,*APT] #dh 
,! ,5D ( ! ,DIV9E ,RI<T 

#aiicaiic 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,RA\L ,VANEIGEM 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #d#h3 ,! ,5D ( ! ,DIV9E ,RI<T 

  

,9 ! PR(USION ( ITS DIV]SE T5D5CIES1 ! TRIUMPH ( ,PROTE/ANTISM -- 9 :I* ! ECONOMIC ME*ANISMS ?AT *AOTICALLY GOV]N$ HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION BUR/ ! SK9 ( ! ,GOD ?AT HAD CLO!D !M 9 HIS MY? -- PUT AN 5D TO ! NOTION ( REPRESSIVE OR?ODOXY &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ! EXI/5CE ( 0H]ESY40 

,! SECTS GAVE ! .<,GREEK.> WORD HAIRESIS ! NEUTRAL MEAN+S ( 0*OICE0 & 0OPTION40 ,!Y 5T]$ 9TO ! CURR5TS ( OP9IONS ?AT SOON CLAIM$1 ) ,DE/UTT ( ,TRACY & ,B5JAM9 ,CON/ANT1 ! NAME 0IDEOLOGIES40 ,! DECAPITATION ( ,L\IS ,X,V,I1 MON>* ( DIV9E RI<T1 REMOV$ FROM ,GOD ! ECCLESIA/ICAL HEAD AT :I* -- LIKE A MON/R\S CEPHALOPOD -- W]E >TICULAT$ ! SECUL> >MS ?AT W]E TASK$ ) IMPOS+ HIS WRITS ( M&AMUS4 

,! JUBILATION ?AT1 >\ND ! 5D ( ! .<,EI<TE5?.> C5TURY1 BR\<T D[N ! *UR*ES & MONA/]IES BEGAN TO EXPRESS ITSELF OP5LY 9 ! WORKS 9 :I* ! D]ISION ( SACR$ ?+S %[$ QUITE WELL ?AT RELIGION M]IT$ ! IMP]T95T PIKES ( QUIPS MORE ?AN ! ?RU/S ( PHILOSOPHICAL REASON4 ,! EXECUTION ( ! ,KNI<T ( ,LA ,B>RE RECALL$ ?AT ! ,*UR* WAS /ILL CAPABLE ( BIT+ CRUELLY1 BUT ?IS WAS ! LA/ CRIME PRESCRIB$ BY ! OB$I5CE ( CIVIL LAW TO RELIGI\S P[]4 

,NEV]!LESS1 IF ,DID]OT1 DUE TO HIS 9SOL5CE1 ONLY RECEIV$ A %ORT P]IOD ( IMPRISONM5T1 ! ANTI-RELIGI\S ?9K]S ( ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,EI<TE5? ,C5TURY /ILL HAD ! MO/ LIVELY 9T]E/ 9 BE+ VIGILANT & DISSIMULATIVE4 

,! CASE ( ! P>I% PRIE/ ,JEAN ,MESLI] IS TOO WELL-KN[N TO BE DISCUSS$ AT L5G? H]E4.<#e#c#g.> ,WE RECALL ?AT ?IS P>I% PRIE/ ( ,ETREPIGNY LIV$ -- ) ! EXCEPTIONS ( A DISAGREEM5T ) ! LORD ( ! T[N & A =BIDD5 LOVE AFFAIR ) HIS S]VANT -- ! LIFE ( A MAN FULFILL+ ! DUTIES ( HIS POSITION4 ,HIS ,TE/AM5T1 DISCOV]$ AFT] HIS DEA?1 ]ADICAT$ ,GOD FROM SOCIETY & ! UNIV]SE BY EXTIRPAT+ HIM ALONG ) HI]>*ICALIZ$ P[] & ! PR9CIPLE ( ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN1 :I* W]E ! F\NDATIONS ( ,GOD'S FANTA/ICAL EXI/5CE4 ,! TEXT1 MUTILAT$ BY ,VOLTAIRE1 WAS ONLY DI/RIBUT$ 9 ITS UNABRIDG$ V]SION LAT] ON1 BUT ! CELEBRITY ( ,MESLI] HIMSELF >RIV$ WELL AHEAD ( ! PUBLICATION ( HIS WORK1 ?ANKS TO ! CELEBRAT$ =MULA3 0,HUMANITY WILL ONLY BE HAPPY :5 ! LA/ PRIE/ HAS BE5 HANG$ ) ! GUTS ( ! LA/ PR9CE40.<#e#c#h.> 

,?OMAS ,WOOL/ON 

  

,! HUMOR\S IRREV]5CE & MIS=TUNE ( ,?OMAS ,WOOL/ON PROCE$$ FROM A MISUND]/&+4 ,EV5 IF IT IS FITT+ TO NOT UND]E/IMATE ITS CORROSIVE HUMOR1 HIS ,DISC\RSE ON ! ,MIRACLES ( ,JESUS-,*RI/ OBEY$ A DESIRE TO DEMON/RATE AT :AT PO9TS ! ,SCRIPTURES HAD ONLY ALLEGORICAL MEAN+4 ,SU* WAS ALREADY ! OP9ION ( ,ORIG51 ,D5CK & ,WEIGEL2 TODAY IT IS ! S5TIM5T ( ! !OLOGIANS :O >E DISMAY$ BY ! COMMON D]ISION ?AT CONFRONTS ! RELIGIONS ( PRES5T-DAY .<COMMODITY.> CONSUMPTION4 

,BORN 9 #affi 9 ,NOR?AMP1 & LAT] A /UD5T AT ,CAMBRIDGE1 ,WOOL/ON ACQUIR$ ! REPUTATION AS AN ]UDITE & PUNCTILI\S MAN ( ! ,*UR*4 ,HIS ,LAT9 DISS]TATION ON A LETT] FROM ,PONTIUS ,PILATE TO ,TIB]IUS ON ! SUBJECT ( ,JESUS PUT 9TO D\BT A FABRICAT$ DOCUM5T1 AS MANY SU* DOCUM5TS W]E1 ) ! SOLE GOAL ( AU!NTICAT+ ! HI/ORICAL ,JESUS4 

,ANO!R ONE ( HIS WORKS EXP\ND$ HIS !SIS ON ! NECESSITY ( ALLEGORICAL 9T]PRETATIONS ( TEXTS CLAIM$ TO BE SACR$4 ,9T]V5+ 9 ! QU>REL BETWE5 ,COLL9S & ! !OLOGIANS CONC]N+ ! F\NDATIONS ( ,*RI/IANITY1 HE WROTE HIS IRONIC WORK1 ,MOD]ATOR BETWE5 A ,NONBELIEV] & AN ,APO/ATE4 

,PUBLI%$ 9 #a#g#b#g1 HIS ,DISC\RSE ON ! ,MIRACLES ( ,JESUS-,*RI/ COMPLET$ ! QU>REL ) HIS FRI5DS & EXPOS$ HIM TO ! P]SECUTIONS ( ALL ! RELIGI\S SPIRITS1 CON=MI/ OR NOT4 ,CONDEMN$ TO A YE> 9 PRISON & TO A F9E ?AT HE C\LD NOT PAY1 HE >\S$ ! DEMOCRATIC S5TIM5TS ( MANY ( HIS FELL[ CITIZ5S4 ,SAMUEL ,CL>KE SOLICIT$ HIS RELEASE 9 ! NAME ( ! FRE$OM ( ?\<T CLAIM$ BY ,5GL&4 ,! AU?ORITIES CONS5T$1 ON ! CONDITION ?AT ,WOOL/ON REFRA9$ FROM PUBLI%+ ANY?+ %OCK+4 ,HE REFUS$ TO EX*ANGE A REPUDIATION = FRE$OM1 :I* HE E/IMAT$ TO BE ! SPR+ ( NATURAL RI<TS & DI$ ON #bg ,JANU>Y #a#g#c#c1 SAY+1 0,H]E IS A BATTLE ?AT ALL M5 >E =C$ TO FI<T & ?AT ,I FI<T1 NOT ONLY ) PATI5CE BUT ALSO WILL+LY40 

,HE ADDRESS$ AN AC]BIC D$ICATION TO ! ,BI%OP ( ,LONDON1 HIS PROSECUTOR2 IT R5D]$ HOMAGE TO HIM 0) AS MU* JU/ICE AS Y\ >E DUE1 BECAUSE ( ! PROSECUTION ?AT Y\ HAVE WISELY BR\<T AGA9/ ! ,MOD]ATOR1 AS AGA9/ A NONBELIEV] :O H]E R5D]S TO Y\ V]Y HUMBLE ?ANKS1 & :O DECL>ES HIMSELF TO BE AN ADMIR] ( Y\R ZEAL1 WISDOM & CONDUCT40 

,HIS ,DISC\RSE RIDICUL$ ! ,SCRIPTURES4 ,HE WAS A/ONI%$ ?AT ,JESUS-,*RI/ HAD P]MITT$ DEMONS TO 5T] 9TO A H]D ( PIGS & CAUSE DE/RUCTION4 0,:]E WAS ! GOODNESS & JU/ICE ( SU* AN ACTION80 ,) RESPECT TO ! RECOV]Y ( A WOMAN :O LO/ SOME BLOOD1 HE REM>K$3 0,IF ONE REPORT$ TO Y\ ?AT ! ,POPE HAD CUR$ A LOSS ( BLOOD SIMIL> TO ?AT ( ! WOMAN 9 ! ,GOSPELS1 :AT C\LD ,PROTE/ANTS SAY1 IF NOT ?AT A /UPID1 CR$UL\S & SUP]/ITI\S WOMAN ATTACK$ BY SOME SLI<T ILLNESS HAD IMAG9$ H]SELF TO HAVE BE5 CUR$ & ?AT AN IMPO/OR PONTIFF1 HELP$ BY PEOPLE SO RASCALLY ?AT1 TO BR+ HIM ! V5]ATION ( ! POPULACE1 !Y HAD SPREAD ! RUMOR ?AT SU* A RECOV]Y WAS A GREAT MIRACLE80 

,HE ADD$3 0,I AM *>M$ ?AT IT IS NOT SAID 9 ! ,GOSPELS ?AT HE .<,JESUS.> HAD TAK5 MONEY FROM !SE BRAVE PEOPLE1 = HAV+ EX]CIS$ HIS TRADE AS A =TUNE TELL]2 HAD ?IS HAPP5$1 \R DOCTORS W\LD NOT HAVE FAIL$ TO F\ND UPON SU* AN EXAMPLE A RI<T TO DEM& TAXES1 SAL>IES & P5SIONS AS PAYM5T = !IR DIV9ATIONS40 

,WOOL/ON MOCK$ ! CURSE HURL$ BY ,JESUS AGA9/ A FIG TREE ?AT DRI$ UP ONE NI<T )\T TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ! 9T]E/S ( ! ?US-9JUR$ [N]4 ,HE MOCK$ ! RESURRECTION & ! FACT ?AT ,JESUS APPEAL$ TO ,LAZ>US 9 A L\D VOICE1 0AS IF ,LAZ>US WAS SO DEAF ?AT HE MU/ HAVE BE5 A DEAD MAN40 ,LIKE ,JACQUES ,GRUET1 ,?OMAS ,SCOTO & ,H]MANN ( ,RIJSWICK1 ,WOOL/ON *>ACT]IZ$ ! ,SAVIOR 0AS IMPO/OR FULL ( DECEIT40 

,WOOL/ON'S CAU/IC SPIRIT DID NOT ATTACK ! AU?ORITY ?AT ! ,CON/ANT9IAN ,*UR* 9VE/$ 9 ! MY?ICAL ,JESUS-,*RI/ )\T ALSO AIM+ AT ALL ! TRU?S ?AT W]E SO QUICK TO S5D TO ! PYRE OR PRISON ?OSE :O DID NOT KNEEL D[N BE=E !M4 ,WOOL/ON DEF5D$ ! MEMORY ( ,S]VETUS AGA9/ ,CALV94 ,HIS REFUSAL ( A FRE$OM PUR*AS$ AT ! PRICE ( AN 5SLAVEM5T TO RECEIV$ IDEAS RE/$ UPON A MODEL ( DIGNITY /RUGGL+ = A TOL]ANCE 9 :I* MANY W]E CONT5T1 LIKE ,VOLTAIRE1 TO RAISE !IR VOICES :5 ! DANG] HAD PASS$ & !IR GLORY WAS NOT 9 P]IL4 

,WOOL/ON'S SPIRIT1 DIS5CUMB]$ FROM ! SCRUPLES ( FAI? 9 ! ,*UR*1 %>P5$ ITSELF UPON ,HOLBA*'S ,PORTABLE ,!OLOGY & ESPECIALLY UPON ! WORKS COMPOS$ BY ! ,ABBEY ,H5RI-,JOSEPH DU ,LAUR5S 7#a#g#a#i-#a#g#i#g71 :OSE ,MAT!W ! ,ACCOMPLICE1 OR ! ,DIV]SITY ( ! ,HUMAN ,SPIRIT WAS AMONG ! FUNNIE/ TEXTS ?AT RIDICUL$ RELIGI\S PREJUDICES4 7,ONE ( HIS *>ACT]S SAYS ! FOLL[+1 :I* CONTA9S A L>GE P>T ( ! MY/]Y ( FAI?3 0,IT IS A GREAT WAY 9 FACT.<#e#c#i.> 9 MY/ICAL LOVE TO HAVE PREVI\SLY EX]CIS$ ALL ! FACULTIES ( ONE'S S\L ON ?AT ( A LOV]407 

,! ,BOOK ( ! ,?REE ,IMPO/ORS 

  

,A MY?IC BOOK IF !RE EV] WAS ONE1 ! ,DE TRIBUS IMPO/ORIBUS HAUNT$ ! IMAG9ATIONS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES & ! ,R5AISSANCE BE=E (F]+ BIBLIOPHILES OCCASIONS = RESE>* & PASSIONATE QU>RELS4 

,IF !RE EV] EXI/$ SU* A MANUSCRIPT CIRCULAT$ H& TO H& ) ALL ! ATTRACTIONS ( P]IL & PROHIBITION1 ITS CONT5T PROBABLY ADD$ NO?+ TO ! !SIS ?AT ITS TITLE PROPOS$ ) SU* PLEAS+ CONCISION3 ?REE IMPO/ORS HAVE L$ ! WORLD -- ,MOSES1 ,JESUS & ,MOHAMM$4 ,IS IT NECESS>Y TO DISCOV] AU?ORS = SU* A =MULA1 ! OBVI\SNESS ( :I* W\LD IMPOSE ITSELF SOON] OR LAT]1 IF ONLY FURTIVELY1 ON ANYONE DI/URB$ BY ! *AOS & VEXATIONS RUL+ OV] SOCIETY & ! ORD] ( ?+S8 ,GOLI>DS1 RIBALD /UD5TS1 PRIE/S )\T MODE/Y1 BI%OPS & POPES LESS CONC]N$ ) FAI? ?AN PRE/IGE1 PEASANTS TYRANNIZ$ BY ! >I/OCRACY1 B\RGEOIS 5TANGL$ 9 FISCAL 9JU/ICE1 WORK]S & UNEMPLOY$ WORK]S BEGG+ 9 ! /REETS DAY & NI<T = A LITTLE FOOD OR MONEY1 WOM5 SCORN$ OR TREAT$ LIKE ,SATAN'S CREATURES -- :O1 ONE TIME OR ANO!R1 HAS NOT SPIT UPON ! HOLY FIGURES ]ECT$ EV]Y:]E LIKE BLOODY TOTEMS = MONO!ISM & ITS M9I/]S8 

,A SLI<TLY EXHAU/IVE /UDY ( M9DSETS FROM ! ,F\R? TO ! ,EI<TE5? ,C5TURIES W\LD %[ AT :AT PO9T RELIGI\S BELIEF -- P]HAPS MORE 9 C]TA9 OR?ODOXIES ?AN 9 MANY H]ETICAL 5GAGEM5TS -- WAS G5]ALLY ONLY A PRUD5T OR COM=TABLE COV]+1 7"97 UND] :I* ! TORM5TS & FLEET+ SATISFACTIONS ( PASSION W]E UNLEA%$4 

7"97 ,9 #a#d#g1 A POLICE ORD9ANCE APPLI$ TO BEGG>S 9 ,NUREMB]G CONC$$ TO !M P]MISSION TO EX]CISE !IR TRADE ON ! CONDITION ?AT !Y KNEW H[ TO RECITE ! ,PAT]1 ! ,AVE1 ! ,CR$O & ! T5 COMM&M5TS4 

,9 ! PREFACE TO HIS REPR9T ( ,DE TRIBUS IMPO/ORIBUS1.<#e#d.> ,G]H>DT ,B>TS* RETRAC$ ! HI/ORY ( ?IS TEXT1 :I* ACCORD+ TO ALL PROBABILITY EXI/$ AS A %ORT AFFIDAVIT ( ITS PROVOCATIVE ASS]TION BE=E ACC$+ TO ! TYPOGRAPHICAL REALITY ( A BOOK4.<#e#d#a.> 

,ABU ,TAHIR1 A PHILOSOPH] BELONG+ TO ! ,K>MATE CURR5T ?AT1 FROM ! ,N9? TO ! ,T5? ,C5TURIES1 REJECT$ & RIDICUL$ BELIEF 9 ,MOHAMM$ & ,ISLAM1 SAID3 0,9 ?IS WORLD1 ?REE 9DIVIDUALS HAVE CORRUPT$ MANK9D3 A %EPH]D1 A PHYSICIAN & A CAMEL-DRIV]4 ,& ?IS CAMEL-DRIV] WAS ! WOR/ PICKPOCKET1 ! WOR/ PRE/IDIGITATOR ( ! ?REE40 ,?IS IDEA1 ADOPT$ BY ,IBN ,RA*D1 BETT] KN[N AS ,AV]ROES17"97 SUGGE/$ TO ! ,WE/ ! EXI/5CE ( A WORK AS ELUSIVE AS ! OP9ION ?AT IT ILLU/RAT$3 ! ,LIB] DE TRIBUS IMPO/ORIBUS SIVE ,TRACTATUS DE VANITATE RELIGIONUM 7! ,BOOK ( ! ,?REE ,IMPO/ORS1 OR ! ,VANITY ( ! ,RELIGIONS74.<#e#d#b.> 

7"97 0,! ,JEWI% RELIGION IS A LAW ( *ILDR51 ! ,*RI/IAN RELIGION A LAW ( IMPOSSIBILITY & ! ,MUSLIM RELIGION A LAW ( SW9E40.<#e#d#c.> 

,A PR(ESSOR AT ! ,SORBONNE & AN ADMIR] ( ,>I/OTLE1 ,MA/] ,SIMON ( ,T\RNAI 7#a#a#c-#a#c#a7 PROCLAIM$ -- )\T BE+ O!RWISE DI/URB$ -- ?AT 0! ,JEWS W]E S$UC$ BY ,MOSES1 ! ,*RI/IANS BY ,JESUS & ! ,G5TILES BY ,MOHAMM$40.<#e#d#d.> 

,! S*OL> ,LA ,MONNOYE1 AMONG ! FIR/ PEOPLE TO /UDY ! QUE/ION1 CIT$ ! ACCUSATION MADE BY ,GREGOIRE ,I,X AGA9/ ,FR$]IC ,I,I1 = :OM RELIGION WAS A SIMPLE 9/RUM5T ( DOM9ATION4 ,= A LONG TIME1 ! BOOK APPE>$ 7!RE WAS NO PRO(7 TO HAVE COME FROM HIS P51 OR ?AT ( HIS *ANCELLOR1 ,PI]RE DE LA ,VIGNE4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,ALV>O ,PELAYO1 ,?OMAS ,SCOTO D5\NC$ ! IMPO/URE ( ! PROPHETS4 ,H]MANN ( ,RIJSWICK REF]R$ TO IT 9 HIS CONFESSION4 ,PUTATIVE AU?ORS W]E NOT LACK+3 ,>NAUD ( ,VILL5EUVE1 ,MI*EL ,S]VETUS1 ,JACQUES ,GRUET1 ,FAU/O ,LONGIANO 7:OSE ,TEMPLE ( ! ,TRU? .<N[ LO/.> DISMISS$ ALL ! RELIGIONS71 ,JEANN9 ( ,SOLCIA1 ! ,CANON ( ,B]GAMO 7:O WAS CONDEMN$ ON #ad ,JULY #adei = AFFIRM+ ?AT ! ?REE IMPO/ORS 0GOV]N$ ! WORLD ) !IR FANTASIES0.<#e#d#e.>7 & ALL ( ! FOLL[+3 ,O*9O1 ,CAMPANELLA1 ,LE ,POGGE1 ,C>DAN1 ,POMPONACCIO & EV5 ,SP9OZA4 7,I HAVE F\ND NO TRACE 9 ! WORKS ( ,ANTO9E ,C\ILL>D ( ! REM>K D5\NC$ BY ,DRUJON3 0,JESUS-,*RI/ F\ND$ HIS RELIGION ON IDIOTS407 

,/UDY+ ! PR9T$ COPY DAT$ #a#e#i#h1 :I* HE F\ND AT ! ,LIBR>Y ( ,VI5NA1 ,B>TS* E/ABLI%$ ?AT IT WAS ACTUALLY PUBLI%$ MU* LAT]4 ,)\T PREJUDG+ ! PRIOR EXI/5CE ( A MANUSCRIPT COPY1 HE CONFIRM$ ,PRESS]'S !SIS1 ACCORD+ TO :I* ! BOOK -- PUBLI%$ >\ND #agec -- WAS ! WORK ( ,JOHANNES ,JOA*IM ,MUELL] 7#a#f#f#a-#a#g#c#c71 GR&SON ( ! !OLOGIAN ,JOHANNES ,MUELL] 7#a#e#i#h-#a#f#g#b71 :O WAS ! AU?OR ( A /UDY 5TITL$ ,A!ISMUS DEVICTUS4 ,TAU<T AB\T ! EXI/5CE ( ! MY?IC BOOK .<,DE TRIBUS IMPO/ORIBUS.>1 ,JOHANNES ,JOA*IM UND]TOOK TO GIVE IT A REALITY1 & FIX$ -- NOT )\T MIS*IEV\SNESS -- ITS DATE ( PUBLICATION AT #a#e#i#h1 ! DATE ( HIS GR&FA!R'S BIR?4 

,9 ITS MOD]N V]SION1 ,DE TRIBUS IMPO/ORIBUS ALLUDES TO ! ,JESUITS2 IT SETS ! 0ET]NAL TRU?S0 ( EA* RELIGION AGA9/ ! O!RS4 ,IT EMPHASIZES ! 9COH]5CIES ( ! SACR$ TEXTS & REA*ES ?IS CONCLUSION3 !RE IS NO O!R ,GOD ?AN NATURE1 & NO O!R RELIGION ?AN ! LAWS ( NATURE4 

,MAT?IAS ,KNUETZ5 

  

,A POET ( A!ISM & ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ RELIGI\S OBSCURANTISM1 ,MAT?IAS ,KNUETZ5 7#a#f#d#f-#a#f#g#d7 KNEW AN IMPASSION$ DE/9Y ?AT WAS EXEMPL>Y 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! EMANCIPATION ( MANK9D UND] ! ,ANCI5 ,REGIME4 

,HIS !SES 9SPIR$ ! ,FR5* 5CYCLOP$I/S1 EV5 ?\< -- ) ! EXCEPTION ( ,NAIGEON -- !Y W]E RESOLV$ NOT TO M5TION HIM4 

,BORN 9 #afdf 9 ,OLD5M\?1 9 ,HOL/E91 HE WAS ! SON ( AN ORGANI/4 ,UPON ! DEA? ( HIS P>5TS1 HE WAS WELCOM$ BY ,PA/OR ,FABRICIUS1 :O TOOK C>E ( HIS $UCATION1 BUT )\T -- OR SO IT SEEMS -- 9CULCAT+ 9 ! BOY ! OB$I5CE & AU/]ITY ( ! MORALS ?AT W]E PLEAS+ TO ,GOD4 ,HIS /UDIES ( !OLOGY 9 ,KO5IGSB]G 5D$ UP W9N+ HIM OV] TO A!ISM4 

,AT ! AGE ( #b#a1 HE RETURN$ TO HIS HOMET[N )\T A /RONG DESIRE TO PREA* !RE4 ,9 #a#f#f#h1 HE 5ROLL$ AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,COP5HAG51 :]E HE WROTE ,DE LACRIMUS ,*RI/I 7N[ LO/74 ,UPON HIS RETURN TO ,OLD5M\?1 HE SC&ALIZ$ ! GOOD PEOPLE BY TAK+ ! FLOOR AT ,TO5N+51 9 FRONT ( AN ASSEMBLY ( PEASANTS TO :OM HE EXTOLL$ REBELLION AGA9/ ! ,PROTE/ANTISM ( ! PA/ORS & ! ABSOLUTISM ( ! PR9CES4 ,BANI%$ BY ! CITY C\NCIL 9 #a#f#g#c1 HE TOOK REFUGE AT ,KREMP51 9 ,D5M>K1 & AGA9 TOOK UP HIS DIATRIBES AGA9/ ! WEAL? ( ! CONSI/ORIES4 ,*AS$ FROM ,KREMP51 HE TRAVEL$ ?R\< ,G]MANY1 :]E HE PUBLICLY PREA*$ A!ISM & ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! >I/OCRACY4 ,ON #e ,SEPTEMB] #a#f#g#d1 HE DEPOSIT$ AT ! PR9CIPAL *UR* ( ,I5A ! MANUSCRIPT ( ,E9 ,GESPRA* ZWIS*5 E9EM ,GA/WIRT UND DREI UNGLEI*5 ,RELIGIONSGA/5.<#e#d#f.> & ! ,LAT9 TEXT ,AMICUS ,AMICIS ,AMICA4 ,!SE ANONYM\S LAMPOONS1 ALSO S5T TO ! PR9CIPAL AU?ORITIES1 >\S$ EXCITEM5T 9 ! =TIFI$ CITY4 

,KNUETZ5 JU/ B>ELY ESCAP$ ! REPRESSION1 W5T TO ,COB\RG1 :]E HE DI/RIBUT$ HIS ,AMICUS1 :I* HE DILIG5TLY RECOPI$4 ,HE DID ! SAME 9 ,NUREMB]G4 ,HE RETURN$ TO ,I5A UND] ! PSEUDONYM ( ,MAT!W ,DONN]4 ,HE SPREAD ! RUMOR ( AN 9T]NATIONAL SECT1 ! 0,CONSCI\S0 .<CONSCI5TAIRES.>1 ( :I* HE WAS ! 9ITIATOR4 ,! SECT ONLY EXI/$ 9 HIS WILL TO PROPAGATE 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM & REVOLT AGA9/ ALL =MS ( P[]4 ,& 9 FACT HIS PAMPHLETS -- CL&E/9ELY PR9T$ BY HIS EMULATORS1 ! EXI/5CE ( :OM ! PROBABLY KNEW NO?+ AB\T -- CIRCULAT$ 9 ,FRANCE1 :]E !Y C\NT$ AMONG ! FIR/ TEXTS ?AT OP5$ A BREA* 9 ! FEUDAL CITADEL ?AT ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION W\LD DE/ROY4 ,HIS TRACES DISAPPE>$ 9 #afgd & ! COMMON OP9ION IS ?AT HE DI$ 9 ,ITALY4 ,ONE ( HIS LETT]S 7FALSELY DAT$ ,ROME7 WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,FR5* 9 ,9T]VIEWS ON ,DIV]SE ,SUBJECTS 9 ,HI/ORY BY ,LA ,CROZE 9 ,COLOGNE 9 #a#g#a#a4 

0,ABOVE ALL10 HE WROTE 9 ,AMICUS1 0WE D5Y ,GOD1 & WE HURL HIM D[N FROM HIS HEI<TS1 REJECT+ ! TEMPLE ) ALL ITS PRIE/S4 ,:AT SUFFICES = US1 ! ,CONSCI\S1 IS SCI5CE1 NOT ONE1 BUT ! GREATE/ NUMB] 744474 ,?IS IS ! CONSCI\SNESS ?AT NATURE1 B5EVOL5T MO!R ( ! HUMBLE PEOPLE1 HAS ACCORD$ TO ALL M51 9 ! PLACE ( ! .<V>I\S.> ,BIBLES40.<#e#d#g.> 

,! ,FALL ,( ,GOD 

  

,AS ,KNUETZ5 WANT$1 ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION HURL$ ,GOD D[N TO E>?1 :]E HE AGONIZ$ = TWO C5TURIES1 SURVIV+ 9 ! SPIRIT ( ! GREAT .<POLITICAL.> IDEOLOGIES ?AT SUPPLANT$ ! ,EUROPEAN RELIGIONS4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! ,TW5TIE? ,C5TURY1 ! COLLAPSE ( BO? BR\<T TOGE!R 9 A UNANIM\S DISCR$IT ! RESIDUES ( CELE/IAL ?\<T1 SACR$ & PR(ANE1 !I/ & A!I/1 RELIGI\S & LAY4 

,! DECL9E & FALL ( AN 9TELLECTUAL CONCEPTION ( ! LIV+ WAS COMPLET$ 9 A /ATE ( 9DIFF]5CE ?AT CONTRA/$ ) ! RAGE ?AT PRESID$ OV] ITS CRITIQUE4 ,! HATR$ ( ! 0*UR*-GO]S0 .<CALOT9S.>1 :I*1 FROM ! T[NS TO ! C\NTRYSIDES1 WAS A PRELUDE TO ! ,REVOLUTION 9 ITS SACK+ ( *UR*ES & MONA/]IES1 WAS LEGALLY CONSECRAT$ 9 ! ,CIVIL ,CON/ITUTION ( ! CL]GY1 AN ACT ( BUREAUCRATIZATION .<FONCTIONN>ISATION.> ?AT M>K$ ! 5D ( RELIGI\S P[] OV] ! CITIZ5RY1 = :I* ,/ATI/ REPRESSION WAS QUICKLY SUB/ITUT$4 

,PROMULGAT$ 9 #agi BY ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 ! ,CIVIL ,CON/ITUTION ( ! CL]GY (F]$ FEW PO9TS 9 COMMON ) ! PROVISIONS ?AT HAD SUBJECT$ ! ,ANGLICAN ,*UR* TO ROYAL P[]4 ,MORE ?AN JU/ ! PR]OGATIVES ( ! POPE1 ! 9FLU5CE ( RELIGION ITSELF WAS REVOK$4 ,! REFUSAL ( ,ROMAN AU?ORITY PROCE$$ FROM ! DE/RUCTION ( ! DIV9E RI<TS ( K+S4 

,SUPPORT$ BY ! NEW EXIG5CIES ( ! ECONOMY1 PHILOSOPHY TRIUMPH$ OV] A 0RELIGI\S OBSCURANTISM0 ?AT 9 FACT DID NOT /OP HAUNT+ IT1 P]PETUAT+ 9 5LI<T5$ M9DSETS ! BLOODY /UPIDITY ?AT TORE ! 9DIVIDUAL AWAY FROM :AT WAS MO/ ALIVE SO AS TO ID5TIFY IT ) ! FROZ5 TRU?S ( SCI5CE1 POLITICS1 SOCIOLOGY1 E?ICS & E?OS4 ,! FLAG EFFAC$ ! CROSS1 BE=E BE+ BURN$ 9 ITS TURN4 ,AL?\< ! COLLAPSE ( ,JACOB9ISM & ,BONAP>TISM GAVE ! ,*UR* ( ! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY A CONSID]ABLE P[]1 ,CA?OLICISM & ,PROTE/ANTISM -- WORN AWAY BY SOCIAL MOD]NITY -- DID NOT CEASE TO DECL9E4 ,AT ! DAWN ( ! ,TW5TY-,FIR/ ,C5TURY1 !Y ONLY SURVIVE AS ! FOLKLORE REC\NT$ ON ,SUNDAYS4 

,9 ! T[NS AS WELL AS 9 ! C\NTRYSIDES1 ! FIR/ MON?S ( ! REVOLUTION>Y EFF]VESC5CE DECID$ ! FATE ( ! CL]GY4 ,! .<,*UR*.> DIGNIT>IES1 CLOS] TO ! >I/OCRACY ?AN TO ! PEOPLE1 %>$ ! DISCR$IT ( ! ,ANCI5 ,REGIME4 ,SOME ( !M *OSE PRUD5CE & CONCILIATION4 ,! O!RS1 ESP\S+ ! CONVICTIONS ( !IR P>I%ION]S1 HONOR$ !MSELVES BY REPRES5T+ !M AT ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY4 ,FROM !IR ZEAL CAME ! IMAGE ( 0,CITIZ5 ,JESUS10 :I* DEMON/RAT$ -- EV5 9 ! !OLOGY ( LIB]ATION -- ! A/ONI%+ CAPACITY ( RELIGI\S VALUES TO ADAPT4 

,ONE REFUS$ TO SWE> .<JUR].> ALLEGIANCE TO ! ,CIVIL ,CON/ITUTION & PREF]R$ EXILE OR CL&E/9ITY2 ANO!R GAVE S]MONS & P]JUR$ HIMSELF .<SE P>JUR]5T.> AT ! OPPORTUNE MOM5T2 & ANO!R TOOK A C>E] 7FULL ( RISKS7 AS A ,/ATE CIVIL S]VANT4 ,! CIVIL S]VANTS' DISCOM=T GREW TO ! EXT5T ?AT ,JACOB9ITE C5TRALISM DISPLEAS$ ! PROV9CES & C\NTRYSIDES1 & >\S$ LIB]AL 9SURRECTIONS & ,CA?OLIC PEASANT REVOLTS4 

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,HIS EXEMPL>Y MOD]NITY1 HIS >T ( *IPP+ AWAY AT ! SACR$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! NECESSITIES ( POLITICS1 PRESAG$ ! DE/9Y ( ,*RI/IANITY ITSELF1 :I* WAS CONDEMN$ TO BECOME SOCIALIZ$ BE=E IT SUCCUMB$ TO ! 9DIFF]5CE ?AT M>KET SOCIETY W\LD PROPAGATE 9 MATT]S ( OP9ION AT ! 5D ( ! ,TW5TIE? ,C5TURY4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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