,*APT] #* 
,! ,VICTORY ( ! ,RE=M]S & ! ,BIR? ( ! ,PROTE/ANT ,*UR*ES 

#aiicaiic 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,RA\L ,VANEIGEM 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #c#h3 ,! ,VICTORY ( ! ,RE=M]S & ! ,BIR? ( ! ,PROTE/ANT ,*UR*ES 

  

,?AT :I* IS CALL$ ! ,RE=MATION & SAW ! EM]G5CE ( S*ISMATIC *UR*ES >\ND ,M>T9 ,LU!R & ,JOHN ,CALV9 DID NOT ADD ANY FUNDAM5TAL NOVELTY TO ! PROGRAM ( ! RE=M]S :O1 FROM ! ,ELEV5? ,C5TURY ON1 F\<T AGA9/ ! TEMPORAL 9T]E/S ( ,ROME'S CL]GY4 ,COMMONLY ACCEPT$ AMONG HI/ORIANS1 ! IDEA ( ,CA?OLICISM'S CONTROL OV] ! PEOPLE ( ,EUROPE WAS CONTRADICT$ FROM ! MOM5T ?AT ONE DI/ANC$ ONESELF FROM ! P[] ( ! LAWS IMPOS$ BY ! PR9CES & ! ECCLESIA/ICAL AU?ORITY1 ) ITS GRID ( P>I%ES1 CONFESSORS1 PRIE/S1 9QUISITORS & PREA*]S :O PROPAGAT$ GUILT1 HORROR ( SEXUALITY1 ! ,SATANISM ( WOM51 ! OMNIPRES5T IMAGE ( DEA? & A ,HELL DIRECTLY 9SPIR$ BY ! S]VICES ( P5AL JU/ICE4 

,! FE>1 HATR$ & SCORN ( ! ,CON/ANT9IAN ,*UR* NEV] CEAS$ TO ANIMATE ! MO/ DIV]SE CLASSES ( SOCIETY4 ,9DIFF]5CE & IRRELIGION REIGN$ 9 ! DIS9H]IT$ MILIEU1 :]E ! CYNICISM ( FALSE PIETY S]V$ ! BEGG>S & SOLICIT]S4 ,ONLY ! ASPIRATION TO A PRE-,CON/ANT9IAN ,*RI/IANITY -- ASCETIC1 ALTRUI/IC1 LOYAL TO VOLUNT>Y POV]TY1 9CL9$ T[>DS M>TYRDOM1 ANTI-CL]ICAL & !OCRATIC -- BR\<T A RELIGI\S COLORATION TO ! COLLECTIVI/ NO/ALGIAS FROM ! ,F\R? TO ! ,SIXTE5? ,C5TURIES4 ,EA* TIME ?AT ,*RI/IANITY MANIFE/$ ITSELF1 ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* P]SECUT$ IT 7) ! EXCEPTION ( A BRIEF P]IOD 9 ! ,SIXTE5? ,C5TURY74 

,ATT5TIVE TO ! TEMPORAL PR]OGATIVES ?AT1 ?R\< 5RI*M5T1 CONF]R$ UPON IT A CONSID]ABLE P[]1 ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* WAS MORE & MORE DI/ANC$ FROM ! ,EKKLESIA1 ! SPIRITUAL COMMUNITIES ( ! FAI?FUL1 :I* SUMMON$ TO !IR V[S ,VAUDOIS1 ADEPTS ( VOLUNT>Y POV]TY1 ,WYCLIFFE'S ,LOLL>DS1 ,HUSSITES1 ,TABORITES & A CR[D ( AGITATORS :OSE PROJECT TO ABOLI% TI!S GU>ANTE$ SUCCESS4 

,9 ! ,*UR* ITSELF1 VOICES W]E RAIS$ TO CLAMOR = NEW ACCORDS BETWE5 ! 9T]E/S ( ,GOD & ! F9ANCIAL 9T]E/S ( A 0MULT9ATIONAL0 ?AT WAS 9SI/$ UPON BY ! ,ZEALOT ,SIMON1 METAMORPHOS$ 9TO ,SA9T ,PET]4 

0,\R FAT CANONS BELIEVE !MSELVES FRE$ FROM ,GOD IF !Y S+ 9 A CLE> VOICE1 9 ! *OIR1 A HALLELUJAH OR A RESPONSE2 !N !Y ALL[ !MSELVES TO RETURN TO !IR HOMES TO 5T]TA9 !MSELVES & HAVE SUPP] ) !IR HAM ACTORS & !IR JUGGL]S40.<#d#a#i.> ,?IS DIATRIBE WAS NOT WRITT5 BY ,SAVON>OLA1 NOR BY ,LU!R1 BUT BY ,ANTO9E ( ,PADUA 7#a#a#i#e-#a#b#c#a71 AN OR?ODOX SPIRIT BUT AW>E ( ! SPLIT BETWE5 ! FAI? ( ! POOR & ! ,*UR* ( ! RI* ?AT1 ?R\< ITS C>ELESSNESS1 DISC\RAG$ ! RESIGNATION ( ! DIS9H]IT$1 :O W]E COMPLETELY PROHIBIT$ FROM 0LIV+ ACCORD+ TO ! ,*RI/40 

,NEI!R ,WYCLIFFE1 ,HUSS1 ,SAVON>OLA1 ,LU!R NOR ,CALV9 PURSU$ AIMS ?AT W]E REVOLUTION>Y1 S*ISMATIC OR HO/ILE TO ,CA?OLICISM4 ,!IR DESIGNS PLAC$ !M 9 ! POLITICAL L9E ( ,GREGOIRE ,I,X1 TAK+ ! SIDE ( ,RAMIHRDUS AGA9/ ! HI< CL]GY4 

,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ECONOMIC PROCESS GAVE ,LU!R & ,CALV9 A WEAPON ?AT WAS F9ALLY CAPABLE ( BREAK+ ! SPIRITUAL MONOPOLY ?AT ! CYNICISM ( ! PONTIFICAL BUREAUCRACY HAD DISCR$IT$ BY ! SC&AL ( ! M>KET 9 9DULG5CES & ! PRIORITY GIV5 TO BUS9ESS4 ,! EXPANSION ( COMM]CE1 ! GR[+ 9DEP5D5CE ( ! BANKS & PRE9DU/RIAL >TISANAL 5T]PRISES 9/AURAT$ A SPIRITUAL /ATE ?AT WAS FAVORABLE TO ! NEW RE=MS4 ,! SEP>ATION FROM ,ROME DID NOT SIMPLY SIGNIFY ! 5D ( AN ODI\S HI]>*Y1 9T]MIX+ FAI? & F9ANCIAL 9T]E/S2 IT IMPLI$ ! IDEAS ?AT BELIEF PROP]LY BELONG$ TO ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 HIS OR H] RELATION%IP ) ,GOD & ?AT ! MANAGEM5T ( CAPITAL CON/ITUT$ A DOMA9 SEP>ATE FROM RELIGION1 GOV]N$ BY ! IMP]ATIVES ( ,*RI/IAN MORALITY4 ,! RIGOR\S OB$I5CE TO ,GOD ( A ,CALV9I/ MAN ( BUS9ESS ACCORD$ ) ! 9TRANSIG5T SE>* = PR(IT1 BECAUSE -- BANI%+ ! CRAZY EXP5DITURES ( H$ONISM -- IT UND]WROTE AN ASCETIC MORALITY 9 CON=MITY ) ! ,*RI/IAN 9/ITUTION4 ,AS ,MAX ,WEB] HAS %[N1 ,PROTE/ANTISM DISCOV]$ 9 ! AU/]ITY ( ACCUMULATION & ! REPRODUCTION ( CAPITAL A PURITANISM ?AT 9SPIR$ ! 0FREE0 RELATION%IP ( ! S9N] ) ! TUTEL>Y ,GOD1 KEEP+ WAT* OV] ! RATE ( PR(IT4 ,:]E ,ROME LOOT$ .<PILLE.> & SQU&]$ .<GASPILLE.>1 ! RE=M]S ECONOMIZ$ & 9VE/$4 

,! CONC]N ) MORALIZ+ ! MORALS ( ! CL]GY 9T]V5$ TOO LATE TO DAM UP ! PI\S E?ICS ( ! RE=M]S4 ,! ,C\NCIL ( ,TR5TE W\LD RUN AGR\ND 9 ITS ATTEMPT TO RE/ORE ! AU?ORITY ( ,CA?OLICISM 9 ! NOR!RN REGIONS1 ! CRADLE ( ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION & ! FIR/ B\RGEOIS1 P>LIAM5T>Y & DEMOCRATIC REGIMES4 

,TWO ,AGITATORS ,AT ,! ,DAWN ,( ,! ,RE=MATION3 ,HANS ,BOEHM ,& ,J]OME ,SAVON>OLA 

  

0,HE WAS10 ,NORMAN ,COHN WRITES1 0A %EPH>D &1 9 HIS SP>E TIME1 A POPUL> 5T]TA9]1 DRUMM+ & PIP+ 9 HO/ELRIES & 9 ! M>KET-PLACE -- :5CE ! NICKNAME1 BY :I* HE IS /ILL KN[N1 ( ,DRUMM] 7OR ,PIP]7 ( ,NIKLA%AUS540.<#d#b.> 

,9 AN ORD9>Y IRONY ( HI/ORY1 ,HANS .<,BOEHM.> HE>D AB\T ! ,ITALIAN ,FRANCISCAN ,JOHN ( ,CAPI/RANO1 NOT AS A PITILESS 9QUISITOR1 AU?OR ( ! MASSACRE ( ! ,FRATICELLES ( ,MAIOLATI1 BUT AS A BRO!R EXTOLL+ REP5TANCE & ! REJECTION ( LUXURY 9 ,G]MANY #c YE>S PREVI\SLY4 ,AS ,JOHN ( ,CAPI/RANO HAD 9CIT$ ! BONFIRE ( ! VANITIES 9 :I* ! PEOPLE SET ASIDE !IR BEAUTIFUL CLO!S1 !IR GAMES ( DICE & C>DS1 !IR OBJECTS ( PURE 5JOYM5T1 ON A DAY ( ,L5T1 ! %EPH]D W\LD BURN HIS DRUM 9 FRONT ( ! P>I%-*UR* ( ,NIKLA%AUS5 & PREA*4 

,M>Y APPRE>$ TO HIM & 9TIMAT$ TO HIM ! ORD] TO PROPAGATE ! ,GOOD ,WORD .<P>OLE.>1 ) ! RESULT ?AT ,NIKLA%AUS5 W\LD RAISE ITSELF TO ! GLORY ( ! T]RE/RIAL ,J]USALEM4 ,!RE HAD BE5 9 ! *UR* A /ATUE ( ! ,VIRG91 TO :I* W]E ATTRIBUT$ MIRACUL\S P[]S4 ,! PRIE/ ( ! P>I% W\LD NOT GIVE HIS SUPPORT TO A PROJECT ?AT ]ECT$ ,NIKLA%AUS5 AS ! PLACE ELECT$ BY DIV9E PROVID5CE 9/EAD ( ,ROME4 

,! FACT WAS ?AT ! LITTLE %EPH]D SUDD5LY REVEAL$ HIMSELF TO BE 5D[$ ) AN EXTRAORD9>Y ELOQU5CE4 ,FROM ! FASC9ATION ?AT HE EX]T$ UPON ! CR[DS & DIV]SE CLASSES ( SOCIETY1 HE SOON 9F]R$ ?AT ,GOD HAD 5D[$ HIM ) ?AUMATURGIC P[]S4 ,HE PREA*$ ! SIMPLICITY ( MORALS1 MAK+ HIMSELF /RONG 5\< TO SAVE ANY S\L FROM HELL4 ,! PYRES ( ! VANITIES W\LD BE SUCC$$ BY VIOL5T ATTACKS ON ! CORRUPT CL]GY & ! P[]FUL4 

,HE W\LD SOON 9CITE ! REFUSAL TO PAY TAXES & TI!S4 ,& ?AT ! PRIE/S %\LD AB&ON !IR \TRAGE\S PRIVILEGES & CONT5T !MSELVES ) :ATEV] ! PEOPLE AGRE$ TO GIVE !M4 

,! ,>*BI%OP ( ,MAY5CE1 :O HAD UNTIL !N BE5 CANTONIZ$ 9 A PRUD5T RES]VE1 PLOTT$ TO PUT AN 5D TO AN AGITATION ?AT HAD WON OV] A GR[+ NUMB] ( REGIONS 9 ,G]MANY4 

0,9 ! 5D ,BOEHM EM]G$ AS A SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y10 ,NORMAN ,COHN REC\NTS1 0PROCLAIM+ ! IMM95CE ( ! EGALIT>IAN ,MILL5NIUM BAS$ ON ! ,LAW ( ,NATURE40  
  

,9 ! COM+ ,K+DOM ! USE ( WOOD1 WAT] & PA/URAGE1 ! RI<T TO FI% & HUNT W\LD BE FREELY 5JOY$ BY ALL1 AS !Y HAD BE5 9 OLD5 TIMES4 ,TRIBUTES ( ALL K9DS W\LD BE ABOLI%$ = EV]4 ,NO R5T OR S]VICES W\LD BE [$ TO ANY LORD1 NO TAXES OR DUTIES TO ANY PR9CE4 ,DI/9CTIONS ( RANK & /ATUS W\LD CEASE TO EXI/ & NOBODY W\LD HAVE AU?ORITY OV] ANYBODY ELSE4 ,ALL W\LD LIVE TOGE!R AS BRO!RS1 EV]YONE 5JOY+ ! SAME LIB]TIES & DO+ ! SAME AM\NT ( WORK AS EV]YONE ELSE4 ',PR9CES1 ECCLESIA/ICAL & SECUL> ALIKE1 & C\NTS & KNI<TS %\LD ONLY POSSESS AS MU* AS COMMON FOLK1 !N EV]YONE WILL HAVE 5\<4 ,! TIME WILL HAVE TO COME :5 PR9CES & LORDS WILL WORK = !IR DAILY BREAD4' ,& ,BOEHM EXT5D$ HIS ATTACK BEYOND ! LOCAL LORDS & PR9CES TO ! V]Y SUMMIT ( SOCIETY3 ',! ,EMP]OR IS A SC\NDREL & ! ,POPE IS USELESS4 ,IT IS ! ,EMP]OR :O GIVES ! PR9CES & C\NTS & KNI<TS ! RI<T TO LEVY TAXES ON ! COMMON PEOPLE4 ,ALAS1 POOR DEVILS ?AT Y\ >E6' 

,NO D\BT ,BOEHM'S TEA*+ APPEAL$ 9 DIFF]5T WAYS TO DIFF]5T SECTIONS ( ! POPULATION4 ,! DEM& = ! OV]?R[ ( ALL RUL]S1 GREAT & SMALL1 PROBABLY APPEAL$ P>TICUL>LY TO ! URBAN PROLET>IAT2 WE KN[ ?AT ! T[NSFOLK DID 9 FACT COME TO ,NIKLA%AUS51 NOT ONLY FROM ,WURZBURG BUT FROM ALL OV] S\!RN & C5TRAL ,G]MANY4 ,ON ! O!R H& 9 DEM&+ ?AT WOOD1 WAT]1 PA/ORAGE1 FI%+ & HUNT+ %\LD BE FREE TO ALL M51 ,BOEHM WAS VOIC+ A V]Y G5]AL ASPIRATION ( ! PEASANTS4 ,! ,G]MAN PEASANTS BELIEV$ ?AT !SE RI<TS HAD 9 FACT BE5 !IRS 9 OLD5 TIME1 UNTIL USURP$ BY ! NOBILITY2 ?IS WAS ONE ( ! WRONGS :I* !Y W]E ALWAYS EXPECT+ ! FUTURE ',EMP]OR ,FR$]ICK' TO UNDO4 ,BUT ABOVE ALL IT WAS ! PRE/IGE ( ! PREA*] HIMSELF1 AS A MIRACUL\S BE+ S5T BY ,GOD1 :I* DREW ! T5S ( ?\S&S 9TO ! ,TAUB] VALLEY4 ,! COMMON PEOPLE1 PEASANTS & >TISANS ALIKE1 SAW 9 HIM A SUP]NATURAL PROTECTOR & LEAD]1 SU* AS ! ',EMP]OR ,FR$]ICK' WAS TO HAVE BE53 A SAVIOR :O C\LD BE/[ ON !M 9DIVIDUALLY ! FULLNESS ( ,DIV9E ,GRACE & :O W\LD LEAD !M 9DIVIDUALLY 9TO AN E>?LY ,P>ADISE4 

,NEWS ( ! WOND]FUL HAPP5+S AT ,NIKLA%AUS5 PASS$ RAPIDLY FROM VILLAGE TO VILLAGE 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD & WAS C>RI$ FUR!R AFIELD1 TOO1 BY MESS5G]S :O W5T \T 9 ALL DIRECTIONS4 ,SOON VA/ HORDES ( COMMON FOLK ( ALL AGES & BO? SEXES1 & 9CLUD+ :OLE FAMILIES1 W]E /REAM+ T[>DS ,NIKLA%AUS54 ,NOT ONLY ! SURR\ND+ C\NTRY BUT ALL P>TS ( S\!RN & C5TRAL ,G]MANY W]E 9 COMMOTION1 FROM ! ,ALPS TO ! ,RH9EL& & TO ,?UR+IA4 ,>TISANS DES]T$ !IR WORK%OPS & PEASANTS !IR FIELDS1 %EPH]DS & %EPH]DESSES AB&ON$ !IR FLOCKS & HA/5$ -- (T5 /ILL 9 ! SAME CLO!S & C>RY+ !IR PICKS & HAMM]S & SCY!S -- TO HE> & ADORE HIM :O WAS N[ KN[N AS '! ,HOLY ,Y\?4' ,!SE PEOPLE GREET$ ONE ANO!R ONLY AS ',BRO!R' OR ',SI/]' & !SE GREET+S ACQUIR$ ! SIGNIFICANCE ( A RALLY+-CRY4 ,AMONG ! MULTITUDES ( SIMPLE1 WILDLY EXCIT$ FOLK !RE CIRCULAT$ FANTA/IC RUMORS4 ,:AT ! PLEBS PAUP]UM HAD BELIEV$ ( ,J]USALEM !SE BELIEV$ ( ,NIKLA%AUS54 ,!RE ,P>ADISE HAD LIT]ALLY DESC5D$ UPON ! E>?2 & 9F9ITE RI*ES W]E LY+ READY TO BE GA!R$ BY ! FAI?FUL1 :O W\LD %>E !M \T AMONG !MSELVES 9 BRO!RLY LOVE4 ,MEAN:ILE ! HORDES -- LIKE ! ,PA/\REAUX & ! ,FLAGELLANTS BE=E !M -- ADVANC$ 9 LONG COLUMNS1 BE>+ BANN]S & S++ SONGS ( !IR [N COMPOSITION4.<#d#b#a.>  
  

,HANS ,BOEHM'S PREA*+ BEGAN >\ND #a#d#g#d4 ,T[>DS ! 5D ( ,M>* #a#d#g#f1 ! PILGRIMAGES L$ TO RETALIATORY MEASURES ON ! P>T ( ! L>GE T[NS4 ,! MUNICIPAL C\NCIL ( ,NUREMBURG PROHIBIT$ ! 9HABITANTS FROM GO+ TO ,NIKLA%AUS54 ,WURZBURG CLOS$ ITS DOORS & >M$ ITS MILITIAS4 ,ON #ab ,JULY1 ! ,PR9CE-,BI%OP S5T AN 9FANTRY SECTION ( HORESM5 TO ! HOLY CITY4 ,>RE/$1 ,HANS WAS 9C>C]AT$ 9 ,WURZBURG1 :ILE A PEASANT1 9VE/$ 9 HIS TURN ) A PROPHETIC ROLE1 9CIT$ ! PEOPLE TO M>* UPON ! EPISCOPAL CITY1 :]E ! WALLS W\LD FALL LIKE ?OSE ( ,J]I*O4 ,=TY MILL5>IAN LIB]ATORS W]E KILL$4 ,JUDG$ HA/ILY1 ,HANS ,BOEHM W\LD HAVE TO M\NT ! PYRE :]E HE DI$1 ONE SAYS1 S++ HYMNS4 ,! (F]+S DEPOSIT$ BY ! PILGRIMS 9 ! *UR* ( ,NIKLA%AUS5 W]E CONFISCAT$4 ,! ,>*BI%OP ( ,MAY5CE1 ! ,BI%OP ( ,WURZBURG & ! ,C\NT UPON :OM ! ,NEW ,J]USALEM DEP5D$ DID NOT DISDA9 FROM %>+ !M EQUITABLY AMONG !MSELVES4 ,! C9D]S ( ! PROPHET1 DISP]S$ SO ?AT NO CULT C\LD R5D] HOMAGE TO HIM1 W]E NOT ALL[$ TO PUT 9TO ! AIR ( ! TIME ! G]MS ( A MILL5>IANI/ & RE=M+ R5EWAL ?AT W\LD BREAK ! RE9S ( ALL-P[]FUL ,ROME4 

,J]OME ,SAVON>OLA 

  

,= ,SAVON>OLA1 ,JOA*IMITE PROPHETISM1 VOLUNT>Y POV]TY1 ! ASCETICISM ( ! ,SPIRITUALS & ! POLITICAL CALCULATIONS ( ! COMMUNALI/ TRIBUNES COMPOS$ A CONJUNCTION ( DIV]SE AMBITIONS ?AT W\LD ELEVATE HIM TO P[] & PLOT HIS D[NFALL4 

,BORN 9 ,F]R>A 9 #a#d#e#b1 HE DI/+UI%$ HIMSELF 9 ! ORD] ( ! ,DOM9ICANS BY HIS ELOQU5CE & HIS CULTURE4 ,! ,PRIOR ( ! ,MONA/]Y ( ,SA9T-,M>C 9 ,FLOR5CE1 HE SOON EX]CIS$ ON ! BRILLIANT C\RT ( ,L>5T DE ,M$ICI A FASC9ATION ?AT EXAC]BAT$ ! ATTRACTION ( PURITY1 SO FREQU5T 9 ! WAV]+ ( GUILTY PLEASURES4 

,JEAN ,PIC DE LA ,MIR&OLE1 :OSE PHILOSOPHICAL !SES W]E CONDEMN$ BY ! ,*UR*1 DISC]N$ AN ALLY 9 ! MONK-PROPHET :O1 ?R\< HIS DIATRIBES AGA9/ ! LUXURIA & AVIDITAS ( ! ,POPE & ! CL]GY1 GAVE HIS VOICE TO ! POPUL> ANG]1 ACCUMULAT$ OV] ! C5TURIES1 AB\T ! DESPOTISM ( ,ROME4 

,SAVON>OLA'S MILL5>IANISM WAS S$UCTIVE 9 ! TIMES 9 :I* DREAMS ( =TUNE & ORD9>Y POV]TY SUGGE/$ AN IMM95T APOCALYPSE4 ,HE %>$ ) ,DOLC9O ! MI/AKE ( GIV+ A TOO PRECISE TURN TO HIS PROPHECIES4 ,HE ANN\NC$ T]RIBLE MIS=TUNES = ,ITALY4 ,ONE DIDN'T FAIL TO BELIEVE HIM1 BECAUSE MIS=TUNES OCCURR$ EV]Y DAY4 ,EV5 DEA? UNBURD5$ ITSELF 9 ! L9ES ( ! POEMS 9 :I* ,LAUR5T CELEBRAT$ Y\? & BEAUTY4 

,AGA9/ ! VISES & TYRANNY ( ! PAPACY1 ,*>LES ,V,I,I,I1 ! ,K+ ( ,FRANCE1 BR&I%$ ! 0SC\RGE ( ,GOD1 ! V5GEFUL SWORD10 ! NEW ,*>LEMAGNE1 ! NEW ,FR$]ICK1 ! NEW K+ ( A ,?IRD ,AGE4 ,M>CIL ,FIC91 WELL V]S$ 9 ,KABBALAH1 FRI5D ( LIT]ATURE & PLEASURE1 SC5T$ >\ND ! MONK .<,SAVON>OLA.> ! ACRID ODOR ( A RIGOR AS P]NICI\S AS ! ,SADIAN H$ONISM ( ! PRELATES & >I/OCRATS4 

,AFT] ! DEA? ( ,LAUR5T DE ,M$ICI1 :O1 5JOY+ A DISSIPAT$ LIFE1 HAD 9VE/$ ,FRA ,GIROLAMO ) A SECRET HOPE ( R$EMPTION1 ,PI]RE DE ,M$ICI W\LD %[ GREAT] RES]VE1 NAY1 FRANK HO/ILITY TO ! ONE :O WAS AMBITI\S 5\< TO RULE ! LIVES ( ! ,FLOR5T9ES4 

,SAVON>OLA'S APPEALS TO VOLUNT>Y POV]TY1 :I* REVIV$ MEMORIES ( ! ,FRATICELLES & ! ,SPIRITUALS1 RALLI$ TO HIM ! SUFFRAGE ( ! DIS9H]IT$ CLASSES4 ,HE W\LD SOON !REAFT] TIP OV] 9TO ! PURITANICAL MY/ICISM ( ALL ! EXTREMISMS4 

,! FLI<T ( ,PI]RE1 ! PROCLAMATION ( ! ,FLOR5T9E ,REPUBLIC 9 #adid & ! TRIUMPHAL 5TRY ( ,K+ ,*>LES ,V,I,I,I 9TO ! CITY ALL BE/[$ UPON ,SAVON>OLA ! P[] ( A SPIRITUAL & TEMPORAL LEAD]4 

,FLOR5CE1 PROMOT$ AS ! ,NEW ,J]USALEM1 F9ALLY M>K$ ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,?IRD ,AGE1 ! PRELUDE TO ! RETURN ( ! ,*RI/ TO E>? & ! MASSIVE CONV]SION ( ! ,TURKS & ! ,JEWS4 

,! HY/]IA 9H]5T 9 ! COMPULSION = VIRTUE W\LD K9DLE 9 ! T[N1 R5AM$ = ! REF9EM5T ( ITS >TS1 PURIFY+ FLAMES ?AT ONE CALL$ 0PYRES ( ! VANITIES40 ,ONE ?REW ON !M PELL-MELL JEWELS1 ORNAM5TS1 BOOKS1 PA9T+S1 & LUXURI\S FROCKS4 

,S&RO ,BOTTICELLI1 ! MO/ S5SUAL ( ! PA9T]S1 W\LD SUCCUMB TO ?IS DE/RUCTIVE MADNESS1 TO ?IS RAGE 9 :I* LIFE TOOK REV5GE ON ! SCORN ?AT OV]:ELM$ IT BY ANNIHILAT+ ) A S9I/] JOY ALL ?AT MADE LIFE PLEASANT4 ,9TO ?IS RAGE WAS MIX$ ! LEGITIMATE RES5TM5T ( ! EXPLOIT$1 ON :OSE BACK LIV$ LUXURY1 FROM :I* ! EXPLOIT$ W]E EXCLUD$4 ,SAVON>OLA'S S]MONS1 :I* BO? FLATT]$ ! DEM&S ?AT HE C\LD NOT SATISFY & ! HATR$ TO :I* HE GAVE EVANGELICAL VIRTUE 7!REBY ALI5AT+ HIM LITTLE BY LITTLE FROM ! >I/OCRACY & ! 9TELLECTUALS71 CONTA9$ PROMISES ( A NEW ORD] ?AT1 POLITICALLY1 W\LD REMA9 A DEAD LETT]4 

,! P>TY ( ,ROME REGR\P$ ITS P>TISANS4 ,POPE ,ALEX&] ,V,I1 :O WAS 9TELLIG5T1 BRUTAL & CORRUPT1 EXCOMMUNICAT$ ! MONK & PROHIBIT$ HIM FROM PREA*+4 ,SAVON>OLA W\LD IGNORE HIM4 ,>RE/$ 9 HIS CONV5T AT ,SA9T-,M>C1 !N TORTUR$1 *>G$ ) H]ESY1 :I* HIS DOCTR9E BASICALLY DID NOT M]IT1 HE WAS -- DESPITE ! EFF]VESC5CE ( HIS P>TISANS1 ! ,PIAGNOMI1 FROM ,PIAGNONIA1 :I* WAS ! NAME ( ! BELL AT ! CONV5T ( ,SA9T-,M>C -- HANG$ & BURN$ ) TWO ( HIS DISCIPLES1 ,DOM5ICO ( ,PESCIA & ,SYLVE/RI ,M>UFF1 ON #bc ,MAY #a#d#i#h4 

,! PROGRAM = ! R5EWAL ( ! ,*UR*1 :I* ,SAVON>OLA HAD FOLD$ )9 ! RISKY POLITICS ( ! CITY1 W\LD BE EXP\ND$ BY ,LU!R AS ! PROTE/ ( ALL ,*RI/IANITY AGA9/ ! IGNOM9Y ( ,CA?OLICISM1 ! RELIGION SOIL$ BY ! UNWOR?9ESS ( ITS PRIE/S4 ,SAVON>OLA HAD ! PRUD5CE TO REMA9 9 ,G]MANY1 :]E ! OLD TRADITION ( ! EMP]ORS & PR9CES HO/ILE TO ,ROME W\LD MAKE ! OLD PR9CIPLE CUIUS REGIO1 EIUS RELIGIO.<#d#b#b.> WORK 9 FAVOR ( ,LU!RISM4 

,FROM ,H]ESY ,TO ,! ,RELIGION ,( ,! ,/ATE3 ,LU!R ,& ,CALV9 

  

,! ,RE=MATION ( ! ,*UR* TRIMPH$ ) ,LU!R & ,CALV91 BUT IT TRIUMPH$ \TSIDE ( ! ,*UR* & AGA9/ IT4 ,:AT VICTORIES C\LD ?OSE :O DREAM$ ( A R5EWAL ( FAI? & ! FRE$OM ( BELIEF HOPE TO SEE FROM ! NEW /ATE RELIGION8 

,BORN 9 #a#d#h#c1 A /UD5T1 !N ! HOLD] ( A ,MA/]'S ,DEGREE FROM ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,]FURT 9 #a#e#e1 .<,M>T9.> ,LU!R WAS ORDA9$ A PRIE/ 9 #a#e#g4 ,HE ATTA9$ ! POSITION ( PR(ESSOR & PREA*] AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,WITT5B]G DUE TO ! SYMPA?IES ?AT HE >\S$ 9 ! ,PR9CE-,ELECTOR ( ,SAXONY4 

,A VISIT TO ,ROME 9 #aeaa REVEAL$ TO HIM ! /ATE ( CUPIDITY & LIC5SE ?AT REIGN$ AMONG ! PRELATES & ! PONTIFICAL C\RT4 ,ASSUR$LY1 HE WAS NOT ! ONLY ONE1 NOR ! FIR/ ONE TO BE JEAL\S ( ! FEA/S & LUXURY ( ! ,*UR*1 TO BE 9DIGNANT ) A VEHEM5CE4 

,! PROMOTIONAL SALE ( 9DULG5CES1 BEGUN BY ,POPE ,LEON ,X TO F9ANCE ! WORKS ( ! ,*UR* ( ,SA9T-,PET]1 (F]$ ,LU!R AN OCCASION TO EXCITE ! DISCONT5T ( ! NOR!RN T[NS & ! REGIONS HEAT$ BY ! AGITATION ( ,BOEHM & ! ,TABORITES1 BUT ALSO ! ,G]MAN PR9CES1 :O W]E TRADITIONALLY HO/ILE TO ,ROME & SOON !REAFT] 7>\ND #a#e#b7 PUT (F BY ! AU?ORIT>IANISM ( ! ,CA?OLIC ,EMP]OR ,*>LES ,V4 

,TO COLLECT FUNDS FROM ! SALE ( 9DULG5CES1 ! >*BI%OP ( ,MAY5CE1 HAV+ DEPUTIZ$ ! ,DOM9ICAN ,TETZEL1 A TAL5T$ PREA*] :O W\LD ABSOLVE ALL S9S IF ! PRICE WAS PAID1 SAID 0ONE C\LD =NICATE ) ! ,VIRG9 ,M>Y H]SELF40 

,FROM HIS >RIVAL 9 ,WITT5B]G1 A VIOL5T POLEMIC OPPOS$ ,TETZEL TO ,LU!R1 :O HAD ! D\BLE ADVANTAGE ( BE+ !RE ) HIM & BE+ ABLE TO EXPRESS ) ! CRUD5ESS ( POPUL> LANGUAGE OP9IONS ?AT W]E WIDELY HELD4 ,) ! GLIBNESS ( A TRAVEL+ BUS9ESSMAN1 ,TETZEL PROPOS$ TO SETTLE ! DEBATE ) AN ORDEAL ( FIRE & WAT]3 0,I MOCK Y\R BRAY+S10 ,LU!R W\LD RETORT4 0,9 PLACE ( WAT]1 ,I ADVISE ! JUICE ( ! GRAPE >BOR &1 9 PLACE ( FIRE1 ! >OMA ( A ROA/$ GOOSE40 ,! R\< TREATM5T ?AT ! PEOPLE GAVE TO ,TETZEL'S EMULATORS AL>M$ ?OSE 9 ,ROME RESPONSIBLE = ! M>KET+.<#d#b#c.> OP]ATION F\ND$ ON ! R$EMPTION ( S91 :ILE ! MONK ( ,WITT5B]G -- EMBOLD5$ BY HIS POPUL>ITY -- SUMM>IZ$ 9 #ie >TICLES HIS !SES AGA9/ ! ,ROMAN CLIQUE4 ,ON #ca ,OCTOB] #a#e#a#g1 HE ATTA*$ !M TO ! WALLS ( ! ,*UR* ( ,ALL ,SA9TS4 ,9 VA9 DID ,C>D9AL ,CAJETAN1 ! APO/OLIC NUNCIO & ! ECCLESIA/ICAL HI]>*Y TRY TO GET HIM TO SIGN A RETRACTION4 

,9 #a#e#b1 ! ,PAPAL ,BULL ,EXSURGE CONDEMN$ #da ( ,LU!R'S PROPOSITIONS & ORD]$ ?AT ! LAMPOONS BE BURN$4 ,ACCOMPANI$ BY HIS DISCIPLES1 ,LU!R BR\<T HIMSELF TO ! DOOR ( ,WITT5B]G1 :]E A PYRE HAD BE5 LI<T$1 & ) GREAT SOLEMNITY BO? ! ,PAPAL ,BULL AS WELL AS ! WRIT+S ( ,LU!R'S ADV]S>IES W]E ?R[N 9TO IT4 

,FROM ,G]MANY TO ,5GL&1 9 ,FRANCE & ! ,NE!RL&S1 ! PYRE ( ,WITT5B]G -- :I* HAD SYMBOLICALLY CONSUM$ ! P[] ( ,ROME -- W\LD SET PUBLIC OP9ION AFLAME4 ,= ! PR9CES & K+S1 ,CA?OLICISM WAS M]ELY AN 9/RUM5T ( POLITICAL DOM9ATION4 ,NONE ( !M HAD ANY SCRUPLES AB\T DUMP+ IT IF IT 5CUMB]$ MORE ?AN IT S]V$4 ,9 #a#e#b#g1 ! V]Y LOYAL S]VANT ( FAI? NAM$ ,EMP]OR ,*>LES ,V SUBJECT$ ,ROME TO ! MO/ PITILESS SACK+ & MASSACRES ?AT IT HAD KN[N S9CE ! DAYS ( ! ,VISIGO?S4 ,FRANCOIS ,I1 ,K+ ( ,FRANCE1 NO LESS A GOOD ,CA?OLIC1 BURN$ ! ,PROTE/ANTS BUT HELP$ ! ,G]MAN RE=M]S 9 !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,*>LES ,V2 HE HAT$ ! ,EMP]OR SO MU* ?AT HE DID NOT HESITATE TO ALLY HIMSELF ) ,ISLAM4 

,:ILE ! ECONOMY HAD CONDEMN$ ,DOLC9O1 ! ,SPIRITUALS & ,SAVON>OLA1 IT SAV$ ,LU!R & HIS MOVEM5T2 ! ECONOMY C>RI$ !M TO P[] BY VIRTUE ( ! =CE ?AT1 UND]NEA? ! \TW>D APPE>ANCE ( RELIGION & IDEOLOGY1 BEGAN TO APPE> 9 BROAD DAYLI<T AS ! V]ITABLE MODE ( GOV]NM5T ( MANK9D3 ! ECONOMY4 

,LU!R & ,CALV9 RATIFI$ ! OBSCURE DECREES ON FREE 5T]PRISE1 EV5 9 ! CRU%+ ( PEASANT COMMUNALISM & ! CONDEMNATION ( ! ,FREE-,SPIRIT SO RESOLUTELY IRRECONCIABLE ) ! ECONOMIC CONTROL EX]CIS$ OV] ! LIVES ( M5 & WOM54 

,9 #a#e#b#a1 ,*>LES ,V SUMMON$ ,LU!R TO APPE> BE=E ! DIET ( ! PR9CES MEET+ 9 ,WORMS1 9 ! ,RH9EL&4 ,/RONG FROM ! SYMPA?Y ?AT HIS ACT ( REBELLION >\S$ AMONG ! LORDS :O W]E NOT ANXI\S TO GROVEL UND] ! BOOT ( ! ,EMP]OR1 ,LU!R PRES5T$ HIS PR(ESSION ( FAI? LIKE A *ALL5GE1 !N1 =ESEE+ >RE/1 TOOK REFUGE 9 ,SAXONY1 :]E ! ,ELECTOR -- UND] ! PRETEXT ( IMPRISON+ HIM -- PROTECT$ HIM AT HIS *ATEAU 9 ,W>TBURG4 ,!RE HE TRANSLAT$ ! ,BIBLE 9TO ,G]MAN & LAID ! BASES = A NEW DOGMA4 

,9 #a#e#b#a1 ,?OMAS ,MUNTZ]1 TAK+ ! FRE$OMS CLAIM$ BY ,LU!R LIT]ALLY1 JO9$ ! PEASANTS 9 REVOLT & REVIV$ ! HOPES = A ,JOA*IMITE ,?IRD ,AGE4 ,9 #a#e#b#e1 ,LU!R1 9 HIS LAMPOON 5TITL$ ,AGA9/ ! ,B&S ( ,LOOT+ ,PEASANTS & ,ASSASS9S1 APPEAL$ = ! MO/ PITILESS REPRESSION1 !REBY REMOV+ ! LA/ RETIC5CES ( ! ,G]MAN PR9CES CONC]N+ HIS DOCTR9E & ?US C\NT]-SIGN+ ! BIR? ( ,LU!RISM AS ! RELIGION ( ! ,/ATE4 ,9 FIVE YE>S1 ! H]ESI>* 79 HIS [N WAY7 REPEAT$ ! ,CON/ANT9IAN OP]ATION ( ! ,ROMAN ,*UR*4 ,HE SET HIMSELF UP AS ! PONTIFEX MAXIMUS BY ACCORD+ TO ! NATIONAL & RELIGI\S 9DEP5D5CE ( ! PR9CIPALITIES & K+DOMS ( ! NOR? ! SUPPORT ( A B\RGEOISIE ( FREE 5T]PRISE ?AT SAW 9 5RI*M5T ! COMP5SATION = SACRIFICE & OB$I5CE TO A REASONABLE ,GOD4 

,JOHN ,CALV9 

  

,! H]ESI>*AL C>E] ( ,JOHN ,CALV9 5D$ ) A C\P D',ETAT1 ! SUCCESS ( :I* HE HIMSELF ASSUR$4 ,HE WAS BORN 9 #aei 9 ,NOYON1 9 ,PIC>DY1 :]E HIS FA!R1 :O WAS ! ATTORNEY ( ! *APT]1 RES]V$ HIM = A C>E] 9 ! *UR*4 ,AFT] /UDY+ AT ! ,COLLEGE ( ,MONTAIGU 9 ,P>IS1 ,ORLEANS & ,B\RGES1 HE PUBLI%$ A COMM5T>Y ON ,S5ECA'S ,DE CLEM5TIA4 

,>\ND #a#e#c#c1 HE ADOPT$ ! IDEAS ( ! ,RE=MATION4 ,SUSPECT$ ( HAV+ DRAFT$ A H>ANGUE AGA9/ HIS FRI5D1 ! ,RECTOR ( ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,P>IS1 ,NICOLAS ,COP 7:O WAS DEEPLY IMPREGNAT$ BY ! ,LU!RIAN DOCTR9E71 HE FL$ TO ,ANG\LEME1 !N TOOK REFUGE 9 ,N]AC ) ! HELP ( ,M>GU]ITE ( ,NAV>RE1 SI/] ( ,FRANCOIS ,I & PROTECTOR ( ! RE=MS4 

,9 #a#e#c#d1 ,CALV9 WAS 9 ,BASLE1 :]E HE DRAFT$ ! FIR/ V]SION ( ,! ,*RI/IAN ,9/ITUTION4 ,9 #a#e#c#f1 ,WILLIAM ,F>EL1 :O ATTEMPT$ TO IMPLANT ! ,RE=MATION 9 ,G5EVA1 9VIT$ HIM TO USE HIS AU?ORITY TO CONV9CE ! CITIZ5S1 :O W]E NOT 9 A HURRY TO EX*ANGE A NEW RELIGI\S TRU? = AN OLD ONE AB\T :I* !Y ONLY C>$ A LITTLE4 ,BANI%M5T SANCTION$ !M BO? 9 #ae* & ,CALV9 W5T TO ,/RASB\RG1 :]E ,M>T9 ,BUC] HAD CONSOLIDAT$ ONE ( ! BA/IONS ( ,LU!RISM4 ,RETURN+ TO ,G5EVA 9 #a#e#d#a1 ,CALV9 !NCE=? WORK$ TO 9/AURATE HIS P[]4 ,AN OPPOSITION AMONG ! 9HABITANTS ( ! CITY ROSE AGA9/ HIM1 F\ND$ JU/ AS MU* ON ! AW>5ESS ( BELONG+ TO A FREE /ATE AS ON ! REPUGNANCE ?AT ,CALV9I/ AU/]ITY >\S$ AMONG ! PEOPLE :O W]E NATURALLY 9CL9$ TO ! JOYS ( EXI/5CE4 ,CALV9 W\LD WORK PATI5TLY AT BREAK+ ! P>TY ( POLITICAL FRE$OM -- /IGMATIZ$ UND] ! NAME 0LIB]T9ES0 -- ?AT WAS L$ BY ,JACOB ,GRUET & ! ,POCQUES1 ,P]CEVAL & ,QU9T9 ,?I]RY FACTION1 VITUP]AT$ UND] ! NAME 0SPIRITUAL LIB]T9ES40 

,9 #a#e#d#g1 AFT] AN UNJU/ TRIAL1 ,JACOB ,GRUET WAS DECAPITAT$ = HAV+ DEF5D$ ! FREE *OICE ( A!ISM & BE+ AN 9SURG5T AGA9/ ! DICTATOR%IP ( A ,PURITANISM ?AT =G$ 9 ! NOR? ( ,EUROPE ! ,ANGLO-,SAXON M9DSET ?AT ILLU/RAT$ ,5GLI% ,VICTORIANISM & ,AM]ICANISM 9 ! MO/ DEPLORABLE S5SES ( ! WORDS4 

,TO CONFIRM ! TRU? ?AT ,GOD HAD IMPOS$1 ALL ONE W\LD NE$ TO DO W\LD BE TO DRAG TO ! PYRE ! PHYSICIAN ,MI*EL ,S]VET1 :O TOOK REFUGE 9 ,G5EVA 9 #aeec TO ESCAPE FROM ,9QUISITORIAL B>B>ITY4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiib 3 ,*APT] #* -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #b#f1 #bb 3 ,*APT] #* -- ,ADD$4 

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