,*APT] #bg 
,! ,COMMUNALI/ ,PROPHETS 

#aiicaiic 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,RA\L ,VANEIGEM 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #b#g3 ,! ,COMMUNALI/ ,PROPHETS 

  

,! ,SIX? ,C5TURY BR\<T TO ! ,WE/]N POPULATIONS .<( ,EUROPE.> A SLI<T AMELIORATION ( ! CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 :I* DEMOGRAPHIC GR[? SOON CONDEMN$ TO PREC>ITY4 ,:ILE ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CITIES 9TRODUC$ ! AIR ( LIB]TY 9 ! CONF9$ ATMOSPH]E ( AN AGR>IAN SY/EM ?AT WAS SOCIALLY FROZ5 ACCORD+ TO ! ?REE ORD]S ( ,RA?I] ( ,V]ONA -- SOLDI]S1 PRIE/S & F>M]S -- 1 ! ECONOMIC GR[? ( ! T[NS1 LITTLE BY LITTLE1 BEGAN TO ABSORB ! EXCESS ( MANUAL LABOR PRODUC$ BY ! C\NTRYSIDE4 

,! SW>M+ BEGG>S1 FOM5T+ RIOTS ?AT W]E EASILY MANIPULAT$ 9 ! MO/ DIV]SE WAYS1 W]E A COMMON FUND ( LABOR]S = ?OSE :O LE>N$ TO PLAY ! ROLES ( LORD OR >*BI%OP1 GUILD-LEAD] OR POPUL> AGITATOR4 ,!IR VIOL5CE ALSO /RUCK ! MA/]S AS WELL AS ! REBELS OR ! ,JEWS1 :O W]E SCAPREGOATS = ALL K9DS ( FANTA/IC RES5TM5TS4 

,! FIR/ ,CRUSADE1 LAUN*$ #aie BY ,POPE ,URBAN ,I,I -- :O C\NT$ AMONG HIS MOTIVATIONS ! DESIRE TO RE-LOCATE 9TO ! CONQU]$ C\NTRIES ! SUP]ABUNDANCE ( DIS9H]IT$ PEOPLE1 RU9$ NOBLES1 & PEOPLE ( UNC]TA9 FATE -- SUDD5LY REVEAL$ 9 ! DESIGNS ( ,GOD & ! ,POPE SOME?+ ?AT SANCTIFI$ ! ?IR/ = AMBITION1 CUPIDITY & BLOODY DESUBLIMATION .<DEF\LEM5TS.>4 

,! 9FLUX ( POOR PEOPLES 9TO ! T[NS POS$ A DILEMMA = ! ,*UR*3 H[ C\LD IT ,*RI/IANIZE CREATURES R$UC$ TO ! /ATE ( WILD1 />V+ DOGS BY EXTOLL+ TO !M ! HOL9ESS ( ! POOR1 :ILE ! HI< CL]GY LIV$ 9 OPUL5CE8 

0,9SURRECTIONS OCCURR$ *IEFLY 9 EPISCOPAL CITIES10 NOTES ,COHN4  
  

,UNLIKE A LAY PR9CE .<,COHN CONT9UES.>1 A BI%OP WAS A RESID5T RUL] 9 HIS CITY & WAS NATURALLY CONC]N$ TO KEEP HIS AU?ORITY OV] ! SUBJECTS 9 :OSE MID/ HE LIV$4 ,MOREOV] ! ATTITUDE ( ! ,*UR* T[>DS ECONOMIC MATT]S WAS PR(\NDLY CONS]VATIVE2 9 TRADE IT C\LD = A LONG TIME SEE NO?+ BUT USURY & 9 M]*ANTS NO?+ BUT DANG]\S 9NOVATORS :OSE DESIGNS \<T TO BE FIRMLY ?W>T$4 ,! BUR<]S = !IR P>T1 IF ONCE !Y DECID$ TO BREAK A BI%OP'S P[]1 W]E QUITE CAPABLE ( KILL+ HIM1 SETT+ FIRE TO HIS CA!DRAL & FI<T+ (F ANY ( HIS VASSALS :O MI<T TRY TO AV5GE HIM4 ,& AL?\< 9 ALL ?IS !IR AIMS USUALLY REMA9$ SEV]ELY LIMIT$ & 5TIRELY MAT]IAL1 IT WAS ONLY TO BE EXPECT$ ?AT SOME ( !SE RIS+S %\LD BE ACCOMPANI$ BY AN \TCRY AGA9/ UNWOR?Y PRIE/S4 ,:5 ! L[] /RATA ( URBAN SOCIETY W]E 9VOLV$ SU* PROTE/S T5D$ 9 FACT TO RISE %RILLY 5\<4.<#c#b#d.>  

,! ,PAT>9 ,MOVEM5T 

  

,! ,GREGORIAN RE=M UND]TAK5 BY ! ,CLUNISIAN MONK ,HILDEBR&1 9AUGURAT$ POPE UND] ! NAME ,GREGOIRE ,V,I,I1 ATTEMPT$ TO PROMOTE A POLITICS ( ! MORALIZATION ( ! CL]GY1 :I* W\LD BE ( A NATURE TO FAVOR ! ,*RI/IANIZATION ( ! MASSES4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ?AT IT DESIR$ TO FREE ! ,*UR* FROM ! TEMPORAL CONTROL ( ! ,EMP]OR ( ,G]MANY1 & ?US ! GREAT FEUDAL LORDS1 ,GREGORIAN RE=M CLA%$ ) ! V]Y PRIVILEGES ( ! ECCLESIA/ICAL DIGNIT>IES1 PR9CES1 BI%OPS1 & >*BI%OPS1 NAY1 ! P>I% PRIE/S :O >ROGAT$ TO !MSELVES AN EXCESSIVE AU?ORITY OV] RURAL COMMUNITIES OR P>I%ES4 

0,! PURETY ( ! LIFE ?AT ! H]ETICS PREA*$ BECAME ! SECOND GREAT GOAL ( ,GREGOIRE ,V,I,I1 :O1 BEH9D ! SACRAM5TAL (FICE ( PRIE/1 MA9TA9$ ! REQUIREM5T ( HIS P]SONAL DIGNITY40.<#c#b#e.> 

,! ,PAT>9 MOVEM5T 9 ,MILAN & ,FLOR5CE CONF]R$ UPON ,GREGOIRE'S RE=MS A POPUL> BASIS1 9 :I* VOLUNT>Y POV]TY WAS PROPOS$ AS ! MODEL = AN APO/OLIC LIFE & ORGANIZ$ ! COMMUNITIES ( ! FAI?FUL ACCORD+ TO A MODE ( SOLID>ITY & MUTUAL AID ?AT WAS QUITE SIMIL> TO ?AT ( ! SYNAGOGUES & *UR*ES ( ! ,SECOND ,C5TURY4 

,! NAME ,PAT>9 PROBABLY D]IV$ FROM ! NEI<BORHOOD ( ,PAT>IA 9 ,MILAN1 9HABIT$ BY SALT-SELL]S & DEAL]S 9 SECONDH& ITEMS4 ,! ,PAT>9S1 CONTR>Y TO A CONFUSION (T5 MADE BETWE5 CA?>I & PAT>I1 HAD NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! ,CA?>S1 S9CE !Y W]E NOT PREOCCUPI$ ) ! RE=M ( ! ,*UR* OR EV5 ADHESION TO ,*RI/IANITY4 

,9 #a#e#g1 ,GUIDO1 ,>*BI%OP ( ,MILAN1 CONDEMN$ ! ,PAT>9 MOVEM5T4 ,SOCIAL 9SURRECTION WAS BATT]+ ! AU?ORITY ( ! M5 ( ! ,*UR*1 ) ! CONS5T ( ! POPE1 :OSE POLITICS BET UPON COMMUNAL LIB]TIES SO AS TO BREAK ! P[] ( ! FEUDAL BI%OPS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 0! UNION ( ! ,POPE & ! ,PAT>9S WAS A UNION ( MEANS & NOT 5DS40.<#c#b#f.> 

,TACTICALLY 9 SOLID>ITY ) ! RE=M]S1 ! B\RGEOIS & ! WEAV]S1 :O ANIMAT$ ! MOVEM5T1 DEM&$ LIB]TIES ?AT ! ,*UR* W\LD COMBAT FROM ! MOM5T ?AT ! AID ( !SE ALLIES LO/ ITS UTILITY4 

,! PAT>I RAPIDLY SPREAD TO ,TUSCANY4 ,!Y W\LD EXI/ UNTIL #aaa 9 ,FLOR5CE1 #aab 9 ,ORVIETO & ! REGION ( ,TREVES4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! REACTION DID NOT WAIT4 ,9 #a#g#e1 ! ,PAT>9S ( ,MILAN1 ACCUS$ ( >SON1 W]E MASSACR$4 

,! CASE ( ,RAMIHRDUS1 9 ,CAMBRIA1 IS EXEMPL>Y 9 ?IS S5SE4 ,9 #a#g#g1 AN 9SURRECTION ( B\RGEOIS & WEAV]S =C$ ! BI%OP TO 5FRAN*ISE ! T[N4 ,PRIE/ ,RAMIHRDUS1 :O WAS CLOSE ! WEAV]S -- :O ESPECIALLY PROPAGAT$ ! MO/ RADICAL DEM&S & DOCTR9ES -- PROCLAIM$ ?AT HE W\LD NOT RECEIVE COMMUNION FROM ! H&S ( ANY ( ! ABBEYS OR BI%OPS :O W]E ?IR/Y = P[] & GA94 ,ACCUS$ ( H]ESY & BURN$ ALIVE1 ,RAMIHRDUS W\LD HAVE ! PO/HUM\S CONSOLATION ( BE+ HONOR$ AS A M>TYR BY ,GREGOIRE ,V,I,I4.<#c#b#g.> 

,SO AS TO COMPETE ) ! RE=M]S :O W]E TOO AUDACI\S1 ! H]MITS ( ,CITEAUX1 UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,ROB]T ( ,MOLESME1 F\ND$ GR\PS ( ASCETICS & ! VOLUNT>ILY POOR :O R5\NC$ ALL P]SONAL PROP]TY4 0,TO POSSESS ! SMALLE/ AM\NT ( MONEY WAS1 = !M1 A FLAGRANT 9FRACTION ( ?IS PR9CIPLE & A 'GRAVE' S940.<#c#b#h.> 

,9 ! SAME WAY1 ,ROB]T ( ,>BRISSEL & HIS NOMADIC P5IT5TS1 AT ! HE>T ( ! ,*UR*1 DEF5D$ ONE ( ! !MES ( ! ANTI-CL]ICAL RE=M]S3 MANK9D ONLY USES ! RI*ES ( :I* ,GOD REMA9S ! UNIQUE [N]4 ,BUT W]E NOT ,ROME1 ! ,*UR*ES & ! ABBEYS 9/ITUT$ AS ! DEPOSITORIES ( ,GOD'S PRES5CE8 ,AFT] TW5TY-FIVE YE>S ( EXI/5CE1 ,CITEAUX WAS NO LONG] A RI* MONA/]Y ) A DOCTR9E C5T]$ ON ! POOR4 ,! PAPACY W\LD NOT DELAY 9 R5D]+ TO ! ,*UR* :AT WAS ! PROP]TY ( ! ,LORD1 :OSE GLORY IT MA9TA9$4 

,TAN*ELM ,( ,ANTW]P 

  

,EV5 :5 /RIPP$ ( ! CALUMNIES MADE BY ! ,>*BI%OP ( ,UTRE*T1 ! P]SON ( ,TAN*ELM DIFF]S FROM ,RAMIHRDUS & ! ,PAT>9 MOVEM5T 9 MANY WAYS4 ,TAN*ELM'S FIR/ /EP T[>DS P[] 9SCRIB$ ITSELF 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( PONTIFICAL RE=MS TO :I* ,ROB]T ,I,I1 ,C\NT ( ,FL&]S1 WAS ATTA*$2 ,TAN*ELM MI<T HAVE BE5 ! ,C\NT'S (FIC] OR NOT>Y4 ,HE ASSUR$LY TOOK ADVANTAGE ( A CONFLICT BETWE5 ! ,C\NT & ! ,>*BI%OP ( ,UTRE*T TO SUPPORT ! PEOPLE ( ,ANTW]P AGA9/ A CORRUPT$ CL]GY4 ,ANECDOTE HAS IT ?AT ! CONCUB9AGE ( A PRIE/ NAM$ ,HILDU9 ) HIS NIECE 9CIT$ ,TAN*ELM TO FULM9ATE AGA9/ ! ECCLESIA/ICAL HI]>*Y4 

,TAN*ELM W5T TO ,ROME1 :]E ,PASCAL ,I,I1 ! ,POPE FROM #aii TO #a#a#a#h1 W\LD 9FLU5CE HIS VIEWS4 ,HE !N PREA*$ AN ANTI-CL]ICAL DOCTR9E1 AS WELL AS ! REFUSAL TO PAY TI!S & ! REJECTION ( ! SACRAM5TS DELIV]$ BY UNWOR?Y PRIE/S1 9 ,ANTW]P1 ,UTRE*T1 ,BRUGES & ,ZEL&4 

,TO ! *UR* ( CL]ICS1 ,TAN*ELM OPPOS$ ! *UR* ( SIMPLE PEOPLE1 :OM HE W\LD GUIDE 9 ! NAME ( ! ,SPIRIT ?AT WAS 9C>NAT$ 9 HIM4 ,IT IS H>DLY PROBABLE ?AT1 D5\NC+ ! 0BRO!L ( ! *UR*10 HE SURR5D]$ HIMSELF TO PUBLIC DEBAU*]Y1 AS WAS CLAIM$ BY ,NORB]T ( ,XANTEM1 :O BECAME A SA9T FOLL[+ HIS FI<T AGA9/ ,TAN*ELM4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! FACT ?AT ,TAN*ELM CALL$ HIS COMPANION ,M>Y & FAVOR$ M>RIAGES 0ACCORD+ TO ! HE>T0 REVEALS A CONCEPTION ?AT1 P]HAPS1 WAS PROPAGAT$ BY ,BOGOMILISM1 ?AT IS1 IF ONE SUPPOSES ?AT AN IDEOLOGY IS NECESS>Y TO JU/IFY AN ON-GO+ PRACTICE AMONG ! COMMON PEOPLE4 

,A COMMUNALI/ PROPHET1 ,TAN*ELM GOV]N$ ! CITY 9 ! NAME ( ,GOD1 SURR\ND$ HIMSELF ) A GU>D ( >M$ & DEVOT$ O/5TATION1 & MULTIPLI$ S]MONS 9 ! HY/]IA PROP] TO ?IS G5RE ( C]EMONY4 ,ONE ( HIS FRI5DS1 ! BLACKSMI? ,MANASSE1 L$ A FRAT]NITY ( TWELVE M5 ?AT RECALL$ ! APO/LES4 

,9 A PRELUDE TO ! ,>*BI%OP ( ,UTRE*T'S (F5SIVE1 A PRIE/ /ABB$ ,TAN*ELM 9 #a#a#a#e4 ,HIS ADEPTS CONS]V$ P[] 9 ,ANTW]P1 UNTIL ! >M$ =CES1 ALLI$ ) ! PR$ICTIONS ( ,NORB]T ( ,XANTEM 7:O PREA*$ TO ,TAN*ELM1 AS WELL1 BUT 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( OR?ODOXY1 ?AT IS1 APO/OLIC POV]TY71 ASSUR$ ! CL]GY'S CONTROL OV] ! T[N1 ! HI/ORY ( :I* SIGNAL$ ! CONT9U+ REVOLT AGA9/ ! ,*UR*4 

,UND] ! PATRONAGE ( ! ,DIV9E ,SPIRIT1 ,TAN*ELM UNIT$ ! FUNCTION ( A TRIBUNE & ! MISSION ( AN APO/LE4 ,! DEM& = FRE$OM1 EXALT$ BY COMMUNAL 9DEP5D5CE1 SPONTANE\SLY W$D$ ITSELF TO A R5EWAL ( ! ,*RI/IAN COMMUNITY1 HO/ILE TO RI*ES & TO ! USELESS POMP ( ! ,*UR*1 & ID5TIFI$ ! TRUE APO/OLIC PRACTICE ) POV]TY1 FRAT]NITY & SOLID>ITY ORGANIZ$ ?R\< ! WORKS ( MUTUAL AID & HELP+ ! />V+4 ,! IDEA ?AT ! GOODS ( ! RI* & ! CL]GY BELONG$ TO ?OSE :OM POV]TY HAD SANCTIFI$ W\LD BE REPRIZ$ >\ND #a#b#e1 & 9 ,ANTW]P1 BY ,WILLEM ,CORNELISZ1 A K9D ( 0WORK] PRIE/0 CLOSE TO ! WEAV]S ( ! TIME4 

,>NAUD ,( ,BRESCIA 

  

,ANO!R COMMUNALI/ TRIBUNE & RE=M]1 BUT )\T MAK+ EXPLICIT REF]5CES TO ! ,*RI/ & ! APO/LES1 ,>NAUD 7BORN 9 ,BRESCIA >\ND #a#a7 HAD ! /ATUS ( A CONDOTTI]E :OSE ASPIRATIONS OSCILLAT$ BETWE5 A TA/E = P[] & A S9C]E ATTA*M5T TO ! FRE$OMS ( ! MO/ UNFAVOR$4 

,A /UD5T 9 ,MILAN1 :]E HE M>K$ ! ,PAT>9 MOVEM5T1 !N 9 ,BOLOGNA1 ,>NAUD LEFT = ,P>IS SO AS TO RECEIVE ,ABEL>D'S 9/RUCTION4 

,9 #a#a#b#i1 AS ! ,SUP]IOR ( ! REGUL> ,CANONS1 ,>NAUD GA9$ A POPUL> AUDI5CE BY EXTOLL+ EVANGELICAL ASCETICISM1 :I* WAS ! ANTI!SIS ( ! OPPRESSIVE H$ONISM ( ! CL]GY 7DEPLORABLE 9 ITS SPIRIT74 ,HE CONDEMN$ ! PROPRIETY ( ! PRIE/S & DEM&$ MORE RIGOR\S RE=MS4 ,?US1 HE DID NOT DELAY 9 5T]+ 9TO CONFLICT ) ! BI%OP ( ! T[N4 ,CONDEMN$ BY ! ,C\NCIL ( ,LAT]AN 9 #a#a#c#i1 ?\< HE PR(ESS$ NEI!R ! IDEAS ( ,PI]RE DE ,BRUYS NOR ?OSE ( ,H5RI DU ,MANS1 ,>NAUD FELL UND] ! BL[ ( AN $ICT ( BANI%M5T4 

,A REFUGEE 9 ,FRANCE1 CLOSE TO ,ABEL>D1 HE 9CURR$ ! ?REATS ( ,B]N>D DE ,CLAIRVAUX1 :O PURSU$ ! MA/] ( HIS ANIMOSITY4 ,P]SECUT$ BY ,B]N>D1 ,>NAUD LEFT = ,CON/ANCE1 FROM :I* HE .<ALSO.> HAD TO FLEE1 D5\NC$ BY AN 9SIDU\S LETT] FROM ! HOLY RE=M]4 ,! TR\BLES 9 ,ROME SUDD5LY (F]$ HIM ! OCCASION TO APPLY HIS IDEAS4 

,UPON ! DEA? ( ,9NOC5T ,I,I 7#a#a#d#c71 A CONFLICT ( SUCCESSION EXPLOD$1 & WAS D\BL$ BY A S*ISM CAUS$ BY AN ,ANTIPAPE1 ,ANACLET ,I,I4 ,! ,ROMAN B\RGEOISIE W\LD SOON PR(IT BY DEM&+ ! RECOGNITION ( HIS RI<TS4 ,A CR[D LYN*$ ,POPE ,LUCIUS ,I,I4 ,>NAUD SURVIV$ AS A M$IATOR4 ,HE DEALT ) ,EUG5E ,I,I,I1 ! SUCCESSOR TO ,LUCIUS1 & REE/ABLI%$ HIM 9 HIS FUNCTIONS1 BUT DID NOT SUCCE$ 9 KEEP+ HIM UND] HIS CONTROL4 ,! ,POPE1 ACTUALLY1 E/IMAT$ IT MORE PRUD5T TO TAKE REFUGE 9 ,VIT]BE4 

,HIS H&S FREE1 ,>NAUD OP5LY DECL>$ ?AT HE WI%$ TO DE/ROY ! P[] ( ! ,*UR*4 ,HIS S]MONS PREA*$ ! SECUL>IZATION ( ! CL]GY'S GOODS1 ! CONFISCATION ( ! BI%OPS' & C>D9ALS' RI*ES1 & ! ABOLITION ( !IR TEMPORAL P[]4 ,SPIRITUAL LEAD] ( ! ,ROMAN REVOLUTION1 HE DEM&$ A COMMUNAL REPUBLIC ?AT W\LD EXCLUDE ! ,POPE'S GOV5M5T4 ,HIS PROGRAM (F]$ TO HI/ORY ! 9CONV5I5CE ( ANTICIPAT+ ,G>IBALDI'S RESOLUTION BY EI<T C5TURIES4 

,ON #ae ,JULY #a#a#d#h1 ,EUGUNE ,I,I,I -- P[]LESS TO %AKE ,>NAUD'S P[] IF ! TRIBUNE'S POLITICS DID NOT TIP OV] 9TO DELAYS & 9DECISION -- HURL$ AN ANA!MA UPON ,>NAUD4 ,>NAUD WAS MI/AK5 :5 HE APPEAL$ = RESCUE FROM ,EMP]OR ,FR$]ICK1 :O WAS LITTLE 9CL9$ TO TOL]ATE ! 9/AURATION 9 ,ROME ( A POPUL> & REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T4 ,HIS P>TISANS W]E DIVID$ UPON ! COG5CY ( A FRI<T5+ REC\RSE4 ,9 #a#a#e#e1 ,>NAUD LEFT ,ROME & FELL 9TO ! H&S ( ,FR$]ICK ,B>B]\SSE1 :O1 CUTT+ ACROSS ,TUSCANY1 EXT5D$ HIS TYRANNICAL CLAWS T[>DS ,ROME4 ,FROM !N ON1 EV]Y?+ PLAY$ \T QUICKLY4 ,= ! PRICE ( A TACTICAL RECONCILIATION1 ,>NAUD WAS DELIV]$ UP TO ,POPE ,ADRIAN ,I,V1 :O HA/5$ TO TAKE HIM & BURN HIM4 

,! ,>NAUDITES1 SOMETIMES CALL$ ! 0POOR ( ,LOMB>DY10 S\<T REFUGE 9 ,FRANCE1 :]E !Y 5JOY$ ! ADHESION ( ! P>TISANS ( ,H5RI DU ,MANS & ,PI]RE DE ,BRUYS4 ,SEV]AL YE>S LAT]1 ,PI]RE ,VALDO REVIV$ ! DREAM ( RE=M ?AT IMPLI$ ! RETURN TO ! EVANGELICAL COMMUNITY -- HI/ORICALLY SPEAK+1 ?AT ( ! ,SECOND ,C5TURY1 BUT :I* ,*RI/IAN MY?OLOGY & ITS SECT>IANS BACK DAT$ TO ,JESUS & HIS APO/LES 9 AN IDYLLIC ,PALE/9E4 

,UGO ,SP]ONI 

  

,EV5 IF ! PRES5CE ( A P>TICUL>LY ELOQU5T TRIBUNE OR AGITATOR BR\<T A SPECIFIC RELIEF TO ! .<NECESSITY (.> IDEAS ( RE=M1 ! MAJORITY ( COMMUNALI/ 9SURRECTIONS PELL-MELL BREW$ DEM&S = 9DEP5D5CE1 ! APPEAL ( COMM]CIAL FRE$OMS & ! CONDEMNATION ( ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* ( DIGNIT>IES4 

,AS DISCREET AS IT WAS1 ! WORK ( ,UGO ,SP]ONI1 A JURI/ FROM ,PIAC5ZA1 WAS NOT LESS 9DICATIVE ( ! POPUL>ITY ( IDEAS TRADITIONALLY *>ACT]IZ$ AS H]ETICAL & PRES5T$ AS ! EMANATIONS ( M>G9AL OR M9ORIT>IAN SMALL GR\PS4 ,9 #a#a#g#g1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT ,PI]RE ,VALDO SE$$ TR\BLE 9 ,LYON1 ,UGO ,SP]ONI L$ ! /RUGGLE ) EQUAL BRIO ON ! POLITICAL & RELIGI\S FRONTS4 

,UGO ,SP]ONI PLAC$ ! ACC5T ON ! IMPORTANCE ( 9T]IORITY1 ! 9TIMATE CONVICTION ( FAI?1 :I* SUFFIC$ 9 ITSELF1 & HE TOOK EXCEPTION TO ! ,*UR* & ITS SACRAM5TAL >S5AL4 ,HE R$ISCOV]$ ,PELAGIUS :5 HE ASSUR$ .<HIS FOLL[]S.> ?AT ! 9FANT WAS BORN )\T S9 & WAS ?US SAV$1 )\T BAPTISM1 IF IT %\LD HAPP5 TO DIE4 ,! TRUE ,*RI/IAN HAD NO NE$ TO PASS ?R\< ! SACRIFICE ( R$EMPTION TO BECOME *OS54 ,! MORAL OB/9ACY TO PRACTICE VIRTUE WAS SUFFICI5T TO FULFILL ! CONDITIONS ( SALVATION4 ,IT WAS1 MOREOV]1 FROM ! =CE ( CONVICTION ?AT ! RI<T ( ! ,P]FECT ,ONES TO UNITE1 )\T SUBMITT+ TO ! ECCLESIA/ICAL RITUAL ( M>RIAGE1 D]IV$4.<#c#b#i.> 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
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