,*APT] #db 
,! ,ANABAPTI/S 

#aiicaiic 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,RA\L ,VANEIGEM 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #d#b3 ,! ,ANABAPTI/S 

  

,IF 9 ! ,SIXTE5? ,C5TURY NO RELIGI\S MOVEM5T 5DUR$ AS MU* COMB9$ HO/ILITY FROM ! ,CA?OLICS1 ! ,PROTE/ANTS & ! TEMPORAL AU?ORITIES AS ! ,ANABAPTI/S DID1 ?IS WAS BECAUSE !Y ADD$ TO ! RELIGI\S DISC\RSE ( EGALIT>IAN !OCRACY ! OLD SOCIAL DREAM 9 :I* NO/ALGIA = A GOLD5 AGE PROVID$ ! WEAPONS ( HOPE TO ! DESP]ATE /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! EXPLOIT]S & ! DE/ROY]S ( ! NATURAL RI*ES4 

,9 ! =EBOD+ ( ! ,?IRD ,AGE1 ! IMM95CE ( :I* FIT 9 ) ! CRISIS ( ! BIR? ( MOD]N CAPITALISM1 ! PROLET>IAN DEM&S ( ! T[NS EASILY MIX$ ) ! PEASANTS' ASPIRATIONS & ! REGRETS ( ! OLD AUT>TIC RURAL COMMUNE4 

,! SPECT] ( ! MILL5NIUM1 :I* AGR>IAN FUNDAM5TALISM /ILL GAVE ! 9HUMANITY 9H]5T 9 ! CELE/IAL M&ATE TO ! ANTI!TICAL IDEOLOGIES ( ,BOL%EVISM & FASCISM1 W\LD 5G5D] AMONG ! P>TISANS ( ! OLD ORD] & ! ADEPTS ( A NEW ONE A CLIMATE ( 5DEMIC HATR$ & FE> PROPITI\S = ALL ! CRUELTY TO COME4 

,CLOSE TO ! ,VAUDOIS TRADITION1 ! PEACEFUL ,ANABAPTI/S DID NOT ANY LESS PROVOKE P]SECUTION ?AN ?OSE :O EXTOLL$ >M$ /RUGGLE4 ,! ,VAUDOIS N\RI%$ SU* A CALL+ = M>TYRDOM ?AT !Y PRACTICALLY SOLICIT$ ! EXECUTION]'S H&4 ,9 ,MUN/]1 :]E !IR EQUALITY ( DIV9E RI<T W\LD 9/ITUTE ITSELF1 ! ,ANABAPTI/S W\LD %[ ?AT ! ,GOD ( ! LITTLE FA!RS ( ! PEOPLE H>DLY SP>$ ! *ILDR5 JUDG$ UNWOR?Y ( HIS GOODNESS4 

,/OR*1 ,PFEIFF] ,& ,MUNTZ] 

  

,9 ! WRIT+S ( ITS 5EMIES1 ,ANABAPTISM DESIGNAT$ AN 5SEMBLE ( 9DEP5D5T GR\PS ?AT W]E GOV]N$ BY PROPHETS OR APO/LES >M$ ) ! SWORD & WORD .<P>OLE.> ( ,GOD4 ,!IR COMMON TRAITS EVOK$ ! DEM&S ( ! RE=M]S ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,!Y TOOK EXCEPTION TO ! BAPTISM IMPOS$ UPON 9FANTS1 BECAUSE IT WAS G5]ALLY ADM9I/]$ BY UNWOR?Y PRIE/S & BECAUSE IT DID NOT OBEY ! 9DIVIDUAL'S *OICE MADE 9 FULL KN[L$GE ( ! COMMUNITY ( ! FAI?FUL4 ,9 PRACTICE1 BAPTISM PLAY$ A ROLE AMONG ! ,ANABAPTI/S1 & ESPECIALLY ! ,MUN/]IANS1 SIMIL> TO ! ONE PLAY$ BY ! .<,COMMUNI/.> ,P>TY AMONG ! OLD ,/AL9I/S ( ! ,TW5TIE? ,C5TURY4 ,IT WAS A SIGN ( ELECTION ?AT AU?ORIZ$ ACCESS TO ! EGALIT>IAN K+DOM ( ! SA9TS4 

,! ABSOLUTE AU?ORITY ?AT ! ,ANABAPTI/S RECOGNIZ$ 9 ,GOD1 :OSE M9I/]S !Y W]E1 FRE$ !M FROM OBEY+ ! SPIRITUAL & TEMPORAL AU?ORITIES4 ,9 ! ,G]MAN PR9CIPALITIES1 IT EXPRESS$ ! NE>LY UNANIM\S REJECTION ( ! PR9CE-BI%OP & HIS ALLIES4 ,! COLLUSION ( ! ,CA?OLIC & ,LU!RIAN NOTABLES P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! DISCR$IT ( TWO RELIGIONS ?AT W]E JUDG$ TO BE IRRECONCILIABLE ) ,GOD'S DESIGNS4 ,ANABAPTISM ESPECIALLY E/IMAT$ ITSELF TO BE ! C>RI] ( A NEW ORD]4 ,IT NE$$ TO DE/ROY ! RAMP>TS ( ! OLD TYRANNIES SO AS TO IMPOSE ! AU?ORIT>IAN REIGN ( ! SA9TS4 ,SU* A PROJECT W\LD DISCOV] ITS SOCIAL F]M5T 9 ! PEASANT W>S & ! 9SURRECTIONS ( ! M9]S1 WEAV]S & UNEMPLOY$ WORK]S4 

,! PEASANT DISCONT5T WAS A CON/ANT FACTOR 9 HI/ORY EV] S9CE ! ,CIRCONCELLIONS & ,BAGAUDES4 ,! PEASANT UPRIS+S L$ BY ,DOLC9O1 ,WILLIAM ,C>LE & ,JOHN ,BALL RHY?MN$ ?IS CON/ANCY ) AN 5]GY ?AT WAS EXAC]BAT$ EA* TIME ?AT ! ECONOMY1 ?R\< ! FREE CIRCULATION ( GOODS1 BROKE ! CLOS$ SY/EM ( ! AGR>IAN MODE ( PRODUCTION1 :I* WAS ! MO!RLY P>ADISE ?AT WAS RU9$ BY ! SORDID EXPLOITATION ( T]RE/RIAL NATURE & HUMAN NATURE4 

,FROM C5TURY TO C5TURY -- LIKE SP>KS FROM A =GE 9 :I* A HUMANITY DEVOT$ TO ,HELL WAS ACTIVE -- !RE FLEW MANIFE/OES1 PROPHECIES & PAMPHLETS SU* AS ,! ,BOOK ( ,ONE ,HUNDR$ ,*APT]S1 WRITT5 AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,SIXTE5? ,C5TURY BY ! 0,REVOLUTION>Y FROM ! ,UPP] ,RH9EL&40.<#d#f#b.> 

,9SPIR$ BY ,JOHN ,BALL & ! RADICAL ,TABORITES1 ?IS WORK EXP\ND$ ! DEM&S = EQUALITY & JU/ICE ?AT ANIMAT$ ! REVOLT ( ! ,BUNDS*UH & ?AT BREA!D LIFE 9TO ! IDEA ( FRE$OM ?AT ,LU!R CELEBRAT$ BE=E REPUDIAT+4 

,REGR\P+ ! PEASANTS1 ! POOR PEOPLE ( ! VILLAGES & ! W&]+ M]C5>IES1 ! ,BUNDS*UH DREW ITS NAME FROM ITS EMBLEM1 :I* WAS ! PEASANT'S LACE BUSK94 7,ACCORD+ TO ,PIANZOLA1 ! EMBLEM WAS PA9T$ BY ,JORG ,RATGEB4.<#d#f#c.>7 ,! MOVEM5T WAS ORGANIZ$ UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( A MAN ( ! PEOPLE1 ,JOSS ,FRITZ1 A =E/-GU>D FROM ! VILLAGE ( ,LEH5 &1 AFT] AN ATTEMPT UPON ,SELE/AT 9 #a#d#i#c1 IT IMPOS$ ITSELF 9 #aeb 9 ! REGION ( ,SPIRE4 ,! 9SURRECTION WAS CRU%$1 BUT ,JOSS ,FRITZ MANAG$ TO ESCAPE ! REPRESSION &1 9 #aeac & #a#e#a#g1 ORGANIZ$ NEW CONFLAGRATIONS 9 ,S\ABE & EV5 ,ALSACE4 ,HIS MILL5>IANI/ PROGRAM DID NOT BO!R ) !OLOGICAL CONSID]ATIONS3 HE APPEAL$ = ! EXT]M9ATION ( ! RI* & ! NOBLES1 & = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( AN EGALIT>IAN & FRAT]NAL SOCIETY4 ,\TSIDE ( ! PATRICIAN CA/E & ! LORDS1 ! MAJORITY ( ! T[NS W]E RECEPTIVE & ! CURR5T ( SYMPA?Y >\S$ BY ! PEASANT W>S EXPRESS$ ITSELF SO /RONGLY AMONG ! >TI/S ( ! TIME ?AT ! MAJORITY ( ! (FICIAL HI/ORIES ( >T HAVE PREF]R$ TO PASS OV] !M 9 SIL5CE4 ,ONLY ,MAURICE ,PIANZOLA HAS TAK5 ! PLEASURE ( 9DICAT+ !SE >TI/S 9 HIS /UDY1 ,PA9T]S & ,VILLA9S4.<#d#f#d.> 

,!Y W]E NAM$ ,DUR]1 ,GRUNEWALD1 ,JORG ,RATGEB 7:O WAS A PA9T] & MILIT>Y C\NSELOR TO ! >M$ PEASANTS QU>T]$ AT ,P=ZEIM 9 #a#e#b#f71 ! BRO!RS ,HANS ,SEBALD & ,B>TEL ,BEHAIM 7ALREADY CONDEMN$ = IRRELIGION AT A CELEBRAT$ TRIAL AT ,NUREMB]G71 ,LUCAS ,CRANA*1 ,NICOLAS ,MANUEL ,DEUTS*E1 ,URS ,GRAF1 ,PHILIPPE ,DIETM> 7DECAPITAT$ AT ,WURZBURG 9 #a#e#b#e71 & ,TILMAN ,RIEM5S*NEID] 7R5AM$ = ! ALWAYS EQUAL-SIZ$ H&S ( HIS FIGURES & :OSE F+]S W]E BROK5 BY ! EXECUTION]S AT ! TIME ( ! TORTURES 9 ,WURZBURG 9 #a#e#b#f74 

,IT W\LD FALL TO ,MUNTZ] & HIS FRI5DS TO GIVE TO ! MOVEM5T A TYPE ( RELIGI\S C>APACE1 :I* WAS MORE PROP] TO /IFLE ?AN TO PROTECT IT1 AS MU* AS IT IS TRUE ?AT ! SPIRIT ( SACRIFICE MORE PR$ISPOS$ ! MOVEM5T TO M>TYRDOM & EXPIATORY DEFEAT ?AN TO ! VICTORIES ( NATURAL LIB]TY4 

,BORN 9 ,/OLB]G 7,?UR+IA7 9 #a#d#h#h1 ,?OMAS ,MUNTZ] /UDI$ ,GREEK1 ,LAT9 & ,HEBREW 9 ! C\RSE ( SEV]AL BRILLIANT YE>S AT ! UNIV]SITY1 :I* DE/9$ HIM = ! PRIE/HOOD4 ,SOON !REAFT] RALLI$ TO ,LU!R'S P>TY1 HE QUIT IT NO LESS RAPIDLY :51 HAV+ BECOME ! ,PA/OR AT ,ZWICKAU1 NOT F> FROM ,BOHEMIA1 HE MET ! WEAV] ,NICOLAS ,/OR*4 

,9FLU5C$ BY ! ,TABORITE MOVEM5T1 ,/OR* PREA*$ ! IMM95CE ( ! MILL5>IANI/ REVOLUTION4 ,! SA9TS OR ELECT ( ! ,NEW ,AGE W\LD BE ! FAI?FUL :O POSSESS$ 9 !MSELVES ! ,SPIRIT OR ! ,LIV+ ,*RI/4 ,MUNTZ] 5T]$ 9TO ,/OR*'S VIEWS & GAVE !M A MORE !OLOGICAL & SACRIFICIAL TURN4 

,/RIPP$ ( HIS [N WILL1 ! ADEPT W\LD EXPOSE HIMSELF -- 9 ! MANN] ( ! ,*RI/ -- TO ORDEALS & SUFF]+1 :I* ,MUNTZ] CALL$ 0! CROSS40 ,F9ALLY ALL[$ A K9D ( RESURRECTION1 HE W\LD RECEIVE ! ,LIV+ ,*RI/ 9 HIMSELF & ! WILL ( ,GOD W\LD MANIFE/ ITSELF ?R\< ITS 9T]M$I>Y4 ,H]E ! IDEA ( ! 9C>NAT$ ,GOD1 COMMON TO ! ,FREE-,SPIRIT1 PASS$ ?R\< ! PRELIM9>Y ( ! R5UNCIATION ( LIFE1 ALONG ! ACCESS ROAD TO SOCIAL PURIFICATION )\T :I* !RE C\LD BE NO K+DOM ( ! SA9TS4 

,LIKE ,SAVON>OLA1 ,MUNTZ] TOOK EXCEPTION TO CULTURE & ]UDITION1 CONDEMN$ READ+1 PLEASURE & LU/4 ,HIS PREA*+ AGA9/ ! ,LU!RIAN NOTABLES & ! LE*]Y ( ! BI%OPS ATTRACT$ ! SYMPA?IES ( ! WEAV]S & ! M9]S :O W]E R$UC$ TO POV]TY BY 9FLATION4 

,9 ,APRIL #a#e#b#a1 ! MUNICIPAL AU?ORITIES *AS$ HIM FROM ! CITY4 ,/OR* UNLEA%$ AN UPRIS+ ?AT WAS QUICKLY CRU%$4 ,MUNTZ] TRAVEL$ ?R\< ,BOHEMIA1 WAS EXPELL$ FROM ,PRAGUE1 W&]$ 9 ,G]MANY & 9 #aebc F\ND HIMSELF ! PREA*] ( ,ALL/$T 9 ,?UR+IA1 :]E -- ) ! PEASANTS1 COPP]-M9E WORK]S & >TISANS FROM ! T[N -- HE F\ND$ A ,LEAGUE ( ! ,ELECT1 :I* WAS A PREFIGURATION ( ! LAY ,LEAGUE ( ,COMMUNI/S ?AT ,M>X DREAM$ WAS ! IRON LANCE ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,9VIT$ TO PREA* BE=E ,DUKE ,JOHN ( ,SAXONY 9 ,JULY #a#e#b#d1 HE PROPHETIZ$ ! RETURN ( HUMANITY TO ! ,*RI/1 TO NATURE & TO P>ADISE 9 H>MONY & PEACE4 ,WAS NOT ! SOV]EIGN1 AN OP5 & TOL]ANT SPIRIT1 S$UC$ BY ,MUNTZ]'S ELOQU5CE & PROGRAM8 ,HE TOOK TIME TO REFLECT BE=E SUMMON+ ! PROPHET TO ,WEIM> = A RECONCILIATION1 AT :I* HE SIMPLY ASK$ HIM TO AB/A9 FROM ALL PROPHETIC DECL>ATIONS4 

,NEV]!LESS1 BECAUSE ,HE9RI* ,PFEIFF]1 AN OLD MONK1 HAD 9CIT$ A REVOLT ( ! DIS9H]IT$ CLASSES AGA9/ ! PATRICIAN OLIG>*Y 9 ,MUELHAUS51 ,MUNTZ] HA/5$ TO JO9 HIM & GIVE HIM ! ,LEAGUE'S SUPPORT4 ,! FAILURE ( ! 9SURRECTION *AS$ ,MUNTZ] FROM ! CITY & CONV9C$ HIM TO BET UPON ! PEASANT MOVEM5T2 ,PFEIFF]1 ?R\< EV5 MORE AUDACITY1 SUCCE$$ 9 REV]S+ ! MUNICIPAL MAJORITY & 9/AURAT+ WORK+-CLASS P[]4 

,9 ,APRIL #a#e#b#e1 ,MUNTZ] HOI/$ A :ITE BANN] PA9T$ ) A RA9B[1 :I* WAS ! SYMBOL ( ! DIV9E LAW ?AT HALOES ! E>?4 ,MUNTZ] !N BEGAN AN APOCALYPTIC DISC\RSE1 ! HY/]ICAL >DOR ( :I* AUGUR$ A GREAT DEFICI5CY 9 ! MEANS REQUIR$ = SU* AN 5T]PRISE3 0,IF !RE >E BUT ?REE ( Y\ :O1 TRU/+ 9 ,GOD1 SEEK ONLY HIS NAME & HONOR1 Y\ WILL NOT FE> A HUNDR$ ?\S&4 ,N[ GO AT !M1 & AT !M1 & AT !M6 ,! SC\NDRELS >E AS DISPIRIT$ AS DOGS4440.<#d#f#e.> 

,PFEIFF] REFUS$ TO LEAVE ,MUELHAUS54 ,/OR*1 ON ! O!R H&1 JO9$ ! PEASANT =CES L$ BY ! MESSIAH ( ! ,?IRD ,AGE4 

,JOSS ,FRITZ CONDUCT$ GU]RILLA OP]ATIONS ) HIS SKILLFUL & RAPID =CES4 ,AS = ,MUNTZ]1 HE PUT ! FATE ( HIS >MY 9 ! H&S ( ! SAME ,GOD ?AT ,LU!R 9VOK$1 FROM HIS SIDE1 SO AS TO AID ! PR9CES & F9I% (F ! RIFFRAFF4 ,9 ,FRANK5HAUS51 #e1 PEASANTS -- HOP+ = A GE/URE FROM ! ,SAVIOR UNTIL ! LA/ M9UTE -- LET !MSELVES BE MASSACR$4 ,! >MY ( ! PR9CES & ,LU!R LO/ EI<T M]C5>IES4 ,/OR* DI$ TRY+ TO ESCAPE FROM ! VISE ?AT ! MA/]S ( HEAV5 & E>? TI<T5$ UPON HIM4 ,ON #bg ,MAY #a#e#b#e1 ,?OMAS ,MUNTZ] & ,HE9RI* ,PFEIFF] W]E DECAPITAT$ AFT] HAV+ BE5 TORTUR$ ACCORD+ TO CU/OM4 ,! REPRESSION FELL UPON ALL ( ,G]MANY4 ,BUT IF REVOLUTION>Y ,ANABAPTISM EBB$ 9 ! C\NTRYSIDES1 IT DID SO ONLY TO BE REBORN ) AN 9CREAS$ RIGOR 9 ! T[NS1 :]E ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T PROGRESS$ AT ! CO/ ( A =C$ EXPLOITATION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,HUT1 ,HUEBMAI] ,& ,HUTT] 

  

,:ILE ! P]SECUTION MULTIPLI$ VISIONS ( PYRES1 GALL[S & :EELS .<( TORTURE.>1 :I* ! WORKS ( ,PIET] ,BRUE<EL W\LD HOLD UP LIKE ACTS ( ACCUSATION AGA9/ A COMPLETELY HUMILIAT$ HUMANITY1 ! ,ANABAPTI/ MOVEM5T HESITAT$ BETWE5 ! ANEMIC PACIFICISM ( ! ,VAUDOIS & ! VIOL5CE 9 :I* ,GOD W\LD 7AS USUAL7 RECOGNIZE HIS [N4 

,A DISCIPLE ( ,MUNTZ]1 ,HANS ,HUT 7ALSO A NATIVE ( ,?UR+IA7 DID NOT HESITATE TO ANN\NCE ?AT 9 #aebh ! ,*RI/ W\LD DESC5D UPON ! E>? TO CONF] ! SWORD ( HIS JU/ICE TO ! SA9TS :O W]E REBAPTIZ$ SO ?AT !Y C\LD ANNIHILATE ! P>I%-PRIE/S1 PA/ORS1 NOBLES & K+S4 ,! ,K+DOM ( ,GOD W\LD BE E/ABLI%$ 9 ! %>$ COMMUNITY ( GOODS & ! FRE$OM ( LOVE4 

,CAPTUR$ 9 #a#e#b#g1 ,HUT DI$ 9 PRISON1 NO D\BT DUE TO TORTURE1 LEAV+ O!RS ! C>E ( LEAD+ HIS PROGRAM TO COMPLETION3 0,! ,*RI/ W\LD GIVE !M1 ! ,ANABAPTI/S1 ! SWORD & V5GEANCE TO PUNI% ALL S9N]S1 TO EFFACE ALL GOV]NM5TS1 TO PLACE 9 COMMON ALL PROP]TY & KILL ?OSE :O W\LD NOT ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE REBAPTIZ$40.<#d#f#f.> 

,HUT WASN'T ! ONLY ONE TO SUB/ITUTE A ,GOD ( RES5TM5T & GREAT PURIFICATION = ! ,GOD ( ! DOM9ANT OPPRESSION4 ,9 #a#e#b#h1 ! ,ANABAPTI/S ( ,ESSL+51 ON ! ,NECK> .<,RIV].>1 & ,ULM FOM5T$ SOCIAL REVOLUTION UND] ! FLAG ( :AT ! ,TW5TIE? ,C5TURY W\LD CALL 0EXTREMISM40 7,! LA/ MONO!I/IC RELIGION1 ,ISLAM1 W\LD R$ISCOV] 9 EXTREMISM A SIMIL> CLA% BETWE5 ! DECL9E ( ! AGR>IAN SY/EM & ! EM]G5CE ( M]CANTILE MOD]NITY47 

,UNLIKE ! DOCTR9ES ( ,HUT & ,MUNTZ]1 ?OSE ( ,BAL?AS> ,HUEBMAI] 7CALL$ ,PACIMONTANUS7 PR(ESS$ AN ABSOLUTE PACIFISM & A GREAT SPIRITUAL OP5+4 ,! PA/OR AT ,WALDS*UT 9 ,BAV>IA & A PREA*] AT ! ,CA!DRAL ( ,RATISBONNE1 HE EXP\ND$ ! CAUSE ( ,ANABAPTISM 9 #a#e#b#e2 %ORTLY !REAFT] HE BECAME UNEASY & W5T TO ,ZURI*1 FROM :5CE HE WAS *AS$ 9 #a#e#b#f4 

,TAK+ REFUGE 9 ,MORAVIA1 HE RALLI$ ! SYMPA?IES ( ! 9HABITANTS ( ,NIKOLSBURG TO HIS PACIFI/ IDEALS4 ,HE GA9$ ! PROTECTION ( ! LORDS ( ,LI*T5/E94 ,HE F\ND$ A PR9T %OP1 FROM :I* CAME TRACTS ?AT POPUL>IZ$ ! NEW FAI?4 ,HIS ADEPTS W]E E/IMAT$ TO NUMB] >\ND #a#b1 PEOPLE4 

,>\ND #a#e#b#g1 ,HANS ,AMON1 ! LEAD] ( ! ,ANABAPTI/S 9 ,L[] ,AU/RIA1 PROVOK$ A S*ISM 9 ,HUEBMAI]'S COMMUNITY4 ,AMON E/IMAT$ ?AT BELIEV]S MU/ NOT POSSESS ANY?+ ( !IR [N1 UNLIKE ! MORE MOD]ATE OP9IONS ?AT ,M5NO ,SIMONSZ W\LD LAT] ADOPT ACCORD+ TO ! DOCTR9AL L9E TRAC$ \T BY ,HUEBMAI]4 

,NEV]!LESS1 ,MORAVIA SOON EXP]I5C$ ! BACKWA% ( ! REPRESSIVE WAVE ?AT HIT ,G]MANY4 ,S9CE ,VI5NA HAD SUMMOND$ HIM TO APPE> & RESPOND TO ITS RELIGI\S OPTIONS1 ,HUEBMAI] -- :O REFUS$ TO RETRACT HIS REM>KS -- WAS DELIV]$ TO ! 9QUISITORS BY HIS PROTECTORS1 ! LORDS ( ,LI*T5/E94 ,HE WAS BURN$ ON #a ,M>* #a#e#b#h4 

,HANS ,AMON TOOK REFUGE ) HIS DISCIPLES 9 ,SLAVKOV1 BETT] KN[N AS ,AU/]LITZ4 ,!RE 9 #aebc HE FAC$ ! DISSID5CE ( A FACTION ?AT -- 9 ! H]ITAGE ( ! ,PIK>TI OR ,ADAMITES -- 9T5D$ TO LIVE 9 ACCORDANCE ) FREE SEX1 NAY1 FREE LOVE4 

,JOHN ,HUTT]1 A NATIVE ( ,MOSO 9 ,S\? ,TYROL1 WAS 9VIT$ TO LEAD ! COMMUNITY & BANN$ ?OSE :O 5RI*$ !MSELVES4 ,?REAT5$ ) >RE/1 HE LEFT ,MORAVIA = ,TYROL1 :]E HE W\LD DIE1 EXECUT$ 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#e#c#f4 

,! ,MORAVIAN ,ANABAPTI/ COMMUNITY KN[N 9 ,SLOVAKIA UND] ! NAME 0,HABANS0 -- FROM ! ,HEBREW WORDS HA BANIM1 0! TRUE *ILDR5 ( ,GOD0 -- W\LD P]PETUATE UND] ! NAME 0,HUTT]ITE0 ! FUNDAM5TAL TEA*+S ( ,VALDEISM ?AT HAD BE5 ADOPT$ BY ,ANABAPTISM3 ! REJECTION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY2 ! REFUSAL TO PAY TAXES BY >GU+ ?AT ! ,/ATE US$ ?IS MONEY TO F9ANCE >M$ CONFLICTS2 ! ELECTION ( ! PREA*] :O LEADS ! COMMUNITY2 BAPTISM SUBMITT$ TO ! DECISION ( ADULTS2 ! REFUSAL TO BE> >MS2 & ! CONDEMNATION ( W> & ! DEA? P5ALTY4 ,SU* W\LD BE 5\< TO >\SE ! P]MAN5T ANIMOSITY ( ! TEMPORAL & SPIRITUAL AU?ORITIES4 

,>\ND ! MIDDLE ( ! ,SIXTE5? ,C5TURY1 !RE W]E NE>LY #g1 ADEPTS 9 ,MORAVIA4 ,9CIT$ BY ! ,JESUITS1 ! ,CA?OLIC AU?ORITIES W\LD *ASE !M FROM ! C\NTRY4 ,! ADEPTS' DISOB$I5T ATTITUDE DUR+ ! ,?IRTY ,YE>S' ,W> W\LD 5D UP 9 !IR DISP]SAL4 ,!Y W5T TO ,TRANSLYVANIA1 ,POL&1 S\!RN ,RUSSIA &1 />T+ 9 ! ,EI<TE5? ,C5TURY1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,MEAN:ILE1 ,M5NONISM W\LD DI/ANCE ! FAI?FUL FROM !IR AMBITION TO 9/AURATE ON E>? ! EGALIT>IAN K+DOM ( 0EA* = ,GOD & ,GOD = ALL40 

,MEL*IOR ,H(FMANN 

  

,! ROAD TAK5 BY ,MEL*IOR ,H(FMANN IRRESOLUTELY TRAC$ ITSELF BETWE5 ! AGGRESSIVITY ( ,MUNTZ] & ,HUT1 & ! PACIFISM ( ,HUEBMAI]4 ,BORN >\ND #adie 9 ,SWABIS* ,HALL1 ,H(FMANN WAS 5?USIA/IC AB\T ! MY/ICAL WORKS ( ,TAUL] & ! WORKS ( ,LU!R1 :OM HE DEF5D$ AT ,WOLM> UNTIL HIS EXPULSION FROM ! T[N 9 #a#e#b#c4 ,AT ,DORPAT 9 ,E/ONIA HE PREA*$ AGA9/ ! USE ( IMAGES1 9SPIR+ AN ICONOCLA/ RIOT 9 #a#e#b#e1 9 ! C\RSE ( :I* ! CR[D PREV5T$ HIS >RE/4 

,H(FMANN'S OB/9ACY 9 PR$ICT+ ! 5D ( TIME DREW UPON HIM ! HO/ILITY ( ! ,LU!RIANS1 ONE ( :OM 7,TEGETMAI]7 =C$ ,H(FMANN TO LEAVE ,DORPAT4 ,9 ,/OCKHOLM1 :]E HE GOT M>RI$1 ,H(FMANN FIX$ #aecc AS ! ADV5T ( ! ]A ( ! SA9TS4 ,EXIL$ BY ,GU/AVE ,VASA1 HE FL$ TO ,LUEBECK ) HIS WIFE & *ILDR51 !N W5T TO ,MAGDEBURG = A :ILE2 ! ,LU!RIAN ,NICOLAS ,AMSDORF DEM&$ HIS EXPULSION4 ,WELCOM$ 9 ,HOL/E91 HE WAS FLU%$ \T BY ! 9TRIGUES ( ,LU!R1 :OSE ZEAL 9 P]SECUT+ DISSID5TS WAS ! 5VY ( ! 9QUISITORS4 ,SUMMON$ BY ,DUKE ,*RI/IAN TO PRES5T HIMSELF AT A PUBLIC CONFRONTATION 9 ,FL5SBURG1 ,H(FMANN RESPOND$1 NOT )\T PRIDE1 TO ! QUE/ION ( HIS P>TISANS3 0,I DO NOT RECOGNIZE ANY ADH]5TS4 ,I HOLD MYSELF UPRI<T & ONLY 9 ! ,WORD .<,V]BE.> ( ,GOD4 ,EA* ONE DOES ! SAME40.<#d#f#g.> 

,*AS$ FROM ,D5M>K1 ,H(FMANN TOOK REFUGE 9 ,FRIZE1 :]E HE 5C\NT]$ ,C>L/ADT1 !N W5T TO ,/RASB\RG4 ,!RE 9 #aebi HE PUBLI%$ HIS ,DIALOGUES ON ! QU>RELS ( ,FL5SBURG4 ,HE ASSOCIAT$ ) ,CASP> ,S*W5CKFELD & PRODUC$ PROPHETIC TEXTS4 ,!N ,H(FMANN JO9$ ! ,ANABAPTI/S & 9T]V5$ AT ! ,C\NCIL AT ,/RASB\RG SO ?AT A *UR* MI<T BE ASSIGN$ TO !M4 ,?IS BR\<T A TOR* TO ! FIRE ( ! REPRESSION4 ,ONCE AGA9 HE WAS =C$ 9TO EXILE4 ,9 ,FRIZE1 HE F\ND$ AN ,ANABAPTI/ COMMUNITY1 :ILE ,LU!R RAG$ AGA9/ ?OSE :OM HE 7DRAW+ UPON ,H(FMANN'S FIR/ NAME7 CALL$ 0,MEL*IORITES40 ,LU!R'S WORDS HAD ! VIRTUES ( A GUILLOT9E BLADE4 ,9 #a#e#c#a1 ,VOLK]TSZOON & EI<T .<O!R.> ,MEL*IORITES WEE DECAPITAT$ AT ,! ,HAGUE4 ,/IRR$ BY ! >DOR ( !IR M>TYRDOM1 ,H(FMANN PREA*$ 9 ,HESS & ,FRIZE :]E1 >\ND #a#e#c#b1 ,OBBE ,PHILIPPS BECAME HIS DISCIPLE4 

,9 ! 9CESSANT GL[ ( ! VIOL5CE1 ,H(FMANN SUDD5LY PROPOS$ -- 9 HIS ,COMM5T>Y ON ! ,EPI/LE TO ! ,ROMANS -- A PEACEFUL CONCEPTION ( ,ANABAPTISM ?AT EXCLUD$ ALL REC\RSE TO WEAPONS1 PURSUAD$ AS HE WAS ?AT ! R$EMPTION ( HUMANITY PROC$$ FROM ?OSE :O PREA* 9 ! DES]T4 

,HE HAD SC>CELY APPEAS$ ! NOTABLES & ! .<PROP]TY.> [N]S :5 A PAMPHLET 9 :I* HE ADDRESS$ PRAY]S1 NOT TO ! ,*RI/ NOR TO ! ,HOLY-,SPIRIT BUT TO ,GOD ALONE1 DISPLEAS$ ! ,PROTE/ANT CL]GY1 PROMPT$ LIKE ALL ! PRIE/S & M9I/]S TO TAKE (F5SE ?AT ONE MI<T ADDRESS ONESELF TO ! MA/] ( ! HEAV5S )\T REF]R+ TO ! MA/]S ( ! E>?4 ,BUC]1 ! ,POPE ( ,/RASB\RG1 W\LD ORD] HIS >RE/4 

,HIS BIOGRAPH]S HAVE E/IMAT$ ?AT ?IS WAS AN ]ROR FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( MA9TA9+ ORD]1 BECAUSE HIS GR[+ 9FLU5CE LITTLE BY LITTLE C\NT]BALANC$ ! DIRECTIVES ( ! 9SURRECTIONAL W+ ( ,ANABAPTISM :I*1 GR[+ 9 ,HOLL&1 W\LD SOON 9SPIRE A WAVE ( URBAN REVOLTS ?AT RAN AGR\ND 9 ,AM/]DAM1 ,ANTW]P & ,LUEBECK1 BUT SUCCE$$ 9 ,MUN/]4 

,AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ! ,MUN/]ITES1 AMONG :OM HIS DISCIPLE ,RO?MAN P]I%$1 ! CONDITIONS ( ,H(FMANN'S DET5TION BECAME MORE S]I\S4 ,ONLY ! HOPE ( DRAGG+ A PUBLIC RETRACTION \T ( HIM -- :I* W]E 9DE$ ! MEANS ?AT ,BUC] & ,CAPITO US$ -- C\LD SAVE HIM FROM CAPITAL PUNI%M5T4 ,HE DI$ 9 #a#e#d#c1 NEV] HAV+ LO/ HIS ELOQU5CE1 HIS NAIVETE OR HIS FAI? 9 ! IMM95CE ( ! T]RE/RIAL ,J]USALEM4 

,IRONICALLY1 ! MAJORITY ( ,H(FMANN'S DISCIPLES W\LD F9D !MSELVES AT ! C5T] ( ! ,MUN/]IAN P[D] KEG4 ,BUT IT IS TRUE ?AT1 = CLOSE TO A C5TURY1 ,ANABAPTISM EXPRESS$ 9 !OLOGICAL T]MS AN 5DEMIC 9SURRECTIONAL SITUATION1 ! VIOL5CE ( :I* MO/ (T5 GOT LO/ 9 ! C\NTRIES DOM9AT$ BY ,CA?OLICISM & ITS RELIGI\S W>S4 ,LIKE ,HANS ,D5CK1 :O IRONICALLY REGRETT$ ?AT ,GOD HAD NOT P]MITT$ HIM TO BELIEVE 9 ,GOD1 ! ,ANABAPTI/S SUB/ITUT$ = ! ,GOD ( FEUDALISM A COLLECTIVI/ ,GOD ELECT$ BY ! MEMB]S ( !IR [N P>TY4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ,MUN/] (F]$ A BEAUTIFUL EXAMPLE ( ! DIV9E COLLECTIVISM ?AT WAS HEAD$ = A FRI<T5+ FUTURE ONCE ,GOD WAS REMOV$ FROM (FICE BY ! ,/ATE1 :I*1 SELF-SUFFICI5T1 W\LD NO LONG] FEEL ! NE$ TO 9VOKE A CELE/IAL PHANTOM TO P]PETUATE ! REIGN ( FE> ON E>?4.<#d#f#h.> 

,! ,MUN/]ITES 

  

0,NOR?-WE/ ,G]MANY AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,SIXTE5? ,C5TURY CONSI/$ 9 ! MA9 ( A NUMB] ( PETTY ECCLESIA/ICAL /ATES1 EA* ) A PR9CE-BI%OP AS ITS SOV]EIGN4 ,USUALLY SU* A /ATE WAS TORN BY FI]CE SOCIAL CONFLICTS4 ,! GOV]NM5T ( ! /ATE WAS 9 ! H&S ( ! PR9CE-BI%OP & ( ! *APT] ( ! DIOCESE1 :I* ELECT$ HIM & TO A L>GE EXT5T CONTROLL$ HIS POLICY4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! *APT] W]E RECRUIT$ SOLELY FROM ! LOCAL >I/OCRACY -- A COAT ( >MS ) AT LEA/ F\R QU>T]+S WAS COMMONLY AN 9DISP5SABLE QUALIFICATION -- & !Y (T5 *OSE ONE ( !IR [N NUMB] AS BI%OP4 ,?IS GR\P ( >I/OCRATIC CL]ICS WAS SUBJECT TO NO CONTROL BY ANY HI<] AU?ORITY2 9 ! REGIONAL DIET !Y W]E P[]FULLY REPRES5T$ & C\LD ALWAYS RELY ON ! SUPPORT ( ! KNI<?OOD4 ,!Y !RE=E T5D$ TO GOV]N SOLELY 9 ! 9T]E/ ( !IR [N CLASS & ( ! CL]GY ( ! DIOCESE4 ,9 ! ECCLESIA/ICAL /ATE1 ! CL]GY W]E NOT ONLY V]Y NUM]\S -- 9 ! BISPHORIC ( ,MUN/] !RE W]E SOME ?IRTY ECCLESIA/ICAL C5T]S1 9CLUD+ F\R MONA/]IES1 SEV5 CONV5TS1 T5 *UR*ES1 A CA!DRAL & ( C\RSE ! *APT] ITSELF -- BUT ALSO HI<LY PRIVILEG$4 ,MEMB]S ( ! *APT] 5JOY$ RI* PREB5DS & CANONRIES4 ,! MONKS W]E P]MITT$ TO C>RY ON SECUL> TRADES & H&ICRAFTS4 ,ABOVE ALL1 ! CL]GY AS A :OLE W]E ALMO/ 5TIRELY EXEMPT FROM TAXATION40.<#d#f#i.> 

,9 #a#e#c#a1 ,*APLA9 ,B]NT ,RO?MANN WAS CONV]T$ TO ,LU!RANISM AT ,MUN/]4 ,HE 5JOY$ ! SUPPORT ( ! GUILDS & A RI* TEXTILE MANUFACTUR]1 ,KNIPP]DOLL9CK4 ,S$UC$ BY ! PROPHETIC 9SPIRATION ( ,MEL*IOR ,H(FMANN1 ,RO?MANN PREA*$ ! IMM95CE ( ! 0MESSIANIC SORR[S0 ?AT ANN\NC$ ! BIR? ( A NEW ]A 9 #a#e#c#c1 ! #a#e? C5T5>Y ( ! DEA? ( ! ,*RI/4 

,UPON ! DEA? ( ! BI%OP1 ! GUILDS OP5$ ! T[N TO ,RE=M$ PA/ORS4 ,HUNT$ EV]Y:]E1 ! ,ANABAPTI/S CAME !RE AS IF TO ! PROMIS$ L&4 

,9 #a#e#c#a1 ,SEBA/IAN ,FRANCK SUMM>IZ$ ,! ,FIF? ,EPI/LE ATTRIBUT$ TO ,CLEM5T ?US3  
  

,A LITTLE LAT]1 ,NEMROD W\LD REIGN & !N :OMEV] WAS SUCCESSFUL AT IT DOM9AT$ ! NEXT ONE4 ,& !Y BEGAN TO DIVIDE ! WORLD & TO QU>REL AB\T QUE/IONS ( PROP]TY4 ,ONE !N DI/+UI%$ ,M9E FROM ,?9E4 ,F9ALLY1 ! PEOPLE BECAME SAVAGE1 LIKE WILD BEA/S4 ,EA* ONE WANT$ TO BE MORE BEAUTIFUL & BETT] ?AN ! O!RS1 9 FACT HOP+ TO BECOME !IR MA/]4 ,BUT ,GOD HAD MADE ALL ?+S TO BE HELD 9 COMMON1 AS TODAY WE /ILL TAKE ADVANTAGE 9 COMMON ( ! AIR1 FIRE1 ! RA9 & ! SUN1 & :I* SEV]AL ?IEVI% & TYRANNICAL M5 CANNOT APPROPRIATE & KEEP JEAL\SLY = !MSELVES4.<#d#g.>  
  

,! ,FIF? ,EPI/LE WAS P>TIAL TO ,RO?MANN1 :OSE POPUL>ITY WAS GR[+ AMONG ! AFFLUX ( UNEMPLOY$ ,DUT* WORK]S1 :OM ! RI* ,LU!RIANS C\LD NOT SEE W&]+ ! /REETS ( ! CITY1 P5ETRAT$ ) HOL9ESS1 )\T EXP]I5C+ FE>4 

,! IMPRISONM5T ( ,MEL*IOR ,H(FMANN 9 ,/RASB\RG WEAK5$ ! PACIFI/ FACTION & FAVOR$ ! EFFLORESC5CE ( ! APO/LES & PROPHETS :O W]E MORE WILL+ TO BR&I% ! TOR* ( ,MUN/]4 ,AMONG !M1 ! BUT*] ,JAN ,MAT?YS ( ,HA>ELM & ,JAN ,BOCKELSON 7ALSO CALL$ ,JOHN ( ,LEYD57 SET !MSELVES UP AS ! SPOKESM5 = A CR[D = :I* ,GOD HAD PREP>$ TO SET ! TABLE = A NEW EGALIT>IAN LAW4 

,9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#e#c#d1 A V]ITABLE HY/]IA = CONV]SION SEIZ$ ! CITY2 ! /REETS W]E FILL$ ) EC/ATICS :O PR(ESS$ !IR OB$I5CE TO ! ET]NAL ,FA!R1 TO :OM !Y DELIV]$ ! CITY HALL )\T /RIK+ A BL[4 ,LU!RIANS & ,CA?OLICS TOOK FLI<T :ILE ,MUN/] WAS PROCLAIM$ ! ,NEW ,J]USALEM ?R\< ! VOICES ( ,RO?MANN1 ,MAT?YS & ,BOCKELSON4 

,! GOODS ( ! BANI%$ ,LU!RIANS & ,CA?OLICS W]E CONFISCAT$ & US$ TO 5RI* COMMUNAL FUNDS4 ,:ILE A DECREE PROMULGAT$ ! DEA? P5ALTY = ?OSE :O BALK$ AT LETT+ !MSELVES BE REBAPTIZ$1 ! ,BI%OP ( ,MUN/] ORGANIZ$ ! SIEGE ( ! T[N & AL]T$ ! PR9CES & MUNICIPAL C\NSELS SO ?AT ! HORDES :O W]E CONV]G+ UPON ! EGALIT>IAN MILL5NIUM C\LD BE 9T]CEPT$ & MASSACR$4 

,AFT] ! DEA? ( ,MAT?YS1 :O WAS KILL$ DUR+ A SORTIE ?AT A DIV9E ORD] CONJO9$ HIM TO ATTEMPT1 ,BOCKELSON IMPOS$ A COLLECTIVI/ REGIME & A !OCRATIC DICTATOR%IP BY VIRTUE ( :I* ALL OPPOSITION WAS A CRIME ( HI< TREASON4 

,EA* WAS PAID BY ! MUNICIPAL P[]2 9 ! REFECTORIES1 COMMUNAL MEALS ASSUR$ ! NE$S ( ALL UND] ! AUSPICES ( FRAT]NAL COMMUNION4 ,S9CE PROP]TY DEP5D$ UPON S91 IT WAS M&AT$ ?AT ! DOORS ( ! H\SES BE KEPT OP54 ,! EXECUTIONS ( 0H]ETICS10 PRESID$ OV] BY 0! ,K+ ( ! ,F9AL ,DAYS10 W5T ON & ON 9 AN ATMOSPH]E ( T]ROR1 TO :I* FAM9E WAS SOON ADD$4 ,LIKE ALL P>ADISES ( CELE/IAL OR GOV]NM5TAL .<ETATIQUE.> OB$I5CE1 ! REIGN ( ! P]FECT ONES TURN$ 9TO ,HELL4.<#d#g#a.> 

,! MILL5>IANI/ REVOLUTION IMPLOD$ 9TO HORROR4 ,AFT] ! RECONQUE/ ( ! T[N BY ! BESIEG]S1 ! GREAT FE> CAUS$ BY ,ANABAPTISM W\LD EFFACE ! DREAM & NI<TM>E ( ! COLLECTIVI/S ( ,GOD ) A /ILL GREAT] F]OCITY4 ,9 SIL5T AGONY1 ,JOHN ( ,LEYD51 ,KNIPP]DOLL9CK & !IR FRI5D ,KRE*T+ -- C>V$ ALIVE BY BURN+ P9C]S -- COND5S$ 9TO AN ET]NAL SIL5CE ! 9HUMANITY ( ! OPPRESSOR & ! OPPRESSION ?AT CONT9UES TO REIGN UND] ! DECEPTIVE NAME ( HUMAN HI/ORY4 

,PACIFI/S ,& ,T]RORI/S3 ,M5NO ,SIMONSZ ,& ,BATT5BURG 

  

,! ANNIHILATION ( ,MUN/] 5RAG$ ! H>DL9]S AT ! SAME TIME ?AT ! PACIFISM ( ,HUEBMAI] & OLD ,H(FMANN RE/OR$ ,ANABAPTISM TO ! ROAD ( SWEET RESIGNATION4 ,! ODOR ( HOL9ESS W\LD AGA9 BE F\ND 9 ! V]Y FETIDITY ( ,GOD'S C>NIVOR\S BREA?4 

,AL?\< P]SECUT$ AS MU* AS ! ,MUN/]ITES1 ! DISCIPLES ( AN OLD PRIE/ NAM$ ,M5NO ,SIMONSZ 7#a#d#i#f TO >\ND #a#e#f71 OR ! 0,M5NONITES10 PR(ESS$ A RESOLUTELY NONVIOL5T DOCTR9E ?AT WAS /RIPP$ ( COLLECTIVI/ DEM&S4 ,9 #a#e#c#g1 ! T5D5CY 9SPIR$ BY ,HUEBMAI] FELL UND] ! CONTROL ( ,SIMONSZ1 :O ORGANIZ$ IT & F\ND$ ONE ( ! MANY ,PROTE/ANT *UR*ES /ILL 9 VOGUE TODAY 9 ,HOLL&1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,CANADA4 

,BY CONTRA/1 ! GU]RILLA W> L$ BY ,JOHN ( ,BATT5BURG1 BORN 9 #adie 9 ,GUELDRE1 M>K$ A /AGE ( TRANSITION BETWE5 ! DISA/] AT ,MUN/] & ! UNFURL+ ( ! ICONOCLA/S 9 ! S\!RN ,NE!RL&S & NOR!RN ,FRANCE4 

,AB&ON+ HIS FUNCTIONS AS ! ,MAYOR ( ,/E5WIJCK 9 ! ,OV]IJSSEL1 ,JOHN ( ,BATT5BURG RALLI$ ! 9SURRECTIONAL W+ ( ! ,ANABAPTI/S &1 9 #aece -- DUR+ A TUMULT CAUS$ BY ! SECT -- SEIZ$ ,OLDEKLOO/]1 A MONA/]Y 9 ! ,BOLSW>D REGION4 

,?AT SAME YE>1 HE F\ND$ ) ! SURVIVORS ( ,MUN/] ! GR\P CALL$ ,ZWA>DGEE/51 0,! ,SPIRITS ( ! ,SWORD40 ,ID5TIFY+ HIMSELF ) ,ELIE1 & TASK$ ) PREP>+ ! RETURN ( ! ,*RI/ TO E>?1 ,BATT5BURG CALL$ = ! DE/RUCTION ( *UR*ES1 PREA*$ POLYGAMY & ! COMMUNITY ( GOODS1 DEM&$ DIVORCE :5 ONE ( ! P>TN]S 9 A C\PLE REFUS$ TO PRACTICE CONFESSION1 & EXHORT$ HIS FOLL[]S TO EXT]M9ATE ) !IR SWORDS ANYONE :O DIDN'T %>E HIS OP9IONS4 

,9 #a#e#c#f1 ! ,CONGRESS ( ,BO*OLT TRI$ 9 VA9 TO RECONCILE ! ,MUN/]ITES1 ! P>TISANS ( ,BATT5BURG & ! SECT>IANS ( ,DAVID ,JORIS4 ,! PACIFI/S C>RI$ ! DAY & ,BATT5BURG'S APPEAL TO >M$ /RUGGLE WAS JUDG$ TO BE PREMATURE4 

,>RE/$ 9 #aecg 9 ,VILVORDE NE> ,BRUSSELS1 ,BATT5BURG DI$ ON ! PYRE 9 #a#e#c#h1 LEAV+ ,ZEYLMAK]1 ,APPELMAN & ,MICK]S AT ! HEAD ( ! ,ZWA>DGEE/54 ,! ATTACKS AGA9/ ! MONA/]IES & *UR*ES 9CREAS$2 ! PLACES ?AT W]E SACK$ W]E LOCAT$ 9 ,ALKMA> 7#a#e#c#h71 ,UTRE*T 7#a#e#d#a71 ! ,OV]IJSSEL1 ,FRIZE1 ,BRABANT1 ,LEYD5 & ! SURR\ND+S ( ,MUN/]1 :]E ! ,BATT5BURGI/ ,PET] ,VAN ,ORK WAS BURN$ 9 #a#e#d#d4 ,DESPITE ! EXECUTION ( ,APPELMAN 9 ,LEYD5 ?AT SAME YE>1 ! ANTI-CL]ICAL ACTIONS 9T5SIFI$ 9 ,FRIZE 7#a#e#d#i71 ,ALO/ 7#a#e#e71 :]E A GR\P ( 9SURG5TS PRACTIC$ SEXUAL FRE$OM1 ,LEYD5 7#a#e#e#b7 & ,C\RTRAI 7#a#e#e#c74 

,! SACK+ ( *UR*ES & ! ASASS9ATIONS ( !IR M9I/]S >\S$ POPUL> APPROVAL1 0BECAUSE ! PEOPLE :O DID NOT LIKE PRIE/S W]E NOT LACK+ & !Y GLADLY APPLAUD$ ! PRIE/S' TR\BLES & DISA/]S0.<#d#g#b.> & WANT$ TO 0HANG ! AS%OLES .<C\ILLES.> 9 ! AIR10.<#d#g#c.> AS ,M>C ,VAN ,VA]NEWIJCK REPORT$ 9 HIS ,MEMOIRS ( A ,<5TIAN ,PATRICIAN ON ! ,RELIGI\S ,TR\BLES 9 ,FL&]S4 

,! ,ICONOCLA/S 

  

,EV5 :5 ! LEAD]S ( ! ,BATT5BURG P>TY DISAPPE>$1 ! ,ANABAPTI/ UPRIS+S DID NOT ANY LESS 9FLAME ! ,NE!RL&S & NOR!RN ,FRANCE4 ,BUT ) A GR[+ OBVI\SNESS ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL MOTIVES GA9$ ! UPP] H& ON ! .</RICTLY.> RELIGI\S *>ACT]4 ,! NATIONAL.<I/.> /RUGGLE UND]TAK5 9 ! ,NE!RL&S AGA9/ ,SPANI% DOM9ATION CREAT$ AN ODD FRONT 9 :I* ! MO/ DIV]SE 9T]E/S TRI$ TO UNITE UPON ! G5]AL DISCONT5T1 :I* LACK$ A %>$ PROGRAM4 ,! NOBLES UNEASILY TOL]AT$ ! RE/RICTIONS IMPOS$ ON !IR REGIONAL PRIVILEGES BY ! ABSOLUTISM ( ,PHILIPPE ,I,I2 ! B\RGEOISIE BALK$ AT PAY+ TAXES = A W> ?AT H9D]$ ITS GR[?2 EV5 ! CL]GY FE>$ HAV+ ITS H&S TI$ BY ! ,/ATE P[] ?AT ! ,9QUISITION WANT$ TO HAVE ) A SELF-9T]E/$ F]VOR4 ,AS F> AS ! 0MALICI\S ANIMAL CALL$ ! PEOPLE10 TO USE ! WORDS ( ,GRANVELLE1 ! ,GOV]NOR ( ! ,NE!RL&S1 IT HAD ONLY ! REC\RSE ( TOPPL+ ?OSE RESPONSIBLE & ! SYMBOLS ( ITS OPPRESSION1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 NE>LY ! TOTALITY ( :AT SURR\ND$ IT4 

,! SOCIAL VIOL5CE WAS D\BLY USEFUL = ! POLITICAL DESIGNS ( ! C&IDATE = P[]3 IT W\LD BR+ ,WILLIAM ( ,ORANGE TO ROYALTY & FO/]$ HIS LEG5D AS ! LIB]ATOR ( ! NOR!RN PROV9CES4 ,?R\< ! REPRESSION ?AT IT 9CURR$1 ONCE VICTORY WAS ASSUR$1 IT W\LD LEGITIMATE HIM 9 ! EYES ( ! PR9CES1 :O W]E IMPATI5T TO CAGE ! WILD BEA/S AFT] LETT+ !M RO> = A :ILE4 

,9 #a#e#f#f1 ! DISCONT5T SEEM$ TO COME FROM ,SA9T-,OM]4 7,AS E>LY AS #a#e#f#b1 TWO ,CALV9I/ WEAV]S L$ TO ! PYRE 9 ,VAL5CI5NES W]E LIB]AT$ BY RIOT]S4 ,9 #a#e#f#d1 ! PEOPLE =C$ OP5 ! DOORS AT ! PRISONS 9 ,BRUGES & ,BRUSSELS47 ,! TR\BLES SPREAD TO ! NOR?4 ,ON #ac ,AUGU/ .<#a#e#f#f.>1 9 ,BAILLEUL1 ! CR[D DE/ROY$ ! CLOI/]1 BURN$ ! CROSSES & ! SAC]DOTAL HABITS1 & BR\<T D[N ! TAB]NACLES4 ,! SACK+ LA/$ EI<TS MON?S & SPREAD TO ,>M5TI]ES1 ,M591 ,HONDS*OOTE 7:I* WAS SO CON/ANT 9 ITS RESOLUTION ?AT1 LAT]1 ! COMMISS>S ( ! ,DUKE ( ,ALBE -- *>G$ ) P5AL SANCTIONS -- KEPT F> AWAY71 ,T\RNAI1 :]E SEV]AL MAGI/RATES EMBRAC$ ! P>TY ( ! ICONOCLA/S1 A P>T ( ,>TOIS1 ,BRABANT1 ,UTRE*T1 ,ZEL&E & ,AM/]DAM4 ,9 ,ANTW]P1 ! H\SES ( ! RI* W]E PILLAG$ ON ! ?IRD DAY4 

,ON #h ,APRIL #a#e#f#f1 TAK+ ! UNFURL+ ( ICONOCLA/ICISM AS !IR PRETEXT1 ,CA?OLICS & ,CALV9I/S PRES5T$ A REPRIM& TO ! ,REG5T ,M>GU]ITE ( ,P>ME & TO ! 0BAD C\NSELORS TO ! ,K+0 ?AT WAS KN[N AS ! 0,COMPROMISE ( ! ,NOBLES40 ,9 IT1 ! ,CA?OLICS & ,CALV9I/S MAT*$ !IR REJECTION ( ABSOLUTISM ) !IR PROMISE TO RE/ORE ORD]4 ,!Y ADORN$ !MSELVES1 AS ) AN EMBLEM1 ) ! EPI!T 0,BEGG>10 :I* A M9I/] HAD APPLI$ TO !M 9 AN 9SULT+ MANN] & = :I* ! DE/ROY]S ( CA!DRALS VYI$4 ,ON #be ,AUGU/ #a#e#f#f1 ,M>GU]ITE ( ,P>ME FEIGN$ TO GIVE 94 ,%E DECRE$ ! SUPPRESSION ( ! ,9QUISITION1 ! FRE$OM ( ! ,RE=M$ RELIGION & AMNE/Y = ! NOBLES ACCUS$ ( CONSPIRACY4 ,! LATT] HA/5$ TO SUPPRESS ! RIOTS & 9T]V5$ 9 ! CONSI/ORIES TO CALM PEOPLES' SPIRITS4 ,WILLIAM ( ,ORANGE M>*$ ON ,ANTW]P & ! ,C\NT ( ,EGMONT ATTEMPT$ TO RE/ORE ORD] 9 ,FL&]S1 :]E ! NUMB] ( REBELS WAS E/IMAT$ AT #f1 \T ( A TOTAL ( #b1 9HABITANTS4 

,REASSUR$ BY GU>ANTEES ( FRE$OM (F]$ TO !IR M9I/RIES1 ! ,CALV9I/ PREA*]S CONDEMN$ ! ICONOCLA/IC P>TY1 :OSE >DOR HAD NOT WEAK5$4 ,AT FIR/1 ?OSE :OM ONE 9 NOR!RN ,FRANCE CALL$ ! 0H[L]S0 .<HURLUS.> AB/A9$ FROM KILL+ & C>RY+ (F ECCLESIA/ICAL GOODS ?AT W]E G5]ALLY DE/ROY$ ON ! SPOT4 ,!Y PRID$ !MSELVES ON ONLY LEAV+ BEH9D ! RUBBLE ( SOME #d *UR*ES4 

,HAV+ CONC5TRAT$ ! ,SPANI% TROOPS1 ,M>GU]ITE W5T ON ! (F5SIVE 9 ,DECEMB] #a#e#f#f4 ,%E ANNULL$ ! DECISIONS ?AT DICTAT$ TO H] ! NECESSITY ( TEMPORIZ+ & S5T ! >MY TO ,>M5TI]ES1 ,T\RNAI & ,VAL5CI5NES1 :]E IT BR\<T ! REPRESSION BEGUN UND] FEUDALISM TO A GOOD 5D4 

,WILLIAM ( ,ORANGE & ,BR$]ODE FL$ TO ! NOR!RN PROV9CES1 :]E AN OP5 GU]RILLA W> WAS BE+ F\<T AGA9/ ,SPA94 ,! EXP$ITI\S JU/ICE 9/ITUT$ BY ! 5VOY ( ,PHILIPPE ,I,I1 ! ,DUKE ( ,ALBE1 SP>$ NEI!R ! ICONOCLA/S1 ! ,CA?OLICS1 ! ,CALV9I/S NOR ! NOBLES :O W]E JUDG$ TO BE DISLOYAL4 7,! ,C\NTS ( ,EGMONT & ,HORNES W]E DECAPITAT$ 9 #a#e#f#h47 

,9 ! S\!RN PROV9CES1 ! 0,BEGG>S0 ( ! =E/S F\<T 9 ,HA9AUT & ,>TOIS UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,WILLIAM ( ,LA ,M>CK1 & 9 ,FL&]S UND] ,JAN ,CAM]LYNCK1 ORIG9ALLY FROM ,HONDS*OOTE1 & ! PREA*]S ,MI*IELS & DE ,HEULE1 ! SON ( A RI* FAMILY FROM ,BRUGES4 ,ON !IR SIDE1 ,JAN ,ABELS & ! 0,BEGG>S0 ( ! SEAS ATTACK$ ,SPANI% %IPS ) ! AID ( LI<T1 SMALL BOATS4 ,!Y B5EFIT$ FROM ! B5EVOL5CE ( ,ELIZABE? ( ,5GL& & ! AID ( ,WILLIAM ( ,ORANGE1 :O 9 TRI$ TO MAKE !M SUBMIT TO HIS AU?ORITY4 ,ON #a ,APRIL #a#e#g#b1 ! SEIZURE ( ! PORT ( ,LA ,BRIELLE & ! SUBSEQU5T OCCUPATION ( ,FLESS+UE M>K$ A DECISIVE /AGE 9 ! LIB]ATION ( ,HOLL&4 ,ALBE1 :O SANK 9 HIS ATTEMPT TO RECONQU] IT1 WAS RECALL$ TO ,SPA9 ! FOLL[+ YE>4 ,! MOVEM5T ( ! 0,BEGG>S0 FELL UND] ! BL[S ( ,WILLIAM ( ,ORANGE &1 9 ! S\?1 WAS ONLY ABLE TO LAUN* POLITICAL CONSPIRACIES ?AT HAD NO RESULTS4 

,! LA/ FL>E-UP ( REVOLUTION>Y ,ANABAPTISM W\LD EMBRACE ! REGIONS ( ,CLEVE & ,WESEL 9 ,WE/PHALIA 9 #a#e#f#g4 ,A %OEMAK] NAM$ ,JAN ,WILLEMS5 W\LD L$ #c ADEPTS 7AMONG :OM W]E SURVIVORS ( ,MUN/]7 9 ! N? V]SION ( ! ,NEW ,J]USALEM1 TO :I* ,ADAMITE PRACTICES GAVE A BIT ( PIQUANCY4 ,POLYGAMY WAS PRESCRIB$ & ! ,MESSIAH ,WILLEMS5 W\LD M>RY #ba *OS5 ONES4 ,! COMMUNITY ( GOODS DID NOT IMPLICATE AN ECONOMY ( PRODUCTION2 ! SA9TS LIV$ (F ( RAIDS & PILLAG+1 ATTACK+ ! HOMES ( ! PRIE/S & NOBLES4 ,!Y LA/$ A DOZ5 YE>S BE=E SUCCUMB+ TO PUNITIVE EXP$ITIONS4.<#d#g#d.> 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiib 3 ,*APT] #db -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #b#f1 #bb 3 ,*APT] #db -- ,ADD$4 

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