,*APT] #cb 
,BE<>DS & ,BEGU9ES 

#aiicaiic 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,RA\L ,VANEIGEM 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #c#b3 ,BE<>DS & ,BEGU9ES 

  

,>\ND ! 5D ( ! ,TWELF? ,C5TURY1 ASSOCIATIONS ?AT W]E BO? RELIGI\S & SECUL> W]E F\ND$1 MO/ (T5 ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( MAGI/RATES OR RI* B\RGEOIS2 ! MEMB]S ( :I*1 DESIGNAT$ BY ! NAMES 0,BE<>DS0 & 0,BEGU9ES10 LIV$ 9 COMMUNIT>IAN H\SES CALL$ 0BEGU9AGES40 

,F\ND$ AS A PUBLIC S]VICE TO /OP ! MULTIPLICATION ( POOR PEOPLE 9 ! T[NS ?AT DRA9$ ! SURPLUS ( MANP[] FROM ! C\NTRYSIDES1 !SE COMMUNITIES W]E 9DEP5D5T ( ALL MONA/IC ORD]S & PLAC$ UND] ! EXCLUSIVE SURVEILLANCE ( ! BI%OP4 ,! 9FLUX ( BEGG>S ( BO? G5D]S DID NOT CEASE TO GR[ 9 IMPORTANCE1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! NOR!RN T[NS SU* AS ,LIEGE1 :]E ! FIR/ E/ABLI%M5TS DATE FROM #a#a#h-#a#a#h#d 7& ?US W]E CONTEMPORANE\S ) ! 9ITIATIVES ( ,PI]RE ,VALDO 9 ,LYON73 ,TIRLEMONT 7#a#b#b71 ,VAL5CI5NES 7#a#b#a#b71 ,D\AI 7#a#b#a#i71 ,<5T 7#a#b#b#g7 & ,ANTW]P 7#a#b#c74 ,9 #a#b#e1 !RE W]E MORE ?AN #a1 ADH]5TS 9 ,P>IS & ,CAMBRAI1 & #b1 9 ,COLOGNE4 

,MIX+ 9DIVIDUAL & COMMUNIT>IAN 9T]E/S TOGE!R1 ! CURR5T ( ! ,FREE-,SPIRIT AWOKE A P>TICUL> E*O 9 ! BEGU9AGES ?AT ,JUNDT PA9TS 9 AN IDYLLIC TABLEAU3  
  

,9 ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY1 ! ,BEGU9ES LIV$ 9 GREAT NUMB]S 9 ! SAME H\SE1 :]EAS 9 ,BELGIUM !IR HABITATION RECALLS TO US LESS A CLOI/] ?AN ONE ( \R MOD]N WORK]S' CITIES3 !Y W]E COMPOS$ 7& >E /ILL COMPOS$ TODAY7 AS A S]IES ( SMALL H\SES1 EA* ( :I* DIDN'T CONTA9 MORE ?AN TWO OR ?REE ,BEGU9ES2 AT ! C5T] A *UR* & A *>ITY HOSPITAL = ! AG$ OR SICK SI/]S HAD BE5 ]ECT$2 CLOSE-BY ONE F\ND A CEMET]Y4 ,! G5RE ( LIFE ( !SE WOM5 OCCUPI$ A SPACE BETWE5 ! MONA/IC LIFE & PR(ANE LIFE4 ,!Y DID NOT R5\NCE ! SOCIETY ( M51 NOR T]RE/RIAL AFFAIRS & OCCUPATIONS2 !Y MADE V[S ( *A/ITY & OB$I5CE1 BUT NOT 9 AN ABSOLUTE MANN] LIKE ! RELIGI\S ORD]S2 !Y CONS]V$ ! FRE$OM ( LEAV+ ! ASSOCIATION :5 !Y WI%$ & .<!N.> GETT+ M>RI$ 74447 

,!Y DIDN'T WAIT LONG BE=E F9D+ IMITATORS4 ,BRO!RHOODS ( >TISANS1 MO/ (T5 WEAV]S1 =M$ 9 !IR IMAGE 9 ! DIFF]5T T[NS :]E !Y HAD !IR E/ABLI%M5TS4 ,CALL$ ,BE<>DS BY ! PEOPLE1 ! MEMB]S ( !SE EM95TLY SECUL> ASSOCIATIONS 5JOY$ ! SAME 9DEP5D5CE AS ! ,BEGU9ES2 !Y DEVOT$ !IR LIVES TO MANUAL LABOR & EX]CISES ( PIETY & ?US ATTRACT$ ! FAVOR ( ! PEOPLE4 

,! PROGRESS ( !SE TWO RELIGI\S SOCIETIES DID NOT FAIL TO CREATE 5EMIES1 ESPECIALLY AMONG ! SECUL> CL]GY1 :OSE JEAL\SY !Y >\S$4 ,! P>I% PRIE/S RECEIV$ A C]TA9 SUM P] YE> TO 9DEMNIFY !M = ! LOSES CAUS$ BY ! PRES5CE ( A PRIE/ SPECIALLY ATTA*$ TO EA* ( !SE ASSOCIATIONS2 ONE EV5 GAVE !M A PORTION ( ! PRICE ( BURIALS :5 SOME RI* B\RGEOIS 7& ! CASE WAS NOT R>E7 DEM&$ TO BE BURI$ 9 ! CEMET]Y ADJO9+ ! E/ABLI%M5T2 AS F> AS ! RELIGI\S ORD]S1 !Y C\LD ONLY LOSE \T TO ! PI\S F\NDATIONS ?AT DEPRIV$ !M1 NOT ONLY ONLY ( ! SUPPORT ( MANY MEMB]S1 BUT ALSO IMPORTANT DONATIONS4.<#c#g#e.>  
  

,! SPIRIT ( FRE$OM SPREAD LIKE WILD FIRE 9 ! COMMUNITIES ( M5 & WOM5 LESS PREOCCUPI$ ) !OLOGICAL /RUGGLES ?AN ! TWO GREAT !MES DEBAT$ 9 ! ,?IRTE5? ,C5TURY BECAUSE !IR REALITY WAS TE/$ EV]Y DAY3 ! MEAN+ ( POV]TY & ! PRACTICE ( LOVE1 :I* ASPIR$ TO RAISE ITSELF FROM BRUTAL SATISFACTION TO ! >T ( PLEASURE4 ,:5 HAD SU* IMM$IATE QUE/IONS ( UTILITY & PLEASURE BETT] ATTEMPT$ TO DISCOV] RESPONSES ?AN 9 !SE PLACES ( REFUGE & 5C\NT]1 9 :I* ,BE<>DS & ,BEGU9ES LE>N$1 ?R\< A B5EFICIAL IDLNESS & UND] ! PRETEXT ( GOOD WORKS1 TO LIVE ACCORD+ TO !IR PREF]5CES8 

,FROM #abdd ON1 ! ,>*BI%OP ( ,MAY5CE SET HIMSELF AGA9/ ! WAY ?AT ! Y\NG ,BEGU9ES W]E ABUS+ !IR FRE$OM4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! MONA/ICAL COMMUNITIES & ! P>I% PRIE/S CA/ A DISAPPROV+ EYE ON ! IMPETU\S ZEAL ( C]TA9 BEGU9AGES ?AT1 ?R\< ! GRATUITY ( !IR AID1 DEPRIV$ !M ( PR(ITABLE BUS9ESS4 ,AT ! BEG9N+1 ! ,POPE 9T]V5$ TO DEF5D ! ,BE<>D COMMUNITIES AGA9/ ! DESPOILATIONS & TRIALS ( ! LOCAL CL]GY1 BUT ! LOCAL CONDEMNATIONS MULTIPLI$ V]Y QUICKLY4 ,9 #a#b#e#h1 ! ,SYNOD ( ,FRITZL> CONDEMN$ ! W&]+ ,BEGU9ES & ,BE<>DS :O BEGG$ TO CRIES ( 0,BROD DUR* ,GOTT0 .<BREAD BY ,GOD.> & PREA*$ 9 SECRET & SUBT]RANEAN PLACES4.<#c#g#f.> 

,9 #a#c#g1 AT ! ,SYNOD ( ,COLOGNE1 ,BI%OP ,H5RI ,I,I ( ,VIRNEBURG 5UM]AT$ ! PO9TS ( ACCUSATION AMONG :I* ONE C\LD F9D SU* COLLECTIVELY WELCOM$ REM>KS AS 0,TO MAKE LOVE IS NOT A S90 & 0,?OSE :O >E L$ BY ! ,SPIRIT ( ,GOD >E NO LONG] UND] ! LAW1 BECAUSE ! LAW IS NOT IMPOS$ ON ! JU/1 ON ?OSE :O LIVE )\T S940 

,9 #a#c#a#a1 ,POPE ,CLEM5T ,V WAS WORRI$ BY ! PROGRESS ( ! ,FREE-,SPIRIT 9 ,ITALY & EV]Y:]E ELSE4 ,AT ! ,C\NCIL ( ,VI5NA1 :I* TOOK PLACE ?AT SAME YE>1 HE LAUN*$ AGA9/ ?OSE 0:O CALL FRE$OM ( SPIRIT ! FRE$OM TO DO :ATEV] PLEASES !M0 TWO DECREES1 ,AD NO/RUM & ,CUM DE QUIBUSDAM MULI]IBUS1 ! 5SEMBLE ( :I* =M$ ! ,CLEM5T9ES & W\LD S]VE FROM !N ON AS AN 9QUISITORIAL GUIDE = ! SY/EMATIC P]SECUTION ( ! ,BE<>DS & ,BEGU9ES1 DRAGG+ TO ! PYRE A NUMB] ( GOOD ,CA?OLICS DEVOT$ TO ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ PAUP]IZATION & ADEPTS ( ! ,FREE-,SPIRIT :O ADJUR$1 IF NECESS>Y1 = ! SIMPLE REASON ?AT SACRIFICE OR M>TYRDOM DID NOT 5T] 9TO !IR ASPIRATIONS4 

,! ,COMMUNITIES ,( ,COLOGNE ,& ,S*WEIDNITZ 

  

,WALT] ( ,HOLL&1 ! AU?OR ( ,DE NOVEM RUPIBUS SPIRITUALIBUS 7,( ! ,N9E ,SPIRITUAL ,ROCKS71 A TEXT ?AT IS LO/ TODAY BUT :I* ,MO%EIM W\LD CONSULT 9 ! ,EI<TE5? ,C5TURY1 F\ND$ 9 ,COLOGNE A GR\P ?AT MET 9 A PLACE BAPTIZ$ 0,P>ADISE40 ,ACCORD+ TO ! *RONICL] ,WILLIAM ( ,EGMONT1 A C\PLE REPRES5T$ ,JESUS & ,M>Y4 ,AFT] A C]EMONY CONDUCT$ BY ! ,*RI/ DRESS$ UP 9 PRECI\S CLO!S1 A NUDE PREA*] W\LD 9VITE ! ASSEMBLY TO UNDRESS & CELEBRATE !IR REF\ND ,$5IC 9NOC5CE ) A BANQUET1 FOLL[$ BY ! PLEASURES ( LOVE4 

,9 ! MANN] ( ! 0,HOM9ES 9TELLIG5TIAE10 ACTIVE A C5TURY LAT] 9 ,BRUSSELS1 AN 9ITIATORY C]EMONY BAS$ ON 0REF9$ LOVE0 EXPRESS$ ! UNITY ( ! BODY & ! SPIRIT 9 ! ID5TIFICATION ( AMOR\S EC/ASY & ! 9C>NAT$ ,SPIRIT 7"97 & REMOV$ S9 & GUILT4 ,AS AMONG ! ,B>BELITES & ,MESSALIANS1 C\RTESY & REF9EM5T ( PLEASURE1 SO AS TO ACC$E TO GOOD CONSCI5CE1 />T$ D[N ! ROAD ( HI]OGAMY1 A PSY*OANALYSIS BE=E !RE WAS SU* A ?+1 9 :I* ,GOD ! ,FA!R1 ! ,SON1 HIS MO!R1 VIRG9 & WIFE1 TRADITIONAL FACTORS ( CA/RATION & REPRESSION1 SUDD5LY GAVE !IR CONS5T )\T RES]VE TO ?IS ESS5TIAL QUE/ = LOVE4 

7"97 ,H]E1 ONCE MORE1 !RE WAS A RESURG5CE ( ! ,GNO/IC PNEUMA ASSIMILAT$ ) ! SP]MA4 

,! P]SECUTION L$ BY ,BI%OP ,H5RI ,I,I ( ,VIRNEBURG S5T ,WALT] TO ! PYRE 9 #a#c#b#c4 ,WILLIAM ( ,EGMONT C\NT$ #e VICTIMS BURN$ OR DR[N$ 9 ! ,RH9E4 

,NEV]!LESS1 ANO!R COMMUNITY EXI/$ AT ?AT TIME4 ,IT CONT9U$ UP TO #a#c#c#e1 :I* 9DICATES ! POPUL> EXPANSION ( ! MOVEM5T & ! REPRESSION'S LACK ( EFFICACITY4 

,9DE$1 9 #a#c#c#e1 A C]TA9 ,JOHN ( ,BRUNN 7,BRNO71 :O LIV$ ) HIS BRO!R ,ALB]T 9 A ,BE<>D COMMUNITY 9 ,COLOGNE = TW5TY YE>S1 ADJUR$ & AVOID$ ! PYRE BY RALLY+ TO ! ,DOM9ICAN ORD]4 ,9 A CONFESSION TO ,GALLUS ,NEUHAUS1 ! ,9QUISITOR ( ,PRAGUE1 HE REVEAL$ ! S+UL> PRACTICES ( ! ,FREE-,SPIRIT 9 ! ECCLESIA/ICAL L[]-ORD]S4 

,! BRO!RHOOD WAS DIVID$ 9TO TWO CLASSES3 ! NEOPHYTES & ! ,P]FECT ,ONES4 ,! FIR/ GR\P1 AFT] HAV+ GIV5 ALL ( !IR GOODS & DRESS SUITS TO ! SECOND GR\P1 BEGG$ & LE>N$ TO R5\NCE !IR [N WILLS1 SO AS TO BE P5ETRAT$ BY DIV9E PL5ITUDE4 ,!Y DEVOT$ !MSELVES TO WORK ?AT CON/RA9$ !M & WAS REPUGNANT TO !M1 SO AS TO BETT] BREAK ! BODY & EMP[] ! SPIRIT4 ,ONCE DESC5D$ BEL[ ALL CONSCI5CE1 ) ! RESULT ?AT !Y /OLE & KILL$ ) IMPUGNITY -- !Y CALL$ IT 0S5D+ !M BACK TO ET]NITY0 -- )\T SCRUPLES OR REMORSE1 !Y ACC$$ TO ! /ATE ( P]FECTION & LIV$ 9 LUXURY & PLEASURE4 ,!Y MADE LOVE ) ! ,BEGU9ES OR ADEPTS :OM !Y RECOGNIZ$1 AS AMONG ! ,MESSALIANS1 BY ! USAGE ( CODE & SIGNS 7TICKL+ ! PALM ( ! H&1 T\*+ ! 5D ( ! NOSE71 UNLESS !Y SIMPLY DECL>$ 0,FAC MIHI C>ITATEM0 70,GIVE ME *>ITY071 BECAUSE !Y EXCELL$ AT GIV+ A MORE AGREEABLY S5SUAL MEAN+ TO RITUALIZ$ =MULAS4 

,= TW5TY-FIVE YE>S1 A COMMUNITY ( ,BEGU9ES OR ,MONIALS FUNCTION$ 9 ,S*WEIDNITZ1 ,SILESIA1 ON A MODEL ID5TICAL TO ?AT ( ,COLOGNE4 ,! D5UNCIATION ( MI/REAT$ NOVICES DREW ! ATT5TION ( ! ,9QUISITOR ,JOHANNES ,S*W5L5FELD1 :O W\LD DIE1 AS MANY ( HIS SPECIES DID1 UND] ! BL[S ( AN ANONYM\S AV5G] 9 #a#c#d#a4 ,REVEAL$ BY AN 9QUE/ 9 #a#c#c#b1 ! FACTS BR\<T TO LI<T PRACTICES QUITE SIMIL> TO ?OSE REPORT$ BY ,DID]OT 9 ! ,EI<TE5? ,C5TURY 9 ,! ,RELIGI\S & ATTE/$ TO BY ! CADAV]S ( NEWBORNS FREQU5TLY DISCOV]$ 9 ! OLD MANA/]IES4 ,!Y ONLY TOOK ON A C]TA9 RELIEF H]E BECAUSE ( ! DOCTR9E ( SPIRITUAL FRE$OM1 :I* WAS 9VOK$ TO JU/IFY !M4 ,SAME ANNIHILIATION ( WILL AMONG ! NOVICES R$UC$ TO SLAV]Y & SUBMITT$ TO ! CAPRICES ( ! 0,M>?AS0 OR MI/RESSES2 SAME /ATE ( IMPECCABILITY & ABSOLUTE LIC5SE AMONG ! ,P]FECT ,ONES1 DRESS$ 9 ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL F9]Y & PASS+ !IR DAYS 9 LUXURY & DEBAU*]Y4 ,G]TRUDE ( ,CIVITATIS1 SUP]IOR ( ! COMMUNITY1 AFFIRM$3 0,IF ,GOD CREAT$ EV]Y?+1 !N ,I CO-CREAT$ EV]Y?+ ) HIM4 ,& ,I AM ,GOD ) ,GOD1 & ,I AM ,*RI/ & ,I AM MORE40 

,! 0,M>?AS0 ( ,S*WEIDNITZ (T5 VISIT$ O!R CONV5TS OR COMMUNITIES4 ,!IR PRES5CE WAS ATTE/$ TO 9 ,/RASB\RG1 :]E !IR TEA*+S REFLECT$ A S]MON FALSELY ATTRIBUT$ TO ,ECKH>T1 ,SU* WAS ,SI/] ,CA!R9E1 ! ,DAU<T] ?AT ,MA/] ,ECKH>T HAD 9 ,/RASB\RG1 :I* DESCRIB$ ! DIV]SE DEGREES ( 9ITIATION ( A NOVICE ACCORD+ TO ! ,FREE-,SPIRIT & ! ,ADAMITE 9NOC5CE ( 0,EV]Y?+ IS P]MITT$40 

,W&]+ ,BE<>DS ,& ,BEGU9ES 

  

,! TRIALS ( ! ,BE<>DS & ,BEGU9ES :O PROPAGAT$ ! DOCTR9E ( AN ABSOLUTE FRE$OM OR1 9 ! MANN] ( ,M>GU]ITE ,PORETE1 ! >T ( REF9$ LOVE1 FURNI%$ AN 9DICATION ( ! DEGREE ( DISP]SION ( ! CURR5T1 ! MEAN+ ( :I* ! ,*UR* C\LD NOT UND]/&1 SO IT PO/ULAT$ ITS ]ADICATION4 

,! MAJORITY ( ! CONDEMN$ HAD EI!R C$$ TO ! PRESUMPTION & PLAY$ ! PROPHET OR ! ,*RI/ 9 A S5SUAL APO/LE%IP OR HAD1 BY ! NUMB]S ( !IR P>TISANS1 >\S$ ! SUSPICIONS ( ! 9QUISITORIAL FUNCTIONAIRIES1 ! MONKS & PRIE/S ALWAYS READY TO MAKE ! FIR/ MOVE SO AS TO AVOID ! BLAME ( ! RELIGI\S POLICE4 

,:ILE ! POPUL>ITY ( ,BLOEM>D9E & H] REPUTATION = HOL9ESS DISC\RAG$ ! 9QUISITORS 9 ,BRUSSELS & *ASS$ AWAY ,RUYSBROECK1 ! PUBLICATION ( A PO/-,ECKH>TIAN TREATISE 5TITL$ ,MEE/] ,ECKH>T 5 DE ONBEK5DE LE] 7,MA/] ,ECKH>T & ! ,UNKN[N ,TEA*+S7 ATTE/$ TO ! PRES5CE ( ID5TICAL PREOCCUPATIONS 9 ,HOLL&4 ,SOON AFT]1 ,G]H>D ,GROOT & HIS ,MOD]N ,DEVOTION W\LD /RIVE TO OPPOSE TO ! ,FREE-,SPIRIT A MY/IQUE ?AT WAS R$UC$ TO PURE 9TELLECTUAL SPECULATION & /RICTLY BILLET$ )9 ! LIMITS ( DOGMA4 ,9 #a#c#h1 ,GE]T ,GROOTE W\LD D5\NCE ,B>?OLOMEW1 AN ,AUGU/9IAN P>TISAN ( ! ,FREE-,SPIRIT2 HE EXHUM$ & BURN$ ! BODY ( ,MAT!W ( ,G\DA :O HAD AFFIRM$ ?AT HE KNEW 0MORE MOTIVES ?AN ! ,*RI/ ( ! SO-CALL$ ,GOD40.<#c#g#g.> 

,9 #accf ?REE ,BEGU9ES 0( HI< SPIRIT10 >RE/$ 9 ,MAGDEBURG1 HA/5$ TO ABJURE 0!IR ]RORS & HORRIBLE BLASPHEMIES0 & W]E SET FREE4 ,! SAME YE>1 A C]TA9 ,CON/ANT9E WAS BURN$ 9 ,]FURT4 ,9 #a#c#c#i1 ?REE ,BE<>DS 0PR(ESS+ ! CRUDE/ PAN!ISM0 W]E S5T TO PRISON 9 P]PETUITY 9 ,CON/ANCE4 ,O!RS W]E >RE/$ 9 ,NUREMBURG & ,RATISBONNE 7#a#c#d71 !N ,WURZBURG 7#a#c#d#b72 ,H]MANN ,KUE*5] SUFF]$ ! P5ALTY ( FIRE 9 ,NUREMBURG 9 #acdb = HAV+ PR(ESS$ ! RETURN TO ! 9NOC5CE ( ,ADAM BE=E ! FALL4 

,! !OLOGIAN ,JORDAN VON ,QU$L9BURG COMPOS$ A WORK ( REFUTATION ( ! ,BE<>DS ( ,FREE-,SPIRIT1 FROM :I* ,ROMANA ,GU>NI]I SELECT$ IMPORTANT EXTRACTS4.<#c#g#h.> 

,! ,9QUISITOR ,S*ADELANT S5T ,B]?OLD VON ,ROHRBA*1 ACCUS$ ( HAV+ PREA*$ ! !SES ( ! ,FREE-,SPIRIT 9 ,FRANCONIA1 TO ! PYRE 9 ,SPIRE 9 #a#c#e#f4 

,HIDD5 BY ! ,SPANI% ,9QUISITION1 :I* (T5 CONFUS$ ITSELF ) A GIGANTIC POGROM1 ! ,G]MAN ,9QUISITION EX]CIS$ ITS BUREAUCRATIC F]OCITY4 ,IT K9DL$ ! L>GE/ NUMB] ( PYRES & CRANK$ ! PROC$URAL MA*9]Y ) ! GREATE/ EFFICACITY4 ,IT WAS ALSO 9 ,G]MANY1 :5 ! FLAMES ( H]ESY W]E EXT+UI%$1 ?AT WOM51 M5 & *ILDR5 ACCUS$ ( SORC]Y W\LD TAKE UP ! SLACK = ! ,BE<>DS & W&]+ PROPHETS4 ,9 ?IS DOMA91 ! ,FR5*M5 ,BOGUET & ,DE ,LANCE1 PURSU+ ! DEMONS ( !IR MORBID FANTASMS1 W\LD1 IT IS TRUE1 GIVE !IR ,G]MAN COLLEAGUES A RUN = !IR MONEY4 

,! EXECUTION ( ! ,BEGU9E ,METZA VON ,WE/5HOVE 9 #acff PRES5T$ A P>TICUL>LY ODI\S *>ACT]4 ,CONDEMN$ #e YE>S E>LI] = HAV+ PROPAGAT$ ! FRE$OM ( ACT+ ACCORD+ TO ONE'S DESIRES1 %E WAS JUDG$ TO HAVE RELAPS$ AT AN ADVANC$ AGE & WAS (F]$ AS A SACRIFICE AT ! TIME ( A WELCOM+ FE/IVAL = A PR9CE ORGANIZ$ BY ! CITY4 

,! CASE ( ,JOHANNES ,H>TMANN1 CALL$ ! ,SP9N] 7! ,WEAV]71 >RE/$ & BURN$ 9 ,]FURT 9 #a#c#f#g1 ILLU/RAT$ ! BEHAVIOR ( C]TA9 ADEPTS ( ! ,FREE-,SPIRIT1 :I* =E%AD[$ ! CONCEPTIONS ( ,DONATI5 ,ALFONSE ,FRANCOIS DE ,SADE4 

,! /ATE ( P]FECT & AUTODEIFICATION TO :I* ,JOHANNES ACC$$1 ?R\< ! PRELIM9>IES ( ASCETICISM & REVELATION1 PRESCRIB$ ?AT HE UNRES]V$LY FOLL[ ! CAPRICES1 DESIRES & PASSIONS ?AT ,GOD1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 HE HIMSELF & NATURE1 HAD 9SPIR$ 9 HIM4 ,DID HE DESIRE A WOMAN8 ,HE W\LD S$UCE OR RAPE H]4 ,A VALUABLE ITEM8 ,HE APPROPRIAT$ IT4 ,! [N] OBJECT$8 ,HE EXP$IT$ HIM .<BACK.> 09TO ET]NITY10 :]E HE C\LD G>N] ! MONEY SP5T & ! PLEASURES ?AT W]E (F]$ TO HIM4 ,& ,JOHANNES HAD ?IS P]EMPTORY =MULA3 0,IT W\LD BE BETT] TO WANT ! 5TIRE E>? TO P]I% ?AN TO R5\NCE AN ACT 9CIT$ BY NATURE40.<#c#g#i.> 

,?AT SAME YE> .<#a#c#f#g.>1 ,WALT] ,KORL+1 ,H>TMANN'S ACCUS]1 S5T SEV5 O!R ,BE<>DS TO ! PYRE 9 ,NORDHAUS51 ,?UR+IA4 

,9 ,FRANCE1 ! TR\BLES ( ! GREAT PEASANT REVOLT & ! W> ) ,5GL& LEFT ! W&]+ PREA*]S A GREAT] LEISURE TO ESCAPE ! NETS ( ! H]ETIC-HUNT]S4 ,IT SEEMS ?AT ! NUM]ICAL IMPORTANCE ( ! ,BE<>DS & ,BEGU9ES KN[N UND] ! NAME 0,TURLUP9S0 79 ! ,NE!RL&S & ,5GL& !Y W]E CALL$ 0,LOLL>DS07 HAD DRAWN D[N UPON !M ! REPRESSION ( #acgb 9 ,P>IS4 ,MO%EIM SUPPOSES ?AT MANY CAME FROM ,G]MANY1 FLEE+ ! P]SECUTIONS4.<#c#h.> ,! ,9QUISITOR ( ,ILE-DE-,FRANCE1 ,JACQUES DE ,MORE1 KILL$ !M ALONG ) ,JEANNE ,DAB5TON1 !IR PROPHETESS4 ,HIS PYRE W\LD ALSO CONSUME ! BODY ( HIS FRI5D1 :O DI$ %ORTLY BE=E 9 PRISON4 ,C]TA9 PEOPLE GA9$ LA ,SAVOIE1 :]E ! ,POPE W\LD 5GAGE ,C\NT ,AM$EE TO S]VE AGA9/ !M1 !N 9 ,SWITZ]L&4 ,AN ADEPT ( ! ,FREE-,SPIRIT WAS BURN$ AT ,BREMG>T51 NE> ,B]NE4  
  

,FOLL[+ .<,JEAN ,*>LI] DE.> ,G]SON1 ! SECT /ILL HAD REPRES5TATIVES :5 HE WAS /ILL ALIVE2 BUT !Y FL$ ! POPUL\S LOCALITIES & HID !MSELVES 9 OV]LOOK$ & DES]T$ PLACES4 

,G]SON PRES]V$ ! FUNDAM5TAL PO9TS ( !IR DOCTR9E = US4 ,!Y TAU<T ?AT A MAN1 AFT] HE HAD A*IEV$ PEACE & TRANQUILITY ( ! SPIRIT1 W\LD BE RELIEV$ ( ! REQUIREM5T TO OBS]VE ! DIV9E LAWS2 ?AT IT WAS NOT NECESS>Y TO RAGE AT ANY?+ ?AT WAS GIV5 BY NATURE2 & ?AT IT WAS ?R\< NUDITY ?AT WE RETURN TO ! /ATE ( 9NOC5CE ( ! FIR/ M5 .<& WOM5.> & ?AT WE ATTA9 FROM H]E-BEL[ ! SUPREME DEGREE ( HAPP9ESS4 0,! ,EPICUREANS1 DRESS$ 9 ! TUNIC ( ,*RI/1 9S9UAT$ !MSELVES AMONG ! WOM5 BY SIMULAT+ A PR(\ND DEVOTION2 LITTLE BY LITTLE !Y WON OV] !IR CONFID5CE & DID NOT DELAY 9 MAK+ !M ! PLAY?+S ( !IR PASSIONS40 ,ABOLI%+ ALL MODE/Y1 NOT ONLY 9 !IR LANGUAGE1 BUT ALSO 9 !IR RELATIONS ) EA* O!R1 !Y CONDUCT$ SECRET MEET+S 9 :I* !Y TRI$ TO REPRES5T ! 9NOC5CE ( ,P>ADISE 9 ! MANN] ( ! H]ETICS ( ,COLOGNE4 ,9 SEV]AL PASSAGES ,G]SON SETS !M 9TO RELATION ) ,JOA*IM ( ,FIORE4 ,IT IS PROBABLE ?AT !Y BAS$ !IR PR9CIPLE ( SPIRITUAL FRE$OM ON ! !ORY ( ! ?REE AGES & IT IS )\T D\BT ?AT ONE ( ! FIVE PROPHETESSES *>G$ ) ANN\NC+ ! BEG9N+ ( ! ]A ( ! ,HOLY ,SPIRIT WAS SEIZ$ 9 ,LYON 9 #a#d#b#c4.<#c#h#a.>  
  

,:ILE ,G]H>D ,GROOT LAUN*$ ! MY/ICAL & OR?ODOX MOVEM5T ( ! ,NEW ,DEVOTION 9 ,HOLL&1 ,G]MANY 9T5SIFI$ ITS P]SECUTION ( ! ,BE<>DS4 ,ON #bf ,JANU>Y #a#c#h#a1 ,CONRAD ,KANNL]1 BR\<T BE=E ! 9QUISITORIAL TRIBUNAL ( ,EI*/ADT1 EXP\ND$ UPON HIS CONCEPTION ( ! ,FREE-,SPIRIT3 0,IT IS A*IEV$ :5 ALL REMORSE ( CONSCI5CE CEASES & MAN CAN NO LONG] S9 744474 ,I AM ONE ) ,GOD & ,GOD IS ONE ) ME40 ,HE 9SI/$ ON ! LEGITIMACY ( SATISFY+ HIS PASSIONS1 :ATEV] !Y W]E1 ON ! CONDITION ?AT ! DESIRE ASSUM$ AN IRRESI/IBLE *>ACT]4.<#c#h#b.> ,?US ! ,FRATICELLES &1 MU* LAT]1 ! ,ALLUMBRADOS ( ,SPA9 W\LD RECOMM5D TO M5 & WOM5 ?AT !Y SLEEP NUDE1 SIDE BY SIDE1 & REMA9 *A/E AS LONG AS POSSIBLE1 SO AS TO LEAD PASSION TO ! PO9T AT :I* IT C\LD NOT RE/RA9 ITSELF ANY FUR!R4  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,! GR\P F\ND$ BY ,NICOLAS ( ,BASLE 9SCRIB$ ITSELF AT ! SAME TIME 9 ! L9E ( ! ,FREE-,SPIRIT1 ,JOA*IMITE MILL5>IANISM & ! ,*RI/S ( ! ,ELEV5? ,C5TURY4.<#c#h#c.> 

,CONSID]+ HIMSELF TO BE 9FALLIBLE 9 ! 9C>NATION ( ,GOD1 ,NICOLAS AVAIL$ HIMSELF ( ALL RI<TS & P[]S4 ,HOLD] ( AN AU?ORITY ?AT HE E/EEM$ TO BE SUP]IOR TO ?AT ( ! ,POPE1 IT FELL TO HIM TO RELEASE HIS DISCIPLES FROM ALL O!R OB$I5CES & FROM ! /ATES ( S9 & GUILT4 ,TO LIVE 9 HIS V5]ATION GRANT$ ONE ! /ATE ( ,$5IC 9NOC5CE4 ,HE W\LD ?US F\ND A 0LIB]T>IAN !OCRACY10 ?AT IS1 IF TWO SU* DIAMT]ICALLY OPPOS$ NOTIONS C\LD BE ACCORD$ ) EA* O!R4 

,AFT] BE+ 9ITIAT$ BY ,NICOLAS1 SOME ( HIS DISCIPLES 5JOY$ ANALOG\S PR]OGATIVES4 ,M>T9 DE ,MAY5CE1 A MONK ORIG9ALLY FROM ! ,ABBEY ( ,REI*5AU1 9 ! DIOCESE ( ,CON/ANCE1 ?US ACQUIR$ ! PRIVILEGE1 CONF]R$ BY HIS ,GOD & ! SOV]EIGN PONTIFF1 TO LIB]ATE HIS DISCIPLES FROM SUBMISSION TO EV]YONE -- ,*UR*1 LORD OR MA/] -- O!R ?AN HIMSELF4 ,HE WAS BURN$ 9 #a#c#i#c4 ,! 0SOV]EIGN PONTIFF0 HIMSELF W\LD M\NT ! PYRE ) TWO ,BE<>DS :O W]E HIS APO/LES 9 ,VI5NA 9 #a#c#i#e4 ,MANY W]E DISCIPLES ( ,M>T9 ( ,MAY5CE1 :OSE BRO!RHOOD ( ! 0,FRI5DS ( ,GOD0 RECALLS ,M>GU]ITE ,PORETE'S EXPRESSION1 0,! TRUE FRI5DS ( ,GOD10 :O P]I%$ AT ! H&S ( ! EXECUTION] 9 ,HEIDELB]G DUR+ ! SAME YE>S4 

,:ILE 9QUISITORIAL ZEAL 9CIT$ ! P>TISANS ( ! ,FREE-,SPIRIT 7,BE<>DS OR LAY PEOPLE7 TO A GR[+ PRUD5CE1 ! DOCTR9E PROGRESS$ 9 ,5GL&1 :]E ,WALT] ,HILTON D5\NC$ ! 0]RORS ( FALSE SPIRITUAL FRE$OM & FALSE MY/IC ILLUM9ISM0 9 HIS ,SCALA P]FECTIONIS4 

,! T[NS GAVE A FAVORABLE E> TO ! RE=MS ( ,JOHN ,WYCLIFFE 7#a#c#b-#a#c#h#g7 :O1 )\T EXACTLY SPEAK+ FROM )9 ! H]ESY1 GAVE HIS SUPPORT TO VOLUNT>Y POV]TY1 D5I$ ! CL]GY ! RI<T TO POSSESS TEMPORAL GOODS & CLEV]LY 5GAG$ ! VIEWS ( ! ,REG5T ( ,5GL&1 ! ,DUKE ( ,LANCA/]1 :O WAS HO/ILE TO ! PAPACY4 ,A S*ISMATIC1 ,WYCLIFFE ADD$ TO ! /RUGGLE ( ! POPES & ANTI-POPES A NATIONALI/IC NOTE FROM :I* ! FUTURE ,ANGLICAN ,*UR* W\LD OPPORTUNELY DRAW PR(IT UNTIL ! ,SIXTE5? ,C5TURY4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ?IRTY YE>S AFT] HIS DEA?1 ! ,C\NCIL ( ,CON/ANCE W\LD ORD] ?AT HIS BODY BE EXHUM$ & BURN$ 9 #a#d#a#e4 

,! ,LOLL>DS1 :O W]E ,5GLI% ,BE<>DS1 F\ND 9 ,WYCLIFFE'S RE=MS GOOD REASONS = SOCIAL /RUGGLE1 :I* DI/+UI%$ !M FROM ! 9DIVIDUALI/IC DEM&S ( ! ,FREE-,SPIRIT4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! T5D5CY .<T[>DS 9DIVIDUALISM.> W\LD MANIFE/ ITSELF H]E & !RE1 EV5 IF IT DID NOT PRES5T ! SAME RADICALITY AS IT DID 9 ! GREAT ,EUROPEAN CITIES4 

,A DISCIPLE ( ,WYCLIFFE & PROTECTOR ( ! ,LOLL>DS1 HUNT$ BY ,BI%OP ,>UNDEL1 & A LORD & >I/OCRAT CLOSE TO ! K+1 ,JOHN ,COBHAM WAS ACCUS$ ( H]ESY 9 #a#d#a#c4 ,HIS CONFESSION ( FAI? RECALL$ HIS LOYALTY TO ! K+ & D5\NC$ ! ,ROMAN ,POPE1 :O WAS *>ACT]IZ$ AS ! ,ANTI*RI/4 ,CONDEMN$ TO DEA?1 ,COBHAM SUCCE$$ 9 ESCAP+ & L$ AN >MY ( ,LOLL>DS 9 :I* VOLUNT>Y POV]TY & IMPECCABILITY R5EW$ BO? ! EGALIT>IANISM ( ,JOHN ,BALL & ,G]MAN ,BE<>DISM4 

,CAPTUR$ & CONDEMN$ TO BE HANG$ & BURN$1 HE W\LD LEAVE MANY DISCIPLES :OSE ACTION W\LD HA/5 ! 9/AURATION ( ,PROTE/ANTISM 9 ,5GL&1 BUT ALSO ! VOGUE = A C]TA9 0SPIRITUAL FRE$OM0 EXTOLL$ BY ! ,FAMILI/S & ,RANT]S ( ! ,SEV5TE5? ,C5TURY4.<#c#h#d.> 

,ONE DOESN'T KN[ IF IT IS FITT+ TO L9K ,COBHAM'S MOVEM5T TO ! ACTIVITIES ( ,PAUL ,CRAW]1 BURN$ 9 #adcc 9 ,ECOSSE = HAV+ PROPAGAT$ ,ADAMITE IDEAS SIMIL> TO ?OSE ( ! PIK>TI & ! ,M5 ( ,9TELLIG5CE4 

,! ,5D ,( ,! ,BE<>DS ,& ,BEGU9ES 

  

,GREGOIRE ,X,I1 S5SIBLE TO ! GRIEVANCES ?AT W]E =MULAT$ BY ! ,BE<>DS & ,BEGU9ES :O REMA9$ FAI?FUL TO ! /RICT OR?ODOXY ( !IR SEMI-RELIGI\S ORD]1 BR\<T SOME MOD]ATION TO 9QUISITORIAL ZEAL4 ,9 #a#c#i#d1 ,POPE ,BONIFACE ,I,X W\LD ANNUL ! RES]VES & CONCESSIONS SO AS TO F9I% ) H]ESY ALL ! MORE QUICKLY4 ,JOHANNES ,WASMOD VON ,HAMBURG1 ! ,9QUISITOR ( ,MAY5CE1 !N ! ,RECTOR ( ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,HEIDELB]G1 W\LD SECOND HIS 5T]PRISE BY WRIT+ A ,TRACTATUS CONTRA HA]ATICOS1 BEG>DOS1 LOLH>DDOS ET S*WE/RIONES1 RI* 9 9=MATION AB\T ! /ILL FL\RI%+ COMMUNITIES4  
  

,NO?+ W\LD !NCE=? H9D] ! ACTION ( ! 9QUISITORS4 ,9 #a#d#b1 TWO P>TISANS ( ! ,FREE-,SPIRIT1 ,GUILLAUME & ,B]N>D1 W\LD P]I% ON ! PYRE2 ! FIR/ 9 ,LUEBECK1 ! SECOND 9 ,WISM>4 ,9 ,MAY5CE1 AT >\ND ! SAME TIME1 SEV]AL H]ETICS :O PREF]R$ TO ABJURE !IR DOCTR9ES RA!R ?AN SUBMIT TO TORTURE W]E SEIZ$4 ,! ,9QUISITION'S LA/ VICTIMS AMONG ! P>TISANS ( ! ,FREE-,SPIRIT LIV$ >\ND ! MIDDLE ( ! ,FIFTE5? ,C5TURY4 ,>\ND #a#d#c1 SOMEONE NAM$ ,BURK>D WAS BURN$ ) HIS COMPANIONS 9 ,ZURI*2 9 ! CANTON ( ,URI1 ! SAME P5ALTY W\LD BE 9FLICT$ ON A C]TA9 ,BRO!R ,*>LES1 :O HAD CREAT$ MANY RELATION%IPS AMONG ! POPULATIONS ( ! REGION4 ,CON/ANCE1 ,ULM1 & SEV]AL T[NS 9 ,WURTEMB]G ALSO 9FLICT$ ID5TICAL TORTURES2 9 O!R LOCALITIES ! H]ETICS ABJUR$ & UND]W5T P5IT5CE4.<#c#h#e.>  
  

,9 #a#d#e#g1 ! ,>*BI%OP ( ,MAY5CE 9CRIM9AT$ A ,BE<>D NAM$ ,BOSEHANS1 GUILTY ( DIFFUS+ H]ETICAL BOOKS4 ,A /ILL BADLY 9DEX$ LIT]ATURE CIRCULAT$1 (T5 ATTRIBUT$ TO OR?ODOX AU?ORS ( S$ITI\S WRIT+S4 7,?US ,! ,MIRROR ( ,SIMPLE ,S\LS W\LD BE PLAC$ UND] ! NAME ( ,M>Y ( ,HUNG>Y1 ,SI/] ,CA!R9E UND] ?AT ( ,ECKH>T1 ! ,BU* WON ,GEI/LI*] ,>MUT.<#c#h#f.> UND] ?AT ( ,TAUL]4 ,! PROC$URE W\LD BE REPRODUC$ MU* LAT] ) ! SPE$ ( ! PR9T+ PRESS47 

,! DEA? ON ! PYRE 9 ,MAY5CE 9 #adeh ( ! ,BE<>D ,HANS ,BECK]1 0LAICUS 9DOCTUS10 BURN$ ALONG ) HIS BOOKS1 W\LD P]HAPS CON/ITUTE ! LA/ EXECUTION ( A ,BE<>D4 ,!NCE=? PREA*+ W\LD N\RI% SOCIAL DEM&S1 :ILE APPEALS TO ! MORALIZATION ( ! ,*UR* W\LD PROC$E T[>DS ! ,RE=MATION4 ,BUT IT ISN'T EXCLUD$ ?AT ! ,FREE-,SPIRIT WAS CONT9U$ 9 A CL&E/9ITY ?AT WAS REQUIR$ BY PRUD5CE4 ,IT W\LD REAPPE> 9 BROAD DAYLI<T ) ! ,SPIRITUAL ,LIB]T9ES F\<T BY ,LU!R & ,CALV91 & AMONG ! ,RANT]S HO/ILE TO ,CROMWELL4 

,MA?IAS VON ,KEMNAT1 RELAT+ ! EXECUTION ( A ,BE<>D 9 ,MAY5CE 9 #adec 9 HIS ,*RONICLE ( ,FRI$RI* ,I1 /ILL ?\<T IT GOOD TO ADDRESS A W>N+ TO HIS READ]S3 0,GU>D AGA9/ ! H]MITS :O LIVE 9 ! WOODS1 ! ,BE<>DS & ,LOLL>DS1 BECAUSE !Y >E FILL$ ) H]ESIES2 GU>D AGA9/ ! >TICLES .<( FAI?.> !Y PR(ESS & :I* >E SU* ?AT ! SIMPLE PEOPLE CAN NOT HE> !M )\T DANG]40.<#c#h#g.> 

,AT ! 5D ( ! ,FIFTE5? ,C5TURY1 ! SATIRIC POET ,SEBA/IAN ,BR&T /ILL MOCK$ ! SC&AL\S COMPORTM5T ( ! ,BEGU9ES 9 HIS ,NAVE ( ! ,CRAZY4 ,HIS CONTEMPOR>Y1 ! ,/RASB\RGEOIS PREA*] ,GEIL] DE ,KAYS]B]G1 BLAM$ ! 0PEOPLE ( ! ,FREE-,SPIRIT10 BUT E/IMAT$ ?AT !Y LIV$ (F 9 ! WOODS & VALLEYS UNKN[N TO O!R PEOPLE1 AS IF !Y HAD RE-F\ND 9 NATURE ! FRE$OM ?AT W\LD BE REFUS$ TO !M !NCE=? BY ! T[NS ?AT W]E SEV]ELY CONTROL$ BY ! CL]GY4 ,DREAM1 REGRETS OR IRONIC VISION3 ,FR5G] ALSO RELATES ! TEA*+S ( ! ,FREE-,SPIRIT TO ! IMAG9>Y WORLD ( ,J]OME ,BOS*1 :O PA9T$ ! /ORMS & FR5ZIES ( ! 9T]NAL L&SCAPE 9 ! PEACEFUL RETREAT ( ,H]TOG5BOS*4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiib 3 ,*APT] #cb -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #b#f1 #bb 3 ,*APT] #cb -- ,ADD$4 

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