURKEY & ,SOLID>ITY ,TODAY 

  

,! ABRUPT YET DRAWN-\T )DRAWAL ( ! ,U,S HAS OP5$ UP SPACE = ,RUSSIA TO TAKE ALMO/ FULL CONTROL ( ! SITUATION 9 ,SYRIA ON ! GR\ND4 ,IF ,TURKEY /ILL WANTS TO HAVE A SAY1 IT IS N[ BEHOLD5 TO ,RUSSIAN IMP]IALISM4 ,]DOGAN HAS ALREADY F\ND HIMSELF TRY+ TO JUGGLE A CONTRACT = ,F-#c#e FI<T] JETS FROM ! ,U,S--N[ CANCEL$--) A SURFACE-TO-AIR ,S-#d ,RUSSIAN MISSILE DEF5SE SY/EM--9 PLACE BUT NOT OP]ATIONAL4 ,GIV5 ?AT ,TURKEY IS /ILL A ,N,A,T,O C\NTRY1 IT F9DS ITSELF OBLIG$ TO P]=M AN EV]-MORE PREC>I\S BALANC+ ACT ) ITS ,RUSSIAN C\NT]P>T4 ,! CURR5T %IFT ( P[]S ON ! GR\ND 9 ,SYRIA ONLY FUR!R COMPLICATES ! MATT]4 

,EV5TUALLY1 ,TURKEY WILL HAVE TO RE-RECOGNIZE ! ,ASSAD REGIME )\T ! ,RUSSIAN M$IATION CURR5TLY ALL[+ IT TO SAVE FACE4 ,ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! L9ES ( CONFLICT1 ! SURVIVAL ( ! PA/ FIVE YE>S ( REVOLUTION>Y GA9S 9 ,ROJAVA WILL DEP5D ON H[ ! ,KURDI% MOVEM5T MANAGES TO NAVIGATE A TREA*]\S GEOPOLITICAL T]RA9 & AT ! SAME TIME G5]ATE 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY4 ,UP TO ?IS PO9T1 ,KURDI% GR\PS HAVE DEMON/RAT$ A %REWD UND]/&+ ( ! CON/ANTLY %IFT+ GEOPOLITICAL DYNAMICS1 SURVIV+ ! UPS & D[NS & GRADUALLY RIS+ TO PROM95CE ON ! 9T]NATIONAL /AGE4 ,9 ! %ORT-T]M1 ! SITUATION IS DESP]ATE1 BUT P]HAPS ! LONG GAME WILL NOT BE AS CATA/ROPHIC4 ,NEV]!LESS1 IT IS H>D TO MAKE SU* PR$ICATIONS ) \R VISION OBSCUR$ BY ! FOG ( W>4 

,H[ MU* POT5TIAL IS !RE = DOME/IC OPPOSITION TO ,]DOGAN8 ,COMB9$ ) ! EXTRAORD9>Y P[]S CONC5TRAT$ 9 HIS PRESID5CY1 ! PO/-C\P POLITICAL1 SOCIAL1 & PSY*OLOGICAL 5VIRONM5T HAS 5ABL$ REPRESSION TO REIGN SUPREME ?R\<\T ,TURKEY4 ,EV5 DESCRIB+ :AT IS HAPP5+ 9 ,SYRIA AS AN 09VASION0 OR A 0W>0 CAN GET Y\ 9 TR\BLE ) ! AU?ORITIES4 ,SAY+ ?AT Y\ >E AGA9/ ! LATE/ 9VASION ( ,ROJAVA & = PEACE IS SUFFICI5T TO GET Y\ >RE/$4 ,FRE$OM ( SPEE* IS NON-EXI/5T2 ! 9T]NET IS C5SOR$ TO A GREAT DEGREE4 ,J\RNALI/S ) OPPOSITION VIEWPO9TS COLLECT C\RT CASES BY ! DOZ5--IF !Y'RE LUCKY4 ,JU/ AS (T51 !Y >E IMPRISON$1 SOMETIME EV5 )\T *>GES4 

,AN>*I/S & RADICALS HAD REC5TLY BE5 ABLE TO C>VE \T SOME SPACE 9 ,TURKEY1 EV5 ORGANIZ+ SUCCESSFUL M>*ES--= EXAMPLE1 AGA9/ REC5T GOLD-M9+ PROJECTS4 ,! WOM5'S MOVEM5T HAS REMA9$ /EADFA/ 9 ORGANIZ+ ITS MASS ANNUAL ,M>* #h DEMON/RATIONS4 ,!RE IS /ILL A SMALL DEGREE ( LABOR MILITANCY4 ,BUT ANY P]CEIV$ 0TOL]ANCE0 FROM ! /ATE GOES \T ! W9D[ :5 IT COMES TO EXPRESS+ SOLID>ITY ) ! ,KURDS4 ,9 FACT1 ! /ATE HAS REC5TLY RELEAS$ SOME B\RGEOIS J\RNALI/S & 9TELLECTUALS ) OPPOSITION VIEWS FROM PRISON & SEEM+LY ACCEPT$ ! CON/ITUTIONAL C\RT'S DECISION TO DROP ! CASES AGA9/ NE>LY #a MO/LY NON-,KURDI% ACADEMICS :O HAD SIGN$ A PETITION = PEACE DUR+ ! #bae OCCUPATION & MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS AGA9/ ,KURDI% CITIES4 ,?IS 0=GIV5ESS0 FROM ! PATRI>* FUNCTIONS AS A W>N+ TO ANY POT5TIAL OPPOSITION AS HE FOCUSES ON ! ,KURDI% ?REAT4 

,UN=TUNATELY1 = N[1 ALL ?AT IS BE+ DONE TO OPPOSE ?IS W>1 & /ILL ) GREAT RISK1 IS TO EXPRESS DISAPPROVAL ( ! 9VASION ( ,ROJAVA4 ,DIRECT ACTIONS & DEMON/RATIONS HAVE H>DLY TAK5 PLACE EXCEPT = AT A SMALL SCALE 9 MA9LY ,KURDI% PROV9CES & 9 ! REBELLI\S POPUL> NEI<BORHOODS ( ! CITIES ( WE/]N ,TURKEY4 ,!SE H]OIC ACTS ( RESI/ANCE HAVE BE5 BRUTALLY REPRESS$1 ALMO/ 9/ANTANE\SLY1 BY ! ,TURKI% ,/ATE4 

,ACCORD+ TO ONE POLL1 #g#e.0 ( ! POPULATION SUPPORTS ! 9VASION ( ,ROJAVA--BUT ?AT /ILL LEAVES AT LEA/ A QU>T] ( ! POPULATION OPPOS+ IT1 MANY ( :OM REMA9 9 SOLID>ITY ) ! ,KURDI% /RUGGLE & CONT9UE TO P>TICIPATE 9 V>I\S O!R RADICAL & REVOLUTION>Y PROJECTS H[EV] !Y CAN4 ,SOME SEGM5TS ( ! ,TURKI% LEFT HAVE JO9$ ! ,S,D,F ) !IR [N FI<T+ UNITS4 ,/ILL1 MO/ ( ?OSE :O OPPOSE ! W> >E CURR5TLY UNABLE TO ACT EFFECTIVELY )9 ! BORD]S ( ,TURKEY DUE TO OV]:ELM+ /ATE REPRESSION4 ,?IS CREATES ! IMPRESSION ?AT ALL ( ,TURKEY SUPPORTS ! W> & OPPOSES ,KURDI% AUTONOMY4 

,! ,H,D,P WAS CONCEIV$ P>TLY AS A MEANS TO BOL/] ! ,KURDI% MOVEM5T BY =G+ A COMMON /RUGGLE ) ,TURKI% PROGRESSIVES CONC5TRAT$ 9 WE/]N ,TURKEY4 ,AS DESCRIB$ ABOVE1 ?IS PROJECT HAS MADE SOME HEADWAY T[>DS A*IEV+ ITS GOALS1 BUT ! CURR5T SITUATION ILLU/RATES :Y ! LIB]ATION ( ! ,KURDI% PEOPLE DEP5DS ABOVE ALL ON !IR [N ORGANIZATION & P[]4 

,ACTIONS ?AT T>GET ! ORGANS ( ! ,TURKI% /ATE1 SU* AS !IR EMBASSIES & /ATE [N$-BUS9ESSES LIKE ,TURKI% ,AIRL9ES1 WILL KEEP ! PRESSURE ON :ILE EXPRESS+ VITAL SOLID>ITY ) BO? ! ,KURDS & ! O!R RADICAL =MATIONS UND] ATTACK 9 ,TURKEY4 ,POLITICAL CRONYISM HAS FILL$ ! POCKETS ( ,A,K,P POLITICIANS & !IR FAMILIES 9 ! PA/ DECADE & A HALF1 & A L>GE *UNK ( ?IS MONEY HAS BE5 H>VE/$ OV]SEAS DUE TO ! 9/ABILITY ( ! ,TURKI% ECONOMY4 ,RESE>* AB\T :]E ! P]SONAL WEAL? ( ,A,K,P LEAD]S & TOP CADRES IS BE+ 9VE/$ C\LD PROVIDE NEW T>GETS = SOLID>ITY ACTIONS4 

,SOME 9 ! OLD LEFT CL+ TO !IR SUPPOS$ ANTI-IMP]IALISM1 EFFECTIVELY SUPPORT+ ,TURKI% COLONIALISM & ,RUSSIAN IMP]IALISM 9 ! NAME ( OPPOS+ ,U,S IMP]IALISM4 ,?IS POSITION IS 9CREAS+LY ABSURD 9 VIEW ( ! DESP]ATE /RUGGLE = SURVIVAL ! ,KURDI% MOVEM5T IS WAG+ 9 ONE ( ! MO/ DIFFICULT POLITICAL T]RA9S 9 ! WORLD1 9 ! FACE ( MULTIPLE IMP]IAL P[]S' AMBITIONS1 DESPITE BE+ D\BLE-CROSS$ BY ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T & MANY O!RS4 ,AN>*I/S %\LD %[ S]I\S YET CRITICAL SOLID>ITY1 )\T BECOM+ CONFUS$ BY ! T5U\S ALLIANCES ?AT ,KURDI% ORGANIZ$ =CES HAVE HAD TO MAKE ) ! 5EMIES ( !IR 5EMIES1 ! FRI5DS ( !IR 5EMIES1 & EV5 !IR ACTUAL 5EMIES 9 HOPES ( /AV+ (F JIHADI/ MASSACRES & AV]T+ ,TURKI%-BACK$ G5OCIDE4 ,SOLID>ITY ) ! ,KURDI% FRE$OM MOVEM5T DOES NOT MEAN SUPPORT+ ! ,U,S MILIT>Y OR ,U,S IMP]IALISM1 IT MEANS RESPECT+ ! DIFFICULT DECISIONS PEOPLE MAKE :5 !Y >E ?REAT5$ ) ANNIHILATION4 

,LA/LY1 MANY ,TURKI% & ,KURDI% COMRADES HAVE BE5 EXIL$ FROM ,TURKEY1 BUT REMA9 POLITICALLY ACTIVE4 ,IT IS DIFFICULT TO E/IMATE H[ MANY POLITICAL REFUGEES HAVE FL$ ,TURKEY1 BUT MIGRATION TR5DS 9 ,G]MANY1 ! *IEF DE/9ATION = SU* EXILES1 (F] A GOOD 9DICATION4 ,S9CE ! #bae C\P ATTEMPT1 ,G]MANY HAS SE5 A T5FOLD 9CREASE 9 ANNUAL ASYLUM APPLICATIONS FROM ,TURKI% CITIZ5S1 CULM9AT+ 9 NE>LY #a#a1 REQUE/S 9 #b#a#h4 ,\TSIDE ( C\NTRIES SU* AS ,G]MANY & ! ,U,K :]E ,TURKI% & ,KURDI% MOVEM5TS HAVE HI/ORICALLY BE5 ORGANIZ$1 DISSID5TS MAY F9D !MSELVES ISOLAT$ OR UNSURE H[ TO C>RY ON ! /RUGGLE4 ,AN>*I/S EV]Y:]E %\LD TAKE ! 9ITIATIVE TO CREATE SPACE = ?OSE 9 EXILE4 ,9 WORK+ TOGE!R ON COMMON PROJECTS1 9T]NATIONAL SUPPORT]S WILL LE>N MORE AB\T IDEAS & DEVELOPM5TS FROM ! REGION1 :ILE ?OSE 9 EXILE WILL GA9 NEW NETWORKS & MEANS BY :I* TO CONT9UE !IR /RUGGLES4 ,LE>N+ FROM ! ,KURDI% PROPOSALS ( DEMOCRATIC CONF$>ALISM1 AUTONOMY1 & J9EOLOJI 7WOM5'S SCI5CE7 & IMPLEM5T+ :ATEV] LESSONS >E APPLICABLE LOCALLY IS AN EFFECTIVE =M ( SOLID>ITY ?AT GOES BEYOND ! CURR5T--ALBEIT NECESS>Y--EM]G5CY RESPONSE TO ! ,TURKI% AGGRESSION4 

,APP5DIX3 ,A ,BRIEF ,9T]VIEW ) ,REVOLUTION>Y ,AN>*I/ ,ACTION 9 ,TURKEY 

  

,9 SUMM] #b#a#c1 WE 9T]VIEW$ ! ,TURKI% GR\P ,REVOLUTION>Y ,AN>*I/ ,ACTION 7,DEVRIMCI ,AN>SI/ ,FAALIYET1 OR ,D,A,F7 AB\T ! UPRIS+ ?AT BEGAN 9 ,GEZI ,P>K4 ,WE SPOKE ) !M AGA9 9 #bad AB\T ! DEF5SE ( ,KOBANE & SOLID>ITY ORGANIZ+ BETWE5 ,D,A,F & ! AUTONOM\S EXP]IM5T !N UNFOLD+ 9 ,ROJAVA4 ,A GREAT DEAL HAS TRANSPIR$ S9CE !N4 ,FOLL[+ ! ,TURKI% 9VASION ( ,ROJAVA1 :I* IS /ILL 9 PROGRESS DESPITE A FAKE CEASEFIRE1 WE 9T]VIEW$ A P>TICIPANT 9 ,D,A,F ONCE AGA9 TO HE> AB\T :AT ! CONDITIONS 9 ,TURKEY >E LIKE = AN>*I/S TODAY4 

,HI/ORICALLY1 :AT HAS BE5 ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,TURKI% AN>*I/S & ,KURDI% ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,TURKEY8 

,FIR/ ( ALL1 0,TURKI% AN>*I/0 IS NOT A USEFUL T]M TO DESCRIBE ! PEOPLE LIV+ H]E :O CALL !MSELVES AN>*I/S4 ,9 !SE L&S--& ALSO 9 ! ORGANIZATIONS--!RE >E PEOPLE FROM DIFF]5T E?NICITIES4 ,KURDI% PEOPLE HAVE BE5 /RUGGL+ AGA9/ ! V>I\S TYRANNIES 9 ?IS REGION = DECADES1 SO ! SOLID>ITY RELATION ( ,D,A,F IS ! SOLID>ITY RELATION ) ! LIB]ATION /RUGGLE ( ! PEOPLE4 

,! ,ROJAVA ,REVOLUTION & ! DEF5SE ( ,KOBANE PUT ! ISSUE ( 0,KURDI% ,RESI/ANCE0 ON ! AG5DA ( AN>*I/S WORLDWIDE1 BUT = ,D,A,F1 \R RELATIONS ( SOLID>ITY BEGAN MU* E>LI]4 ,!Y DATE BACK TO #b#i1 :5 ,D,A,F WAS E/ABLI%$4 ,MOREOV]1 IT IS NOT JU/ A QUE/ION ( SOLID>ITY4 ,!RE HAS BE5 A W> 9 ,KURDI/AN & A /ATE POLITICAL /RATEGY ( ASSIMILATION = A LONG TIME4 ,SO AN AN>*I/ :O IS LIV+ 9 ?IS REGION NE$S TO DEVELOP AN ANALYSIS & TAKE A SIDE ON ?IS MATT]4 ,\R POSITION HAS BE5 CLE>3 AGA9/ ! TYRANNIES ( ! /ATES1 WE TAKE ! SIDE ( ! PEOPLE :O >E RESI/+4 

,) ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 WE HAVE EXPRESS$ \R SOLID>ITY 9 PROTE/S & BY P>TICIPAT+ 9 CLA%ES ALONGSIDE ! ,KURDI% ,FRE$OM ,MOVEM5T4 ,WE HAVE BE5 9 /REETS OV] & OV] TO OBS]VE ,NEWROZ .<! ,KURDI% NEW YE>.> & AT ! COMMEMORATIONS ( ! BIG MASSACRES4 ,NOT JU/ TO EXPRESS SOLID>ITY1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE ?IS IS P>T ( \R RESPONSIBILITY TO BE & ACT AS AN>*I/S4 

,WE ALSO P>TICIPATE 9 ORGANIZ+ ! ,CONSCI5TI\S ,OBJECTION MOVEM5T 9 ,TURKEY4 ,BE+ A CONSCI5TI\S OBJECTOR IS ALSO IMPORTANT 9 REF]5CE TO ?IS ISSUE1 BECAUSE ! W> IS MADE BY MILIT>IES4 ,!RE=E1 WE >E TRY+ TO SPREAD CONSCI5TI\S OBJECTION 9 ! REGION4 

,:AT >E ! CONDITIONS = AN>*I/S & O!R DISSID5TS 9 ,TURKEY RI<T N[8 ,:AT ACTIVITIES >E AN>*I/S /ILL UND]TAK+8 

,ESPECIALLY AFT] ! C\P TRIAL & ! ,/ATE ( ,EM]G5CY1 REPRESSION ( REVOLUTION>IES 9CREAS$4 ,! GOV]NM5T HAS US$ ! ,/ATE ( ,EM]G5CY POLITICALLY TO /R5G!N ITS P[]4 

,RI<T N[1 IT IS V]Y EASY TO GET S5T TO JAIL4 ,%>+ SOME?+ VIA SOCIAL M$IA IS 5\< TO BE PUT 9 JAIL4 ,REPRESSION ( PUBLICATIONS REMA9S A MAJOR PROBLEM4 ,IF ! AU?ORITIES DON'T LIKE AN >TICLE1 IT IS EASY TO BAN A MAGAZ9E4 ,MANY WRIT]S & $ITORS >E 9 JAIL N[ = ?+S !Y HAVE PUBLI%$4 

,ANY K9D ( PROTE/ CAN ONLY TAKE PLACE ACCORD+ TO ! WI%ES & MANAGEM5T ( ! POLICE--& !RE=E1 ! WI%ES & MANAGEM5T ( ! /ATE4 ,NO PROTE/ ( ANY K9D HAV+ TO DO ) ,KURDI% ISSUES IS P]MITT$4 ,NO ONE CAN PROTE/1 WRITE1 OR COMM5T ON ! W>4 

,!SE >E ! CIRCUM/ANCES UND] :I* WE >E TRY+ TO ORGANIZE & SPREAD ! AN>*I/ IDEA4 

,\R NEWSPAP] HAS BE5 BANN$ = A :ILE BECAUSE ( *>GES ( 0MAK+ T]RORI/ PROPAG&A40 ,SOME ( \R WRIT]S & DI/RIBUT]S HAVE BE5 S5T5C$1 & SOME COMRADES HAVE BE5 S5T5C$ = P>TICIPAT+ 9 PROTE/S4 ,TWO COLLECTIVE CAFES1 ! MA9 ECONOMIC MA9/AY ( \R ORGANIZATION1 HAVE FAC$ DIFFICULTIES BECAUSE ( POLICE REPRESSION4 ,COMRADES :O >E CONSCI5TI\S OBJECTORS ALSO FACE DIFFICULTIES4 

,IS !RE ANY OP5 OPPOSITION TO ! 9VASION ( ,ROJAVA 9 ,TURKEY8 

,9 G5]AL1 ! AU?ORITIES =BID & ATTACK ANY K9D ( PROTE/ AGA9/ ! W>4 

,TURKEY C>RIES \T MILIT>Y CONSCRIPTION4 ,>E !RE MOVEM5TS AGA9/ CONSCRIPTION & MILIT>ISM 9 G5]AL8 

,I HAVE DESCRIB$ ! POLITICAL P]SPECTIVE ( ! MOVEM5T = CONSCI5TI\S OBJECTION4 ,D,A,F IS ONE ( ! E/ABLI%]S ( ! ,CONSCI5TI\S ,OBJECTION ,ASSOCIATION4 ,! ANTI-MILIT>I/ MOVEM5T IS REALLY IMPORTANT1 S9CE WE >E ACT+ 9 SU* A MILIT>I/IC /ATE4 

,\R P>TICIPATION 9 ! ANTI-MILIT>I/ MOVEM5T IS AS OLD AS \R MOVEM5T4 ,M5 >E =C$ TO JO9 ! >MY AT AGE #b4 ,! ASSOCIATION ORGANIZES CAMPAIGNS = CONSCI5TI\S OBJECTION1 PUBLICIZES & 9VE/IGATES ! SUSPICI\S MURD]S 9 ! MILIT>Y1 & SUPPORTS CONSCI5TI\S OBJECTORS ?R\< ! JUDICIAL PROCESS4 

,FROM \R P]SPECTIVE1 !RE IS A FUNDAM5TAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! MILIT>I/ VIOL5CE ( ! /ATE & ! PEOPLE'S /RUGGLE = FRE$OM4 ,WE CANNOT COMP>E ! VIOL5CE ( /ATES ) ANY RESI/ANCE /RUGGLE4 ,MOREOV]1 UNLIKE SOME SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS ?AT CALL !MSELVES A R$ >MY1 ,KURDI% ORGANIZATIONS CALL !MSELVES SELF-DEF5SE UNITS RA!R ?AN A MILIT>Y4 

,:AT IS ! SITUATION = ,KURDI% PEOPLE 9 ,TURKEY RI<T N[8 

,IT IS H>D] ?AN EV]4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO TAKE ANY K9D ( ACTION4 ,! FASCI/ PROPAG&A ( ! /ATE CONT9UES VIA ITS [N M$IA & ALSO FROM SO-CALL$ OPPOSITION P>TIES4 ,! PRESSURE T[>DS CULTURAL ASSIMILATION & ! POLITICAL REPRESSION T>GET+ ,KURDI% PEOPLE >E 9T5SE4 

,:AT DO Y\ BELIEVE ! IMM$IATE GOALS ( ,]DOGAN'S 9VASION TO BE8 ,& H[ DO Y\ ?9K HE AIMS TO A*IEVE !M8 

,:5 WE >E TALK+ AB\T ?IS REGION ( ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 IT IS H>D TO UND]/& OR PR$ICT /RATEGIES4 ,!Y UND]TOOK ! 9VASION AGA9/ ! WI%ES ( ! ,U,S & O!R ,WE/]N ALLIES1 BUT ALSO1 IT IS H>D TO UND]/& !IR /RATEGY4 ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ! ,U,S >E NOT ALLIES TO ! ,KURDI% PEOPLE 9 ,ROJAVA4 ,?IS IS ! REALITY ( POLITICS 9 ,MIDDLE ,EA/4 

,CONCRETELY1 ! /ATE IS TAK+ ! ADVANTAGE ( ! W> TO ACCOMPLI% 9T]IOR POLITICAL GOALS4 ,SO ?AT IS P>T ( !IR /RATEGY4 ,! ,/ATE ( ,EM]G5CY E/ABLI%$ BY ,]DOGAN & HIS GOV]NM5T 5DANG]$ !IR POLITICAL P[]4 ,! ONLY ?+ ?AT LEGITIMIZES !IR P[] IS ! ELECTIONS1 SO !Y >E TRY+ TO FO/] A NATIONALI/1 MILIT>I/ WAVE 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 !IR 0LEGITIMACY40 

.<#a.> ,! ,ALEVI SECT1 9 ! ,%IA BRAN* ( ,ISLAM1 IS ASSOCIAT$ ) ! LEFTI/ REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION 9 ,TURKEY4 ,:ILE MANY >E PRACTIC+ ,MUSLIMS1 ! RITUAL ( S++ & CIRCUL> COLLECTIVE DANC+ 7SEMAH7 DUR+ A COMMUNITY C]EMONY 7CEM7 AT ! H\SE ( CEM 7CEM EVI7 IS MORE IMPORTANT ?AN PRAY+ AT ! MOSQUE4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 P]SECUT$ & MASSACR$ S9CE ! ,OTTOMAN ,EMPIRE4 

7,S\RCE3 ,RETRIEV$ ON #a#b? ,OCTOB] #bb FROM HTTPS3_/_/CRIME?9C4COM_/#b#a#i_/#a#a_/#a#b_/!-ROOTS-(-TURKI%-FASCISM-&-!-?REAT-IT-POSES47 

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