,*APT] #d 
,! ,M5 ( ! ,COMMUNITY1 OR ! ,ESS5ES 

#aiicaiic 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,RA\L ,VANEIGEM 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #d3 ,! ,M5 ( ! ,COMMUNITY1 OR ! ,ESS5ES 

  

,ONLY ,FLAVIUS ,JOSEPH & ,PHILO ( ,ALEX&RIA DESIGNATE ! ESS5OI OR ESSAOI 7FROM ! ,HEBREW ESAH'1 0C\NSEL0 OR 0P>TY10 & :I* ,DUPONT-,SOMM].<#d#g.> TRANSLATES AS 0CONGREGATION0 OR 0M5 ( ! COMMUNITY107 AS A ,JEWI% DISSID5CE1 HO/ILE TO ! TWO SECTS DOM9AT+ ,JUDEA & ! ,DIASPORA3 ,SADDUCEISM & ,PH>ISAISM4 

,HADOT DOES NOT EXCLUDE ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,>AMAIC WORD OSSIO1 0DOCTOR10 :I* JU/IFIES ! APPELLATION ,!RAPEUTES1 OR ! 0DOCTORS ( ! S\L0 :OM ,PHILO TAKES TO BE AN ,ESS5E SECT LOCAT$ NOT F> FROM ,ALEX&RIA4 

,IF ONE CAN JUDGE FROM ! MANUSCRIPTS DISCOV]$ AT ,QUMRAN1 !Y CALL$ !MSELVES 0,M5 ( ! ,COMMUNITY10 0,C\NSEL ( ,GOD10 0,C\NSEL ( ! ,COMMUNITY10 0,SONS ( ,SADOQ0 7OR ,TSADOQ1 ,SONS ( ! ,JU/1 OR ,SONS ( ,JU/ICE74 ,9 A G5]AL WAY1 !Y CALL$ !MSELVES ! 0,LOYAL10 OR ! 0,PI\S10 9 ,HEBREW *ASSE 7! ,SYRIAN HASAYA1 :I* MEANS 0PI\S0 OR 0HOLY10 IS PHONETICALLY SIMIL> TO 0,ESS5E074 0,! EA/]N DOOR ( ,J]USALEM1 :I* OV]LOOK$ ! C\NTRY ( ! ,ESS5ES1 CONS]V$ ! NAME ,BAB ,ESSAHI\N1 :I* SEEMS TO RECALL ! NAME ( ?IS MY/]I\S COMMUNITY40.<#d#h.> 

,ACCORD+ TO ,QUMRANIAN TEXTS FROM A LAT] DATE1 ! ,ESS5ES =M$ ! SECT ( ! 0,NEW ,ALLIANCE10 A =MULA ?AT ,M>CION -- 9 ALL PROBABILITY 9SPIR$ BY ! ,*RI/IAN ,JEW ,SAUL -- W\LD TRANSLATE AS 0,NEW ,TE/AM5T0 SO AS TO OPPOSE IT TO ! ANCI5T ONE1 & ) A SUCCESS ?AT CANNOT BE D5I$4 

,9 TWO C5TURIES ( EXI/5CE1 ,ESS5ISM -- ! EXPANSION ( :I* FOLL[$ ! ,DIASPORA -- DID NOT FAIL TO BORR[ FROM DIV]SE /REAMS & TO EMBRACE MANY DOCTR9ES4 ,PHILO SPEAKS ( ! 0,!RAPEUTES0 FROM ,LAKE ,M>EOTIS4 ,9 C]TA9 TEXTS1 ! ,M5 ( ! ,COMMUNITY ID5TIFY !MSELVES ) ! EBBYONIM1 ! 0POOR10 BECAUSE !RE WAS GOOD REASON TO REPROA* ! ,JUDEO-,*RI/IAN SECT ( ! ,EBIONI/S1 :O W]E CLOSE TO OR RIVALS ) ! ,NAZ>5ES1 & :O SEEM$ TO OPPOSE !MSELVES TO ! REBYM1 ! 0MANY10 A T]M US$ BY ,SAUL_/,PAUL TO DESIGNATE HIS DISCIPLES4 

,HI/ORY ( ! ,SECT 

  

,TAK+ EXCEPTION TO ! HYPO!SIS ?AT FIXES ! ORIG9 ( ,ESS5E DISSID5CE UND] ! ,ASMONEANS ,JONA?AN & ,SIMON1 ,DUPONT-,SOMM] SITUATES IT UND] ,ALEX&] ,JANNEE 7#a#c-#g#f .<,B4,C4,E4.>7 9/EAD4 

,! OPPOSITION TO ! MON>*AL PRET5TIONS ( ! GREAT PRIE/ ,ALEX&] ,JANNEE 9CIT$ ! LEAD] ( ! ,ESS5ES TO )DRAW 9TO ! DES]T ) HIS P>TISANS1 JU/ AS ,MOSES DID4  
  

,WE KN[ ?R\< ,FLAVIUS ,JOSEPH ?AT ,>I/OBULE ! ,FIR/1 SUCCESSOR TO ! GREAT PRIE/ ,JEAN ,HYRAN1 HIS FA!R1 W\LD ADD ! TITLE ( K+ TO ?AT ( GREAT PRIE/4 ,A YE> LAT]1 9 #ac .<,B4,C4,E4.>1 HIS BRO!R ,ALEX&] ,JANNEE SUCC$$ HIM & DID NOT DISAV[ ! BOLD 9ITIATIVE3 HE TOOK ! TITLE ( K+4 ,( ! ?REE GREAT ,JEWI% P>TIES1 ONLY ! ,ESS5E P>TY WAS /RONGLY OPPOS$ TO ?IS 9NOVATION4.<#d#i.>  
  

,! RESOLUTION TO LEAVE ,J]USALEM & 5T] ! DES]T IS EVOK$ 9 ,! ,RULE ( ! ,W> ( ! ,SONS ( ! ,LI<T ,AGA9/ ! ,SONS ( ,D>KNESS4 

,:]E WAS ! COMMUNITY LOCAT$8 ,! HI/ORIAN ,DION ,*RYSO/OME 7>\ND #db TO #a#b#e7 SPEAKS ( ,ESS5ES LIV+ NE> ,SODOM4 ,= ,SAULCY1 ,QUMRAN W\LD BE ,GOMORRAH4.<#e.> ,DORESSE IS CONT5T TO AFFIRM3 0,SODOM & ,GOMORRAH C\NT AMONG ! PLACES 9 :I* !IR COLONIES W]E E/ABLI%$40.<#e#a.> 

,9 ! ,WRIT+S ( ,DAMASCUS1 ! FIR/ MA/] ( ! SECT C>RI$ ! TITLE ( PRIE/4 ,HE ISSU$ FROM ! SAC]DOTAL FAMILY ( ,GEMUL & HIS DISSID5CE D]IV$1 AT ! ORIG9 AT LEA/1 FROM A P[] /RUGGLE 9 ! ,SADDUCEAN CA/E1 MY?ICALLY ATTA*$ TO ,SADOQ1 GREAT PRIE/ UND] ,SOLOMON4 

,HIS TITLE REF]R$ BACK TO ! SACR$ NOTION ( JU/ICE1 TO ?OSE JU/ PEOPLE OR SA9TS :OM ,GOD DESIGNAT$ AS HIS *OS51 & :OM ,JACOB W\LD P]PETUATE 9 ,*RI/IANITY4 ,IT WAS ALSO A REF]5CE TO ! DE/9Y ( ,MEL*IZ$EK1 A SECOND>Y BIBLICAL P]SONAGE1 ELEVAT$ BY ! SYMBOLIC CONSONANCE ( ?IS NAME 7TS$EK1 0JU/ICE07 TO ! DIGNITY ( ,MESSIAH AMONG C]TA9 ,ESS5ES4 ,! FRAGM5TS D]IV$ FROM MIDRA%IM1 REPRIZ$ 9 ! NOTES ATTRIBUT$ TO ,SAUL_/,PAUL1 AGA9 ATTE/ TO ! V5]ATION %[N ) RESPECT TO AN ALT] EGO ( ! ,MA/] ( ,JU/ICE4 

,>\ND #a .<,B4,C4,E4.> !RE DEVELOP$ 9 ,QUMRAN A ,JEWI% SECT ?AT DISS5T$ FROM ,SADDUCEANISM & WAS HO/ILE TO ! ,PH>ISIANS1 :OM ,ALEX&] ,JANNEE P]SECUT$4 ,UPON ! DEA? ( ! MON>* & GREAT PRIE/1 HIS WID[1 ,ALEX&RA 7#g#f-#g#g71 OCCUPI$ ! ?RONE & SET UP H] SON ,HYRAN ,I,I AS ! SOV]EIGN PONTIFF4 

,UPON ! DEA? ( ,ALEX&RA1 A W> OPPOS$ ,HYRAN ,I,I 7#f#g-#f#c7 TO HIS BRO!R ,>I/OBULE ,I,I4 ,! ,PH>ISIANS >RANG$ !MSELVES ON ! SIDE ( ! =M]1 :ILE ! ,SADDUCEANS *OSE ! LATT]4 

,>\ND #fe .<,B4,C4,E4.> ! P]SECUTION ( ,HYRAN ,I,I FELL UPON ! ,ESS5ES :O HAD TAK5 REFUGE 9 ,DAMASCUS1 ! HOLY CITY ( :I* ! ,HEBREW NAME 7,D,M,S7 MEANS 0SANCTU>Y40.<#e#b.> ,ITS MY?ICAL F\NDATION IS ATTRIBUT$ TO ,SE?1 ,SON ( ,MAN 7?AT IS TO SAY1 ,SON ( ,ADAM71 :OSE IMPORTANCE -- EMPHASIZ$ 9 ! ,QUMRAN MANUSCRIPTS1 AS 9 ! TEXTS DISCOV]$ AT ,NAG-,HAMMADI -- DEMON/RAT$ ! EXI/5CE ( ! SECTS HOLD+ ,SE? TO BE ! ,MESSIAH4 ,! ,WRIT+S ( ,DAMASCUS SITUAT$ ! EV5T A LITTLE BE=E ! >RIVAL ( ,POMPEI 9 ,JUDEA 9 #fc .<,B4,C4,E4.>4 

,BEWTE5 #fe & #fc .<,B4,C4,E4.> A DRAMA EXPLOD$1 ! ES*ATOLOGICAL CONSEQU5CES ( :I* SURPASS ! HI/ORY ( ! ,ESS5ES3 ! PUTT+ TO DEA? ( ! ,MA/] ( ,JU/ICE1 :O WAS1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,COMM5T>Y ( ,HABACUC1 0! PRIE/ ?AT ,GOD HAD PLAC$ 9 ! 7,H\SE ( ,JUDA7 SO AS TO EXPLA9 ALL ( ! WORDS ( HIS S]VANTS1 ! PROPHETS40 ,IS IT ,ONIAS ! ,JU/1 PUT TO DEA? 9 ! CAMP ( ,HYRAN ,I,I1 AS SUGGE/$ BY ,DUPONT-,SOMM]S8 7,ACCORD+ TO ,J4,M4 ,ROS5/IEHL1.<#e#c.> ! ANCI5T K]NEL ( ! ,APOCALYPSE ( ,ELIE DATES FROM ! EPO* ( ,HYRAN ,I,I4 ,A K+ :O IS NOT ANO9T$ P]SECUTES ! VIRG9 ,TABI?A1 :O IS ! ,COMMUNITY ( ,QUMRAN1 BUT ! ,ANO9T$ ,ONE1 ! ,MESSIAH1 COMES TO DELIV] H] & LEADS H] TO T]RE/RIAL P>ADISE4 ,! RETURN ( ,H5O* EVOKES ?AT ( ! ,MA/] ( ,JU/ICE47 

,:ATEV] ! CASE1 ! ,QUMRAN TEXTS !NCE=? OPPOS$ ! V5]ATION ( ITS VICTIM1 ! 0,LA/ ,PRIE/0 OR ! 0,MESSIAH ( ! ,SPIRIT10 TO ! EXECRATION ( ! DESPOT OR ! 0,IMPI\S ,PRIE/40 ,PHILON5KO SEES 9 ! M>TRY+ ( ,ESAIE A TRANSPOSITION ( ! HI/ORY ( ! SECT & ! SACRIFICIAL EXECUTION ( ITS ,MESSIAH4.<#e#d.> 

,:5 ,POMPEI SEIZ$ ,J]USALEM & RAZ$ ! ,TEMPLE 9 #fc .<,B4,C4,E4.>1 ! ,ESS5ES PROPAGAT$ ! RUMOR ( A JU/ PUNI%M5T 9FLICT$ BY ,GOD ON ! ,JUDEANS1 GUILTY ( ! DEA? ( ! ,MESSIAH4 ,?IS SC5>IO1 :I* COLOR$ ANTI-,JUDAISM ) ANTI-,SEMITISM1 W\LD 9 ! ,SECOND ,C5TURY 5T] 9TO ! ROMANESQUE ELABORATION ( ! DEA? ( ,JESUS4 

,LITTLE BY LITTLE1 ! ,M5 ( ! ,COMMUNITY REGA9$ ! REGION ( ! ,DEAD ,SEA1 NOT )\T LEAV+ IMPORTANT COLONIES 9 ! CITIES ( ! ,DIASPORA & 9 ,DAMASCUS1 ! SANCTU>Y CITY 9 :I* ! LEG5D>Y BIOGRAPHY ( ,SAUL_/,PAUL SITUAT$ ! ILUM9ATION ( ! PROPHET & HIS REVELATION ( ! ,MESSIAH4 

,! 9VASION ( ,P>!S1 :I* RAVAG$ ! ,QUMRAN REGION BETWE5 #d & #* .<,B4,C4,E4.>1 & AN E>?QUAKE RU9$ A SECUL> COMMUNITY ( :I* ! NUM]ICAL IMPORTANCE WAS ATTE/$ BY ! >*ITECTURAL DEVELOPM5TS ( ! BUILD+S1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( CULTURE1 ! IRRIGATION SY/EM & ! CEMET]Y1 9 :I* .<BO?.> M5 & WOM5 REPOS$4 

,! TOL]ANT ATTITUDE ( ,H]OD 7#c#g .<,B4,C4,E4.> -- #d .<,C4,E4.>7 FAVOR$ ! ,ESS5ES' FRE$OM ( MOVEM5T4 ,!Y FURR[$ ! ROADS ?AT1 FROM ,J]USALEM TO ! ,DEAD ,SEA1 RAN P>ALLEL TO ! ,JORDAN ,RIV]4 ,H]E !Y MANIFE/$ AN IMPORTANT ,BAPTI/ MOVEM5T4 ,IS IT NECESS>Y TO SEE AN EVOLV$ ,ESS5ISM1 /RIPP$ ( ITS ELITISM1 OR ! P]PETUATION ( ! TEA*+S ( ! ,MESSIAH CALL$ ,DUN/AN_/,DOSI!E1 CRUCIFI$1 9 ! ,NAZ>EANISM IMPLANT$ 9 ,JUDEA1 ,GALILEE & ,SAM>IA WELL BE=E ! ,*RI/IAN ]A8 

,FROM #d .<,B4,C4,E4.> ON1 ! GU]RILLA W> AGA9/ ,ROME PROVOK$ A NEW FL[ ( PEOPLE 9TO ,QUMRAN4 ,IT IS MORE ?AN PROBABLE ?AT A FACTION ( ,ESS5ISM FURNI%$ DOCTR9AL WEAPONS TO ! ,ZEALOT MOVEM5T4 ,AT ,MASADA !RE W]E ,ESS5ES = :OM ,! ,RULE ( ! ,W> ( ! ,SONS ( ! ,LI<T ,AGA9/ ! ,SONS ( ,D>KNESS SYNCRETIZ$ ES*ALATOLOGICAL COMBAT & NATIONAL.<I/.> W>F>E4 

,9 #f#h1 ,QUMRAN WAS DEVA/AT$ BY ! ,DECIMA ,LEGIO ,PRET5SIS1 ! ELITE MILIT>Y HORDE S5T BY ! ,ROMANS TO CRU% ! ,JEWI% 9SURRECTION4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( ,ESS5ISM WAS NOT BROK52 BEG9N+ ) ! DIV9E PUNI%M5T ?AT FELL UPON ,J]USALEM & ! ,TEMPLE1 :I* !Y NEV] CEAS$ TO EXECRATE1 ! ,M5 ( ! ,COMMUNITY %[$ !MSELVES ON ! GREAT DAY ( ! DIASPORA TO BE :O !Y HAD ALWAYS BE53 ,MESSIANIC ,JEWS EXPECT+ ! IMM95T RETURN ( !IR ,KYRIOS1 !IR ,SAVIOR2 5LI<T5$ ONES :OM ! ,GREEKS AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,SECOND ,C5TURY CALL$ *RE/IANOI OR *RI/IANOI1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 QUITE SIMPLY ,MESSIANI/S & NOT1 AS ! HI/ORIANS HAVE FALSELY SUGGE/$1 DISCIPLES ( A UNIQUE ,*RI/4 

,CONTR>Y TO :AT ,R5AN AFFIRMS1 ,*RI/IANITY IS NOT AN ,ESS5ISM ?AT SUCCE$$2 IT IS NO?+ O!R ?AN ! 5SEMBLE ( ,ESS5E SECTS1 5CIRCL$ BY ! G5]AL T]M ,JUDEO-,*RI/IAN1 & OPPOS$ TO ,PH>ISAISM4 

,SP>$ FROM ,ROMAN REPRESSION1 ! ,PH>ISIANS TI<T5$ !IR RANKS1 FELL BACK UPON A RIGOR\S CANONICITY CONCRETIZ$ BY ! ,TALMUD & ITS COMM5T>IES4 ,!Y F\<T TWO H]ESIES3 ! NOSRIM OR ,NAZ>5ES1 PREOCCUPI$ ) ! RE=M ( ,MOSAIC LAW1 & ! M9IM OR ,GNO/ICS1 0?OSE :O KN[10 9 :OM ! RANGE ( ! DUALI/S WAS EXT5D$1 OPPOS+ ! ,GOOD ,GOD & ,Y,H,: TO ! ,SIMONIAN DOCTR9E ( 9DIVIDUAL SALVATION ?R\< ! CREATION ( SELF4 

,MONA*ISM & ,ECCLESIA/IC ,ORGANIZATION 

  

,ESS5ISM EVOLV$ A GREAT DEAL 9 TWO C5TURIES4 ,IF ITS >*AIC =M ( ! MONA/IC TYPE HAD NOT DISAPPE>$ FROM ! H]MITAGES & ,COPTIC MONA/]IES F\ND$ BY ,PACOME & ,MACAIRE >\ND #b#e#a1 UND] ! P]SECUTION ( ,DECE1 !N ! DOCTR9E W\LD HAVE TAK5 MORE MOD]N COLORATIONS ?AT W]E EXPRESS$ BY ,EBIONISM1 ,NAZ>EANISM1 ! ,EPI/LE ATTRIBUT$ TO ,B>NABAS1 ! TEA*+S ( ,SAUL_/,PAUL1 NAY1 ! ,EL*ASAITISM ( ! ,HOMELIES ( ,PET] ATTRIBUT$ TO ,CLEM5T1 NOT TO M5TION ! ,H5O*IANS1 ,MEL*IS$E*IANS & ,SE?IANS4 

,! EXCAVATIONS AT ,QUMRAN HAVE EXTRACT$ A SQU>E BUILD+1 FLANK$ BY A T[] ?AT WAS P]HAPS 9T5D$ TO WAT* = ! RETURN ( ! ,MESSIAH1 :O WAS PUT TO DEA? >\ND #fc .<,B4,C4,E4.>4 

.<,9 ! BUILD+ !RE WAS F\ND.> A SY/EM ( FE$] *ANNELS 7A TORR5T AT ! BEG9N+71 SEV5 BA?+ POOLS 5D[$ ) /AIRWAYS & SEV]AL R\ND BAS9S1 RES]V$ = ! BAPTISM ( NEOPHYTES & PURIFY+ ABLUTIONS4 

,D$ICAT$ TO ! CULT & TO MEET+S1 ?IS MONA/]Y DID NOT %ELT] ! MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMUNITY1 :O W]E LODG$ 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD4 ,A MEET+ HALL S]V$ .<AS A PLACE =.> ! READ+ & EXEGESIS ( BIBLICAL TEXTS1 REWRITT5 & REVIS$ )\T SCRUPLE BY ! SECT>IANS1 :O W]E CONV9C$ ?AT !Y W]E ! ONLY ONES TO HOLD ! TRU?4 ,DID NOT !Y PRAISE !IR ,*RI/ = HAV+ REVEAL$ TO !M ! MEAN+ ( ! ,SCRIPTURES1 ?US ELEVAT+ !M TO ! /ATUS ( *OS5 BY ,GOD1 SA9TS1 0P]FECT ONES08 

,H]E .<9 ! MONA/]Y.> W]E ALSO CELEBRAT$ ! SACR$ BANQUETS ( 0,HOLY ,COMMUNIONS10 RITUAL MEALS ( BREAD & W9E 7OR WAT]7 BY :I* ! FAI?FUL COMMUN$ ) ! PRES5CE ( ,GOD 7! ,CA?OLIC EU*>I/ W\LD BE 9SPIR$ BY IT1 AS WELL AS BY ! SYMBOLISM ( ! ,FLE% & ! ,BLOOD1 BORR[$ FROM ! ,PHRYGIAN CULT ( ,ATTIS74 

,ACCORD+ TO ! E/IMATES1 ! AV]AGE POPULATION ( ,QUMRAN 9CREAS$ TO >\ND #b PEOPLE4 ,ITS AUTOCRATIC SY/EM WAS F\ND$ ON AGRICULTURE1 AB&ON$ TO ! C>E ( NEOPHYTES1 :ILE ! ,P]FECT ,ONES DEVOT$ !MSELVES TO ! PRAISE ( ! ,SAVIOR1 ! S++ ( HYMNS & ! EXEGESIS ( SACR$ TEXTS4 ,FLAVIUS ,JOSEPH E/IMAT$ AT #d1 ! NUMB] ( ,ESS5ES REPATRIAT$ TO ,ALEX&RIA 7:]E ,PHILO KNEW !M BY ! NAME 0,!RAPEUTES071 ,DAMASCUS1 ,GREECE1 ,ASIA ,M9OR & ,ITALY4 

,! CEMET]IES HAVE DELIV]$ UP ! SKELETONS ( M5 & WOM51 PROBABLY ! WIVES ( ! CONV]TS ASSIGN$ TO LABOR ACTIVITIES1 :O HAD BE5 ACCORD$ ! RI<T TO M>RY ) ! GOAL ( PROCREAT+4 ,!Y 9T]R$ !IR DEAD ) !IR HEADS FAC+ NOR?1 :I* WAS DIFF]5T FROM O!R ,JEWS1 :OM !Y CONSID]$ TO BE NONBELIEV]S3 !Y JUDG$ !MSELVES TO BE ! ONLY REPRES5TATIVES ( ! TRUE ,ISRAEL4 ,9 ! SAME EXECRATION1 !Y DISMISS$ ! ,SADDUCEANS & ! ,PH>ISIANS1 :O W]E DEEM$ GUILTY ( SPILL+ ! BLOOD ( ! ,MESSIAH4 ,REFUS+ ! SACRIFICES MADE UND] ! EGIS ( ! ,GREAT ,PRIE/1 !Y CALL$ = DIV9E V5GEANCE UPON ! ,TEMPLE1 ! OBJECT ( 9FAMY REBUILT BY ,H]OD4 

,AS = ,J]USALEM1 !Y N\RI%$ ! AMBITION TO DELIV] IT FROM ! ,JEWS :O1 BY !IR DOCTR9ES1 HAD IMPI\SLY PR(AN$ ! HOL9ESS ( ! PLACE4 ,AMONG MANY ATTEMPTS EFFECTUAT$ 9 ?IS REG>D1 !RE WAS ! TUMULT /IRR$ UP BY ,!UDAS_/,?OMAS & HIS #d1 0POOR PEOPLE0 7EBBYONIM7 :O P>TICIPAT$ QUITE WELL 9 ! ,ESS5E SPIRIT4 

,! APPORTIONM5T ( TIME EQUALLY DI/+UI%$ !M FROM !IR CORELIGIONI/S4 ,! ONLY TRUE OBS]V]S ( ,MOSAIC LAW1 !Y CLAIM$ TO HOLD !IR CAL5D> TO BE A DIV9E REVELATION4 ,DIFF]5T FROM ! ,JUDEAN CAL5D>1 !IRS WAS SOL>1 NOT LUN>4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! 9DICATIONS ?AT ,EZE*IEL ADVOCAT$1 ! YE> WAS DIVID$ 9TO F\R TRIME/]S & 9TO MON?S ( #c OR #ca DAYS1 ) ! RESULT ?AT FE/IVALS FELL ON FIX$ DATES4 ,EA/] E*O$ ,W$NESDAY #ad ,NIZAN1 TWO DAYS BE=E ! ,EA/] CELEBRAT$ 9 ,J]USALEM4.<#e#e.> 

,SU* IS ! CAL5D> TO :I* ! EVANGELICAL NOVEL ( ,JO%UA_/,JESUS REF]R$1 & W\LD LAT] BE ADOPT$ BY ,CA?OLIC OR?ODOXY :5 -- APPROPRIAT+ ! CONTROL ( TIME 9 ITS TURN -- IT W\LD >BITR>ILY AN*OR AT A Z]O PO9T ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,*RI/IAN ]A4 

,! ,ESS5ES REPLAC$ ! SACRIFICES ( ! ,TEMPLE ) ! SACRIFICE ( ! BODY3 MORTIFICATION EXT+UI%$ ! FIRE ( ! DESIRES & /OK$ ! >DOR ( ! SPIRIT1 TO :I* !IR MIS]ABLE EXI/5CE R$UC$ ITSELF4 ,!IR FRANTIC ASCETICISM N\RI%$ ! ORD9>Y MISOGYNY ( PATRI>*AL PEOPLES & PU%$ IT TO ! /ATE ( NEUROSIS4 ,! ,QUMRAN MANUSCRIPTS 9CLUDE A POEM AGA9/ WOM51 ! S\RCE ( ALL ! TR\BLES & P]DITIONS ( MAN4.<#e#f.> 

,! ,RULE ( ! ,W> PROSCRIBES SEXUAL RELATIONS & EXCLUDES FROM ! .<RANKS ( !.> ,5LI<T5$ ,ONES ! WOMAN1 ! Y\NG MAN1 & ! IMPURE1 UND]/OOD TO BE HE :O HAS EJACULAT$4.<#e#g.> 

,A MU* MORE REC5T TEXT1 ISSU$ FROM ,DAMASCUS1 TOL]ATES ! MAKE%IFT ( M>RIAGE1 BUT ) ! SOLE GOAL ( PROCREAT+ & P]PETUAT+ ! SECT4 

,SCORN = WOM5 RUNS LIKE A C\NT]-PO9T ?R\< ALL ( ! P>TITIONS ( ,*RI/IANITY4 ,! ,ESS5E OR ,NAZ>EAN ,SAUL_/,PAUL ONLY TOL]AT$ !IR PRES5CE 9 ! ECCLESIA/ICAL ASSEMBLIES ON ! CONDITION ?AT !Y KEEP QUIET2 ! ,M>CIONITES1 ,EL*ASAITES1 ,MONTANI/S & ,CA?OLICS ALL TREAT$ !M LIKE !Y W]E IMPURE BEA/S4 ,TO SUPPORT .<! IDEA.> ?AT ?IS IS QUITE ORD9>Y1 ACCORD+ TO ! PREJUDICIES ( ! TIMES1 W\LD BE IGNORANT ( ! FACTS ?AT1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ! S*OOLS -- NAY1 ! SECTS -- RECOGNIZ$ 9 WOM5 & LOVE ?AT :I* EXCITES ! 9VALUABLE PRIVILEGE ( CREAT+ LIFE & SAV+ HUMANITY4 ,?IS WAS ! CASE ) ,SIMON ( ,SAM>IA1 C]TA9 ,NAASS5ES & ! ,B>BELITES4 

,NO D\BT ,PL9Y ! ,ELD] WAS RI<T TO PA9T A PORTRAIT ( ! ,ESS5ES ?AT LITTLE ACCORD$ ) A 0PEOPLE )\T WOM51 )\T LOVE1 )\T MONEY40 ,LOVE WAS TRAVE/I$ BY ! ADORATION ( ,GOD & CLANNI% SOLID>ITY4 ,AS F> AS ! ABS5CE ( MONEY1 :I* WAS ! RESULT ( AN AUTOCRATIC ECONOMY1 IT WAS 7AS AMONG ! ,EBIONITES7 A VOLUNT>Y POV]TY2 MU* LATT]1 ITS FANTASM W\LD HAUNT ! COLLECTIVI/ & MILL5>IAN DREAMS ?AT -- TAK+ ROOT DUR+ CRISES ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL TRANS=MATION -- W\LD DEM& A RETURN TO AN EGALIT>IAN1 FRAT]NAL1 DIS9T]E/$ ,*RI/IANITY1 :I* W\LD BE A CA?>TIC PRELUDE TO ! REIGN ( ! HOLY4 

,ESS5ISM IS ! ,TRUE ,ORIG9AL ,*RI/IANITY 

  

,9 ! ,EI<TE5? ,C5TURY1 ! ]UDITE ,B]N>D DE ,MONTFAUCON /IRR$ UP A POLEMIC ON ! SUBJECT ( ! ,!RAPEUTES AS DESCRIB$ BY ,PHILO ( ,ALEX&RIA4 ,TO ,MONTFAUCON1 !Y W]E A ,*RI/IAN SECT1 :I* HE PROV$ ) S]I\S >GUM5TATION4.<#e#h.> ,HIS CRITICS RETORT$ ?AT O!R ,JEWI% MILIEU PRES5T$ ! SAME S+UL>ITIES4 ,BO? W]E RI<T3 ! ,!RAPEUTES W]E BO? ,JEWI% & ,*RI/IAN4 ,UNTIL ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,SECOND ,C5TURY1 ! ONLY =M ( ,*RI/IANITY -- ?AT IS1 BE=E ,M>CION TOOK EXCEPTION TO IT 9 ! NAME ( A ,GREEK ,*RI/IANITY -- WAS 9SCRIB$ 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( A RE=M$ & ANTI-,JUDEAN ,JUDAISM4 

,ESS5ISM UNIT$ ALL ( ! TRAITS ( PRIMITIVE ,*RI/IANITY3 IT WAS BAPTI/1 BELIEV$ 9 A ,MESSIAH1 F\ND$ ! ,*UR*ES & WAS M>K$ BY ! DUALITY ( ROADS1 ,LI<T & ,D>KNESS1 NAY1 BY ! DUALITY ( ! ,DEMIURGE & ! ,GOOD ,GOD4  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,! ,SADDUCEANS & ! ,PH>ISIANS APPEAL$ TO BAPTISM AS A RITUAL ( PURIFICATION1 BUT AMONG ! ,ESS5ES IT DID NOT RETA9 ! VALUE ( A SPIRITUAL 5GAGEM5T & A COMMUNIT>IAN RITE ( 9ITIATION4 ,?US A HYMN PROCLAIMS3  
  

,IT IS BY ! HUMILITY ( HIS S\L ) RESPECT TO ALL ! PRECEPTS ( ,GOD 

 ?AT WILL PURIFY ! FLE% 

 :5 ONE SPR9KLES IT ) HOLY WAT]  

 & HE WILL SANCTIFY HIMSELF 9 RUNN+ WAT]4.<#e#i.>  
  

,SYMBOLICALLY1 WAT] PURIFIES ! BODY ( ITS NATURAL IMPURITY1 WA%+ IT ( S5SUAL PASSIONS1 EXON]AT+ ! BODY ( ITS MAT]IAL GRAVITY & ELEVAT+ IT T[>DS ,GOD 9 ! ASC5DANT MOVEM5T ( ! SPIRIT4 ,BAPTISM REMA9S )\T EFFECT IF IT IS NOT ACCOMPANI$ BY A CONV]SION ( ! HE>T4 ,! DOCTR9E ( ,SAUL_/,PAUL GIVES TO BAPTISM ! SAME SPIRITUAL MEAN+1 9V]T+ ! BAPTISMAL CONCEPTION HONOR$ BY C]TA9 ,ALEX&RIAN ,GNO/IC SECTS1 = :I* WAT] MEANT ! RETURN TO ! MAT]NAL MATRIX & RE-BIR? 9 ! HE>T ( ! WELCOM+ COMMUNITY4 

,! CURR5T /ATE ( /UDIES DOES NOT P]MIT US TO CONJECTURE IF A ,DOSI!AN OR ,NAZ>EAN 9FLU5CE EXI/$ .<9 ,ESS5ISM.>1 BUT UND\BT$LY C]TA9 ,ESS5E TRAITS PROCE$$ FROM ,SAM>ITAN FRE$OM ) RESPECT TO ,JUDAIC OR?ODOXY4 

,! ,MESSIAH 

  

,! DOCTR9AL SY/EM ( ! ,M5 ( ! ,COMMUNITY %>$ ) ! ,BOOK ( ,H5O* ,I ! L9EAM5TS ( ! ,GNO/ICISM & ,MESSIANISM ?AT W\LD DOM9ATE ! ,JEWI% ,*RI/IANITIES & ! ,HELL5IC ,*RI/IANITIES UP TO1 NAY1 BEYOND ! ,SECOND ,C5TURY4 

,9 ?IS SY/EM1 ! ANGELS1 ! ,PR9CES ( ,LI<T1 CONFRONT$ ! FALL5 ANGELS1 ! ,PR9CES ( ,D>KNESS1 ! 0GUILTY ONES0 OR SYZYGIES ?AT OPPOS$ ,MI*AEL & ,RAPHAEL1 ,BELIAL & ,SATAN4 

,! !ORY ( ! ,SON ( ,MAN 7,ADAM7 IS EXP\ND$ 9 ! ,ASC5SION ( ,H5O*4 ,:5 ,H5O* QUE/IONS ! ANGEL :O ACCOMPANIES HIM AB\T ! ,SON ( ,MAN1 0,:O IS HE8 ,FROM :5CE DOES HE COME80 ! ANGEL RESPONDS3 0,IT IS ! ,SON ( ,MAN :O POSSESSES JU/ICE1 :O WILL REVEAL ALL ( ! SECRET TREASURES BECAUSE ! ,SAVIOR ( ,SPIRITS HAS *OS5 HIM40 

,! ANGEL SPECIFIES ?AT ! ,MESSIAH IS 05G5D]$ BY ,JU/ICE10 :I* IS A REF]5CE APPLICABLE TO ! ,ESS5E ,MA/]1 SU* AS ,MEL*IZ$EK1 HIS P>$ROS .<DIV9E ASSOCIATE.> OR ALT] EGO4 

,AS ! ,SON ( ,MAN WAS 9C>NAT$ 9 ! ,MA/] ( ,JU/ICE1 HE WILL RETURN 9 ! TRAITS ( A NEW ,MESSIAH1 :OM ,H5O*'S P>ABLES NAME ! ,*OS5 ,ONE1 ACCORD+ TO ! TRADITION 9AUGURAT$ BY ! /ANZAS ON ! ,S]VANT ( ,Y,H,: 9 ! ,BOOK ( ,ESAIE 7#d#b1 #a74 

,?US ,PHILON5KO.<#f.> EMPHASIZ$ ?AT !RE EXI/S A V]ITABLE ,*RI/OLOGY 9 ! ,QUMRAN TEXTS4 ,IT REA*ES SU* PRECISION ?AT PEOPLE HAVE SUPPOS$ ?AT 9 C]TA9 WRIT+S -- SU* AS ! ,TE/AM5TS ( ! ,TWELVE ,PATRI>*S 7! DISC\RSES ON ,GOD1 BY ! TWELVE SONS ( ,JACOB1 TO !IR *ILDR5 ,RUB51 ,SIMEON1 ,LEVI1 ,JUDA1 ,ISSA*>1 ,ZABULON1 ,DAN1 ,MEPHTALI1 ,GAD1 ,AS]1 ,JOSEPH & ,B5JAM97 -- !RE >E 9T]POSITIONS ( ,GREEK ,*RI/IANITY1 NAY1 ,CA?OLICISM4 ,!RE=E1 COMP>+ ! MANUSCRIPTS F\ND AT ,QUMRAN & ! REVIS$ V]SIONS1 ,PHILON5KO PICK$ \T A NUMB] ( !M 7M9US 9T]POLATIONS71 MO/ (T5 CONC]N+ ! WORD ,*RI/OS4 ,H]E WAS A ,MESSIAH READY TO ASSUME ! ROLE ( ! NAME EMBLEMATIC ( ,JO%UA_/,JESUS4 

,ESS5E ,*RI/OLOGY EVOLV$ FROM A PRIMITIVE CONCEPTION TO A MOD]N VISION ( ! ,*RI/4 ,! MO/ ANCI5T TEXTS EVOK$ TWO ,MESSIAHS3 ONE1 SAC]DOTAL1 9DICATOR TO ! FAI?FUL ( ! ROAD TO SANCTIFICATION2 ! O!R1 ROYAL1 LEAD] ( ,ISRAEL TO VICTORY OV] ! GOYIM4 ,=TY YE>S LAT]1 A S+LE ,MESSIAH WAS EXPECT$3 ! ,MA/] ( ,JU/ICE1 ! ,*OS5 ,ONE1 ! ,KYRIOS *OS5 BY ,GOD TO REVEAL ! 0,NEW ,ALLIANCE10 ! ,NOVUM ,TE/AM5TUM ( :I* ,M>CION W\LD LAT] SPEAK74 

,! WAIT HAD BEGUN MANY YE>S BE=E ! ,*RI/IAN ]A4 ,:ILE ! ,RULE ,ANNEX 7#a ,Q4 ,SA #b_/#a#a-#a#b7 SPEAKS ( A TIME :5 ,GOD 0WILL HAVE 5G5D]$ ! ,MESSIAH10 ! P>T DEVOT$ TO ,B5JAM9 9 ! ,TE/AM5TS ( ! ,TWELVE ,PATRIA*S CLE>LY EVOKES ! COM+ ( A UNIQUE ,MESSIAH1 ! RE9C>NATION ( ! ,MA/] ( ,JU/ICE4.<#f#a.>  
  

,?US1 WE TOO WILL >ISE1 EA* 9 \R TRIBE1 ADOR+ ! ,K+ ( ! ,HEAV5S :O APPE>S ON ! E>? UND] ! =M ( A HUMBLE MAN2 & ALL ?OSE :O BELIEVE 9 HIM WILL REJOICE 9 HIM4 ,& !N1 :5 ALL HAVE >IS51 SOME = GLORY1 O!RS = %AME1 ! ,SAVIOR WILL AT FIR/ JUDGE ,ISRAEL = ! 9JU/ICES COMMITT$ AGA9/ H]2 :5 ,GOD TAKES ON FLE% AS A LIB]ATOR1 !Y WILL NOT BELIEVE 9 HIM4.<#f#b.>  
  

,WE RECALL ?AT IT IS A QUE/ION H]E ( A TEXT UNE>!D AT ,QUMRAN ?AT DOES NOT 9CLUDE ANY SUBSEQU5T 9T]POLATIONS4 ,IT IS DIFFICULT NOT TO DISCOV] 9 IT ! S\RCE ( ! MY?ICAL P]SON CALL$ ,JESUS & ! ESS5TIALS ( ! DOCTR9E BY ,SAUL_/,PAUL4 ,AMPLIFI$ BY ! MIDRA%IM1 COMPLET$ BY ! P>TICUL> COMMUNIT>IAN PRACTICES & MOD]N POLEMICS1 & ADAPAT$ TO ! ,GRECO-,ROMAN M9DSET1 ! SPECULATIONS >IS+ >\ND ! ,ESS5E ,MESSIAH :O WAS TORTUR$ TO DEA? >\ND #fc .<,B4,C4,E4.> W\LD SKET* \T ! SC5>IO ( A SYNCRETIC ,MESSIAH ISSU$ FROM ,JO%UA1 TRANSPOS$ DUR+ ! ,ZEALOTS' W> UND] ,TIB]IAS1 RA!R ?AN FROM ,JACOB & ,PET]1 ! H]OIC WITNESSES & DISCIPLES ( ! ,KYRIOS :O HAD GUID$ !IR ACTS & DI$ CRUCIFI$4 

,! SECRET NAME ( SU* A ,MESSIAH =M$ ! /AKES 9 A LONG /RUGGLE 9 ! MILIEU ?AT HAD BE5 P5ETRAT$ BY ,JEWI% ES*ATOLOGY4 ,EA* ,ESS5E COMMUNITY OR ,*UR* PRODUC$ ITS [N PRO(S & TE/IMONIES ) A VIEW T[>DS RATIFY+ AGREEM5T ) ITS ,*RI/4 

,GROTTO _?#d AT ,QUMRAN SURR5D]$ AN ,>AMAIC TEXT1 ! T]MS ( :I* 5T]$ 9TO ! COMPOSITION ( ! FUTURE ,JO%UA_/,JESUS3  
  

,HE WILL BE GREAT ON ! E>? & WILL MAKE PEACE & EA* WILL S]VE HIM4 ,HE WILL BE CALL$ ! ,SON ( ! ,GREAT ,GOD & BY ?IS NAME HE WILL BE CALL$4 ,HE WILL BE SALUT$ AS ! ,SON ( ,GOD & WE WILL CALL HIM ,SON ( ! ,MO/ ,HI< & HIS K+DOM WILL BE AN ET]NAL K+DOM4.<#f#c.>  
  

,HE WILL BE ! CELE/IAL FIGURE ( ! ,SON ( ,MAN ANN\NC$ BY ! ,BOOK ( ,DANIEL1 0! ,*OS5 ,ONE 9 ! PRES5CE ( ! ,SAVIOR ( ,SPIRITS40 0,! ,LI<T ( ! PEOPLE10 HE WILL POSSESS ! SPIRIT ( WISDOM1 SCI5CE & /R5G?1 ?REE QUALITIES ?AT W\LD F9D !MSELVES 9 ! ,LOGIA1 ! REM>KS ATTRIBUT$ TO ,JESUS 79 ! ,SECOND ,C5TURY74 

,A NUMB] ( TRAITS ANECDOTALLY ATTRIBUT$ TO ,JESUS 9 ! EVANGELICAL NOVELS AB\ND 9 ! ,QUMRAN WRIT+S4 ,! APOCALYPSE 9CLUD$ 9 ! ,TE/AM5T ( ,JOSEPH N\RI%$ ! LEG5D ( A VIRG9AL BIR?3 0,& ,I SAW ?AT 9 ,JUDA WAS BORN A ,VIRG9 WE>+ A L95 ROBE & FROM H] EM]G$ A LAMB )\T BLEMI%40.<#f#d.> 

,MANUSCRIPT LABEL$ #a ,Q ,H #f1 #ab IMPUTES TO ?IS ,*RI/-,LAMB A VOCATION ?AT IS NO LONG] NATIONALI/1 BUT UNIV]SAL1 ACCORD+ TO AN OV]TURE ?AT ! ,*UR* ORD9>ILY ATTRIBUT$ TO ! S*OOL ( ,SAUL_/,PAUL3 0,ALL NATIONS RECOGNIZE Y\R TRU? & ALL PEOPLE GLORY Y\40 

,MOREOV]1 ! ,MA/] ( ,JU/ICE APPE>$ 9 ! MANN] ( ! FUTURE ,JO%UA_/,JESUS AS A SUFF]+ ,MESSIAH & ! F\ND] ( *UR*ES3 0,GOD WANT$ IT ?AT1 9 HIS SORR[S1 ! ,MA/] ( ,JU/ICE BUILD HIS GLORI\S ,*UR* &1 AL?\< ! ,HYMNS ( ! ,MA/] ( ,JU/ICE DO NOT EXPLICITLY PRES5T HIS SUFF]+S AS CAPABLE ( EXPIAT+ ! S9S ( ! O!RS1 IT IS A FUNDAM5TAL DOCTR9E 9 ! SECT & ONE F9DS 9 ! ,SONGS ( ! ,SAVIOR 7:I* FIGURES 9 ! ,BOOK ( ,ISAIAH & 9SPIR$ ,QUMRANIAN HYMNS7 ?AT ?AT ! ,SAVIOR 'WAS PI]C$ BECAUSE ( \R REBELLIONS1 CRU%$ BECAUSE ( \R 9IQUITY .<444.>4 ,HE IS FULL ( ! S9S ( ! MANY & HE HAS 9T]C$$ = ! S9N]S' 7,ISAIAH1 #c1 #i1 #a#b740.<#f#e.> 

,ANO!R FUNCTION ( ! ,MA/] ( ,JU/ICE ATTRIBUT$ TO ,JO%UA_/,JESUS & TO ,SAUL_/,PAUL3 ANN\NC+ ! ,GOOD ,NEWS1 :I* 9 ,GREEK IS ! ,EVANGELION1 ! ,GOSPELS 7,EVANGILE74 

,! ,QUMRANIAN HYMNS /IPULATE ?AT ,GOD GAVE HIM ! MISSION TO BE 0ACCORD+ TO ,HIS TRU? HE :O ANN\NCES ! ,GOOD ,NEWS 79 ! TIME7 ( ,HIS ,GOODNESS1 EVANGELIZ+ ! HUMBLE ONES1 ACCORD+ TO ! ABUNDANCE ( ,HIS M]CY 7& WAT]+ !M7 AT ! S\RCE ( HOL9ESS & CONSOL+ ?OSE :O >E CONTRITE ( SPIRIT & ! AFFLICT$0 7,X,V,I,I,I1 #a#d-#a#e74 

,! HYMN 9SPIR$ BY ! 0,SONGS ( ! ,SAVIOR0 9 ,ISAIAH3.<#f#f.>  
  

,! SPIRIT ( ! ,SAVIOR ,Y,H,: IS 9 ME1 

 ,BECAUSE ,Y,H,: HAS ANO9T$ ME4 

 ,IT IS TO ANN\NCE ! ,GOOD ,NEWS TO ! HUMBLE ?AT HE HAS S5T ME 

 ,TO B&AGE ?OSE :O HAVE A CONTRITE HE>T .<444.>  
  

,NO?+ IS MISS+ FROM ! 5SEMBLE ( FUNDAM5TAL MAT]IALS ?AT1 ?R\< RE-WRIT+ & REVISION1 5D$ UP 9 ! TEXTS ( ! ,HELL5IC ,*RI/IANITIES & ,CA?OLICISM1 EV5 ! ,NEW ,TE/AM5T ?AT ,M>CION W\LD BR&I% LIKE A WEAPON AGA9/ ! OLD .<TE/AM5T.>4 

,DUPONT-,SOMM] DID NOT FAIL TO REVEAL IT3.<#f#g.> ,ESS5ISM 7OR AT LEA/ AN ,ESS5E P>TY ?AT WAS P]HAPS ?AT ( ,SAUL1 OPPOS$ TO ! P>TIES ( ,JACOB1 ,PET] .<&.> ,?OMAS7 WANT$ TO BE ! SECT ( ! ,NEW ,ALLIANCE1 O!RWISE CALL$ ! ,NEW ,TE/AM5T 7,HYMN1 ,V1 #b#c2 ,WRIT+ FROM ,DAMASCUS74 

,R4,H4 ,*>LES1 :O HAS ALREADY /UDI$ ! ,BOOKS ( ,H5O*1 :I* WAS P>T ( ! ,ESS5E CANON1 REM>KS ?AT ! ,TE/AM5TS ( ! ,TWELVE ,PATRI>*S IS 0A PRODUCT ( ! S*OOL ?AT PREP>$ ! ROAD ( ! ,NEW ,TE/AM5T40 ,HE GOES FUR!R1 EMPHASIZ+ ?AT ! FAM\S ,S]MON ON ! ,M\NT ATTRIBUT$ TO ,JESUS 0REFLECTS 9 SEV]AL PASSAGES & GOES ALMO/ AS F> AS REPRODUC+ ! SAME PHRASES FROM \R TEXT40 ,*>LES ADDS ?AT ,PAUL SEEMS TO HAVE US$ IT LIKE A VADE-MECUM4.<#f#h.> ,DUPONT-,SOMM] REVEALS ! FOLL[+1 AMONG O!R EXAMPLES1 9 ! ,MANUAL ( ,DISCIPL9E3 0,I WILL NOT R5D] RETRIBUTION = EVIL TO ANYONE10 & !RE >E EV5 RECOMM5DATIONS ( ! APO/OLIC TYPE3 0,!Y PRACTICE ! TRU? 9 COMMON & HUMANITY1 JU/ICE & RI<T1 & LOVE ( K9DNESS & A MODE/ CONDUCT 9 ALL ( !IR WAYS40.<#f#i.> 

,REG>D+ ,SAUL_/,PAUL1 ,TEI*] HAS COLLAT$ A GREAT MANY ANALOGIES BETWE5 ! FRAGM5TS ( HIS LETT]S & SEV]AL ,QUMRAN MANUSCRIPTS 7ACCORD+ TO HIS !SIS1 ! MANUSCRIPTS >E LATE & EXPRESS ! OP9IONS ( ,JUDEO-,*RI/IANITY &1 9 P>TICUL>1 ?AT ( ! ,EBIONITES74.<#g.> 

,NEV]!LESS1 ! DIV]G5CES BETWE5 RIVAL GR\PS 9SCRIB$ !MSELVES ON A COMMON F\NDATION1 BUT ! CLEAVAGE SEEMS TO BE ( A POLITICAL -- NOT TO SAY1 /RATEGIC -- NATURE4 ,! ,ESS5E ,*UR*ES ( ! ,EBIONITE OR ,NAZ>EAN TYPE ?AT CLAIM$ = !MSELVES ! OP9IONS ( ,JACOB1 ,PET] & ,?OMAS1 NAY1 ?OSE ( ,JOHN ! ,ESS5E M5TION$ BY .<,FLAVIUS.> ,JOSEPH1 CONS]V$ A RELATIVELY FIRM1 ELITI/1 P]HAPS ESOT]IC /RUCTURE1 :]EAS ! S*OOLS PROPAGAT$ BY ,SAUL APPEAL$ TO ! REBBIM1 TO ! 0MANY10 & ?US AFFIRM$ !MSELVES TO BE EXOT]IC & POPULI/4 

,! ,ESS5E ,*UR*ES 

  

,! ,*UR* ( ! ,MA/] ( ,JU/ICE WANT$ TO BE PRES5T 9 ! :OLE WORLD1 UNIV]SAL1 A T]M ?AT TRANSLATES ! ,GREEK WORD CA?OLICON4 ,! ,*UR* WAS BUILT BY !M TO 0S]VE AS AN IMPREGNABLE REFUGE = ! ,*OS5 ,ONES DUR+ ! W> ?AT1 AT ! 5D ( TIME1 ! =CES ( EVIL WILL CONDUCT AGA9/ !M40.<#g#a.> 

,HYMN ,V,I,I 7#h-#i7 REVEALS ! ORIG9 ( ,CEPHAS1 0ROCK10 0/ONE_/,PET]0 .<PI]RE.> :O -- ADJO9$ TO ! ,ZEALOT & ,ESS5E1 ,SIMON -- W\LD 5D UP 9 ! WORDPLAY ?AT W\LD F\ND ! ,*UR* ( ,ROME 70,& ON ?IS /ONE_/,PET]1 Y\ WILL BUILD Y\R ,*UR*074 ,SURE 5\<1 ONE CAN READ 9 IT ! FOLL[+3  
  

,Y\ HAVE F\ND$ ON ! ROCK .<RO*].> MY $IFICE 

 ,& ! ET]NAL ASSIZES S]VE ME AS A F\NDATION 

 ,& ALL MY WALLS HAVE BECOME A /R5G!N$ RAMP>T 

 ,?AT NO?+ CAN %AKE4 
  
  

,! ,*UR* IS ! COMMUNITY1 ! ,ASSEMBLY3 0,! S\RCE ( JU/ICE & ! RES]VOIR ( P[] .<444.> ,IT IS TO ?OSE :OM HE HAS *OS5 ?AT ,GOD WILL GIVE !M AS ET]NAL POSSESSIONS4 ,& HE HAS ACCORD$ TO !M BY %>+ 9 ! LOT ( ! SA9TS &1 ) ! ,SON ( ! ,HEAV5S1 HE HAS REUNIT$ !IR ASSEMBLY1 ?AT ( ! C\NSELS ( ! COMMUNITY40.<#g#b.> 

,ALONGSIDE ! ,PH>ISIAN SYNAGOGUES ( ! ,DIASPORA1 ! ,ESS5E ,*UR*ES ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES 9 A RELATION ( HO/ILITY & CONCURR5CE4 ,:]EAS ! SYNAGOGICAL ASSEMBLIES DREW !IR UNITY 9 A ,PH>ISAISM 5D[$ ) A SPIRITUAL C5T]1 ! HOLY CITY ,J]USALEM 7( :I* ! ,TEMPLE GU>ANTE$ ! OR?ODOXY71 ! ,ESS5E COMMUNITIES -- DEVOT$ TO ! UNTIR+ RECA/+ ( ! SACR$ TEXTS -- DECRE$ ! 5D ( TIME1 SPECULAT$ ON ! IMM95CE1 NATURE & NAME ( ! ,MESSIAH1 & CON/ITUT$ RIVALS *UR*ES1 FECUND ) NEW DOCTR9ES4 ,?REE C5TURIES W\LD BE NE$$ = ECCLESIA/ICAL MON>*ISM TO 5D UP 9 ! SUPREMACY ( ! ,BI%OP ( ,ROME1 CONTE/$ UP TO ! ,SEV5? ,C5TURY & .<ALL ! :ILE.> IMPOS+ ! UNIV]SALITY -- ! CA?OLICON -- DESIR$ BY ! ,MA/] ( ,JU/ICE1 ! 0,JU/ ,MESSIAH40 

,! ,MANUAL ( ,DISCIPL9E R5D]S PRECISE ! ME?OD ( ORGANIZATION 9 EFFECT3 0,9 ALL PLACES :]E !RE >E T5 PEOPLE FROM ! P>TY ( ! ,COMMUNITY1 !RE WILL NOT LACK AMONG !M ONE :O IS A PRIE/4 ,& EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS RANK1 !Y SIT BE=E HIM40.<#g#c.> 

,AS AMONG ! ,PH>ISIANS1 ! FIR/ PLACES W]E RES]V$ = ! OLD ONES1 PREBYT]OI1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 F>-SI<T$ PEOPLE .<PRESBYTES.>1 PRIE/S4 ,ONE ( !M1 CALL$ 0! 9SPECTOR ( ! MANY0 7! REBBIM ( ! FAI?FUL1 ) RESPECT TO ! 0P]FECT ONES071 W\LD BECOME ! *IEF1 ! >*ON1 79 ,GREEK7 ! EPISCOPOS 7BI%OP74 ,HE IS 9VIT$ TO C>RY HIMSELF LIKE A %EPH>D1 LIKE A PA/OR1 :I* IS A TITLE ?AT >\ND #a#d-#a#e W\LD 9SPIRE A ,JUDEO-,*RI/IAN NOVEL ATTRIBUT$ TO ,H]MAS1 9 :I* ! AU?OR PRECISELY DEPLORES ! DISCORD .<ZIZANIE.> AMONG ! DIV]SE ,*UR*ES ( ,ROME4 

,AT ! 5D ( ! ,SECOND ,C5TURY1 C]TA9 *UR*ES OBEY$ A COLLEGIATE LEAD]%IP1 A C\NSEL ( >*ONS2 O!RS ADOPT$ ! MON>*AL =M PRIVILEG$ BY ! POLITICS ( UNIFICATION4 

,:5 ,M>CION PROVOK$ ! RUPTURE ) ,JEWI% ,*RI/IANITY1 HE ATTEMPT$ TO F\ND UNIFI$ *UR*ES ?AT HE AIM$ TO W\LD BE UND] ! CONTROL ( ,ROME1 F$]AT+ ! *UR*ES ?AT W]E FAVORABLE TO ,SAUL'S S*OOL & ?AT REJECT$ ! COMMUNITIES ?AT *OSE TO PLACE !IR LEGITIMACY UND] ! PATRONAGE ( ! ,ZEALOT H]OES1 ,EBIONITES1 ,NAZR>EANS1 ,JACOB1 ,PET]1 ,?OMAS1 & ,CLEM5T1 ! P>TISANS ( :I* TREAT$ ,PAUL LIKE A FALSE PROPHET4 ,IT IS /ILL ! ,TE/AM5T ( ! ,TWELVE ,PATRI>*S ?AT JU/IFIES ! NUMB] ( ! COMPANIONS ( A ,MESSIAH :OSE NAME1 UNKN[N TO ,M]MAS 9 #ad .<,C4,E4.>1 W\LD BEG9 TO IMPOSE ITS REVELATION3 ,JO%UA_/,JESUS1 HE :O 0SAV$1 SAVES1 WILL SAVE02 AN 9F9ITESIMAL BATTLE 9 ! MULTITUDE ( SECTS ?AT BORD]$ & CONFRONT$ EA* O!R 9 ,ALEX&RIA1 ,ANTIO*1 ,COR9?1 ,COLOSEE1 ,ODESSA1 ,ROME444 

,A ,DUALI/ ,T5D5CY 

  

,! ,JEWI%1 ,SADDUCEAN & ,PH>ISIAN OR?ODOXIES ABOM9AT$ ALL DUALISMS ?AT1 SUSPICI\SLY REVOK+ ! UNITY ( ,Y,H,:1 ?REAT5$ ! ,/ATE & ! NATIONAL MY/IQUE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,SAM>ITANS1 (T5 RETIC5T ) RESPECT TO ! IMPORT$ ,JUDEAN ,GOD1 NEV] MADE MY/]I\S !IR ATTA*M5T TO ! PLURAL ,GOD1 ,EL-,ELOHIM1 NAY1 ! ,DIV9E ,FA!R_/,DIV9E ,MO!R DUALISM4 

,ESS5ISM DID NOT TOTALLY EXTIRPATE ! ,SAM>ITAN 9FLU5CE FROM ITS HE>T4 ,! ,JEWI% ,GNO/ICISM ATTE/$ TO BY ! ,BOOKS ( ,H5O* 7!MSELVES COMBAT+ O!R ,GNO/IC T5D5CIES7 WAS P]PETUAT$ 9 ! DIV]SE PRIMITIVE ,*RI/IANITIES -- :I* W]E ,JEWI% LIKE ! ,EL*ASAITISM ( ! ,HOMELIES ( ,PET] 7>\ND #a#a71 ,JUDAI/ LIKE ,! ,PA/OR ( ,H]MAS 7>\ND #a#d7 OR ,HELL5IZ$ & ANTI-,SEMITIC1 LIKE ,M>CIONISM -- AS LATE AS ! SECOND HALF ( ! ,SECOND ,C5TURY1 9 :I* ONLY ! POPUL> DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,NEW ,PROPHECY OR 0,MONTANISM0 W\LD BE EXHAU/$4 

,DUALI/ ?\<T MANIFE/$ ITSELF 9 ,ESS5ISM 9 DIV]SE WAYS4 ,NO MANUSCRIPT FROM ,QUMRAN IMPLICITLY EXP\NDS ! IDEA ?AT TWO ,GODS CAN EXI/4 ,NEV]!LESS1 IT IS NOT EXCLUD$ ?AT C]TA9 CURR5TS ACCR$IT$ ! SYZYGY ( ! ,GOOD ,GOD & ! ,DEMIURGE1 PRES5T 9 ,C]9!1 ,M>CION1 ! ,NAASS5ES1 ! ,SE?IANS1 ! ,B>BELITES & MANY O!R SECTS1 ,*RI/IAN OR NOT4 

,! ,>AB HI/ORIAN ,%AHRA/ANI 7,SEV5? ,C5TURY7 AFFIRMS ?AT1 9 ! ,F\R? ,C5TURY1 ,>IUS BORR[$ HIS DOCTR9E1 ACCORD+ TO :I* ! ,MESSIAH IS ! FIR/ ANGEL ( ,GOD = ! ,MA<>IANS1 0:O LIV$ F\R HUNDR$ YE>S BE=E ,>IUS & W]E KN[N BY ! SIMPLICITY ( !IR WAY ( LIFE & !IR S]5E AB/95CE40 

,:O W]E !SE ,MA<>IANS1 :OSE EXI/5CE DATES BACK TO ! ,FIR/ ,C5TURY BE=E ! ,*RI/IAN ]A8 ,!IR ,>AB NAME LEAVES LITTLE D\BT2 IT MEANS 0PEOPLE ( ! CAV]N OR ! CAVE10 BECAUSE -- ,%AHRA/ANI MAKES CLE> -- !Y HID !IR SACR$ TEXTS 9 CAV]NS4 

,!RE IS NO?+ SURPRIS+ 9 ! FACT ?AT ! DOCTR9E ( ! ,ANGEL-,MESSIAH 7! ANGELOS-*RI/OS7 WAS ORIG9ALLY ,ESS5E1 S9CE IT WAS %>$ BY ! .<V>I\S.> ,*RI/IANITIES & PR$OM9AT$ UP TO ! HI/ORIZATION ( ,JESUS1 UND]TAK5 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! ,SECOND ,C5TURY4 

,BEYOND ?AT1 ! ,>AB HI/ORIAN EXPLA9S ?AT ! REFUSAL ( AN AN?ROPOMORPHIC ,Y,H,: 9DUC$ !M TO IMPUTE ! CREATION ( ! MAT]IAL UNIV]SE TO A ,DEMIURGE4.<#g#d.> ,?US IT IS NOT IMPOSSIBLE ?AT ! CONCEPT ( A ,GOD :O IS GOOD & ! 9ACCESSIBLE D\BLE ( A ,GOD :O CREAT$ ! BAD WORLD1 :I* ,M>CION 9 HIS HATR$ ( ,JUDAISM W\LD ID5TIFY ) ,Y,H,: ! ,BLOODY1 WAS IMPOS$ UPON C]TA9 ,ESS5E ,*UR*ES & DEF5D$ BY ,M>CION4 

,)\T CR$IT+ ,ESS5ISM 9 G5]AL ) A POSITION ?AT WAS ALSO P]CEIV$ AS A SC&AL BY ,PH>ISAISM 7& MU* LAT] BY ! MON>*AL CURR5T -- A ,GOD1 A ,BI%OP -- TO :I* ! *IEFS ( ! ,*RI/IAN COMMUNITIES W\LD ATTA* !MSELVES71 DUALISM EXPRESS$ ITSELF )\T AMBIGUITY 9 ! DOCTR9E ( ! TWO ROADS & EV5 9 ! .<IMAGE ( !.> 0C\PLES0 OR SYZYGIES /ILL ATTE/$ TO BY ! ,HOMELIES ( ,PET]4 ,! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! ,SONS ( ,LI<T & ! ,SONS ( ,D>KNESS DOM9AT$ ! ?\<T ( ! ,COMMUNITY4 ,BECAUSE ,GOD 0DISPOS$ = MAN TWO SPIRITS .<444.> ! SPIRIT ( TRU? & ! SPIRIT ( P]V]SION0 7,RULE ( ! ,W>74 

,9 EA* G5]ATION1 ! ,SONS ( ! ,PR9CE ( ! ,LI<T & ! ,SONS ( ! ,ANGEL ( ,D>KNESS CONFRONT EA* O!R 9 A W> FROM :I* ! SA9TS1 ! PURE ONES :O R5\NCE ! FLE% & POSSESS KN[L$GE1 GNOSIS1 WILL EM]GE VICTORI\S4 

,DUE TO ! PRIVILEGES ?AT IT ACCORD$ TO KN[L$GE1 ,ESS5ISM BELONG$ TO ,JEWI% ,GNO/ICISM 7:I* W\LD BE P]PETUAT$ 9 ,KABBALI/IC 9VE/IGATIONS74 

0,Y\ HAVE GIV5 ME ! 9TELLIG5CE ( Y\R FAI? & ! KN[L$GE ( Y\R ADMIRABLE SECRETS10 DECL>ES ,HYMN ,V,I,I 7#b#e74 ,GNOSIS IS NO?+ O!R ?AN SECRET KN[L$GE4 ,BUT FROM ITS ESS5TIAL ROOT GR[S A GREAT DIV]SITY ( OPTIONS & *OICES 7:I* TRANSLATES ! ,GREEK WORD HAIRESIS1 H]ESY73 DUALISM2 ! REFUSAL OR SURPASS+ ( RELIGION2 MONO!ISM2 SALVATION = ! 9DIVIDUAL1 = A COMMUNITY1 = A ,*RI/2 RATIONAL1 MY/ICAL OR MAGICAL APPROA*ES TO ! ,LOGOS4 ,GNOSIS IMPLIES ! PRIMACY ( KN[L$GE OV] PI/IS1 FAI?1 & ! SECRET1 ! ,APOCRYPHON1 AN APOCRYPHAL TEXT ?AT ! ,*UR* -- AS P>T ( ITS SEIZURE ( LANGUAGE & MEAN+ -- W\LD ID5TIFY ) 0FALSE1 FALSIFICATION40 

,! ESOT]ICISM ( ! ,ESS5E GR\PS PROCE$$ MORE EASILY 9 ! CITIES ( ! ,DIASPORA T[>DS AN EXOT]ICISM ?AT WAS MORE APT TO CONCUR ) ,PH>ISIAN PROSELYTISM4 ,SU* WAS1 NO D\BT1 ! T5D5CY ( ! S*OOL ( ,SAUL_/,PAUL4 ,ESOT]ICISM ITSELF BORR[$ FROM DIFF]5T S\RCES .<VOIES.>4 ,! SECRET ,GOSPELS 7,APOCRYPHA7 & ! ,H]METIC REM>KS ( ,JESUS 7,LOGIA7 DID NOT PROCE$ FROM ! SAME *UR*ES ?AT -- ACCORD+ TO A MANUSCRIPT FROM ,GROTTO #d AT ,QUMRAN1 /UDI$ BY ,S4,T4 ,MILLIK.<#g#e.> -- 9F]R$ FROM ! MORPHOLOGY ( 9DIVIDUALS BORN UND] C]TA9 ZODIACAL SIGNS !IR BELONG+ TO ! COHORT ( ! 0SPIRITS ( ,LI<T0 OR ! HORDE ( ! 0SPIRITS ( ,D>KNESS40 7,SU* SPECULATIONS >E F\ND 9 ! ,*RI/IAN A/ROLOGY ( ,B>DESAME1 BUT ALSO 9 DIV9ATORY MAGIC1 9 ! SPIRIT ( QU>RELS OV] PR$E/9ATION1 & 9 ! >T ( RECOGNIZ+ SORC]]S & SORC]ESSES 9 ! ,SIXTE5? & ,SEV5TE5? ,C5TURIES47 

,T[>DS A ,JUDEO-,*RI/IAN ,SYNCRETISM 

  

,! !SIS1 ACCR$IT$ BY ! MAJORITY ( HI/ORIANS1 ( A PROPHET NAM$ ,JESUS -- :O F\ND$ A *UR* ) DOGMATIC !SES1 BUT :O 9 FACT ISSU$ FROM ! ,F\R?1 ,FIF? & ,SIX? ,C5TURIES1 AFT] A LONG & PA9FUL *ILDBIR? -- UND]E/IMATES ! M>G9AL *>ACT] ( !SE RELIGI\S SPECULATIONS BY OCCULT+1 9 ! P>TICUL> MILIEU ?AT >E CONC]N$1 ! PR(USION ( MESSIAHS1 SECTS1 S*OOLS & COMMUNITIES4 

,DOSI!E1 ! CRUCIFI$ ,SAM>ITAN ,MESSIAH2 ! ,MA/] ( ,JU/ICE1 PUT TO DEA? BY ! ,JUDEANS2 ,MEL*IZ$EK ! ,JU/2 ,H5O* GUID$ BY ! ,SONS ( ,MAN2 ,B>BELO1 :O WELCOM$ SP]M SO AS TO SAVE ! WORLD2 ,NAAS1 ! ,OPHIS-,*RI/OS OR ,S]P5T-,R$EEM]2 ,H]MES ,?REE ,TIMES ,GREAT2 ,SE?1 ,SON ( ,MAN ) ! HEAD ( A HORSE OR D9KEY2 ,AB>AXAS ) OPHIDIAN LEGS & COCKSCOMB1 SAV] ( S\LS ?REAT5$ BY ! ,>*ONS -- SO MANY ,*RI/S AMONG :OM ,JO%UA_/,JESUS1 :OSE NAME SECRETLY MEANS 0,GOD SAV$1 SAVES1 WILL SAVE10 W\LD LAT] C>VE ITSELF A PLACE 9 ! =M ( AN ANGEL S5T BY ,GOD4 

,&1 AMONG ! F\R OR FIVE ?\S& ,ESS5ES ( :OM ,FLAVIUS ,JOSEPH SPEAKS1 :AT A SCRAMBLE .<EMBR\ILLAM9I.>6 ,P>TISANS ( ,JACOB ! ,JU/1 ,SIMON-,PET]1 ,JOHN ! ,ESS5E1 ,JO*ANAAN CALL$ ,JOHN ! ,BAPTI/1 ,!UDAS_/,?OMAS1 ,SAUL KN[N AS ,PAUL 7FOLL[+ ,M>CION71 ,C]9!1 ,ZACK_/,CLEM5T & MANY O!RS :O COMM5T$ UPON & ADPAT$ ! BIBLICAL TEXTS BY TAK+ EXTRACTS FROM ! MIDRA%IM1 SOMETIMES TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,GREEK1 ( :I* ! MAJORITY HAD DISAPPE>$ BUT 9 :I* IT WAS POSSIBLE TO BECOME AW>E ( A TEXT ?AT HAD BE5 POORLY ACCEPT$ BY ! ,*UR* & ?AT ILLU/RAT$ ! PASSAGE FROM ,JUDEO-,*RI/IANITY1 OR ,ESS5ISM1 TO A ,HELL5IZ$ ,*RI/IANITY READY TO EXT+UI% ITS ,JUDAIC ROOTS3 ! ,DIDA*E4 

,9 ! CURR5T ( ! ,FIR/ ,C5TURY1 AMONG ! NON-,PH>ISIAN ,JUDAICIZ$ MILIEU 7,ESS5E OR ,SAM>ITAN71 A MORALIZ+ PAMPHLET 5TITL$ ,DOCTR9E ( ! ,TWO ,ROADS CIRCULAT$2 ITS WORD+ 9DICATES ITS ORIG94 

,RE-COPI$1 REVIS$1 DEVELOP$ & ,HELL5IZ$1 >\ND #a#d-#a#e IT 5D$ UP 9 A V]SION ?AT ITS LA/ R$ACTOR GAVE ! TITLE ,DIDA*E ,KYRI\ DIA TON DODEKA APO/OLON TOIS E?NES9 70,TEA*+S ( ! ,SAVIOR ADDRESS$ TO /RANG]S TO FAI? ?R\< ! M$IUM ( ,HIS TWELVE APO/LES074 

,AN ANALYSIS ( ! V>I\S /ATES ( ! TEXT & ! /RATA ( REWRIT+ HAS P]MITT$ US TO EXTRACT ! OLDE/ K]NEL ( ! ,DIDA*E4 ,IT WAS 9SPIR$ BY ! ,MANUAL ( ,DISCIPL9E & IT MAKES CLE> 0! DISCIPL9>Y ORD] ?AT IMPOSES ITSELF ON ! COMMUNITY40 ,! ,SUP]IOR ,ONES >E CALL$ EPISKOPOI KAI DIAKONAI1 BI%OPS & DEACONS4 ,! MORAL COMPORTM5TS >E HI]>*IZ$ ACCORD+ TO ! 0TWO ROADS40 ,ALSO COV]$ >E BAPTISM1 FA/+1 PRAY]1 & ! %>+ ( BREAD 7MU* LAT] CALL$ ! EU*>I/74 

,! SECOND GREAT REVISION DATES FROM #a#d-#a#e & IS ?US CONTEMPORANE\S ) ! HO/ILITY ADOPT$ ) RESPECT TO ! ORIG9AL ,JUDEO-,*RI/IANITY4 ,! TEXT1 KN[N UND] ! TITLE ,DIDA*E OR ,DOCTR9A APO/OLORUM1 WAS HONOR$ 9 ! ,GRECO-,ROMAN *UR*ES ?AT1 9 ! ,DIASPORA1 HAD SEP>AT$ !MSELVES FROM ! ,JEWI% & ,*RI/IAN *UR*ES ISSU$ FROM ,ESS5ISM4 ,IT IS CONTEMPORANE\S ) ! ,PA/OR 7/ILL ,JUDEO-,*RI/IAN7 ATTRIBUT$ TO ,H]MAS ( ,ROME1 ! ,HOMELIES ( ,PET] ATTRIBUT$ TO ,CLEM5T 7ON A BASIC ,EL*ASAITE TEXT CONTEMPORANE\S ) ,TRAJAN71 & ! ,EPI/LE ATTRIBUT$ TO ,B>NABAS 7>\ND #a#a#g-#a#c1 ACCORD+ TO ,]BETTA74.<#g#f.> 

,A TR9IT>IAN DOXOLOGY W\LD BE ADD$ 9 ! ,F\R? ,C5TURY1 DUE TO POLEMICS AGA9/ ,>IUS4 

,= A LONG TIME HELD AS CANONICAL1 ! ,DIDA*E W\LD F9ALLY BE EXCLUD$ FROM ! ,CA?OLIC ,SCRIPTURES4 ,A MOD]N V]SION ( ,JUDEO-,*RI/IANITY1 IT TOOK EXCEPTION TO ! ,JUDAIC SACRIFICES & RITUALS1 ESPECIALLY CIRCUMCISION1 :I* IT SPIRITUALIZ$ & 9T]PRET$ SYMBOLICALLY4 ,! NAME ( ,JESUS APPE>S 9 IT1 BUT UND] TRAITS P>TICUL>LY EMB>ASS+ TO ! FUTURE ,CA?OLIC OR?ODOXY3 9 ! MANN] ( ! ,MA/] ( ,JU/ICE1 HE C>RI$ ! TITLE ( ,S]VANT ( ,GOD1 & 9 ADDITION HE IS P]CEIV$ AS AN ,ANGEL-,MESSIAH1 AN ANGELOS-*RI/OS1 ACCORD+ TO ! TRADITIONS ( ! TIME & NOTABLY 9 AGREEM5T ) ! ,EPI/LE ATTRIBUT$ TO ,B>NABAS1 9 :I* ,JESUS IS NONE O!R ?AN ! BIBLICAL ,JO%UA4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiib 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #b#f1 #bb 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,ADD$4 

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