,! ,RESPONSIBILITY ( ,9TELLECTUALS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,NOAM ,*OMSKY 

,TEXT 3 

,TW5TY-YE>S AGO1 ,DWI<T ,MACDONALD PUBLI%$ A S]IES ( >TICLES 9 ,POLITICS ON ! RESPONSIBILITY ( PEOPLES &1 SPECIFICALLY1 ! RESPONSIBILITY ( 9TELLECTUALS4 ,I READ !M AS AN UND]GRADUATE1 9 ! YE>S JU/ AFT] ! W>1 & HAD OCCASION TO READ !M AGA9 A FEW MON?S AGO4 ,!Y SEEM TO ME TO HAVE LO/ NONE ( !IR P[] OR P]SUASIV5ESS4 ,MACDONALD IS CONC]N$ ) ! QUE/ION ( W> GUILT4 ,HE ASKS ! QUE/ION3 ,TO :AT EXT5T W]E ! ,G]MAN OR ,JAPANESE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE = ! ATROCITIES COMMITT$ BY !IR GOV]NM5TS8 ,&1 QUITE PROP]LY1 HE TURNS ! QUE/ION BACK TO US3 ,TO :AT EXT5T >E ! ,BRITI% OR ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE = ! VICI\S T]ROR BOMB+S ( CIVILIANS1 P]FECT$ AS A TE*NIQUE ( W>F>E BY ! ,WE/]N DEMOCRACIES & REA*+ !IR CULM9ATION 9 ,HIRO%IMA & ,NAGASAKI1 SURELY AMONG ! MO/ UNSPEAKABLE CRIMES 9 HI/ORY4 ,TO AN UND]GRADUATE 9 #a#i#d#e-#d#f--TO ANYONE :OSE POLITICAL & MORAL CONSCI\SNESS HAD BE5 =M$ BY ! HORRORS ( ! #a#i#cS1 BY ! W> 9 ,E?IOPIA1 ! ,RUSSIAN PURGE1 ! 0,*9A ,9CID5T10 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 ! ,NAZI ATROCITIES1 ! ,WE/]N REACTION TO !SE EV5TS &1 9 P>T1 COMPLICITY 9 !M--!SE QUE/IONS HAD P>TICUL> SIGNIFICANCE & POIGNANCY4 

,) RESPECT TO ! RESPONSIBILITY ( 9TELLECTUALS1 !RE >E /ILL O!R1 EQUALLY DI/URB+ QUE/IONS4 ,9TELLECTUALS >E 9 A POSITION TO EXPOSE ! LIES ( GOV]NM5TS1 TO ANALYZE ACTIONS ACCORD+ TO !IR CAUSES & MOTIVES & (T5 HIDD5 9T5TIONS4 ,9 ! ,WE/]N WORLD1 AT LEA/1 !Y HAVE ! P[] ?AT COMES FROM POLITICAL LIB]TY1 FROM ACCESS TO 9=MATION & FRE$OM ( EXPRESSION4 ,= A PRIVILEG$ M9ORITY1 ,WE/]N DEMOCRACY PROVIDES ! LEISURE1 ! FACILITIES1 & ! TRA9+ TO SEEK ! TRU? LY+ HIDD5 BEH9D ! VEIL ( DI/ORTION & MISREPRES5TATION1 IDEOLOGY & CLASS 9T]E/1 ?R\< :I* ! EV5TS ( CURR5T HI/ORY >E PRES5T$ TO US4 ,! RESPONSIBILITIES ( 9TELLECTUALS1 !N1 >E MU* DEEP] ?AN :AT ,MACDONALD CALLS ! 0RESPONSIBILITY ( PEOPLE10 GIV5 ! UNIQUE PRIVILEGES ?AT 9TELLECTUALS 5JOY4 

,! ISSUES ?AT ,MACDONALD RAIS$ >E AS P]T95T TODAY AS !Y W]E TW5TY YE>S AGO4 ,WE CAN H>DLY AVOID ASK+ \RSELVES TO :AT EXT5T ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE BE> RESPONSIBILITY = ! SAVAGE ,AM]ICAN ASSAULT ON A L>GELY HELPLESS RURAL POPULATION 9 ,VIETNAM1 /ILL ANO!R ATROCITY 9 :AT ,ASIANS SEE AS ! 0,VASCO DA ,GAMA ]A0 ( WORLD HI/ORY4 ,AS = ?OSE ( US :O /OOD BY 9 SIL5CE & APA?Y AS ?IS CATA/ROPHE SL[LY TOOK %APE OV] ! PA/ DOZ5 YE>S--ON :AT PAGE ( HI/ORY DO WE F9D \R PROP] PLACE8 ,ONLY ! MO/ 9S5SIBLE CAN ESCAPE !SE QUE/IONS4 ,I WANT TO RETURN TO !M1 LAT] ON1 AFT] A FEW SCATT]$ REM>KS AB\T ! RESPONSIBILITY ( 9TELLECTUALS & H[1 9 PRACTICE1 !Y GO AB\T MEET+ ?IS RESPONSIBILITY 9 ! MID-#a#i#fS4 

,IT IS ! RESPONSIBILITY ( 9TELLECTUALS TO SPEAK ! TRU? & TO EXPOSE LIES4 ,?IS1 AT LEA/1 MAY SEEM 5\< ( A TRUISM TO PASS OV] )\T COMM5T4 ,NOT SO1 H[EV]4 ,= ! MOD]N 9TELLECTUAL1 IT IS NOT AT ALL OBVI\S4 ,?US WE HAVE ,M>T9 ,HEIDEGG] WRIT+1 9 A PRO-,HITL] DECL>ATION ( #a#i#c#c1 ?AT 0TRU? IS ! REVELATION ( ?AT :I* MAKES A PEOPLE C]TA91 CLE>1 & /RONG 9 ITS ACTION & KN[L$GE02 IT IS ONLY ?IS K9D ( 0TRU?0 ?AT ONE HAS A RESPONSIBILITY TO SPEAK4 ,AM]ICANS T5D TO BE MORE =?RI<T4 ,:5 ,>?UR ,S*LES+] WAS ASK$ BY ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES 9 ,NOVEMB]1 #a#i#f#e1 TO EXPLA9 ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 HIS PUBLI%$ ACC\NT ( ! ,BAY ( ,PIGS 9CID5T & ! /ORY HE HAD GIV5 ! PRESS AT ! TIME ( ! ATTACK1 HE SIMPLY REM>K$ ?AT HE HAD LI$2 & A FEW DAYS LAT]1 HE W5T ON TO COMPLIM5T ! ,TIMES = ALSO HAV+ SUPPRESS$ 9=MATION ON ! PLANN$ 9VASION1 9 0! NATIONAL 9T]E/10 AS ?IS T]M WAS DEF9$ BY ! GR\P ( >ROGANT & DELUD$ M5 ( :OM ,S*LES+] GIVES SU* A FLATT]+ PORTRAIT 9 HIS REC5T ACC\NT ( ! ,K5N$Y ,ADM9I/RATION4 ,IT IS ( NO P>TICUL> 9T]E/ ?AT ONE MAN IS QUITE HAPPY TO LIE 9 BEHALF ( A CAUSE :I* HE KN[S TO BE UNJU/2 BUT IT IS SIGNIFICANT ?AT SU* EV5TS PROVOKE SO LITTLE RESPONSE 9 ! 9TELLECTUAL COMMUNITY--= EXAMPLE1 NO ONE HAS SAID ?AT !RE IS SOME?+ /RANGE 9 ! (F] ( A MAJOR *AIR 9 ! HUMANITIES TO A HI/ORIAN :O FEELS IT TO BE HIS DUTY TO P]SUADE ! WORLD ?AT AN ,AM]ICAN-SPONSOR$ 9VASION ( A NE>BY C\NTRY IS NO?+ ( ! SORT4 ,& :AT ( ! 9CR$IBLE SEQU5CE ( LIES ON ! P>T ( \R GOV]NM5T & ITS SPOKESM5 CONC]N+ SU* MATT]S AS NEGOTIATIONS 9 ,VIETNAM8 ,! FACTS >E KN[N TO ALL :O C>E TO KN[4 ,! PRESS1 =EIGN & DOME/IC1 HAS PRES5T$ DOCUM5TATION TO REFUTE EA* FALSEHOOD AS IT APPE>S4 ,BUT ! P[] ( ! GOV]NM5T'S PROPAG&A APP>ATUS IS SU* ?AT ! CITIZ5 :O DOES NOT UND]TAKE A RESE>* PROJECT ON ! SUBJECT CAN H>DLY HOPE TO CONFRONT GOV]NM5T PRON\NCEM5TS ) FACT4.<#a.> 

,! DECEIT & DI/ORTION SURR\ND+ ! ,AM]ICAN 9VASION ( ,VIETNAM IS BY N[ SO FAMILI> ?AT IT HAS LO/ ITS P[] TO %OCK4 ,IT IS !RE=E USEFUL TO RECALL ?AT AL?\< NEW LEVELS ( CYNICISM >E CON/ANTLY BE+ REA*$1 !IR CLE> ANTEC$5TS W]E ACCEPT$ AT HOME ) QUIET TOL]ATION4 ,IT IS A USEFUL EX]CISE TO COMP>E ,GOV]NM5T /ATEM5TS AT ! TIME ( ! 9VASION ( ,GUATEMALA 9 #ai$ ) ,EIS5H[]'S ADMISSION--TO BE MORE ACCURATE1 HIS BOA/--A DECADE LAT] ?AT ,AM]ICAN PLANES W]E S5T 0TO HELP ! 9VAD]S0 7,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 ,OCTOB] #a#d1 #a#i#f#e74 ,NOR IS IT ONLY 9 MOM5TS ( CRISIS ?AT DUPLICITY IS CONSID]$ P]FECTLY 9 ORD]4 0,NEW ,FRONTI]SM510 = EXAMPLE1 HAVE SC>CELY DI/+UI%$ !MSELVES BY A PASSIONATE CONC]N = HI/ORICAL ACCURACY1 EV5 :5 !Y >E NOT BE+ CALL$ UPON TO PROVIDE A 0PROPAG&A COV]0 = ONGO+ ACTIONS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,>?UR ,S*LES+] 7,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 ,FEBRU>Y #f1 #a#i#f#f7 DESCRIBES ! BOMB+ ( ,NOR? ,VIETNAM & ! MASSIVE ESCALATION ( MILIT>Y COMMITM5T 9 E>LY #aife AS BAS$ ON A 0P]FECTLY RATIONAL >GUM5T03 

SO LONG AS ! ,VIETCONG ?\<T !Y W]E GO+ TO W9 ! W>1 !Y OBVI\SLY W\LD NOT BE 9T]E/$ 9 ANY K9D ( NEGOTIAT$ SETTLEM5T4 

,! DATE IS IMPORTANT4 ,HAD ?IS /ATEM5T BE5 MADE SIX MON?S E>LI]1 ONE C\LD ATTRIBUTE IT TO IGNORANCE4 ,BUT ?IS /ATEM5T APPE>$ AFT] ! ,U,N1 ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE1 & ,SOVIET 9ITIATIVES HAD BE5 FRONT-PAGE NEWS = MON?S4 ,IT WAS ALREADY PUBLIC KN[L$GE ?AT !SE 9ITIATIVES HAD PRECE$$ ! ESCALATION ( ,FEBRU>Y #aife &1 9 FACT1 CONT9U$ = SEV]AL WEEKS AFT] ! BOMB+ BEGAN4 ,CORRESPOND5TS 9 ,WA%+TON TRI$ DESP]ATELY TO F9D SOME EXPLANATION = ! />TL+ DECEPTION ?AT HAD BE5 REVEAL$4 ,*ALM]S ,ROB]TS1 = EXAMPLE1 WROTE 9 ! ,BO/ON ,GLOBE ON ,NOVEMB] #ai ) UNCONSCI\S IRONY3 

.<LATE ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#f#e.> H>DLY SEEM$ TO ,WA%+TON TO BE A PROPITI\S MOM5T = NEGOTIATIONS .<S9CE.> ,MR4 ,JOHNSON444HAD JU/ ORD]$ ! FIR/ BOMB+ ( ,NOR? ,VIETNAM 9 AN EF=T TO BR+ ,HANOI TO A CONF]5CE TABLE :]E ! B>GA9+ *IPS ON BO? SIDES W\LD BE MORE CLOSELY MAT*$4 

,COM+ AT ?AT MOM5T1 ,S*LES+]'S /ATEM5T IS LESS AN EXAMPLE ( DECEIT ?AN ( CONTEMPT--CONTEMPT = AN AUDI5CE ?AT CAN BE EXPECT$ TO TOL]ATE SU* BEHAVIOR ) SIL5CE1 IF NOT APPROVAL4.<#b.> 

,T,O ,T,U,R,N ,T,O ,S,O,M,E,O,N,E CLOS] TO ! ACTUAL =MATION & IMPLEM5TATION ( POLICY1 CONSID] SOME ( ! REFLECTIONS ( ,WALT ,RO/[1 A MAN :O1 ACCORD+ TO ,S*LES+]1 BR\<T A 0SPACI\S HI/ORICAL VIEW0 TO ! CONDUCT ( =EIGN AFFAIRS 9 ! ,K5N$Y ADM9I/RATION4.<#c.> ,ACCORD+ TO HIS ANALYSIS1 ! GU]RILLA W>F>E 9 ,9DO-,*9A 9 #aidf WAS LAUN*$ BY ,/AL91.<#d.> & ,HANOI 9ITIAT$ ! GU]RILLA W> AGA9/ ,S\? ,VIETNAM 9 #aieh 7,! ,VIEW FROM ! ,SEV5? ,FLOOR PP4 #ci & #a#e#b74 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! ,COMMUNI/ PLANN]S PROB$ ! 0FREE WORLD SPECTRUM ( DEF5SE0 9 ,NOR!RN ,AZ]BAIJAN & ,GREECE 7:]E ,/AL9 0SUPPORT$ SUB/ANTIAL GU]RILLA W>F>E0--IBID41 PP4 #cf & #a#d#h71 OP]AT+ FROM PLANS C>EFULLY LAID 9 #a#i#d#e4 ,& 9 ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE1 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS NOT 0PREP>$ TO ACCEPT A SOLUTION :I* W\LD REMOVE ! DANG]\S T5SIONS FROM ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE AT ! RISK ( EV5 SL[LY /AG$ CORROSION ( ,COMMUNISM 9 ,EA/ ,G]MANY0 7IBID41 P4 #a#e#f74 

,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO COMP>E !SE OBS]VATIONS ) /UDIES BY S*OL>S ACTUALLY CONC]N$ ) HI/ORICAL EV5TS4 ,! REM>K AB\T ,/AL9'S 9ITIAT+ ! FIR/ ,VIETNAMESE W> 9 #aidf DOES NOT EV5 M]IT REFUTATION4 ,AS TO ,HANOI'S PURPORT$ 9ITIATIVE ( #a#i#e#h1 ! SITUATION IS MORE CL\D$4 ,BUT EV5 GOV]NM5T S\RCES.<#e.> CONC$E ?AT 9 #aiei ,HANOI RECEIV$ ! FIR/ DIRECT REPORTS ( :AT ,DIEM REF]R$ TO.<#f.> AS HIS [N ,ALG]IAN W> & ?AT ONLY AFT] ?IS DID !Y LAY !IR PLANS TO 9VOLVE !MSELVES 9 ?IS /RUGGLE4 ,9 FACT1 9 ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#e#h1 ,HANOI MADE ANO!R ( ITS MANY ATTEMPTS--REBUFF$ ONCE AGA9 BY ,SAIGON & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES--TO E/ABLI% DIPLOMATIC & COMM]CIAL RELATIONS ) ! ,SAIGON GOV]NM5T ON ! BASIS ( ! /ATUS QUO4.<#g.> ,RO/[ (F]S NO EVID5CE ( ,/AL9'S SUPPORT = ! ,GREEK GU]RILLAS2 9 FACT1 ?\< ! HI/ORICAL RECORD IS F> FROM CLE>1 IT SEEMS ?AT ,/AL9 WAS BY NO MEANS PLEAS$ ) ! ADV5TURISM ( ! ,GREEK GU]RILLAS1 :O1 FROM HIS PO9T ( VIEW1 W]E UPSETT+ ! SATISFACTORY PO/W> IMP]IALI/ SETTLEM5T4.<#h.> 

,RO/['S REM>KS AB\T ,G]MANY >E MORE 9T]E/+ /ILL4 ,HE DOES NOT SEE FIT TO M5TION1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,RUSSIAN NOTES ( ,M>*-,APRIL1 #a#i#e#b1 :I* PROPOS$ UNIFICATION ( ,G]MANY UND] 9T]NATIONALLY SUP]VIS$ ELECTIONS1 ) )DRAWAL ( ALL TROOPS )9 A YE>1 IF !RE WAS A GU>ANTEE ?AT A REUNIFI$ ,G]MANY W\LD NOT BE P]MITT$ TO JO9 A ,WE/]N MILIT>Y ALLIANCE4.<#i.> ,& HE HAS ALSO MOM5T>ILY =GOTT5 HIS [N *>ACT]IZATION ( ! /RATEGY ( ! ,TRUMAN & ,EIS5H[] ADM9I/RATIONS3 0TO AVOID ANY S]I\S NEGOTIATION ) ! ,SOVIET ,UNION UNTIL ! ,WE/ C\LD CONFRONT ,MOSC[ ) ,G]MAN RE>MAM5T )9 AN ORGANIZ$ ,EUROPEAN FRAMEWORK1 AS A FAIT ACCOMPLI0.<#a.> --TO BE SURE1 9 DEFIANCE ( ! ,POTSDAM AGREEM5TS4 

,BUT MO/ 9T]E/+ ( ALL IS ,RO/['S REF]5CE TO ,IRAN4 ,! FACTS >E ?AT !RE WAS A ,RUSSIAN ATTEMPT TO IMPOSE BY =CE A PRO-,SOVIET GOV]NM5T 9 ,NOR!RN ,AZ]BAIJAN ?AT W\LD GRANT ! ,SOVIET ,UNION ACCESS TO ,IRANIAN OIL4 ,?IS WAS REBUFF$ BY SUP]IOR ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN =CE 9 #a#i#d#f1 AT :I* PO9T ! MORE P[]FUL IMP]IALISM OBTA9$ FULL RI<TS TO ,IRANIAN OIL = ITSELF1 ) ! 9/ALLATION ( A PRO-,WE/]N GOV]NM5T4 ,WE RECALL :AT HAPP5$ :51 = A BRIEF P]IOD 9 ! E>LY #a#i#eS1 ! ONLY ,IRANIAN GOV]NM5T ) SOME?+ ( A POPUL> BASE EXP]IM5T$ ) ! CURI\S IDEA ?AT ,IRANIAN OIL %\LD BELONG TO ! ,IRANIANS4 ,:AT IS 9T]E/+1 H[EV]1 IS ! DESCRIPTION ( ,NOR!RN ,AZ]BAIJAN AS P>T ( 0! FREE WORLD SPECTRUM ( DEF5SE40 ,IT IS PO9TLESS1 BY N[1 TO COMM5T ON ! DEBASEM5T ( ! PHRASE 0FREE WORLD40 ,BUT BY :AT LAW ( NATURE DOES ,IRAN1 ) ITS RES\RCES1 FALL )9 ,WE/]N DOM9ION8 ,! BL& ASSUMPTION ?AT IT DOES IS MO/ REVEAL+ ( DEEP-SEAT$ ATTITUDES T[>D ! CONDUCT ( =EIGN AFFAIRS4 

,9 ,A,D,D,I,T,I,O,N TO ?IS GR[+ LACK ( CONC]N = TRU?1 WE F9D1 9 REC5T PUBLI%$ /ATEM5TS1 A REAL OR FEIGN$ NAIVETE AB\T ,AM]ICAN ACTIONS ?AT REA*ES />TL+ PROPORTIONS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,>?UR ,S*LES+]1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,TIMES1 ,FEBRU>Y #f1 #a#i#f#f1 *>ACT]IZ$ \R ,VIETNAMESE POLICIES ( #ai$ AS 0P>T ( \R G5]AL PROGRAM ( 9T]NATIONAL GOODWILL40 ,UNLESS 9T5D$ AS IRONY1 ?IS REM>K %[S EI!R A COLOSSAL CYNICISM1 OR ! 9ABILITY1 ON A SCALE ?AT DEFIES MEASUREM5T1 TO COMPREH5D ELEM5T>Y PH5OM5A ( CONTEMPOR>Y HI/ORY4 ,SIMIL>LY1 :AT IS ONE TO MAKE ( ! TE/IMONY ( ,?OMAS ,S*ELL+ BE=E ! ,H\SE ,=EIGN ,AFFAIRS ,COMMITTEE1 ,JANU>Y #b#g1 #a#i#f#e1 9 :I* HE DISCUSSES TWO GREAT DANG]S IF ALL ,ASIA 0GOES ,COMMUNI/08.<#a#a.> ,FIR/1 ?IS W\LD EXCLUDE 0! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & :AT WE CALL ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION FROM A L>GE P>T ( ! WORLD ?AT IS POOR & COLOR$ & POT5TIALLY HO/ILE40 ,SECOND1 0A C\NTRY LIKE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES PROBABLY CANNOT MA9TA9 SELF-CONFID5CE IF JU/ AB\T ! GREATE/ ?+ IT EV] ATTEMPT$1 NAMELY TO CREATE ! BASIS = DEC5CY & PROSP]ITY & DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T 9 ! UND]DEVELOP$ WORLD1 HAD TO BE ACKN[L$G$ AS A FAILURE OR AS AN ATTEMPT ?AT WE W\LDN'T TRY AGA940 ,IT SURPASSES BELIEF ?AT A P]SON ) EV5 A M9IMAL ACQUA9TANCE ) ! RECORD ( ,AM]ICAN =EIGN POLICY C\LD PRODUCE SU* /ATEM5TS4 

,IT SURPASSES BELIEF1 ?AT IS1 UNLESS WE LOOK AT ! MATT] FROM A MORE HI/ORICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 & PLACE SU* /ATEM5TS 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! HYPOCRITICAL MORALISM ( ! PA/2 = EXAMPLE1 ( ,WOODR[ ,WILSON1 :O WAS GO+ TO TEA* ! ,LAT9 ,AM]ICANS ! >T ( GOOD GOV]NM5T1 & :O WROTE 7#a#i#b7 ?AT IT IS 0\R PECULI> DUTY0 TO TEA* COLONIAL PEOPLES 0ORD] & SELF-CONTROL444.<&.>444! DRILL & HABIT ( LAW & OB$I5CE44440 ,OR ( ! MISSION>IES ( ! #a#h#dS1 :O DESCRIB$ ! HIDE\S & DEGRAD+ OPIUM W>S AS 0! RESULT ( A GREAT DESIGN ( ,PROVID5CE TO MAKE ! WICK$NESS ( M5 SUBS]VE HIS PURPOSES ( M]CY T[>D ,*9A1 9 BREAK+ ?R\< H] WALL ( EXCLUSION1 & BR++ ! EMPIRE 9TO MORE IMM$IATE CONTACT ) WE/]N & ,*RI/IAN NATIONS40 ,OR1 TO APPROA* ! PRES5T1 ( ,A4,A4 ,B]LE1 :O1 9 COMM5T+ ON ! ,DOM9ICAN 9T]V5TION1 HAS ! IMP]T95CE TO ATTRIBUTE ! PROBLEMS ( ! ,C>IBBEAN C\NTRIES TO IMP]IALISM--,RUSSIAN IMP]IALISM4.<#a#b.> 

,A,S ,A ,F,9,A,L ,E,X,A,M,P,L,E ( ?IS FAILURE ( SKEPTICISM1 CONSID] ! REM>KS ( ,H5RY ,KISS+] 9 HIS CONCLUD+ REM>KS AT ! ,H>V>D-,OX=D TELEVISION DEBATE ON ,AM]ICA'S ,VIETNAM POLICIES4 ,HE OBS]V$1 RA!R SADLY1 ?AT :AT DI/URBS HIM MO/ IS ?AT O!RS QUE/ION NOT \R JUDGM5T1 BUT \R MOTIVES--A REM>KABLE COMM5T BY A MAN :OSE PR(ESSIONAL CONC]N IS POLITICAL ANALYSIS1 ?AT IS1 ANALYSIS ( ! ACTIONS ( GOV]NM5TS 9 T]MS ( MOTIVES ?AT >E UNEXPRESS$ 9 (FICIAL PROPAG&A & P]HAPS ONLY DIMLY P]CEIV$ BY ?OSE :OSE ACTS !Y GOV]N4 ,NO ONE W\LD BE DI/URB$ BY AN ANALYSIS ( ! POLITICAL BEHAVIOR ( ! ,RUSSIANS1 ,FR5*1 OR ,TANZANIANS QUE/ION+ !IR MOTIVES & 9T]PRET+ !IR ACTIONS BY ! LONG-RANGE 9T]E/S CONCEAL$ BEH9D !IR (FICIAL RHETORIC4 ,BUT IT IS AN >TICLE ( FAI? ?AT ,AM]ICAN MOTIVES >E PURE1 & NOT SUBJECT TO ANALYSIS 7SEE NOTE #a74 ,AL?\< IT IS NO?+ NEW 9 ,AM]ICAN 9TELLECTUAL HI/ORY--OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 9 ! G5]AL HI/ORY ( IMP]IALI/ APOLOGIA--?IS 9NOC5CE BECOMES 9CREAS+LY DI/A/EFUL AS ! P[] IT S]VES GR[S MORE DOM9ANT 9 WORLD AFFAIRS1 & MORE CAPABLE1 !RE=E1 ( ! UNCON/RA9$ VICI\SNESS ?AT ! MASS M$IA PRES5T TO US EA* DAY4 ,WE >E H>DLY ! FIR/ P[] 9 HI/ORY TO COMB9E MAT]IAL 9T]E/S1 GREAT TE*NOLOGICAL CAPACITY1 & AN UTT] DISREG>D = ! SUFF]+ & MIS]Y ( ! L[] ORD]S4 ,! LONG TRADITION ( NAIVETE & SELF-RI<TE\SNESS ?AT DISFIGURES \R 9TELLECTUAL HI/ORY1 H[EV]1 MU/ S]VE AS A W>N+ TO ! ?IRD WORLD1 IF SU* A W>N+ IS NE$$1 AS TO H[ \R PROTE/ATIONS ( S9C]ITY & B5IGN 9T5T >E TO BE 9T]PRET$4 

,! BASIC ASSUMPTIONS ( ! 0,NEW ,FRONTI]SM50 %\LD BE POND]$ C>EFULLY BY ?OSE :O LOOK =W>D TO ! 9VOLVEM5T ( ACADEMIC 9TELLECTUALS 9 POLITICS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,I HAVE REF]R$ ABOVE TO ,>?UR ,S*LES+]'S OBJECTIONS TO ! ,BAY ( ,PIGS 9VASION1 BUT ! REF]5CE WAS IMPRECISE4 ,TRUE1 HE FELT ?AT IT WAS A 0T]RIBLE IDEA10 BUT 0NOT BECAUSE ! NOTION ( SPONSOR+ AN EXILE ATTEMPT TO OV]?R[ ,CA/RO SEEM$ 9TOL]ABLE 9 ITSELF40 ,SU* A REACTION W\LD BE ! M]E/ S5TIM5TALITY1 UN?9KABLE TO A T\<-M9D$ REALI/4 ,! DIFFICULTY1 RA!R1 WAS ?AT IT SEEM$ UNLIKELY ?AT ! DECEPTION C\LD SUCCE$4 ,! OP]ATION1 9 HIS VIEW1 WAS ILL-CONCEIV$ BUT NOT O!RWISE OBJECTIONABLE4.<#a#c.> ,9 A SIMIL> VE91 ,S*LES+] QUOTES ) APPROVAL ,K5N$Y'S 0REALI/IC0 ASSESSM5T ( ! SITUATION RESULT+ FROM ,TRUJILLO'S ASSASS9ATION3 

,!RE >E ?REE POSSIBILITIES 9 DESC5D+ ORD] ( PREF]5CE3 A DEC5T DEMOCRATIC REGIME1 A CONT9UATION ( ! ,TRUJILLO REGIME OR A ,CA/RO REGIME4 ,WE \<T TO AIM AT ! FIR/1 BUT WE REALLY CAN'T R5\NCE ! SECOND UNTIL WE >E SURE ?AT WE CAN AVOID ! ?IRD .<P4 #g#f#i.>4 

,! REASON :Y ! ?IRD POSSIBILITY IS SO 9TOL]ABLE IS EXPLA9$ A FEW PAGES LAT] 7P4 #g#g#d73 0,COMMUNI/ SUCCESS 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA W\LD DEAL A MU* H>D] BL[ TO ! P[] & 9FLU5CE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES40 ,( C\RSE1 WE CAN NEV] REALLY BE SURE ( AVOID+ ! ?IRD POSSIBILITY2 !RE=E1 9 PRACTICE1 WE WILL ALWAYS SETTLE = ! SECOND1 AS WE >E N[ DO+ 9 ,BRAZIL & ,>G5T9A1 = EXAMPLE4.<#a#d.> 

,OR CONSID] ,WALT ,RO/['S VIEWS ON ,AM]ICAN POLICY 9 ,ASIA4.<#a#e.> ,! BASIS ON :I* WE MU/ BUILD ?IS POLICY IS ?AT 0WE >E OP5LY ?REAT5$ & WE FEEL M5AC$ BY ,COMMUNI/ ,*9A40 ,TO PROVE ?AT WE >E M5AC$ IS ( C\RSE UNNECESS>Y1 & ! MATT] RECEIVES NO ATT5TION2 IT IS 5\< ?AT WE FEEL M5AC$4 ,\R POLICY MU/ BE BAS$ ON \R NATIONAL H]ITAGE & \R NATIONAL 9T]E/S4 ,\R NATIONAL H]ITAGE IS BRIEFLY \TL9$ 9 ! FOLL[+ T]MS3 0,?R\<\T ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 9 GOOD CONSCI5CE ,AM]ICANS C\LD DEVOTE !MSELVES TO ! EXT5SION ( BO? !IR PR9CIPLES & !IR P[] ON ?IS CONT95T10 MAK+ USE ( 0! SOME:AT ELA/IC CONCEPT ( ! ,MONROE DOCTR9E0 &1 ( C\RSE1 EXT5D+ 0! ,AM]ICAN 9T]E/ TO ,ALASKA & ! MID-,PACIFIC ISL&S4444 ,BO? \R 9SI/5CE ON UNCONDITIONAL SURR5D] & ! IDEA ( PO/W> OCCUPATION444REPRES5T$ ! =MULATION ( ,AM]ICAN SECURITY 9T]E/S 9 ,EUROPE & ,ASIA40 ,SO MU* = \R H]ITAGE4 ,AS TO \R 9T]E/S1 ! MATT] IS EQUALLY SIMPLE4 ,FUNDAM5TAL IS \R 0PR(\ND 9T]E/ ?AT SOCIETIES ABROAD DEVELOP & /R5G!N ?OSE ELEM5TS 9 !IR RESPECTIVE CULTURES ?AT ELEVATE & PROTECT ! DIGNITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL AGA9/ ! /ATE40 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 WE MU/ C\NT] ! 0IDEOLOGICAL ?REAT10 NAMELY 0! POSSIBILITY ?AT ! ,*9ESE ,COMMUNI/S CAN PROVE TO ,ASIANS BY PROGRESS 9 ,*9A ?AT ,COMMUNI/ ME?ODS >E BETT] & FA/] ?AN DEMOCRATIC ME?ODS40 ,NO?+ IS SAID AB\T ?OSE PEOPLE 9 ,ASIAN CULTURES TO :OM \R 0CONCEPTION ( ! PROP] RELATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ! /ATE0 MAY NOT BE ! UNIQUELY IMPORTANT VALUE1 PEOPLE :O MI<T1 = EXAMPLE1 BE CONC]N$ ) PRES]V+ ! 0DIGNITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL0 AGA9/ CONC5TRATIONS ( =EIGN OR DOME/IC CAPITAL1 OR AGA9/ SEMI-FEUDAL /RUCTURES 7SU* AS ,TRUJILLO-TYPE DICTATOR%IPS7 9TRODUC$ OR KEPT 9 P[] BY ,AM]ICAN >MS4 ,ALL ( ?IS IS FLAVOR$ ) ALLUSIONS TO 0\R RELIGI\S & E?ICAL VALUE SY/EMS0 & TO \R 0DIFFUSE & COMPLEX CONCEPTS0 :I* >E TO ! ,ASIAN M9D 0SO MU* MORE DIFFICULT TO GRASP0 ?AN ,M>XI/ DOGMA1 & >E SO 0DI/URB+ TO SOME ,ASIANS0 BECAUSE ( 0!IR V]Y LACK ( DOGMATISM40 

,SU* 9TELLECTUAL CONTRIBUTIONS AS !SE SUGGE/ ! NE$ = A CORRECTION TO ,DE ,GAULLE'S REM>K1 9 HIS ,MEMOIRS1 AB\T ! ,AM]ICAN 0WILL TO P[]1 CLOAK+ ITSELF 9 IDEALISM40 ,BY N[1 ?IS WILL TO P[] IS NOT SO MU* CLOAK$ 9 IDEALISM AS IT IS DR[N$ 9 FATUITY4 ,& ACADEMIC 9TELLECTUALS HAVE MADE !IR UNIQUE CONTRIBUTION TO ?IS SORRY PICTURE4 

,L,E,T ,U,S1 ,H,[,E,V,]1 ,R,E,T,U,R,N TO ! W> 9 ,VIETNAM & ! RESPONSE ?AT IT HAS >\S$ AMONG ,AM]ICAN 9TELLECTUALS4 ,A /RIK+ FEATURE ( ! REC5T DEBATE ON ,S\!A/ ,ASIAN POLICY HAS BE5 ! DI/9CTION ?AT IS COMMONLY DRAWN BETWE5 0RESPONSIBLE CRITICISM10 ON ! ONE H&1 & 0S5TIM5TAL10 OR 0EMOTIONAL10 OR 0HY/]ICAL0 CRITICISM1 ON ! O!R4 ,!RE IS MU* TO BE LE>N$ FROM A C>EFUL /UDY ( ! T]MS 9 :I* ?IS DI/9CTION IS DRAWN4 ,! 0HY/]ICAL CRITICS0 >E TO BE ID5TIFI$1 APP>5TLY1 BY !IR IRRATIONAL REFUSAL TO ACCEPT ONE FUNDAM5TAL POLITICAL AXIOM1 NAMELY ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS ! RI<T TO EXT5D ITS P[] & CONTROL )\T LIMIT1 9S(> AS IS FEASIBLE4 ,RESPONSIBLE CRITICISM DOES NOT *ALL5GE ?IS ASSUMPTION1 BUT >GUES1 RA!R1 ?AT WE PROBABLY CAN'T 0GET AWAY ) IT0 AT ?IS P>TICUL> TIME & PLACE4 

,A DI/9CTION ( ?IS SORT SEEMS TO BE :AT ,IRV+ ,KRI/OL1 = EXAMPLE1 HAS 9 M9D 9 HIS ANALYSIS ( ! PROTE/ OV] ,VIETNAM POLICY 7,5C\NT]1 ,AUGU/1 #a#i#f#e74 ,HE CONTRA/S ! RESPONSIBLE CRITICS1 SU* AS ,WALT] ,LIPPMANN1 ! ,TIMES1 & ,S5ATOR ,FULBRI<T1 ) ! 0TEA*-9 MOVEM5T40 0,UNLIKE ! UNIV]SITY PROTE/]S10 HE PO9TS \T1 0,MR4 ,LIPPMANN 5GAGES 9 NO PRESUMPTU\S SUPPOSITIONS AS TO ':AT ! ,VIETNAMESE PEOPLE REALLY WANT'--HE OBVI\SLY DOESN'T MU* C>E--OR 9 LEGALI/IC EXEGESIS AS TO :E!R1 OR TO :AT EXT5T1 !RE IS 'AGGRESSION' OR 'REVOLUTION' 9 ,S\? ,VIETNAM4 ,HIS IS A REALPOLITIK PO9T ( VIEW2 & HE WILL APP>5TLY EV5 CONTEMPLATE ! POSSIBILITY ( A NUCLE> W> AGA9/ ,*9A 9 EXTREME CIRCUM/ANCES40 ,?IS IS COMM5DABLE1 & CONTRA/S FAVORABLY1 = ,KRI/OL1 ) ! TALK ( ! 0UNREASONABLE1 IDEOLOGICAL TYPES0 9 ! TEA*-9 MOVEM5T1 :O (T5 SEEM TO BE MOTIVAT$ BY SU* ABSURDITIES AS 0SIMPLE1 VIRTU\S 'ANTI-IMP]IALISM1' 0:O DELIV] 0H>ANGUES ON '! P[] /RUCTURE1' 0 & :O EV5 SOMETIMES /OOP SO L[ AS TO READ 0>TICLES & REPORTS FROM ! =EIGN PRESS ON ! ,AM]ICAN PRES5CE 9 ,VIETNAM40 ,FUR!RMORE1 !SE NA/Y TYPES >E (T5 PSY*OLOGI/S1 MA!MATICIANS1 *EMI/S1 OR PHILOSOPH]S 7JU/ AS1 9CID5TALLY1 ?OSE MO/ VOCAL 9 PROTE/ 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION >E G5]ALLY PHYSICI/S1 LIT]>Y 9TELLECTUALS1 & O!RS REMOTE FROM ! EX]CISE ( P[]71 RA!R ?AN PEOPLE ) ,WA%+TON CONTACTS1 :O1 ( C\RSE1 REALIZE ?AT 0HAD !Y A NEW1 GOOD IDEA AB\T ,VIETNAM1 !Y W\LD GET A PROMPT & RESPECTFUL HE>+0 9 ,WA%+TON4 

,I AM NOT 9T]E/$ H]E 9 :E!R ,KRI/OL'S *>ACT]IZATION ( PROTE/ & DISS5T IS ACCURATE1 BUT RA!R 9 ! ASSUMPTIONS ON :I* IT RE/S4 ,IS ! PURITY ( ,AM]ICAN MOTIVES A MATT] ?AT IS BEYOND DISCUSSION1 OR ?AT IS IRRELEVANT TO DISCUSSION8 ,%\LD DECISIONS BE LEFT TO 0EXP]TS0 ) ,WA%+TON CONTACTS--EV5 IF WE ASSUME ?AT !Y COMM& ! NECESS>Y KN[L$GE & PR9CIPLES TO MAKE ! 0BE/0 DECISION1 WILL !Y 9V>IABLY DO SO8 ,&1 A LOGICALLY PRIOR QUE/ION1 IS 0EXP]TIZE0 APPLICABLE--?AT IS1 IS !RE A BODY ( !ORY & ( RELEVANT 9=MATION1 NOT 9 ! PUBLIC DOMA91 ?AT CAN BE APPLI$ TO ! ANALYSIS ( =EIGN POLICY OR ?AT DEMON/RATES ! CORRECTNESS ( PRES5T ACTIONS 9 SOME WAY ?AT PSY*OLOGI/S1 MA!MATICIANS1 *EMI/S1 & PHILOSOPH]S >E 9CAPABLE ( COMPREH5D+8 ,AL?\< ,KRI/OL DOES NOT EXAM9E !SE QUE/IONS DIRECTLY1 HIS ATTITUDE PRESUPPOSES ANSW]S1 ANSW]S :I* >E WRONG 9 ALL CASES4 ,AM]ICAN AGGRESSIV5ESS1 H[EV] IT MAY BE MASK$ 9 PI\S RHETORIC1 IS A DOM9ANT =CE 9 WORLD AFFAIRS & MU/ BE ANALYZ$ 9 T]MS ( ITS CAUSES & MOTIVES4 ,!RE IS NO BODY ( !ORY OR SIGNIFICANT BODY ( RELEVANT 9=MATION1 BEYOND ! COMPREH5SION ( ! LAYMAN1 :I* MAKES POLICY IMMUNE FROM CRITICISM4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT 0EXP]T KN[L$GE0 IS APPLI$ TO WORLD AFFAIRS1 IT IS SURELY APPROPRIATE--= A P]SON ( ANY 9TEGRITY1 QUITE NECESS>Y--TO QUE/ION ITS QUALITY & ! GOALS IT S]VES4 ,!SE FACTS SEEM TOO OBVI\S TO REQUIRE EXT5D$ DISCUSSION4 

,A ,C,O,R,R,E,C,T,I,V,E TO ,KRI/OL'S CURI\S BELIEF 9 ! ,ADM9I/RATION'S OP5NESS TO NEW ?9K+ AB\T ,VIETNAM IS PROVID$ BY ,MC,GEORGE ,BUNDY 9 A REC5T ISSUE ( ,=EIGN ,AFFAIRS 7,JANU>Y1 #a#i#f#g74 ,AS ,BUNDY CORRECTLY OBS]VES1 0ON ! MA9 /AGE444! >GUM5T ON ,VIET ,NAM TURNS ON TACTICS1 NOT FUNDAM5TALS10 AL?\<1 HE ADDS1 0!RE >E WILD M5 9 ! W+S40 ,ON /AGE C5T] >E1 ( C\RSE1 ! ,PRESID5T 7:O 9 HIS REC5T TRIP TO ,ASIA HAD JU/ 0MAGI/]IALLY REAFFIRM$0 \R 9T]E/ 09 ! PROGRESS ( ! PEOPLE ACROSS ! ,PACIFIC07 & HIS ADVIS]S1 :O DES]VE 0! UND]/&+ SUPPORT ( ?OSE :O WANT RE/RA9T40 ,IT IS !SE M5 :O DES]VE ! CR$IT = ! FACT ?AT 0! BOMB+ ( ! ,NOR? HAS BE5 ! MO/ ACCURATE & ! MO/ RE/RA9$ 9 MOD]N W>F>E0--A SOLICITUDE :I* WILL BE APPRECIAT$ BY ! 9HABITANTS1 OR =M] 9HABITANTS ( ,NAM ,D9H & ,PHU ,LY & ,V9H4 ,IT IS !SE M51 TOO1 :O DES]VE ! CR$IT = :AT WAS REPORT$ BY ,MALCOLM ,BR[NE AS LONG AGO AS ,MAY1 #a#i#f#e3 

,9 ! ,S\?1 HUGE SECTORS ( ! NATION HAVE BE5 DECL>$ 0FREE BOMB+ ZONES10 9 :I* ANY?+ ?AT MOVES IS A LEGITIMATE T>GET4 ,T5S ( ?\S&S ( TONS ( BOMBS1 ROCKETS1 NAPALM & CANNON FIRE >E P\R$ 9TO !SE VA/ >EAS EA* WEEK4 ,IF ONLY BY ! LAWS ( *ANCE1 BLOOD%$ IS BELIEV$ TO BE HEAVY 9 !SE RAIDS4 

,=TUNATELY = ! DEVELOP+ C\NTRIES1 ,BUNDY ASSURES US1 0,AM]ICAN DEMOCRACY HAS NO TA/E = IMP]IALISM10 & 0TAK5 AS A :OLE1 ! /OCK ( ,AM]ICAN EXP]I5CE1 UND]/&+1 SYMPA?Y & SIMPLE KN[L$GE IS N[ MU* ! MO/ IMPRESSIVE 9 ! WORLD40 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT 0F\R-FIF?S ( ALL ! =EIGN 9VE/+ 9 ! WORLD IS N[ DONE BY ,AM]ICANS0 & ?AT 0! MO/ ADMIR$ PLANS & POLICIES444>E NO BETT] ?AN !IR DEMON/RABLE RELATION TO ! ,AM]ICAN 9T]E/0--JU/ AS IT IS TRUE1 SO WE READ 9 ! SAME ISSUE ( ,=EIGN ,AFFAIRS1 ?AT ! PLANS = >M$ ACTION AGA9/ ,CUBA W]E PUT 9TO MOTION A FEW WEEKS AFT] ,MIKOYAN VISIT$ ,HAVANA1 09VAD+ :AT HAD SO LONG BE5 AN ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY ,AM]ICAN SPH]E ( 9FLU5CE40 ,UN=TUNATELY1 SU* FACTS AS !SE >E (T5 TAK5 BY UNSOPHI/ICAT$ ,ASIAN 9TELLECTUALS AS 9DICAT+ A 0TA/E = IMP]IALISM40 ,= EXAMPLE1 A NUMB] ( ,9DIANS HAVE EXPRESS$ !IR 0NE> EXASP]ATION0 AT ! FACT ?AT 0WE HAVE DONE EV]Y?+ WE CAN TO ATTRACT =EIGN CAPITAL = F]TILIZ] PLANTS1 BUT ! ,AM]ICAN & ! O!R ,WE/]N PRIVATE COMPANIES KN[ WE >E OV] A B>REL1 SO !Y DEM& /R+5T T]MS :I* WE JU/ CANNOT MEET0 7,*RI/IAN ,SCI5CE ,MONITOR1 ,NOVEMB] #b#f71 :ILE 0,WA%+TON444DOGG$LY 9SI/S ?AT DEALS BE MADE 9 ! PRIVATE SECTOR ) PRIVATE 5T]PRISE0 7IBID41 ,DECEMB] #e74.<#a#f.> ,BUT ?IS REACTION1 NO D\BT1 SIMPLY REVEALS1 ONCE AGA91 H[ ! ,ASIAN M9D FAILS TO COMPREH5D ! 0DIFFUSE & COMPLEX CONCEPTS0 ( ,WE/]N ?\<T4 

,I,T ,M,A,Y ,B,E ,U,S,E,F,U,L TO /UDY C>EFULLY ! 0NEW1 GOOD IDEAS AB\T ,VIETNAM0 ?AT >E RECEIV+ A 0PROMPT & RESPECTFUL HE>+0 9 ,WA%+TON !SE DAYS4 ,! ,U,S ,GOV]NM5T ,PR9T+ ,(FICE IS AN 5DLESS S\RCE ( 9SI<T 9TO ! MORAL & 9TELLECTUAL LEVEL ( ?IS EXP]T ADVICE4 ,9 ITS PUBLICATIONS ONE CAN READ1 = EXAMPLE1 ! TE/IMONY ( ,PR(ESSOR ,DAVID ,N4 ,R[E1 ,DIRECTOR ( ,GRADUATE ,/UDIES 9 ,9T]NATIONAL ,RELATIONS AT ,YALE ,UNIV]SITY1 BE=E ! ,H\SE ,COMMITTEE ON ,=EIGN ,AFFAIRS 7SEE NOTE #a#a74 ,PR(ESSOR ,R[E PROPOSES 7P4 #b#f#f7 ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES BUY ALL SURPLUS ,CANADIAN & ,AU/RALIAN :EAT1 SO ?AT !RE WILL BE MASS />VATION 9 ,*9A4 ,!SE >E HIS WORDS3 

,M9D Y\1 ,I AM NOT TALK+ AB\T ?IS AS A WEAPON AGA9/ ! ,*9ESE PEOPLE4 ,IT WILL BE4 ,BUT ?AT IS ONLY 9CID5TAL4 ,! WEAPON WILL BE A WEAPON AGA9/ ! ,GOV]NM5T BECAUSE ! 9T]NAL /ABILITY ( ?AT C\NTRY CANNOT BE SU/A9$ BY AN UNFRI5DLY ,GOV]NM5T 9 ! FACE ( G5]AL />VATION4 

,PR(ESSOR ,R[E WILL HAVE NONE ( ! S5TIM5TAL MORALISM ?AT MI<T LEAD ONE TO COMP>E ?IS SUGGE/ION )1 SAY1 ! ,O/POLITIK ( ,HITL]'S ,G]MANY4.<#a#g.> ,NOR DOES HE FE> ! IMPACT ( SU* POLICIES ON O!R ,ASIAN NATIONS1 = EXAMPLE1 ,JAPAN4 ,HE ASSURES US1 FROM HIS 0V]Y LONG ACQUA9TANCE ) ,JAPANESE QUE/IONS10 ?AT 0! ,JAPANESE ABOVE ALL >E PEOPLE :O RESPECT P[] & DET]M9ATION40 ,H5CE 0!Y WILL NOT BE SO MU* AL>M$ BY ,AM]ICAN POLICY 9 ,VIETNAM ?AT TAKES (F FROM A POSITION ( P[] & 9T5DS TO SEEK A SOLUTION BAS$ UPON ! IMPOSITION ( \R P[] UPON LOCAL PEOPLE ?AT WE >E 9 OPPOSITION TO40 ,:AT W\LD DI/URB ! ,JAPANESE IS 0A POLICY ( 9DECISION1 A POLICY ( REFUSAL TO FACE UP TO ! PROBLEMS .<9 ,*9A & ,VIETNAM.> & TO MEET \R RESPONSIBILITIES !RE 9 A POSITIVE WAY10 SU* AS ! WAY JU/ CIT$4 ,A CONVICTION ?AT WE W]E 0UNWILL+ TO USE ! P[] ?AT !Y KN[ WE HAVE0 MI<T 0AL>M ! ,JAPANESE PEOPLE V]Y 9T5SELY & %AKE ! DEGREE ( !IR FRI5DLY RELATIONS ) US40 ,9 FACT1 A FULL USE ( ,AM]ICAN P[] W\LD BE P>TICUL>LY REASSUR+ TO ! ,JAPANESE1 BECAUSE !Y HAVE HAD A DEMON/RATION 0( ! TREM5D\S P[] 9 ACTION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES444BECAUSE !Y HAVE FELT \R P[] DIRECTLY40 ,?IS IS SURELY A PRIME EXAMPLE ( ! HEAL?Y1 0REALPOLITIK PO9T ( VIEW0 ?AT ,IRV+ ,KRI/OL SO MU* ADMIRES4 

,BUT1 ONE MAY ASK1 :Y RE/RICT \RSELVES TO SU* 9DIRECT MEANS AS MASS />VATION8 ,:Y NOT BOMB+8 ,NO D\BT ?IS MESSAGE IS IMPLICIT 9 ! REM>KS TO ! SAME COMMITTEE ( ! ,REV]5D ,R4,J4 DE ,JAE<]1 ,REG5T ( ! ,9/ITUTE ( ,F> ,EA/]N ,/UDIES1 ,SETON ,HALL ,UNIV]SITY1 :O EXPLA9S ?AT LIKE ALL PEOPLE :O HAVE LIV$ UND] ,COMMUNISM1 ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE 0W\LD BE P]FECTLY HAPPY TO BE BOMB$ TO BE FREE0 7P4 #c#d#e74 

,( C\RSE1 !RE MU/ BE ?OSE :O SUPPORT ! ,COMMUNI/S4 ,BUT ?IS IS REALLY A MATT] ( SMALL CONC]N1 AS ! ,HON ,WALT] ,ROB]TSON1 ,ASSI/ANT ,SECRET>Y ( ,/ATE = ,F> ,EA/]N ,AFFAIRS FROM #a#i#e#c-#e#i1 PO9TS \T 9 HIS TE/IMONY BE=E ! SAME COMMITTEE4 ,HE ASSURES US ?AT 0,! ,PEIP+ REGIME444REPRES5TS SOME?+ LESS ?AN #c P] C5T ( ! POPULATION0 7P4 #d#b74 

,CONSID]1 !N1 H[ =TUNATE ! ,*9ESE ,COMMUNI/ LEAD]S >E1 COMP>$ TO ! LEAD]S ( ! ,VIETCONG1 :O1 ACCORD+ TO ,>?UR ,GOLDB]G 7,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 ,FEBRU>Y #f1 #a#i#f#f71 REPRES5T AB\T 0ONE-HALF ( ONE P]C5T ( ! POPULATION ( ,S\? ,VIETNAM10 ?AT IS1 AB\T ONE-HALF ! NUMB] ( NEW ,S\!RN RECRUITS = ! ,VIETCONG DUR+ #a#i#f#e1 IF WE CAN CR$IT ,P5TAGON /ATI/ICS4.<#a#h.> 

,9 ! FACE ( SU* EXP]TS AS !SE1 ! SCI5TI/S & PHILOSOPH]S ( :OM ,KRI/OL SPEAKS W\LD CLE>LY DO WELL TO CONT9UE TO DRAW !IR CIRCLES 9 ! S&4 

,H,A,V,+ ,S,E,T,T,L,$ ,! ,I,S,S,U,E ( ! POLITICAL IRRELEVANCE ( ! PROTE/ MOVEM5T1 ,KRI/OL TURNS TO ! QUE/ION ( :AT MOTIVATES IT--MORE G5]ALLY1 :AT HAS MADE /UD5TS & JUNIOR FACULTY 0GO LEFT10 AS HE SEES IT1 AMID G5]AL PROSP]ITY & UND] LIB]AL1 ,WELF>E ,/ATE ADM9I/RATIONS4 ,?IS1 HE NOTES1 0IS A RIDDLE TO :I* NO SOCIOLOGI/ HAS AS YET COME UP ) AN ANSW]40 ,S9CE !SE Y\NG PEOPLE >E WELL-(F1 HAVE GOOD FUTURES1 ETC41 !IR PROTE/ MU/ BE IRRATIONAL4 ,IT MU/ BE ! RESULT ( BOR$OM1 ( TOO MU* SECURITY1 OR SOME?+ ( ?IS SORT4 

,O!R POSSIBILITIES COME TO M9D4 ,IT MAY BE1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT AS HONE/ M5 ! /UD5TS & JUNIOR FACULTY >E ATTEMPT+ TO F9D \T ! TRU? = !MSELVES RA!R ?AN C$+ ! RESPONSIBILITY TO 0EXP]TS0 OR TO GOV]NM5T2 & IT MAY BE ?AT !Y REACT ) 9DIGNATION TO :AT !Y DISCOV]4 ,!SE POSSIBILITIES ,KRI/OL DOES NOT REJECT4 ,!Y >E SIMPLY UN?9KABLE1 UNWOR?Y ( CONSID]ATION4 ,MORE ACCURATELY1 !SE POSSIBILITIES >E 9EXPRESSIBLE2 ! CATEGORIES 9 :I* !Y >E =MULAT$ 7HONE/Y1 9DIGNATION7 SIMPLY DO NOT EXI/ = ! T\<-M9D$ SOCIAL SCI5TI/4 

,9 ,?,I,S ,I,M,P,L,I,C,I,T ,D,I,S,P,>,A,G,E,M,5,T ( TRADITIONAL 9TELLECTUAL VALUES1 ,KRI/OL REFLECTS ATTITUDES ?AT >E FAIRLY WIDESPREAD 9 ACADEMIC CIRCLES4 ,I DO NOT D\BT ?AT !SE ATTITUDES >E 9 P>T A CONSEQU5CE ( ! DESP]ATE ATTEMPT ( ! SOCIAL & BEHAVIORAL SCI5CES TO IMITATE ! SURFACE FEATURES ( SCI5CES ?AT REALLY HAVE SIGNIFICANT 9TELLECTUAL CONT5T4 ,BUT !Y HAVE O!R S\RCES AS WELL4 ,ANYONE CAN BE A MORAL 9DIVIDUAL1 CONC]N$ ) HUMAN RI<TS & PROBLEMS2 BUT ONLY A COLLEGE PR(ESSOR1 A TRA9$ EXP]T1 CAN SOLVE TE*NICAL PROBLEMS BY 0SOPHI/ICAT$0 ME?ODS4 ,]GO1 IT IS ONLY PROBLEMS ( ! LATT] SORT ?AT >E IMPORTANT OR REAL4 ,RESPONSIBLE1 NON-IDEOLOGICAL EXP]TS WILL GIVE ADVICE ON TACTICAL QUE/IONS2 IRRESPONSIBLE1 0IDEOLOGICAL TYPES0 WILL 0H>ANGUE0 AB\T PR9CIPLE & TR\BLE !MSELVES OV] MORAL ISSUES & HUMAN RI<TS1 OR OV] ! TRADITIONAL PROBLEMS ( MAN & SOCIETY1 CONC]N+ :I* 0SOCIAL & BEHAVIORAL SCI5CE0 HAS NO?+ TO (F] BEYOND TRIVALITIES4 ,OBVI\SLY1 !SE EMOTIONAL1 IDEOLOGICAL TYPES >E IRRATIONAL1 S9CE1 BE+ WELL-(F & HAV+ P[] 9 !IR GRASP1 !Y %\LDN'T WORRY AB\T SU* MATT]S4 

,AT TIMES ?IS PSEUDO-SCI5TIFIC POS+ REA*ES LEVELS ?AT >E ALMO/ PA?OLOGICAL4 ,CONSID] ! PH5OM5ON ( ,H]MAN ,KAHN1 = EXAMPLE4 ,KAHN HAS BE5 BO? D5\NC$ AS IMMORAL & LAUD$ = HIS C\RAGE4 ,BY PEOPLE :O %\LD KN[ BETT]1 HIS ,ON ,!RMONUCLE> ,W> HAS BE5 DESCRIB$ 0)\T QUALIFICATION444.<AS.>444ONE ( ! GREAT WORKS ( \R TIME0 7,/U>T ,HU<ES74 ,! FACT ( ! MATT] IS ?AT ?IS IS SURELY ONE ( ! EMPTIE/ WORKS ( \R TIME1 AS CAN BE SE5 BY APPLY+ TO IT ! 9TELLECTUAL /&>DS ( ANY EXI/+ DISCIPL9E1 BY TRAC+ SOME ( ITS 0WELL-DOCUM5T$ CONCLUSIONS0 TO ! 0OBJECTIVE /UDIES0 FROM :I* !Y D]IVE1 & BY FOLL[+ ! L9E ( >GUM5T1 :]E DETECTABLE4 ,KAHN PROPOSES NO !ORIES1 NO EXPLANATIONS1 NO FACTUAL ASSUMPTIONS ?AT CAN BE TE/$ AGA9/ !IR CONSEQU5CES1 AS DO ! SCI5CES HE IS ATTEMPT+ TO MIMIC4 ,HE SIMPLY SUGGE/S A T]M9OLOGY & PROVIDES A FACADE ( RATIONALITY4 ,:5 P>TICUL> POLICY CONCLUSIONS >E DRAWN1 !Y >E SUPPORT$ ONLY BY EX CA!DRA REM>KS = :I* NO SUPPORT IS EV5 SUGGE/$ 7E4G41 0,! CIVIL DEF5SE L9E PROBABLY %\LD BE DRAWN SOME:]E BEL[ @s#e BILLION ANNUALLY0 TO KEEP FROM PROVOK+ ! ,RUSSIANS--:Y NOT @s#e BILLION1 OR @s#e4874 ,:AT IS MORE1 ,KAHN IS QUITE AW>E ( ?IS VACUITY2 9 HIS MORE JUDICI\S MOM5TS HE CLAIMS ONLY ?AT 0!RE IS NO REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT RELATIVELY SOPHI/ICAT$ MODELS >E MORE LIKELY TO BE MISLEAD+ ?AN ! SIMPL] MODELS & ANALOGIES FREQU5TLY US$ AS AN AID TO JUDGM5T40 ,= ?OSE :OSE HUMOR T5DS T[>DS ! MACABRE1 IT IS EASY TO PLAY ! GAME ( 0/RATEGIC ?9K+0 A LA ,KAHN1 & TO PROVE :AT ONE WI%ES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ONE ( ,KAHN'S BASIC ASSUMPTIONS IS ?AT 

AN ALL-\T SURPRISE ATTACK 9 :I* ALL RES\RCES >E DEVOT$ TO C\NT]-VALUE T>GETS W\LD BE SO IRRATIONAL ?AT1 B>R+ AN 9CR$IBLE LACK ( SOPHI/ICATION OR ACTUAL 9SANITY AMONG ,SOVIET DECISION MAK]S1 SU* AN ATTACK IS HI<LY UNLIKELY4 

,A SIMPLE >GUM5T PROVES ! OPPOSITE4 ,PREMISE #a3 ,AM]ICAN DECISION-MAK]S ?9K ALONG ! L9ES \TL9$ BY ,H]MAN ,KAHN4 ,PREMISE #b3 ,KAHN ?9KS IT W\LD BE BETT] = EV]YONE TO BE R$ ?AN = EV]YONE TO BE DEAD4 ,PREMISE #c3 IF ! ,AM]ICANS W]E TO RESPOND TO AN ALL-\T C\NT]VALUE ATTACK1 !N EV]YONE W\LD BE DEAD4 ,CONCLUSION3 ! ,AM]ICANS WILL NOT RESPOND TO AN ALL-\T C\NT]VALUE ATTACK1 & !RE=E IT %\LD BE LAUN*$ )\T DELAY4 ,( C\RSE1 ONE CAN C>RY ! >GUM5T A /EP FUR!R4 ,FACT3 ! ,RUSSIANS HAVE NOT C>RI$ \T AN ALL-\T C\NT]VALUE ATTACK4 ,IT FOLL[S ?AT !Y >E NOT RATIONAL4 ,IF !Y >E NOT RATIONAL1 !RE IS NO PO9T 9 0/RATEGIC ?9K+40 ,!RE=E14444 

,( C\RSE ?IS IS ALL NONS5SE1 BUT NONS5SE ?AT DIFF]S FROM ,KAHN'S ONLY 9 ! RESPECT ?AT ! >GUM5T IS ( SLI<TLY GREAT] COMPLEXITY ?AN ANY?+ TO BE DISCOV]$ 9 HIS WORK4 ,:AT IS REM>KABLE IS ?AT S]I\S PEOPLE ACTUALLY PAY ATT5TION TO !SE ABSURDITIES1 NO D\BT BECAUSE ( ! FACADE ( T\<-M9D$NESS & PSEUDO-SCI5CE4 

,I,T ,I,S ,A ,C,U,R,I,\,S & DEPRESS+ FACT ?AT ! 0ANTI-W> MOVEM5T0 FALLS PREY ALL TOO (T5 TO SIMIL> CONFUSIONS4 ,9 ! FALL ( #a#i#f#e1 = EXAMPLE1 !RE WAS AN ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONF]5CE ON ,ALT]NATIVE ,P]SPECTIVES ON ,VIETNAM1 :I* CIRCULAT$ A PAMPHLET TO POT5TIAL P>TICIPANTS /AT+ ITS ASSUMPTIONS4 ,! PLAN WAS TO SET UP /UDY GR\PS 9 :I* ?REE 0TYPES ( 9TELLECTUAL TRADITION0 WILL BE REPRES5T$3 7#a7 >EA SPECIALI/S2 7#b7 0SOCIAL !ORY1 ) SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON !ORIES ( ! 9T]NATIONAL SY/EM1 ( SOCIAL *ANGE & DEVELOPM5T1 ( CONFLICT & CONFLICT RESOLUTION1 OR ( REVOLUTION02 7#c7 0! ANALYSIS ( PUBLIC POLICY 9 T]MS ( BASIC HUMAN VALUES1 ROOT$ 9 V>I\S !OLOGICAL1 PHILOSOPHICAL & HUMANI/ TRADITIONS40 ,! SECOND 9TELLECTUAL TRADITION WILL PROVIDE 0G5]AL PROPOSITIONS1 D]IV$ FROM SOCIAL !ORY & TE/$ AGA9/ HI/ORICAL1 COMP>ATIVE1 OR EXP]IM5TAL DATA02 ! ?IRD 0WILL PROVIDE ! FRAMEWORK \T ( :I* FUNDAM5TAL VALUE QUE/IONS CAN BE RAIS$ & 9 T]MS ( :I* ! MORAL IMPLICATIONS ( SOCIETAL ACTIONS CAN BE ANALYZ$40 ,! HOPE WAS ?AT 0BY APPROA*+ ! QUE/IONS .<( ,VIETNAM POLICY.> FROM ! MORAL P]SPECTIVES ( ALL GREAT RELIGIONS & PHILOSOPHICAL SY/EMS1 WE MAY F9D SOLUTIONS ?AT >E MORE CONSI/5T ) FUNDAM5TAL HUMAN VALUES ?AN CURR5T ,AM]ICAN POLICY 9 ,VIETNAM HAS TURN$ \T TO BE40 

,9 %ORT1 ! EXP]TS ON VALUES 7I4E41 SPOKESM5 = ! GREAT RELIGIONS & PHILOSOPHICAL SY/EMS7 WILL PROVIDE FUNDAM5TAL 9SI<TS ON MORAL P]SPECTIVES1 & ! EXP]TS ON SOCIAL !ORY WILL PROVIDE G5]AL EMPIRICALLY VALIDAT$ PROPOSITIONS & 0G5]AL MODELS ( CONFLICT40 ,FROM ?IS 9T]PLAY1 NEW POLICIES WILL EM]GE1 PRESUMABLY FROM APPLICATION ( ! CANONS ( SCI5TIFIC ME?OD4 ,! ONLY DEBATABLE ISSUE1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 IS :E!R IT IS MORE RIDICUL\S TO TURN TO EXP]TS 9 SOCIAL !ORY = G5]AL WELL-CONFIRM$ PROPOSITIONS1 OR TO ! SPECIALI/S 9 ! GREAT RELIGIONS & PHILOSOPHICAL SY/EMS = 9SI<TS 9TO FUNDAM5TAL HUMAN VALUES4 

,!RE IS MU* MORE ?AT CAN BE SAID AB\T ?IS TOPIC1 BUT1 )\T CONT9U+1 ,I W\LD SIMPLY LIKE TO EMPHASIZE ?AT1 AS IS NO D\BT OBVI\S1 ! CULT ( ! EXP]TS IS BO? SELF-S]V+1 = ?OSE :O PROP\ND IT1 & FRAUDUL5T4 ,OBVI\SLY1 ONE MU/ LE>N FROM SOCIAL & BEHAVIORAL SCI5CE :ATEV] ONE CAN2 OBVI\SLY1 !SE FIELDS %\LD BE PURSU$ AS S]I\SLY AS POSSIBLE4 ,BUT IT WILL BE QUITE UN=TUNATE1 & HI<LY DANG]\S1 IF !Y >E NOT ACCEPT$ & JUDG$ ON !IR M]ITS & ACCORD+ TO !IR ACTUAL1 NOT PRET5D$1 ACCOMPLI%M5TS4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 IF !RE IS A BODY ( !ORY1 WELL-TE/$ & V]IFI$1 ?AT APPLIES TO ! CONDUCT ( =EIGN AFFAIRS OR ! RESOLUTION ( DOME/IC OR 9T]NATIONAL CONFLICT1 ITS EXI/5CE HAS BE5 KEPT A WELL-GU>D$ SECRET4 ,9 ! CASE ( ,VIETNAM1 IF ?OSE :O FEEL !MSELVES TO BE EXP]TS HAVE ACCESS TO PR9CIPLES OR 9=MATION ?AT W\LD JU/IFY :AT ! ,AM]ICAN GOV]NM5T IS DO+ 9 ?AT UN=TUNATE C\NTRY1 !Y HAVE BE5 S+UL>LY 9EFFECTIVE 9 MAK+ ?IS FACT KN[N4 ,TO ANYONE :O HAS ANY FAMILI>ITY ) ! SOCIAL & BEHAVIORAL SCI5CES 7OR ! 0POLICY SCI5CES071 ! CLAIM ?AT !RE >E C]TA9 CONSID]ATIONS & PR9CIPLES TOO DEEP = ! \TSID] TO COMPREH5D IS SIMPLY AN ABSURDITY1 UNWOR?Y ( COMM5T4 

,:,5 ,W,E ,C,O,N,S,I,D,] ! RESPONSIBILITY ( 9TELLECTUALS1 \R BASIC CONC]N MU/ BE !IR ROLE 9 ! CREATION & ANALYSIS ( IDEOLOGY4 ,&1 9 FACT1 ,KRI/OL'S CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! UNREASONABLE IDEOLOGICAL TYPES & ! RESPONSIBLE EXP]TS IS =MULAT$ 9 T]MS ?AT IMM$IATELY BR+ TO M9D ,DANIEL ,BELL'S 9T]E/+ & 9FLU5TIAL 0,! ,5D ( ,IDEOLOGY10 AN ESSAY :I* IS AS IMPORTANT = :AT IT LEAVES UNSAID AS = ITS ACTUAL CONT5T4.<#a#i.> ,BELL PRES5TS & DISCUSSES ! ,M>XI/ ANALYSIS ( IDEOLOGY AS A MASK = CLASS 9T]E/1 QUOT+ ,M>X'S WELL-KN[N DESCRIPTION ( ! BELIEF ( ! B\RGEOISIE 0?AT ! SPECIAL CONDITIONS ( ITS EMANCIPATION >E ! G5]AL CONDITIONS ?R\< :I* ALONE MOD]N SOCIETY CAN BE SAV$ & ! CLASS /RUGGLE AVOID$40 ,HE !N >GUES ?AT ! AGE ( IDEOLOGY IS 5D$1 SUPPLANT$1 AT LEA/ 9 ! ,WE/1 BY A G5]AL AGREEM5T ?AT EA* ISSUE MU/ BE SETTL$ 9 ITS [N T]MS1 )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( A ,WELF>E ,/ATE 9 :I*1 PRESUMABLY1 EXP]TS 9 ! CONDUCT ( PUBLIC AFFAIRS WILL HAVE A PROM95T ROLE4 ,BELL IS QUITE C>EFUL1 H[EV]1 TO *>ACT]IZE ! PRECISE S5SE ( 0IDEOLOGY0 9 :I* 0IDEOLOGIES >E EXHAU/$40 ,HE IS REF]R+ TO IDEOLOGY ONLY AS 0! CONV]SION ( IDEAS 9TO SOCIAL LEV]S10 TO IDEOLOGY AS 0A SET ( BELIEFS1 9FUS$ ) PASSION1444.<:I*.> 444SEEKS TO TRANS=M ! :OLE ( A WAY ( LIFE40 ,! CRUCIAL WORDS >E 0TRANS=M0 & 0CONV]T 9TO SOCIAL LEV]S40 ,9TELLECTUALS 9 ! ,WE/1 HE >GUES1 HAVE LO/ 9T]E/ 9 CONV]T+ IDEAS 9TO SOCIAL LEV]S = ! RADICAL TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY4 ,N[ ?AT WE HAVE A*IEV$ ! PLURALI/IC SOCIETY ( ! ,WELF>E ,/ATE1 !Y SEE NO FUR!R NE$ = A RADICAL TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY2 WE MAY T9K] ) \R WAY ( LIFE H]E & !RE1 BUT IT W\LD BE WRONG TO TRY TO MODIFY IT 9 ANY SIGNIFICANT WAY4 ,) ?IS CONS5SUS ( 9TELLECTUALS1 IDEOLOGY IS DEAD4 

,!RE >E SEV]AL /RIK+ FACTS AB\T ,BELL'S ESSAY4 ,FIR/1 HE DOES NOT PO9T \T ! EXT5T TO :I* ?IS CONS5SUS ( ! 9TELLECTUALS IS SELF-S]V+4 ,HE DOES NOT RELATE HIS OBS]VATION ?AT1 BY & L>GE1 9TELLECTUALS HAVE LO/ 9T]E/ 9 0TRANS=M+ ! :OLE ( A WAY ( LIFE0 TO ! FACT ?AT !Y PLAY AN 9CREAS+LY PROM95T ROLE 9 RUNN+ ! ,WELF>E ,/ATE2 HE DOES NOT RELATE !IR G5]AL SATISFACTION ) ! ,WELF>E ,/ATE TO ! FACT ?AT1 AS HE OBS]VES ELSE:]E1 0,AM]ICA HAS BECOME AN AFFLU5T SOCIETY1 (F]+ PLACE444& PRE/IGE444TO ! ONETIME RADICALS40 ,SECONDLY1 HE (F]S NO S]I\S >GUM5T TO %[ ?AT 9TELLECTUALS >E SOMEH[ 0RI<T0 OR 0OBJECTIVELY JU/IFI$0 9 REA*+ ! CONS5SUS TO :I* HE ALLUDES1 ) ITS REJECTION ( ! NOTION ?AT SOCIETY %\LD BE TRANS=M$4 ,9DE$1 AL?\< ,BELL IS FAIRLY %>P AB\T ! EMPTY RHETORIC ( ! 0NEW LEFT10 HE SEEMS TO HAVE A QUITE UTOPIAN FAI? ?AT TE*NICAL EXP]TS WILL BE ABLE TO COPE ) ! FEW PROBLEMS ?AT /ILL REMA92 = EXAMPLE1 ! FACT ?AT LABOR IS TREAT$ AS A COMMODITY1 & ! PROBLEMS ( 0ALI5ATION40 

,IT SEEMS FAIRLY OBVI\S ?AT ! CLASSICAL PROBLEMS >E V]Y MU* ) US2 ONE MI<T PLAUSIBLY >GUE ?AT !Y HAVE EV5 BE5 5HANC$ 9 SEV]ITY & SCALE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! CLASSICAL P>ADOX ( POV]TY 9 ! MID/ ( PL5TY IS N[ AN EV]-9CREAS+ PROBLEM ON AN 9T]NATIONAL SCALE4 ,:]EAS ONE MI<T CONCEIVE1 AT LEA/ 9 PR9CIPLE1 ( A SOLUTION )9 NATIONAL B\ND>IES1 A S5SIBLE IDEA ( TRANS=M+ 9T]NATIONAL SOCIETY TO COPE ) VA/ & P]HAPS 9CREAS+ HUMAN MIS]Y IS H>DLY LIKELY TO DEVELOP )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! 9TELLECTUAL CONS5SUS ?AT ,BELL DESCRIBES4 

,?,U,S ,I,T ,W,\,L,D ,S,E,E,M ,N,A,T,U,R,A,L TO DESCRIBE ! CONS5SUS ( ,BELL'S 9TELLECTUALS 9 SOME:AT DIFF]5T T]MS FROM HIS4 ,US+ ! T]M9OLOGY ( ! FIR/ P>T ( HIS ESSAY1 WE MI<T SAY ?AT ! ,WELF>E ,/ATE TE*NICIAN F9DS JU/IFICATION = HIS SPECIAL & PROM95T SOCIAL /ATUS 9 HIS 0SCI5CE10 SPECIFICALLY1 9 ! CLAIM ?AT SOCIAL SCI5CE CAN SUPPORT A TE*NOLOGY ( SOCIAL T9K]+ ON A DOME/IC OR 9T]NATIONAL SCALE4 ,HE !N TAKES A FUR!R /EP1 ASCRIB+ 9 A FAMILI> WAY A UNIV]SAL VALIDITY TO :AT IS 9 FACT A CLASS 9T]E/3 HE >GUES ?AT ! SPECIAL CONDITIONS ON :I* HIS CLAIM TO P[] & AU?ORITY >E BAS$ >E1 9 FACT1 ! ONLY G5]AL CONDITIONS BY :I* MOD]N SOCIETY CAN BE SAV$2 ?AT SOCIAL T9K]+ )9 A ,WELF>E ,/ATE FRAMEWORK MU/ REPLACE ! COMMITM5T TO ! 0TOTAL IDEOLOGIES0 ( ! PA/1 IDEOLOGIES :I* W]E CONC]N$ ) A TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY4 ,HAV+ F\ND HIS POSITION ( P[]1 HAV+ A*IEV$ SECURITY & AFFLU5CE1 HE HAS NO FUR!R NE$ = IDEOLOGIES ?AT LOOK TO RADICAL *ANGE4 ,! S*OL>-EXP]T REPLACES ! 0FREE-FLOAT+ 9TELLECTUAL0 :O 0FELT ?AT ! WRONG VALUES W]E BE+ HONOR$1 & REJECT$ ! SOCIETY10 & :O HAS N[ LO/ HIS POLITICAL ROLE 7N[1 ?AT IS1 ?AT ! RI<T VALUES >E BE+ HONOR$74 

,CONCEIVABLY1 IT IS CORRECT ?AT ! TE*NICAL EXP]TS :O WILL 7OR HOPE TO7 MANAGE ! 09DU/RIAL SOCIETY0 WILL BE ABLE TO COPE ) ! CLASSICAL PROBLEMS )\T A RADICAL TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY4 ,IT IS CONCEIVABLY TRUE ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE WAS RI<T 9 REG>D+ ! SPECIAL CONDITIONS ( ITS EMANCIPATION AS ! ONLY G5]AL CONDITIONS BY :I* MOD]N SOCIETY W\LD BE SAV$4 ,9 EI!R CASE1 AN >GUM5T IS 9 ORD]1 & SKEPTICISM IS JU/IFI$ :5 NONE APPE>S4 

,)9 ! SAME FRAMEWORK ( G5]AL UTOPIANISM1 ,BELL GOES ON TO POSE ! ISSUE BETWE5 ,WELF>E ,/ATE S*OL>-EXP]TS & ?IRD-WORLD IDEOLOGI/S 9 A RA!R CURI\S WAY4 ,HE PO9TS \T1 QUITE CORRECTLY1 ?AT !RE IS NO ISSUE ( ,COMMUNISM1 ! CONT5T ( ?AT DOCTR9E HAV+ BE5 0LONG =GOTT5 BY FRI5DS & FOES ALIKE40 ,RA!R1 HE SAYS1 

! QUE/ION IS AN OLD] ONE3 :E!R NEW SOCIETIES CAN GR[ BY BUILD+ DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS & ALL[+ PEOPLE TO MAKE *OICES--& SACRIFICES--VOLUNT>ILY1 OR :E!R ! NEW ELITES1 HEADY ) P[]1 WILL IMPOSE TOTALIT>IAN MEANS TO TRANS=M !IR SOCIETIES4 

,! ,Q,U,E,/,I,O,N IS AN 9T]E/+ ONE4 ,IT IS ODD1 H[EV]1 TO SEE IT REF]R$ TO AS 0AN OLD] ONE40 ,SURELY HE CANNOT BE SUGGE/+ ?AT ! ,WE/ *OSE ! DEMOCRATIC WAY--= EXAMPLE1 ?AT 9 ,5GL& DUR+ ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION1 ! F>M]S VOLUNT>ILY MADE ! *OICE ( LEAV+ ! L&1 GIV+ UP COTTAGE 9DU/RY1 BECOM+ AN 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT1 & VOLUNT>ILY DECID$1 )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! EXI/+ DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS1 TO MAKE ! SACRIFICES ?AT >E GRAPHICALLY DESCRIB$ 9 ! CLASSIC LIT]ATURE ON N9ETE5?-C5TURY 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY4 ,ONE MAY DEBATE ! QUE/ION :E!R AU?ORIT>IAN CONTROL IS NECESS>Y TO P]MIT CAPITAL ACCUMULATION 9 ! UND]DEVELOP$ WORLD1 BUT ! ,WE/]N MODEL ( DEVELOPM5T IS H>DLY ONE ?AT WE CAN PO9T TO ) ANY PRIDE4 ,IT IS P]HAPS NOT SURPRIS+ TO F9D ,WALT ,RO/[ REF]R+ TO 0! MORE HUMANE PROCESSES .<( 9DU/RIALIZATION.> ?AT ,WE/]N VALUES W\LD SUGGE/0 7,AN ,AM]ICAN ,POLICY 9 ,ASIA74 ,?OSE :O HAVE A S]I\S CONC]N = ! PROBLEMS ?AT FACE BACKW>D C\NTRIES1 & = ! ROLE ?AT ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES MI<T1 9 PR9CIPLE1 PLAY 9 DEVELOPM5T & MOD]NIZATION1 MU/ USE SOME:AT MORE C>E 9 9T]PRET+ ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! ,WE/]N EXP]I5CE4 

,RETURN+ TO ! QUITE APPROPRIATE QUE/ION1 :E!R 0NEW SOCIETIES CAN GR[ BY BUILD+ DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS0 OR ONLY BY TOTALIT>IAN MEANS1 ,I ?9K ?AT HONE/Y REQUIRES US TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ?IS QUE/ION MU/ BE DIRECT$ MORE TO ,AM]ICAN 9TELLECTUALS ?AN TO ?IRD-WORLD IDEOLOGI/S4 ,! BACKW>D C\NTRIES HAVE 9CR$IBLE1 P]HAPS 9SURM\NTABLE PROBLEMS1 & FEW AVAILABLE OPTIONS2 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS A WIDE RANGE ( OPTIONS1 & HAS ! ECONOMIC & TE*NOLOGICAL RES\RCES1 ?\<1 EVID5TLY1 NEI!R ! 9TELLECTUAL NOR MORAL RES\RCES1 TO CONFRONT AT LEA/ SOME ( !SE PROBLEMS4 ,IT IS EASY = AN ,AM]ICAN 9TELLECTUAL TO DELIV] HOMILIES ON ! VIRTUES ( FRE$OM & LIB]TY1 BUT IF HE IS REALLY CONC]N$ AB\T1 SAY1 ,*9ESE TOTALIT>IANISM OR ! BURD5S IMPOS$ ON ! ,*9ESE PEASANTRY 9 =C$ 9DU/RIALIZATION1 !N HE %\LD FACE A TASK ?AT IS 9F9ITELY MORE IMPORTANT & *ALL5G+--! TASK ( CREAT+1 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL CLIMATE1 AS WELL AS ! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC CONDITIONS1 ?AT W\LD P]MIT ?IS C\NTRY TO P>TICIPATE 9 MOD]NIZATION & DEVELOPM5T 9 A WAY COMM5SURATE ) ITS MAT]IAL WEAL? & TE*NICAL CAPACITY4 ,L>GE CAPITAL GIFTS TO ,CUBA & ,*9A MI<T NOT SUCCE$ 9 ALLEVIAT+ ! AU?ORIT>IANISM & T]ROR ?AT T5D TO ACCOMPANY E>LY /AGES ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION1 BUT !Y >E F> MORE LIKELY TO HAVE ?IS EFFECT ?AN LECTURES ON DEMOCRATIC VALUES4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT EV5 )\T 0CAPITALI/ 5CIRCLEM5T0 9 ITS V>I\S MANIFE/ATIONS1 ! TRULY DEMOCRATIC ELEM5TS 9 REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS--9 SOME 9/ANCES1 SOVIETS & COLLECTIVES--MI<T BE UND]M9$ BY AN 0ELITE0 ( BUREAUCRATS & TE*NICAL 9TELLIG5TSIA4 ,BUT IT IS ALMO/ C]TA9 ?AT CAPITALI/ 5CIRCLEM5T ITSELF1 :I* ALL REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS N[ HAVE TO FACE1 WILL GU>ANTEE ?IS RESULT4 ,! LESSON1 = ?OSE :O >E CONC]N$ TO /R5G!N ! DEMOCRATIC1 SPONTANE\S1 & POPUL> ELEM5TS 9 DEVELOP+ SOCIETIES1 IS QUITE CLE>4 ,LECTURES ON ! TWO-P>TY SY/EM1 OR EV5 ON ! REALLY SUB/ANTIAL DEMOCRATIC VALUES ?AT HAVE BE5 9 P>T REALIZ$ 9 ,WE/]N SOCIETY1 >E A MON/R\S IRRELEVANCE1 GIV5 ! EF=T REQUIR$ TO RAISE ! LEVEL ( CULTURE 9 ,WE/]N SOCIETY TO ! PO9T :]E IT CAN PROVIDE A 0SOCIAL LEV]0 = BO? ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T & ! DEVELOPM5T ( TRUE DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS 9 ! ?IRD WORLD--&1 = ?AT MATT]1 AT HOME4 

,A ,G,O,O,D ,C,A,S,E ,C,A,N ,B,E ,M,A,D,E = ! CONCLUSION ?AT !RE IS 9DE$ SOME?+ ( A CONS5SUS AMONG 9TELLECTUALS :O HAVE ALREADY A*IEV$ P[] & AFFLU5CE1 OR :O S5SE ?AT !Y CAN A*IEVE !M BY 0ACCEPT+ SOCIETY0 AS IT IS & PROMOT+ ! VALUES ?AT >E 0BE+ HONOR$0 9 ?IS SOCIETY4 ,IT IS ALSO TRUE ?AT ?IS CONS5SUS IS MO/ NOTICEABLE AMONG ! S*OL>-EXP]TS :O >E REPLAC+ ! FREE-FLOAT+ 9TELLECTUALS ( ! PA/4 ,9 ! UNIV]SITY1 !SE S*OL>-EXP]TS CON/RUCT A 0VALUE-FREE TE*NOLOGY0 = ! SOLUTION ( TE*NICAL PROBLEMS ?AT >ISE 9 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY1.<#b.> TAK+ A 0RESPONSIBLE /ANCE0 T[>DS !SE PROBLEMS1 9 ! S5SE NOT$ E>LI]4 ,?IS CONS5SUS AMONG ! RESPONSIBLE S*OL>-EXP]TS IS ! DOME/IC ANALOG TO ?AT PROPOS$1 9T]NATIONALLY1 BY ?OSE :O JU/IFY ! APPLICATION ( ,AM]ICAN P[] 9 ,ASIA1 :ATEV] ! HUMAN CO/1 ON ! GR\NDS ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y TO CONTA9 ! 0EXPANSION ( ,*9A0 7AN 0EXPANSION0 :I* IS1 TO BE SURE1 HYPO!TICAL = ! TIME BE+7.<#b#a.> --?AT IS1 TO TRANSLATE FROM ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T ,NEWSPEAK1 ON ! GR\NDS ?AT IT IS ESS5TIAL TO REV]SE ! ,ASIAN NATIONALI/ REVOLUTIONS OR1 AT LEA/1 TO PREV5T !M FROM SPREAD+4 ,! ANALOGY BECOMES CLE> :5 WE LOOK C>EFULLY AT ! WAYS 9 :I* ?IS PROPOSAL IS =MULAT$4 ,) HIS USUAL LUCIDITY1 ,*UR*ILL \TL9$ ! G5]AL POSITION 9 A REM>K TO HIS COLLEAGUE ( ! MOM5T1 ,JOSEPH ,/AL91 AT ,TEH]AN 9 #a#i#d#c3 

,! GOV]NM5T ( ! WORLD MU/ BE 5TRU/$ TO SATISFI$ NATIONS1 :O WI%$ NO?+ MORE = !MSELVES ?AN :AT !Y HAD4 ,IF ! WORLD-GOV]NM5T W]E 9 ! H&S ( HUNGRY NATIONS !RE W\LD ALWAYS BE DANG]4 ,BUT NONE ( US HAD ANY REASON TO SEEK = ANY?+ MORE4444 ,\R P[] PLAC$ US ABOVE ! RE/4 ,WE W]E LIKE ! RI* M5 DWELL+ AT PEACE )9 !IR HABITATIONS4 

,= A TRANSLATION ( ,*UR*ILL'S BIBLICAL RHETORIC 9TO ! J>GON ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL SCI5CE1 ONE MAY TURN TO ! TE/IMONY ( ,*>LES ,WOLF1 ,S5IOR ,ECONOMI/ ( ! ,R& ,CORPORATION1 AT ! ,CONGRESSIONAL ,COMMITTEE ,HE>+S CIT$ E>LI]3 

,I AM DUBI\S ?AT ,*9A'S FE>S ( 5CIRCLEM5T >E GO+ TO BE ABAT$1 EAS$1 RELAX$ 9 ! LONG-T]M FUTURE4 ,BUT ,I W\LD HOPE ?AT :AT WE DO 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA W\LD HELP TO DEVELOP )9 ! ,*9ESE BODY POLITIC MORE ( A REALISM & WILL+NESS TO LIVE ) ?IS FE> ?AN TO 9DULGE IT BY SUPPORT = LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS1 :I* ADMITT$LY DEP5D ON A GREAT DEAL MORE ?AN EXT]NAL SUPPORT444! OP]ATIONAL QUE/ION = ,AM]ICAN =EIGN POLICY IS NOT :E!R ?AT FE> CAN BE ELIM9AT$ OR SUB/ANTIALLY ALLEVIAT$1 BUT :E!R ,*9A CAN BE FAC$ ) A /RUCTURE ( 9C5TIVES1 ( P5ALTIES & REW>DS1 ( 9DUCEM5TS ?AT WILL MAKE IT WILL+ TO LIVE ) ?IS FE>4 

,! PO9T IS FUR!R CL>IFI$ BY ,?OMAS ,S*ELL+3 0,!RE IS GR[+ EXP]I5CE1 :I* ! ,*9ESE CAN PR(IT FROM1 ?AT AL?\< ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES MAY BE 9T]E/$ 9 5CIRCL+ !M1 MAY BE 9T]E/$ 9 DEF5D+ NE>BY >EAS FROM !M1 IT IS1 NEV]!LESS1 PREP>$ TO BEHAVE PEACEABLY IF !Y >E40 

,9 %ORT1 WE >E PREP>$ TO LIVE PEACEABLY 9 \R--TO BE SURE1 RA!R EXT5SIVE--HABITATIONS4 ,&1 QUITE NATURALLY1 WE >E (F5D$ BY ! UNDIGNIFI$ NOISES FROM ! S]VANTS' QU>T]S4 ,IF1 LET US SAY1 A PEASANT-BAS$ REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T TRIES TO A*IEVE 9DEP5D5CE FROM =EIGN P[]S & ! DOME/IC /RUCTURES !Y SUPPORT1 OR IF ! ,*9ESE IRRATIONALLY REFUSE TO RESPOND PROP]LY TO ! S*$ULE ( RE9=CEM5T ?AT WE HAVE PREP>$ = !M--IF !Y OBJECT TO BE+ 5CIRCL$ BY ! B5IGN & PEACE-LOV+ 0RI* M50 :O CONTROL ! T]RITORIES ON !IR BORD]S AS A NATURAL RI<T--!N1 EVID5TLY1 WE MU/ RESPOND TO ?IS BELLIG]5CE ) APPROPRIATE =CE4 

,I,T ,I,S ,?,I,S ,M,5,T,A,L,I,T,Y ?AT EXPLA9S ! FRANKNESS ) :I* ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,GOV]NM5T & ITS ACADEMIC APOLOGI/S DEF5D ! ,AM]ICAN REFUSAL TO P]MIT A POLITICAL SETTLEM5T 9 ,VIETNAM AT A LOCAL LEVEL1 A SETTLEM5T BAS$ ON ! ACTUAL DI/RIBUTION ( POLITICAL =CES4 ,EV5 GOV]NM5T EXP]TS FREELY ADMIT ?AT ! ,N,L,F IS ! ONLY 0TRULY MASS-BAS$ POLITICAL P>TY 9 ,S\? ,VIETNAM0.<#b#b.> 2 ?AT ! ,N,L,F HAD 0MADE A CONSCI\S & MASSIVE EF=T TO EXT5D POLITICAL P>TICIPATION1 EV5 IF IT WAS MANIPULAT$1 ON ! LOCAL LEVEL SO AS TO 9VOLVE ! PEOPLE 9 A SELF-CONTA9$1 SELF-SUPPORT+ REVOLUTION0 7P4 #c#g#d72 & ?AT ?IS EF=T HAD BE5 SO SUCCESSFUL ?AT NO POLITICAL GR\PS1 0) ! POSSIBLE EXCEPTION ( ! ,BUDDHI/S1 ?\<T !MSELVES EQUAL 9 SIZE & P[] TO RISK 5T]+ 9TO A COALITION1 FE>+ ?AT IF !Y DID ! :ALE W\LD SWALL[ ! M9N[0 7P4 #c#f#b74 ,MOREOV]1 !Y CONC$E ?AT UNTIL ! 9TRODUCTION ( OV]:ELM+ ,AM]ICAN =CE1 ! ,N,L,F HAD 9SI/$ ?AT ! /RUGGLE 0%\LD BE F\<T \T AT ! POLITICAL LEVEL & ?AT ! USE ( MASS$ MILIT>Y MI<T WAS 9 ITSELF ILLEGITIMATE4444 ,! BATTLEGR\ND WAS TO BE ! M9DS & LOYALTIES ( ! RURAL ,VIETNAMESE1 ! WEAPONS W]E TO BE IDEAS0 7PP4 #i#a-#i#b2 CF4 ALSO PP4 #i#c1 #i#i-#a#h1 #a#e#eF472 &1 CORRESPOND+LY1 ?AT UNTIL MID-#a#i#f#d1 AID FROM ,HANOI 0WAS L>GELY CONF9$ TO TWO >EAS--DOCTR9AL KN[-H[ & LEAD]%IP P]SONNEL0 7P4 #c#b#a74 ,CAPTUR$ ,N,L,F DOCUM5TS CONTRA/ ! 5EMY'S 0MILIT>Y SUP]IORITY0 ) !IR [N 0POLITICAL SUP]IORITY0 7P4 #a#f71 ?US FULLY CONFIRM+ ! ANALYSIS ( ,AM]ICAN MILIT>Y SPOKESM5 :O DEF9E \R PROBLEM AS H[1 0) CONSID]ABLE >M$ =CE BUT LITTLE POLITICAL P[]1 .<TO.> CONTA9 AN ADV]S>Y :O HAS 5ORM\S POLITICAL =CE BUT ONLY MODE/ MILIT>Y P[]40.<#b#c.> 

,SIMIL>LY1 ! MO/ /RIK+ \TCOME ( BO? ! ,HONOLULU CONF]5CE 9 ,FEBRU>Y & ! ,MANILA CONF]5CE 9 ,OCTOB] WAS ! FRANK ADMISSION BY HI< (FICIALS ( ! ,SAIGON GOV]NM5T ?AT 0!Y C\LD NOT SURVIVE A 'PEACEFUL SETTLEM5T' ?AT LEFT ! ,VIETCONG POLITICAL /RUCTURE 9 PLACE EV5 IF ! ,VIETCONG GU]RILLA UNITS W]E DISB&$10 ?AT 0!Y >E NOT ABLE TO COMPETE POLITICALLY ) ! ,VIETNAMESE ,COMMUNI/S0 7,*>LES ,MOHR1 ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 ,FEBRU>Y #a#a1 #a#i#f#f1 ITALICS M9E74 ,?US1 ,MOHR CONT9UES1 ! ,VIETNAMESE DEM& A 0PACIFICATION PROGRAM0 :I* WILL HAVE AS 0ITS CORE444! DE/RUCTION ( ! CL&E/9E ,VIETCONG POLITICAL /RUCTURE & ! CREATION ( AN IRON-LIKE SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T POLITICAL CONTROL OV] ! POPULATION40 ,& FROM ,MANILA1 ! SAME CORRESPOND5T1 ON ,OCTOB] #b#c1 QUOTES A HI< ,S\? ,VIETNAMESE (FICIAL AS SAY+ ?AT3 

,FRANKLY1 WE >E NOT /RONG 5\< N[ TO COMPETE ) ! ,COMMUNI/S ON A PURELY POLITICAL BASIS4 ,!Y >E ORGANIZ$ & DISCIPL9$4 ,! NON-,COMMUNI/ NATIONALI/S >E NOT--WE DO NOT HAVE ANY L>GE1 WELL-ORGANIZ$ POLITICAL P>TIES & WE DO NOT YET HAVE UNITY4 ,WE CANNOT LEAVE ! ,VIETCONG 9 EXI/5CE4 

,(FICIALS 9 ,WA%+TON UND]/& ! SITUATION V]Y WELL4 ,?US ,SECRET>Y ,RUSK HAS PO9T$ \T ?AT 0IF ! ,VIETCONG COME TO ! CONF]5CE TABLE AS FULL P>TN]S !Y WILL1 9 A S5SE1 HAVE BE5 VICTORI\S 9 ! V]Y AIMS ?AT ,S\? ,VIETNAM & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES >E PL$G$ TO PREV5T0 7,JANU>Y #b#h1 #a#i#f#f74 ,MAX ,FRANKEL REPORT$ FROM ,WA%+TON 9 ! ,TIMES ON ,FEBRU>Y #a#h1 #a#i#f#f1 ?AT 

,COMPROMISE HAS HAD NO APPEAL H]E BECAUSE ! ,ADM9I/RATION CONCLUD$ LONG AGO ?AT ! NON-,COMMUNI/ =CES ( ,S\? ,VIETNAM C\LD NOT LONG SURVIVE 9 A ,SAIGON COALITION ) ,COMMUNI/S4 ,IT IS = ?AT REASON--& NOT BECAUSE ( AN EXCESSIVELY RIGID S5SE ( PROTOCOL--?AT ,WA%+TON HAS /EADFA/LY REFUS$ TO DEAL ) ! ,VIETCONG OR RECOGNIZE !M AS AN 9DEP5D5T POLITICAL =CE4 

,9 %ORT1 WE WILL--MAGNANIM\SLY--P]MIT ,VIETCONG REPRES5TATIVES TO ATT5D NEGOTIATIONS ONLY IF !Y WILL AGREE TO ID5TIFY !MSELVES AS AG5TS ( A =EIGN P[] & ?US =FEIT ! RI<T TO P>TICIPATE 9 A COALITION GOV]NM5T1 A RI<T :I* !Y HAVE N[ BE5 DEM&+ = A HALF-DOZ5 YE>S4 ,WE WELL KN[ ?AT 9 ANY REPRES5TATIVE COALITION1 \R *OS5 DELEGATES C\LD NOT LA/ A DAY )\T ! SUPPORT ( ,AM]ICAN >MS4 ,!RE=E1 WE MU/ 9CREASE ,AM]ICAN =CE & RESI/ MEAN+FUL NEGOTIATIONS1 UNTIL ! DAY :5 A CLI5T GOV]NM5T CAN EX]T BO? MILIT>Y & POLITICAL CONTROL OV] ITS [N POPULATION--A DAY :I* MAY NEV] DAWN1 = AS ,WILLIAM ,BUNDY HAS PO9T$ \T1 WE C\LD NEV] BE SURE ( ! SECURITY ( A ,S\!A/ ,ASIA 0FROM :I* ! ,WE/]N PRES5CE WAS EFFECTIVELY )DRAWN40 ,?US IF WE W]E TO 0NEGOTIATE 9 ! DIRECTION ( SOLUTIONS ?AT >E PUT UND] ! LABEL ( NEUTRALIZATION10 ?IS W\LD AM\NT TO CAPITULATION TO ! ,COMMUNI/S4.<#b#d.> ,ACCORD+ TO ?IS REASON+1 !N1 ,S\? ,VIETNAM MU/ REMA91 P]MAN5TLY1 AN ,AM]ICAN MILIT>Y BASE4 

,ALL ( ?IS IS1 ( C\RSE1 REASONABLE1 SO LONG AS WE ACCEPT ! FUNDAM5TAL POLITICAL AXIOM ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ) ITS TRADITIONAL CONC]N = ! RI<TS ( ! WEAK & D[NTRODD51 & ) ITS UNIQUE 9SI<T 9TO ! PROP] MODE ( DEVELOPM5T = BACKW>D C\NTRIES1 MU/ HAVE ! C\RAGE & ! P]SI/5CE TO IMPOSE ITS WILL BY =CE UNTIL SU* TIME AS O!R NATIONS >E PREP>$ TO ACCEPT !SE TRU?S--OR SIMPLY1 TO AB&ON HOPE4 

,I,F ,I,T ,I,S ,! ,R,E,S,P,O,N,S,I,B,I,L,I,T,Y ( ! 9TELLECTUAL TO 9SI/ UPON ! TRU?1 IT IS ALSO HIS DUTY TO SEE EV5TS 9 !IR HI/ORICAL P]SPECTIVE4 ,?US ONE MU/ APPLAUD ! 9SI/5CE ( ! ,SECRET>Y ( ,/ATE ON ! IMPORTANCE ( HI/ORICAL ANALOGIES1 ! ,MUNI* ANALOGY1 = EXAMPLE4 ,AS ,MUNI* %[$1 A P[]FUL & AGGRESSIVE NATION ) A FANATIC BELIEF 9 ITS MANIFE/ DE/9Y WILL REG>D EA* VICTORY1 EA* EXT5SION ( ITS P[] & AU?ORITY1 AS A PRELUDE TO ! NEXT /EP4 ,! MATT] WAS V]Y WELL PUT BY ,ADLAI ,/EV5SON1 :5 HE SPOKE ( 0! OLD1 OLD R\TE :]EBY EXPANSIVE P[]S PU% AT MORE & MORE DOORS1 BELIEV+ !Y WILL OP5 UNTIL1 AT ! ULTIMATE DOOR1 RESI/ANCE IS UNAVOIDABLE & MAJOR W> BREAKS \T40 ,H]E9 LIES ! DANG] ( APPEASEM5T1 AS ! ,*9ESE TIRELESSLY PO9T \T TO ! ,SOVIET ,UNION--:I*1 !Y CLAIM1 IS PLAY+ ,*AMB]LA9 TO \R ,HITL] 9 ,VIETNAM4 ,( C\RSE1 ! AGGRESSIV5ESS ( LIB]AL IMP]IALISM IS NOT ?AT ( ,NAZI ,G]MANY1 ?\< ! DI/9CTION MAY SEEM ACADEMIC TO A ,VIETNAMESE PEASANT :O IS BE+ GASS$ OR 9C9]AT$4 ,WE DO NOT WANT TO OCCUPY ,ASIA2 WE M]ELY WI%1 TO RETURN TO ,MR4 ,WOLF1 0TO HELP ! ,ASIAN C\NTRIES PROGRESS T[>D ECONOMIC MOD]NIZATION1 AS RELATIVELY 'OP5' & /ABLE SOCIETIES1 TO :I* \R ACCESS1 AS A C\NTRY & AS 9DIVIDUAL CITIZ5S1 IS FREE & COM=TABLE40 ,! =MULATION IS APPROPRIATE4 ,REC5T HI/ORY %[S ?AT IT MAKES LITTLE DIFF]5CE TO US :AT =M ( GOV]NM5T A C\NTRY HAS SO LONG AS IT REMA9S AN 0OP5 SOCIETY10 9 \R PECULI> S5SE ( ?IS T]M--?AT IS1 A SOCIETY ?AT REMA9S OP5 TO ,AM]ICAN ECONOMIC P5ETRATION OR POLITICAL CONTROL4 ,IF IT IS NECESS>Y TO APPROA* G5OCIDE 9 ,VIETNAM TO A*IEVE ?IS OBJECTIVE1 ?AN ?IS IS ! PRICE WE MU/ PAY 9 DEF5SE ( FRE$OM & ! RI<TS ( MAN4 

,9 PURSU+ ! AIM ( HELP+ O!R C\NTRIES TO PROGRESS T[>D OP5 SOCIETIES1 ) NO ?\<T ( T]RITORIAL AGGR&IZEM5T1 WE >E BREAK+ NO NEW GR\ND4 ,9 ! ,CONGRESSIONAL ,HE>+S ?AT ,I CIT$ E>LI]1 ,HANS ,MORG5?AU APTLY DESCRIBES \R TRADITIONAL POLICY T[>DS ,*9A AS ONE :I* FAVORS 0:AT Y\ MI<T CALL FRE$OM ( COMPETITION ) REG>D TO ! EXPLOITATION ( ,*9A0 7OP4 CIT41 P4 #a#b#h74 ,9 FACT1 FEW IMP]IALI/ P[]S HAVE HAD EXPLICIT T]RITORIAL AMBITIONS4 ,?US 9 #a#g#h#d1 ! ,BRITI% ,P>LIAM5T ANN\NC$3 0,TO PURSUE S*EMES ( CONQUE/ & EXT5SION ( DOM9ION 9 ,9DIA >E MEASURES REPUGNANT TO ! WI%1 HONOR1 & POLICY ( ?IS NATION40 ,%ORTLY AFT] ?IS1 ! CONQUE/ ( ,9DIA WAS 9 FULL SW+4 ,A C5TURY LAT]1 ,BRITA9 ANN\NC$ ITS 9T5TIONS 9 ,EGYPT UND] ! SLOGAN 09T]V5TION1 RE=M1 )DRAWAL40 ,IT IS OBVI\S :I* P>TS ( ?IS PROMISE W]E FULFILL$ )9 ! NEXT HALF-C5TURY4 ,9 #a#i#c#f1 ON ! EVE ( HO/ILITIES 9 ,NOR? ,*9A1 ! ,JAPANESE /AT$ !IR ,BASIC ,PR9CIPLES ( ,NATIONAL ,POLICY4 ,!SE 9CLUD$ ! USE ( MOD]ATE & PEACEFUL MEANS TO EXT5D H] /R5G?1 TO PROMOTE SOCIAL & ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 TO ]ADICATE ! M5ACE ( ,COMMUNISM1 TO CORRECT ! AGGRESSIVE POLICIES ( ! GREAT P[]S1 & TO SECURE H] POSITION AS ! /ABILIZ+ P[] 9 ,EA/ ,ASIA4 ,EV5 9 #a#i#c#g1 ! ,JAPANESE GOV]NM5T HAD 0NO T]RITORIAL DESIGNS UPON ,*9A40 ,9 %ORT1 WE FOLL[ A WELL-TRODD5 PA?4 

,IT IS USEFUL TO REMEMB]1 9CID5TALLY1 ?AT ! ,U,S WAS APP>5TLY QUITE WILL+1 AS LATE AS #a#i#c#i1 TO NEGOTIATE A COMM]CIAL TREATY ) ,JAPAN & >RIVE AT A MODUS VIV5DI IF ,JAPAN W\LD 0*ANGE H] ATTITUDE & PRACTICE T[>DS \R RI<TS & 9T]E/S 9 ,*9A10 AS ,SECRET>Y ,HULL PUT IT4 ,! BOMB+ ( ,*UNGK+ & ! RAPE ( ,NANK+ W]E UNPLEASANT1 IT IS TRUE1 BUT :AT WAS REALLY IMPORTANT WAS \R RI<TS & 9T]E/S 9 ,*9A1 AS ! RESPONSIBLE1 UNHY/]ICAL M5 ( ! DAY SAW QUITE CLE>LY4 ,IT WAS ! CLOS+ ( ! OP5 DOOR BY ,JAPAN ?AT L$ 9EVITABLY TO ! ,PACIFIC W>1 JU/ AS IT IS ! CLOS+ ( ! OP5 DOOR BY 0,COMMUNI/0 ,*9A ITSELF ?AT MAY V]Y WELL LEAD TO ! NEXT1 & NO D\BT LA/1 ,PACIFIC W>4 

,Q,U,I,T,E ,(,T,51 ,! ,/,A,T,E,M,5,T,S ( S9C]E & DEVOT$ TE*NICAL EXP]TS GIVE SURPRIS+ 9SI<T 9TO ! 9TELLECTUAL ATTITUDES ?AT LIE 9 ! BACKGR\ND ( ! LATE/ SAVAG]Y4 ,CONSID]1 = EXAMPLE1 ! FOLL[+ COMM5T BY ! ECONOMI/ ,RI*>D ,L9DHOLM1 9 #a#i#e#i1 EXPRESS+ HIS FRU/RATION OV] ! FAILURE ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T 9 0FREE ,VIETNAM03 

444! USE ( ,AM]ICAN AID IS DET]M9$ BY H[ ! ,VIETNAMESE USE !IR 9COMES & !IR SAV+S4 ,! FACT ?AT A L>GE PORTION ( ! ,VIETNAMESE IMPORTS F9ANC$ ) ,AM]ICAN AID >E EI!R CONSUM] GOODS OR RAW MAT]IALS US$ RA!R DIRECTLY TO MEET CONSUM] DEM&S IS AN 9DICATION ?AT ! ,VIETNAMESE PEOPLE DESIRE !SE GOODS4 = !Y HAVE %[N !IR DESIRE BY !IR WILL+NESS TO USE !IR PIA/]S TO PUR*ASE !M4.<#b#e.> 

,9 %ORT1 ! ,VIETNAMESE PEOPLE DESIRE ,BUICKS & AIR-CONDITION]S1 RA!R ?AN SUG> REF9+ EQUIPM5T OR ROAD-BUILD+ MA*9]Y1 AS !Y HAVE %[N BY !IR BEHAVIOR 9 A FREE M>KET4 ,& H[EV] MU* WE MAY DEPLORE !IR FREE *OICE1 WE MU/ ALL[ ! PEOPLE TO HAVE !IR WAY4 ,( C\RSE1 !RE >E ALSO ?OSE TWO-LEGG$ BEA/S ( BURD5 ?AT ONE /UMBLES ON 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 BUT AS ANY GRADUATE /UD5T ( POLITICAL SCI5CE CAN EXPLA91 !Y >E NOT P>T ( A RESPONSIBLE MOD]NIZ+ ELITE1 & !RE=E HAVE ONLY A SUP]FICIAL BIOLOGICAL RESEMBLANCE TO ! HUMAN RACE4 

,9 NO SMALL MEASURE1 IT IS ATTITUDES LIKE ?IS ?AT LIE BEH9D ! BUT*]Y 9 ,VIETNAM1 & WE HAD BETT] FACE UP TO !M ) C&OR1 OR WE WILL F9D \R GOV]NM5T LEAD+ US T[>DS A 0F9AL SOLUTION0 9 ,VIETNAM1 & 9 ! MANY ,VIETNAMS ?AT 9EVITABLY LIE AHEAD4 

,LET ME F9ALLY RETURN TO ,DWI<T ,MACDONALD & ! RESPONSIBILITY ( 9TELLECTUALS4 ,MACDONALD QUOTES AN 9T]VIEW ) A DEA?-CAMP PAYMA/] :O BUR/ 9TO TE>S :5 TOLD ?AT ! ,RUSSIANS W\LD HANG HIM4 0,:Y %\LD !Y8 ,:AT HAVE ,I DONE80 HE ASK$4 ,MACDONALD CONCLUDES3 0,ONLY ?OSE :O >E WILL+ TO RESI/ AU?ORITY !MSELVES :5 IT CONFLICTS TOO 9TOL]ABLY ) !IR P]SONAL MORAL CODE1 ONLY !Y HAVE ! RI<T TO CONDEMN ! DEA?-CAMP PAYMA/]40 ,! QUE/ION1 0,:AT HAVE ,I DONE80 IS ONE ?AT WE MAY WELL ASK \RSELVES1 AS WE READ EA* DAY ( FRE% ATROCITIES 9 ,VIETNAM--AS WE CREATE1 OR M\?1 OR TOL]ATE ! DECEPTIONS ?AT WILL BE US$ TO JU/IFY ! NEXT DEF5SE ( FRE$OM4 

,NOTES 

,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO SEE ! FIR/1 SOME:AT OBLIQUE1 PUBLI%$ REACTIONS TO ,! ,POLITICS ( ,ESCALATION1 BY ?OSE :O DEF5D \R RI<T TO CONQU] ,S\? ,VIETNAM & 9/ITUTE A GOV]NM5T ( \R *OICE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,ROB]T ,SCALAP9O 7,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES ,MAGAZ9E1 ,DECEMB] #a#a1 #a#i#f#f7 >GUES ?AT ! !SIS ( ! BOOK IMPLIES ?AT \R LEAD]S >E 0DIABOLICAL40 ,S9CE NO RI<T-?9K+ P]SON CAN BELIEVE ?IS1 ! !SIS IS REFUT$4 ,TO ASSUME O!RWISE W\LD BETRAY 0IRRESPONSIBILITY10 9 A UNIQUE S5SE ( ?IS T]M--A S5SE ?AT GIVES AN IRONIC TWI/ TO ! TITLE ( ?IS ESSAY4 ,HE GOES ON TO PO9T \T ! ALLEG$ C5TRAL WEAKNESS 9 ! >GUM5T ( ! BOOK1 NAMELY1 ! FAILURE TO P]CEIVE ?AT A S]I\S ATTEMPT ON \R P>T TO PURSUE ! POSSIBILITIES = A DIPLOMATIC SETTLEM5T W\LD HAVE BE5 9T]PRET$ BY \R ADV]S>IES AS A SIGN ( WEAKNESS4 

,IT IS USEFUL TO BE> 9 M9D ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,GOV]NM5T ITSELF IS ON OCCASION MU* LESS DIFFID5T 9 EXPLA9+ :Y IT REFUSES TO CONTEMPLATE A MEAN+FUL NEGOTIAT$ SETTLEM5T4 ,AS IS FREELY ADMITT$1 ?IS SOLUTION W\LD LEAVE IT )\T P[] TO CONTROL ! SITUATION4 ,SEE1 = EXAMPLE NOTE #b#f4 

,IT IS WOR? NOT+ ?AT HI/ORICAL FANTASY ( ! SORT ILLU/RAT$ 9 ,RO/['S REM>KS HAS BECOME A REGUL> ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T SPECIALLY4 ,?US WE HAVE ,?OMAS ,MANN JU/IFY+ \R ,DOM9ICAN 9T]V5TION AS A RESPONSE TO ACTIONS ( ! 0,S9O-,SOVIET MILIT>Y BLOC40 ,OR1 TO TAKE A MORE CONSID]$ /ATEM5T1 WE HAVE ,WILLIAM ,BUNDY'S ANALYSIS ( /AGES ( DEVELOPM5T ( ,COMMUNI/ IDEOLOGY 9 HIS ,POMONA ,COLLEGE ADDRESS1 ,FEBRU>Y #a#b1 #a#i#f#f1 9 :I* HE *>ACT]IZES ! ,SOVIET ,UNION 9 ! #a#i#bS & E>LY #a#i#cS AS 09 A HI<LY MILITANT & AGGRESSIVE PHASE40 ,:AT IS FRI<T5+ AB\T FANTASY1 AS DI/9CT FROM \TRI<T FALSIFICATION1 IS ! POSSIBILITY ?AT IT MAY BE S9C]E & MAY ACTUALLY S]VE AS ! BASIS = =MATION ( POLICY4 

,A MAJOR PO/W> SC&AL IS DEVELOP+ 9 ,9DIA1 AS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 CYNICALLY CAPITALIZ+ ON ,9DIA'S CURR5T TORTURE1 APPLIES ITS ECONOMIC P[] TO IMPLEM5T :AT ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES CALLS ,9DIA'S 0DRIFT FROM SOCIALISM T[>DS PRAGMATISM0 7,APRIL #b#h1 #a#i#f#e74 

,AS TO ,MALAYA1 ,/EV5SON IS PROBABLY CONFUS+ E?NIC ,*9ESE ) ! GOV]NM5T ( ,*9A4 ,?OSE CONC]N$ ) ! ACTUAL EV5TS W\LD AGREE ) ,H>RY ,MILL] 79 ,COMMUNI/ ,M5ACE 9 ,MALAYA1 ,PRAEG]1 #a#i#e#d7 ?AT 0,COMMUNI/ ,*9A CONT9UES TO %[ LITTLE 9T]E/ 9 ! ,MALAYAN AFFAIR BEYOND ITS USUAL FULM9ATIONS VIA ,PEK+ ,RADIO4440 ,!RE >E V>I\S H>% ?+S ?AT ONE MI<T SAY AB\T ,*9ESE BEHAVIOR 9 :AT ! ,S9O-,9DIAN ,TREATY ( #ai$ REF]S TO AS 0! ,TIBET REGION ( ,*9A10 BUT IT IS NO MORE PRO( ( A T5D5CY T[>DS EXPANSIONISM ?AN IS ! BEHAVIOR ( ! ,9DIAN ,GOV]NM5T ) REG>D TO ! ,NAGA & ,MIZO TRIBESM54 ,AS TO ,NOR? ,?AIL&1 0! APP>ATUS ( 9FILTRATION0 MAY WELL BE AT WORK1 ?\< !RE IS LITTLE REASON TO SUPPOSE IT TO BE ,*9ESE--& IT IS SURELY NOT UNRELAT$ TO ! ,AM]ICAN USE ( ,?AIL& AS A BASE ( ITS ATTACK ON ,VIETNAM4 ,?IS REF]5CE IS ! %E]E/ HYPOCRISY4 

,! 0ATTACK ON ,9DIA0 GREW \T ( A BORD] DISPUTE ?AT BEGAN SEV]AL YE>S AFT] ! ,*9ESE HAD COMPLET$ A ROAD FROM ,TIBET TO ,S9KIANG 9 AN >EA SO REMOTE FROM ,9DIAN CONTROL ?AT ! ,9DIANS LE>N$ AB\T ?IS OP]ATION ONLY FROM ! ,*9ESE ,PRESS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,AM]ICAN ,AIR ,=CE MAPS1 ! DISPUT$ >EA IS 9 ,*9ESE T]RITORY4 ,CF4 ,ALA/AIR ,LAMB1 ,*9A ,QU>T]LY1 ,JULY-,SEPTEMB]1 #a#i#f#e4 ,TO ?IS DI/+UI%$ AU?ORITY1 0IT SEEMS UNLIKELY ?AT ! ,*9ESE HAVE BE5 WORK+ \T SOME MA/] PLAN444TO TAKE OV] ! ,9DIAN SUB-CONT95T LOCK1 /OCK & OV]POPULAT$ B>REL40 ,RA!R1 HE ?9KS IT LIKELY ?AT ! ,*9ESE W]E PROBABLY UNAW>E ?AT ,9DIA EV5 CLAIM$ ! T]RITORY ?R\< :I* ! ROAD PASS$4 ,AFT] ! ,*9ESE MILIT>Y VICTORY1 ,*9ESE TROOPS W]E1 9 MO/ >EAS1 )DRAWN BEYOND ! ,MC,MAHON L9E1 A BORD] :I* ! ,BRITI% HAD ATTEMPT$ TO IMPOSE ON ,*9A 9 #aiad BUT :I* HAS NEV] BE5 RECOGNIZ$ BY ,*9A 7,NATIONALI/ OR ,COMMUNI/71 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 OR ANY O!R GOV]NM5T4 ,IT IS REM>KABLE ?AT A P]SON 9 A RESPONSIBLE POSITION C\LD DESCRIBE ALL ( ?IS AS ,*9ESE EXPANSIONISM4 ,9 FACT1 IT IS ABSURD TO DEBATE ! HYPO!TICAL AGGRESSIV5ESS ( A ,*9A SURR\ND$ BY ,AM]ICAN MISSILES & A /ILL EXP&+ NETWORK ( MILIT>Y BASES BACK$ BY AN 5ORM\S ,AM]ICAN EXP$ITION>Y =CE 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA4 ,IT IS CONCEIVABLE ?AT AT SOME FUTURE TIME A P[]FUL ,*9A MAY BE EXPANSIONI/4 ,WE MAY SPECULATE AB\T SU* POSSIBILITIES IF WE WI%1 BUT IT IS ,AM]ICAN AGGRESSIV5ESS ?AT IS ! C5TRAL FACT ( CURR5T POLITICS4 

.<#a.> ,SU* A RESE>* PROJECT HAS N[ BE5 UND]TAK5 & PUBLI%$ AS A 0,CITIZ5S' ,:ITE ,PAP]03 ,F4 ,S*URMANN1 ,P4 ,D4 ,SCOTT1 ,R4 ,ZELNIK1 ,! ,POLITICS ( ,ESCALATION 9 ,VIETNAM1 ,FAWCETT ,WORLD ,LIBR>Y1 & ,BEACON ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#f4 ,= FUR!R EVID5CE ( ,AM]ICAN REJECTION ( ,U,N 9ITIATIVES = DIPLOMATIC SETTLEM5T1 JU/ PRIOR TO ! MAJOR ESCALATION ( ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#f#e1 SEE ,M>IO ,ROSSI1 0,! ,U,S ,REBUFF TO ,U ,?ANT10 ,N,Y,R1 ,NOVEMB] #a#g1 #a#i#f#f4 ,!RE IS FUR!R DOCUM5T>Y EVID5CE ( ,N,L,F ATTEMPTS TO E/ABLI% A COALITION GOV]NM5T & TO NEUTRALIZE ! >EA1 ALL REJECT$ BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ITS ,SAIGON ALLY1 9 ,D\GLAS ,PIKE1 ,VIET ,CONG1 ,M4,I4,T4 ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#f4 ,9 READ+ MAT]IAL ( ?IS LATT] SORT ONE MU/ BE ESPECIALLY C>EFUL TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 ! EVID5CE PRES5T$ & ! 0CONCLUSIONS0 ?AT >E ASS]T$1 = REASONS NOT$ BRIEFLY BEL[ 7SEE NOTE #b#b74 

.<#b.> ,AT O!R TIMES1 ,S*LES+] DOES 9DE$ DISPLAY ADMIRABLE S*OL>LY CAUTION4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 HIS ,9TRODUCTION TO ,! ,POLITICS ( ,ESCALATION HE ADMITS ?AT !RE MAY HAVE BE5 0FLICK]S ( 9T]E/ 9 NEGOTIATIONS0 ON ! P>T ( ,HANOI4 ,AS TO ! ,ADM9I/RATION'S LIES AB\T NEGOTIATIONS & ITS REPEAT$ ACTIONS UND]CUTT+ T5TATIVE 9ITIATIVES T[>DS NEGOTIATIONS1 HE COMM5TS ONLY ?AT ! AU?ORS MAY HAVE UND]E/IMAT$ MILIT>Y NECESSITY & ?AT FUTURE HI/ORIANS MAY PROVE !M WRONG4 ,?IS CAUTION & DETA*M5T MU/ BE COMP>$ ) ,S*LES+]'S ATTITUDE T[>D R5EW$ /UDY ( ! ORIG9S ( ! COLD W>3 9 A LETT] TO ! ,NEW ,YORK ,REVIEW ( ,BOOKS1 ,OCTOB] #b1 #a#i#f#f1 HE REM>KS ?AT IT IS TIME TO 0BL[ ! :I/LE0 ON REVISIONI/ ATTEMPTS TO %[ ?AT ! COLD W> MAY HAVE BE5 ! CONSEQU5CE ( SOME?+ MORE ?AN M]E ,COMMUNI/ BELLIG]5CE4 ,WE >E TO BELIEVE1 !N1 ?AT ! RELATIVELY /RAI<T-=W>D MATT] ( ! ORIG9S ( ! COLD W> IS SETTL$ BEYOND DISCUSSION1 :]EAS ! MU* MORE COMPLEX ISSUE ( :Y ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES %IES AWAY FROM A NEGOTIAT$ SETTLEM5T 9 ,VIETNAM MU/ BE LEFT TO FUTURE HI/ORIANS TO POND]4 

.<#c.> ,>?UR ,M4 ,S*LES+]1 ,JR41 ,A ,?\S& ,DAYS2 ,JOHN ,F4 ,K5N$Y 9 ! ,:ITE ,H\SE1 #a#i#f#e1 P4 #d#b#a4 

.<#d.> ,! ,VIEW FROM ! ,SEV5? ,FLOOR1 ,H>P] & ,R[1 #a#i#f#d1 P4 #a#d#i4 ,SEE ALSO HIS ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 ! ,WORLD ,>5A1 ,H>P] & ,R[1 #a#i#f1 P4 #b#d#d3 0,/AL91 EXPLOIT+ ! DISRUPTION & WEAKNESS ( ! PO/W> WORLD1 PRESS$ \T FROM ! EXP&$ BASE HE HAD WON DUR+ ! SECOND ,WORLD ,W> 9 AN EF=T TO GA9 ! BALANCE ( P[] 9 ,EURASIA444TURN+ TO ! ,EA/1 TO BACK ,MAO & TO 5FLAME ! ,NOR? ,KOREAN & ,9DO*9ESE ,COMMUNI/S4440 

.<#e.> ,= EXAMPLE1 ! >TICLE BY CIA ANALY/ ,GEORGE ,C>V] PLAC$ 9 ,=EIGN ,AFFAIRS1 ,APRIL1 #a#i#f#f4 ,SEE ALSO NOTE #b#b4 

.<#f.> ,CF4 ,JEAN ,LAC\TURE1 ,VIETNAM BETWE5 ,TWO ,TRUCES1 ,R&OM ,H\SE1 #a#i#f#f1 P4 #b#a4 ,DIEM'S ANALYSIS ( ! SITUATION WAS %>$ BY ,WE/]N OBS]V]S AT ! TIME4 ,SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ! COMM5TS ( ,WILLIAM ,H5D]SON1 ,F> ,EA/]N SPECIALI/ & EXECUTIVE1 ,C\NCIL ON ,=EIGN ,RELATIONS1 9 ,R4 ,W4 ,L9DHOLM1 $41 ,VIETNAM3 ,! ,FIR/ ,FIVE ,YE>S1 ,MI*IGAN ,/ATE1 #a#i#e#i4 ,HE NOTES 0! GR[+ ALI5ATION ( ! 9TELLIG5TSIA10 0! R5EWAL ( >M$ DISSID5CE 9 ! ,S\?10 ! FACT ?AT 0SECURITY HAS NOTICEABLY DET]IORAT$ 9 ! LA/ TWO YE>S10 ALL AS A RESULT ( ,DIEM'S 0GRIM DICTATOR%IP10 & PR$ICTS 0A /EADY WORS5+ ( ! POLITICAL CLIMATE 9 FREE ,VIETNAM1 CULM9AT+ 9 UN=ESE5 DISA/]S40 

.<#g.> ,SEE ,B]N>D ,FALL1 0,VIETNAM 9 ! ,BALANCE10 ,=EIGN ,AFFAIRS1 ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#f#f4 

.<#h.> ,/AL9 WAS NEI!R PLEAS$ BY ! ,TITOI/ T5D5CIES 9SIDE ! ,GREEK ,COMMUNI/ P>TY1 NOR BY ! POSSIBILITY ?AT A ,BALKAN F$]ATION MI<T DEVELOP UND] ,TITOI/ LEAD]%IP4 ,IT IS1 NEV]!LESS1 CONCEIVABLE ?AT ,/AL9 SUPPORT$ ! ,GREEK GU]RILLAS AT SOME /AGE ( ! REBELLION1 9 SPITE ( ! DIFFICULTY ( OBTA9+ FIRM DOCUM5T>Y EVID5CE4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 NO ELABORATE /UDY IS NECESS>Y TO DOCUM5T ! ,BRITI% OR ,AM]ICAN ROLE 9 ?IS CIVIL CONFLICT1 FROM LATE #a#i#d#d4 ,SEE ,D4 ,G4 ,K\S\LAS1 ,! ,PRICE ( ,FRE$OM1 ,SYRACUSE1 #a#i#e#c2 ,REVOLUTION & ,DEFEAT1 ,OX=D1 #a#i#f#e1 = S]I\S /UDY ( !SE EV5TS FROM A /RONGLY ANTI-,COMMUNI/ PO9T ( VIEW4 

.<#i.> ,= A DETAIL$ ACC\NT1 SEE ,JAMES ,W>BURG1 ,G]MANY3 ,KEY TO ,PEACE1 ,H>V>D1 #a#i#e#c1 P4 #a#h#iF4 ,W>BURG CONCLUDES ?AT APP>5TLY 0! ,KREML9 WAS N[ PREP>$ TO ACCEPT ! CREATION ( AN ,ALL-,G]MAN DEMOCRACY 9 ! ,WE/]N S5SE ( ?AT WORD10 :]EAS ! ,WE/]N P[]S1 9 !IR RESPONSE1 0FRANKLY ADMITT$ !IR PLAN 'TO SECURE ! P>TICIPATION ( ,G]MANY 9 A PURELY DEF5SIVE ,EUROPEAN COMMUNITY' 0 7I4E41 NATO74 

.<#a.> ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ! ,WORLD ,>5A1 PP4 #c#d#d-#d#e4 ,9CID5TALLY1 ?OSE :O QUITE RI<TLY DEPLORE ! BRUTAL SUPPRESSION ( ! ,EA/ ,G]MAN & ,HUNG>IAN REVOLUTIONS W\LD DO WELL TO REMEMB] ?AT !SE SC&AL\S EV5TS MI<T HAVE BE5 AVOID$ HAD ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES BE5 WILL+ TO CONSID] PROPOSALS = NEUTRALIZATION ( ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE4 ,SOME ( ,GEORGE ,K5NAN'S REC5T /ATEM5TS PROVIDE 9T]E/+ COMM5T>Y ON ?IS MATT]1 = EXAMPLE1 HIS COMM5TS ON ! FALSITY4 FROM ! \TSET1 ( ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R 9T5D$ TO ATTACK OR 9TIMIDATE BY =CE ! ,WE/]N HALF ( ! CONT95T & ?AT IT WAS DET]R$ BY ,AM]ICAN =CE1 & HIS REM>KS ON ! /]ILITY & G5]AL ABSURDITY ( ! DEM& = UNILAT]AL ,SOVIET )DRAWAL FROM ,EA/]N ,G]MANY TOGE!R ) 0! 9CLUSION ( A UNIT$ ,G]MANY AS AS A MAJOR COMPON5T 9 A ,WE/]N DEF5SE SY/EM BAS$ PRIM>ILY ON NUCLE> WEAPONRY0 7,PACEM 9 ,T]RIS1 ,E4 ,RE$1 $41 ,POCKET ,BOOKS1 #a#i#f#e74 

.<#a#a.> ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,POLICY ,T[>D ,ASIA1 ,HE>+S BE=E ! SUBCOMMITTEE ON ! ,F> ,EA/ & ! ,PACIFIC ( ! ,COMMITTEE ON ,=EIGN ,AFFAIRS1 ,H\SE ( ,REPRES5TATIVES1 ,U,S ,GOV]NM5T ,PR9T+ ,(FICE1 #a#i#f#f4 

.<#a#b.> ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES ,BOOK ,REVIEW1 ,NOVEMB] #b1 #a#i#f#f4 ,SU* COMM5TS CALL TO M9D ! REM>KABLE SPECTACLE ( ,PRESID5T ,K5N$Y C\NSEL+ ,*$DI ,JAGAN ON ! DANG]S ( 5T]+ 9TO A TRAD+ RELATION%IP 0:I* BR\<T A C\NTRY 9TO A CONDITION ( ECONOMIC DEP5D5CE40 ,! REF]5CE1 ( C\RSE1 IS TO ! DANG]S 9 COMM]CIAL RELATIONS ) ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,SEE ,S*LES+]1 ,A ,?\S& ,DAYS1 P4 #g#g#f4 

.<#a#c.> ,A ,?\S& ,DAYS1 P4 #b#e#b4 

.<#a#d.> ,?\< ?IS TOO IS IMPRECISE4 ,ONE MU/ RECALL ! REAL *>ACT] ( ! ,TRUJILLO REGIME TO APPRECIATE ! FULL CYNICISM ( ,K5N$Y'S 0REALI/IC0 ANALYSIS4 

.<#a#e.> ,W4 ,W4 ,RO/[ & ,R4 ,W4 ,HAT*1 ,AN ,AM]ICAN ,POLICY 9 ,ASIA1 ,TE*NOLOGY ,PRESS & ,JOHN ,WILEY1 #a#i#e#e4 

.<#a#f.> ,AM]ICAN PRIVATE 5T]PRISE1 ( C\RSE1 HAS ITS [N IDEAS AS TO H[ ,9DIA'S PROBLEMS >E TO BE MET4 ,! ,MONITOR REPORTS ! 9SI/5CE ( ,AM]ICAN 5TREP5EURS 0ON IMPORT+ ALL EQUIPM5T & MA*9]Y :5 ,9DIA HAS A TE/$ CAPACITY TO MEET SOME ( !IR REQUIREM5TS4 ,!Y HAVE 9SI/$ ON IMPORT+ LIQUID AMMONIA1 A BASIC RAW MAT]IAL1 RA!R ?AN US+ 9DIG5\S NAP?A :I* IS ABUNDANTLY AVAILABLE4 ,!Y HAVE LAID D[N RE/RICTIONS AB\T PRIC+1 DI/RIBUTION1 PR(ITS1 & MANAGEM5T CONTROL40 

.<#a#g.> ,AL?\<1 TO MA9TA9 P]SPECTIVE1 WE %\LD RECALL ?AT 9 HIS WILDE/ MOM5TS1 ,ALFR$ ,ROS5B]G SPOKE ( ! ELIM9ATION ( ?IRTY MILLION ,SLAVS1 NOT ! IMPOSITION ( MASS />VATION ON A QU>T] ( ! HUMAN RACE4 ,9CID5TALLY1 ! ANALOGY DRAWN H]E IS HI<LY 0IRRESPONSIBLE10 9 ! TE*NICAL S5SE ( ?IS NEOLOGISM DISCUSS$ E>LI]4 ,?AT IS1 IT IS BAS$ ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT /ATEM5TS & ACTIONS ( ,AM]ICANS >E SUBJECT TO ! SAME /&>DS & OP5 TO ! SAME 9T]PRETATIONS AS ?OSE ( ANYONE ELSE4 

.<#a#h.> ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 ,FEBRU>Y #f1 #a#i#f#f4 ,GOLDB]G CONT9UES1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS NOT C]TA9 ?AT ALL ( !SE >E VOLUNT>Y ADH]5TS4 ,?IS IS NOT ! FIR/ SU* DEMON/RATION ( ,COMMUNI/ DUPLICITY4 ,ANO!R EXAMPLE WAS SE5 9 ! YE> #a#i#f#b1 :5 ACCORD+ TO ,U,S ,GOV]NM5T S\RCES #a#e1 GU]RILLAS SUFF]$ #c1 CASUALTIES4 ,SEE ,>?UR ,S*LES+]1 ,A ,?\S& ,DAYS1 P4 #i#h#b4 

.<#a#i.> ,REPR9T$ 9 A COLLECTION ( ESSAYS1 ,! ,5D ( ,IDEOLOGY3 ON ! ,EXHAU/ION ( ,POLITICAL ,IDEAS 9 ! ,FIFTIES1 ,FREE ,PRESS1 #a#i#f4 ,I HAVE NO 9T5TION H]E ( 5T]+ 9TO ! FULL RANGE ( ISSUES ?AT HAVE BE5 RAIS$ 9 ! DISCUSSION ( 05D ( IDEOLOGY0 = ! PA/ DOZ5 YE>S4 ,IT IS DIFFICULT TO SEE H[ A RATIONAL P]SON C\LD QU>REL ) MANY ( ! !SES ?AT HAVE BE5 PUT =?1 E4G41 ?AT AT A C]TA9 HI/ORICAL MOM5T ! 0POLITICS ( CIVILITY0 IS APPROPRIATE &1 P]HAPS1 EFFICACI\S2 ?AT ONE :O ADVOCATES ACTION 7OR 9ACTION7 HAS A RESPONSIBILITY TO ASSESS ITS SOCIAL CO/2 ?AT DOGMATIC FANATICISM & 0SECUL> RELIGIONS0 %\LD BE COMBAT$ 7OR IF POSSIBLE1 IGNOR$72 ?AT TE*NICAL SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS %\LD BE IMPLEM5T$1 :]E POSSIBLE2 ?AT 0LE DOGMATISME IDEOLOGIQUE DEVAIT DISP>AITRE P\R QUE LES IDEES REPRISS5T VIE0 7,>ON71 & SO ON4 ,S9CE ?IS IS SOMETIMES TAK5 TO BE AN EXPRESSION ( AN 0ANTI-,M>XI/0 POSITION1 IT IS WOR? KEEP+ 9 M9D ?AT SU* S5TIM5TS AS !SE HAVE NO BE>+ ON NON-,BOL%EVIK ,M>XISM1 AS REPRES5T$1 = EXAMPLE1 BY SU* FIGURES AS ,LUXEMBURG1 ,PANNEKOEK1 ,KORS*1 ,>?UR ,ROS5B]G1 & O!RS4 

.<#b.> ,! EXT5T TO :I* ?IS 0TE*NOLOGY0 IS VALUE-FREE IS H>DLY V]Y IMPORTANT1 GIV5 ! CLE> COMMITM5TS ( ?OSE :O APPLY IT4 ,! PROBLEMS ) :I* RESE>* IS CONC]N$ >E ?OSE POS$ BY ! ,P5TAGON OR ! GREAT CORPORATIONS1 NOT1 SAY1 BY ! REVOLUTION>IES ( ,NOR!A/ ,BRAZIL OR BY ,S,N,C,C4 ,NOR AM ,I AW>E ( A RESE>* PROJECT DEVOT$ TO ! PROBLEM ( H[ POORLY >M$ GU]RILLAS MI<T MORE EFFECTIVELY RESI/ A BRUTAL & DEVA/AT+ MILIT>Y TE*NOLOGY--SURELY ! K9D ( PROBLEM ?AT W\LD HAVE 9T]E/$ ! FREE-FLOAT+ 9TELLECTUAL :O IS N[ HOPELESSLY \T ( DATE4 

.<#b#a.> ,9 VIEW ( ! UNREMITT+ PROPAG&A B>RAGE ON 0,*9ESE EXPANSION10 P]HAPS A WORD ( COMM5T IS 9 ORD]4 ,TYPICAL ( ,AM]ICAN PROPAG&A ON ?IS SUBJECT IS ,ADLAI ,/EV5SON'S ASSESSM5T1 %ORTLY BE=E HIS DEA? 7CF4 ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES ,MAGAZ9E1 ,M>* #a#c1 #a#i#f#f73 0,SO F>1 ! NEW ,COMMUNI/ 'DYNA/Y' HAS BE5 V]Y AGGRESSIVE4 ,TIBET WAS SWALL[$1 ,9DIA ATTACK$1 ! ,MALAYS HAD TO FI<T #ab YE>S TO RESI/ A 'NATIONAL LIB]ATION' !Y C\LD RECEIVE FROM ! ,BRITI% BY A MORE PEACEFUL R\TE4 ,TODAY1 ! APP>ATUS ( 9FILTRATION & AGGRESSION IS ALREADY AT WORK 9 ,NOR? ,?AIL&40 

.<#b#b.> ,D\GLAS ,PIKE1 OP4 CIT41 P4 #a#a4 ,?IS BOOK1 WRITT5 BY A =EIGN S]VICE (FIC] WORK+ AT ! ,C5T] = ,9T]NATIONAL ,/UDIES1 ,M4,I4,T41 POSES A CONTRA/ BETWE5 \R SIDE1 :I* SYMPA?IZES ) 0! USUAL REVOLUTION>Y /IRR+S444>\ND ! WORLD BECAUSE !Y REFLECT 9ADEQUATE LIV+ /&>DS OR OPPRESSIVE & CORRUPT GOV]NM5TS10 & ! BACK]S ( 0REVOLUTION>Y GU]RILLA W>F>E10 :I* 0OPPOSES ! ASPIRATIONS ( PEOPLE :ILE APP>5TLY FUR!R+ !M1 MANIPULATES ! 9DIVIDUAL BY P]SUAD+ HIM TO MANIPULATE HIMSELF40 ,REVOLUTION>Y GU]RILLA W>EF>E IS 0AN IMPORT$ PRODUCT1 REVOLUTION FROM ! \TSIDE04 7O!R EXAMPLES1 BESIDES ! ,VIETCONG1 >E 0,/AL9'S EXPORTATION ( >M$ REVOLUTION10 ! ,HAGANAH 9 ,PALE/9E1 & ! ,IRI% ,REPUBLICAN >MY--SEE PP4 #c#b-#c#c74 ,! ,VIETCONG C\LD NOT BE AN 9DIG5\S MOVEM5T S9CE IT HAD 0A SOCIAL CON/RUCTION PROGRAM ( SU* SCOPE & AMBITION ?AT ( NECESSITY IT MU/ HAVE BE5 CREAT$ 9 ,HANOI0 7P4 #g#f--BUT ON PP4 #g#g-#g#i WE READ ?AT 0ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVITY HAD GONE ON 9T5SIVELY & SY/EMATICALLY = SEV]AL YE>S0 BE=E ! ,LAO ,DONG P>TY 9 ,HANOI HAD MADE ITS DECISION 0TO BEG9 BUILD+ AN ORGANIZATION074 ,ON PAGE #h WE F9D 0SU* AN EF=T HAD TO BE ! *ILD ( ! ,NOR?10 EV5 ?\< ELSE:]E WE READ ( ! PROM95T ROLE ( ! ,CAO ,DAI 7P4 #g#d71 0! FIR/ MAJOR SOCIAL GR\P TO BEG9 ACTIVELY OPPOS+ ! ,DIEM GOV]NM5T0 7P4 #b#b#b71 & ( ! ,HOA ,HAO SECT1 0ANO!R E>LY & MAJOR P>TICIPANT 9 ! ,N,L,F0 7P4 #f#i74 ,HE TAKES IT AS PRO( ( ,COMMUNI/ DUPLICITY ?AT 9 ! ,S\?1 ! P>TY 9SI/$ IT WAS 0,M>XI/-,L59I/10 ?US 09DICAT+ PHILOSOPHIC BUT NOT POLITICAL ALLEGIANCE10 :]EAS 9 ! ,NOR? IT DESCRIB$ ITSELF AS A 0,M>XI/-,L59I/ ORGANIZATION10 ?US 09DICAT+ ?AT IT WAS 9T HE MA9/REAM ( ! WORLD-WIDE ,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T0 7P4 #a#e74 ,& SO ON4 ,ALSO REVEAL+ IS ! CONTEMPT = 0,C9D]ELLA & ALL ! O!R FOOLS .<:O.> C\LD /ILL BELIEVE !RE WAS MAGIC 9 ! MATURE WORLD IF ONE MUMBL$ ! SECRET 9CANTATION3 SOLID>ITY1 UNION1 CONCORD02 = ! 0GULLIBLE1 MISL$ PEOPLE0 :O W]E 0TURN+ ! C\NTRYSIDE 9TO A B$LAM TOPPL+ ONE ,SAIGON GOV]NM5T AFT] ANO!R1 CONF\ND+ ! ,AM]ICANS02 = ! 0MI<TY =CE ( PEOPLE0 :O 9 !IR M9DLESS 9NOC5CE ?\<T ?AT 0! MEEK1 AT LA/1 W]E TO 9H]IT ! E>?10 ?AT 0RI*ES W\LD BE !IRS & ALL 9 ! NAME ( JU/ICE & VIRTUE40 ,ONE CAN APPRECIATE ! *AGR9 ) :I* A SOPHI/ICAT$ ,WE/]N POLITICAL SCI5TI/ MU/ VIEW ?IS 0SAD & AWESOME SPECTACLE40 

.<#b#c.> ,LAC\TURE1 OP4 CIT41 P4 #a#h#h4 ,! SAME MILIT>Y SPOKESMAN GOES ON1 OM9\SLY1 TO SAY ?AT ?IS IS ! PROBLEM CONFRONT+ US ?R\<\T ,ASIA1 ,AFRICA1 & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 & ?AT WE MU/ F9D ! 0PROP] RESPONSE0 TO IT4 

.<#b#d.> ,WILLIAM ,BUNDY1 9 ,A4 ,BU*AN1 $41 ,*9A & ! ,PEACE ( ,ASIA1 ,PRAEG]1 #a#i#f#e4 

.<#b#e.> ,L9DHOLM1 OP1 CIT4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bba 3 ,! ,RESPONSIBILITY ( ,9TELLECTUALS -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,! ,RESPONSIBILITY ( ,9TELLECTUALS -- ,UPDAT$4 

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HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/