,*APT] #ah 
,NOVATIAN1 ! ,APO/ATE ,CL]GY & ! ,ANTI-,MONTANI/ ,REACTION 

#aiicaiic 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,RA\L ,VANEIGEM 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #a#h3 ,NOVATIAN1 ! ,APO/ATE ,CL]GY & ! ,ANTI-,MONTANI/ ,REACTION 

  

,! BREA? ( POPUL> ,*RI/IANITY /IRR$ UP ! PYRES 9 :I* ! FAI?FUL W]E CONSUM$ & :I* N\RI%$ ! RES5TM5T ( ! CR[DS ACCU/OM$ TO POGROMS & HUNT+ = ,JEWS4 ,! IMP]IAL P[] W\LD IMPUTE1 ACCORD+ TO CU/OM1 RESPONSIBILITY = ! DISORD]S NOT TO ! EXECUTION]S1 BUT ! VICTIMS4 ,! ,/ATE'S P]SECUTIONS TRIGG]$ CUNN+LY FOM5T$ LYN*+S1 :I* 9DISCRIM9ATELY /RUCK ALL ( ! P>TISANS ( A ,GOD :O WAS HO/ILE TO ! O!R DIV9ITIES4 

,9 #bb -- CONTR>Y TO ! WI%ES 7OR SO ONE SAYS7 ( HIS WIFE1 ,JULIA ,MAMMEA1 :O WAS FAVORABLE TO ! NEW RELIGION -- ,SEPTIME ,SEV]E PROMULGAT$ AN $ICT ?AT PROHIBIT$ PROSELYTISM1 :E!R ,JEWI% OR ,*RI/IAN4 ,! DEA? ( ! EMP]OR SUSP5D$ ?IS REPRESSION2 IT WAS REVIV$ UND] ,MAXIM91 NOT )\T SPORADICALLY REK9DL+ 9 ! ORD9>Y FLAMES ( ! POGROMS4 ,ONE ( !M EXPLOD$ 9 ,CAPPADOCE1 AT ! 9/IGATION ( ! GOV]NOR4 ,! POGROM 9 ,ALEX&RIA 9 #bdi 9SPIR$ 9CREAS$ RIGOR ON ! P>T ( ,DECE4 ,?US HE DREAM$ ( RE/OR+ ! ANCI5T RELIGI\S VALUES & RE9VOGORAT+ ! UNITY ( ! ,EMPIRE ?R\< ! ANNIHILATION ( ! ,JEWS & ! ,*RI/IANS4 ,A SIMIL> PROJECT REVOLV$ 9 ! HEADS ?AT ! 9FLU5TIAL BI%OPS KEPT ON !IR %\LD]S4 ,LITTLE BY LITTLE1 A NEW DOCTR9E WAS =M$1 A REALI/IC & POLITICAL ,*RI/IANITY3 ,CA?OLICISM4 

,AMONG ! SMALL NUMB] ( VICTIMS ( ! TRIALS BEGUN 9 #b#e1 ! PHILOSOPH] ,ORIG51 AN ADEPT ( ,MONTANI/ ASCETICISM1 DI$ FOLL[+ PROLONG$ TORTURE4 

,A RESCRIPT BY ,VAL]IAN1 PROMULGAT$ AGA9/ ! ,*RI/IANS 9 #b#e#g1 SUGGE/$ NOT A REPUDIATION ( !IR CULT1 BUT SACRIFICES ?AT NE$$ TO BE MADE TO ! ANCI5T GODS4 ,! $ICT ( TOL]ANCE ISSU$ BY ,GALLIAN REE/ABLI%$ ! PEACE 9 #b#f4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! IDEA ( A NATIONAL RELIGION PURSU$ ITS C\RSE4 ,EMP]OR ,AURELIAN1 P5ETRAT$ BY ! DESIRE TO REVIVE ! BRILLIANCE ( ,ROME1 ?R\< ! RADIANCE ( A UNIV]SAL BELIEF1 READJU/$ ! OLD MONO!ISM ( ! ,SOL 9VICTUS1 ! CULT ( ! ,SUN ,K+1 = HIS [N USES4 ,DEA? PREV5T$ HIM FROM REGILD+ A SCEPT] ?AT ECCLESIA/ICAL PROPAG&A W\LD SOON RECUP]ATE3 IT ASSIMILAT$ ,JESUS-,*RI/ 9TO ! UNCONQU]$ ,SUN4 ,UND] ! F]ULE ( ! BI%OPS :O W]E /UCK ON !IR P]OGATIVES & ON ! LOOK-\T = ALL PR(ITABLE COMPROMISES ! AU/]E ,*RI/IANITY ( ! ,ESS5ES1 ! ,NAZ>5ES1 ! ,GNO/ICS & ! ,M>CIONITES1 ! ,NEW ,PROPHECY PREP>$ TO PRO/ITUTE ITSELF DEVOT$LY TO ! ,/ATE4 

,/>T+ ) ,GALIAN'S $ICT1 ! EX]CISE ( ,*RI/IANITY WAS TOL]AT$ BY ! POLICE & ! GOV]NORS4 ,BUT ! TRUCE WAS BRUTALLY 9T]RUPT$ TO CREATE ROOM = ! LA/ & BLOODIE/ ( ! REPRESSIONS1 ?AT ( ,DIOCLETIAN1 :O FROM #cc TO #ce PURSU$ ,*RI/IANS & ,MANI*EANS 9 AN EQUALLY CRAZY FURY4 ,?OSE :O ABJUR$ -- & !Y W]E MANY -- CEAS$ TO BE WORRI$4 

,! $ICT ( TOL]ANCE ISSU$ BY ,GAL]E 9 #caa SUFF]$ A BRIEF 9T]RUPTION UND] ,MAXIM91 BUT HE WAS VANQUI%$ 9 #cac BY ,LIC9IUS1 :OSE VICTORY ANN\NC$ ! TRIUMPH ( ,*RI/IANITY AS ! RELIGION ( ! ,/ATE4 

,EUSEBIUS ( ,CES>EA1 ! 9C5SE-BE>] ( ! EMP]OR1 :O1 ?R\< CUNN+ & FLATT]Y1 ASSUR$ HIS CR$IT ) ! C\RT1 HAD GOOD REASON TO UND]TAKE ! EXALTATION ( ! FAI? & ! FIRMNESS ( ! M>TYRS1 :OM HE E/IMAT$ TO NUMB] 9 ! T5S ( ?\S&S4 ,FR5D1 A HI/ORIAN ( ! P]SECUTIONS1 5UM]ATES BETWE5 #b1#e & #c1 VICTIMS 9 ! ,EA/ & #e 9 ! ,WE/ OV] ! C\RSE ( MORE ?AN A C5TURY4.<#b#h#b.> 7,! CATACOMBS ( ,LA ,VIA ,LAT9A DATE FROM ! YE>S #c#b-#c#e OR #c#e-#c#g4 ,CONTR>Y TO ! ASS]TIONS ( ! ,SA9T ,SULPICIAN LEG5DS1 NO KN[N ,*RI/IAN S>COPHAGUS IS ANT]IOR TO ! ,?IRD ,C5TURY47 ,PRIE/S & BI%OPS 9 ! VIC9ITY ( ,ROME ?US ABJUR$ MORE WILL+LY ?AN ! ,EA/]N]S1 :O W]E 9 SOLID>ITY ) ! LOCAL *UR*ES1 :OSE ! HO/ILITY TO ,ROMAN P[] W\LD NOT SOON BE DIS>M$ & W\LD >\SE ,DONATISM & ,>IANISM BE=E PROVOK+ ! S*ISM ( ,BYZANTIUM4 

,EUSEBIUS'S HYP]BOLIC CULT ( ! M>TYR MAKES ONE ?9K ( ,/AL91 :O ALLI$ ! GLORIFICATION ( ! ORIG9AL ,BOL%EVIKS ) ! MASSACRE ( !IR SURVIVORS4 ,:O WORK$ MORE EFFECTIVELY = ! TRIUMPH ( ,EUSEBIUS & ! CL]ICAL BUREAUCRACY1 ! NET ( :I* W\LD BE SET D[N ON ! WORLD8 ,! LAPSI1 ! APO/ATES1 ! BACKSLID]S4 ,AS F> AS AU!NTIC ,*RI/IANITY1 ! P>TY ( ! ,NEW ,PROPHECY 7! ONLY HOLD] ( ! PALMS ( ! M>TYRS71 IT W\LD FALL -- UND] ! NAME ,MONTANISM -- 9TO ! TRA%CANS ( 0H]ETICAL P]V]SION40 

,FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,?IRD ,C5TURY1 ! T5SION GREW BETWE5 ! F]V5T ,*RI/IANS1 :O W]E MORE ATTA*$ TO ! LAW ?AN TO LIFE1 & ! BI%OPS1 :OSE S5SE ( REALITY PREF]R$ A R5EGADE PRIE/ TO A DEAD PRIE/4 ,PASS+ ?R\< TORM5T1 ! R5EGADE ACTUALLY DISPOS$ -- = ! GREATE/ GLORY ( ! ,*UR* -- ! LEISURE TO EXPLOIT ! WORK ( ! M>TYRS = $IFY+ 5DS4 ,?IS WAS AN OLD >GUM5T 9 :I* PR9CIPLES C$$ PLACE TO NECESSITY4 ,! DELIRI\S MASO*ISM ( ! ,*RI/IANS ( ! ,SECOND ,C5TURY (F]$ TO MOD]ATE SPIRITS1 IT IS TRUE1 SEV]AL REASONS = RE-SEIZ+ & RE-PROV+ MANY ( ! (F]+S TO DEA?4 ,ALL RI<T4 ,BUT ! 0P>TY ( ! BI%OPS10 :I* WAS SCORN$ BY ,H]MAS1 ,ORIG5 & ,T]TULLIAN1 EMPLOY$ ITSELF -- :ILE ,ROME 9CREAS$ ! AMPLITUDE ( ITS REPRESSION -- 9 ! SAFEGU>D+ ( AN ECCLESIA/ICAL P[] ?AT MOD]ATION MADE 9TO A D\BLE BL[ BY PROTECT+ ITSELF FROM ! FURIES ( ! POLICE & BY CONDEMN+ AN ASCETICISM ?AT WAS H>DLY COMPATIBLE ) ,GRECO-,ROMAN LIC5SE4 

,T]TULLIAN HAD ALREADY /IGMATIZ$ ! LAXITY ( C]TA9 BI%OPS & !IR TA/E = P[]4 0,EPISCOPATUS SEMULATIO S*ISMATUM MAT] E/10 HE WROTE 9 HIS ,ADV]SUS ,VAL5T9OS3 0,! RIVALRY ( BI%OPS IS ! S\RCE ( S*ISMS40 

,CALLIXTE1 ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL BI%OPS ( ,ROME BETWE5 #bag & #b#b#b1 DREW ! REPROBATION ( ANO!R BI%OP1 ,HIPPOLYTE1 SOMETIMES ID5TIFI$ AS ! AU?OR ( ! ,EL5*OS4 ,ACCUS$ ( LAXITY BECAUSE HE ACCORD$ ORD9ATION TO REM>RI$ PRIE/S 7,T]TULLIAN & ,MONTANISM PROHIBIT$ REM>RIAGE71 ,CALLIXTE 5T]$ 9TO ! CATEGORY ( H]ETIC = ! AU?OR ( ! ,EL5*OS3 0,A ,*RI/IAN FROM ANO!R S*OOL S9N$2 ?IS S91 :ATEV] IT WAS1 WAS NOT IMPUT$ TO HIM1 !Y SAY1 PROVID$ ?AT ! GUILTY ONE EMBRAC$ ! S*OOL ( ,CALLIXTE40 ,! S*OOL ( ,CALLIXTE -- :OM ! HI/ORIANS TAKE TO BE A POPE & :OSE NAME WAS GIV5 TO ! CATACOMBS -- WAS1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,EL5*OS1 9 ! H&S ( ! H5*M5 ( ABORTION3 0,IT WAS !N ?AT ! WOM51 SELF-AV[$ ,*RI/IANS1 BEGAN TO MAKE USE ( M$ICATIONS CAPABLE ( PREV5T+ CONCEPTION & B&AGES DE/9$ TO MAKE !M HAVE ABORTIONS40.<#b#h#c.> 

,PSEUDO-,HIPPOLYTE DID NOT HESITATE TO SITUATE ,CALLIXTE 9 ! L9E ( ! ,EL*ASAITISM ?AT HAD BE5 BORN 9 ! ?IRD YE> ( ,TRAJAN'S RULE 7>\ND #a72 A C]TA9 ,ALCIBIADE POSSESS$ ! ,EL*ASAITES' SACR$ BOOK4 ,! H]ESY1 AS IT APPE>$ H]E & AS W\LD BE CONFIRM$ LAT]1 AT FIR/ CIRCUMSCRIB$ A CATEGORY 9 :I* ANY?+ ?AT OPPOS$ OR CONTE/$ ! BI%OP'S AU?ORITY WAS PU%$ 9 AN OPPROBRI\S MANN]4 ,ASSASS9AT$ DUR+ A RIOT 9 #b#b#b1 ,CALLIXTE 9CURR$ ! DISPLEASURE ( ! ,EL5*OS = ! 0LAX0 POLITICS ?AT W\LD OP5 ! DOORS ( HOL9ESS = HIM4 ,EV5 BETT]1 ! DICTION>IES W\LD CONSECRATE ,CALLIXTE ! SIX? ,POPE ( ,ROME1 AL?\< ! PAPACY DID NOT APPE> UNTIL ! ,SEV5? ,C5TURY4  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,>\ND #b#e1 ,CYPRIAN1 BI%OP ( ,C>?AGE -- 9 :I* ,T]TULLIAN & ! ,NEW ,PROPHECY W]E DOM9ANT -- SET HIMSELF UP AS ! DEF5D] ( ! LAPSI4 ,HIS DOCTR9E1 EXP\ND$ 9 AN ESSAY CALL$ ,ON ! UNITY ( ! ,*UR*1 LAID ! POLITICAL F\NDATIONS = ,CA?OLICISM4 ,= HIM1 EV]Y LEGITIMATE BI%OP WAS ! 9H]ITOR ( ! 0FLE% ( ,PET]0 & HAD ! RI<T TO COMBAT ANYONE :O CONTE/$ HIM4 ,SU* WAS ! PR9CIPLE ?AT MO/ (T5 F\ND$ H]ESY4 ,! EXPRESSION 0FLE% ( ,PET]0 WAS 9T5D$ TO RE9=CE ! LOCAL P[] ?AT W\LD BE ATTACK$ BY ,ETI5NE1 ,BI%OP ( ,ROME >\ND #b#e#d-#b#e#g1 :O SKET*$ \T ! ,F\R? ,C5TURY CONFLICT BETWE5 ,ROME1 :I* MONOPOLIZ$ ! 0FLE% ( ,PET]0 & ACCR$IT$ ! EXECUTION ( ,SIMON-,PET] 9 ! IMP]IAL CITY1 & ! *UR*ES FIRMLY IMPLANT$ 9 ! ,EA/4 

,AGA9/ ECCLESIA/ICAL ,REALPOLITIK1 ,NOVATIAN ATTEMPT$ TO REVIVE ! >DORS ( ,MONTANI/ FAI?4 ,ORDA9$ A BI%OP 9 #b#d#i1 HE DID NOT ESCAPE FROM ! QU>RELS AB\T PREC$5CE1 :I* SET ! COMMUNITY LEAD]S AGA9/ EA* O!R4 ,AFT] ! EXECUTION ( ,BI%OP ,FABIAN1 ,NOVATIAN TOOK CONTROL ( A P>T ( ! ,ROMAN CL]GY & EXTOLL$ A RIGOR ?AT WAS /EEL$ BY ASCETICISM & ! DUTIES ( ! FAI?4 ,9DIGNANT AB\T ! GREAT NUMB] ( FAI?FUL PEOPLE & PRIE/S :O ABJUR$ BY AGREE+ TO MAKE SACRIFICES TO ! EMP]OR OR BY BUY+ C]TIFICATES ( ABJURATION1 ,NOVATIAN REFUS$ TO RE-ADMIT 9TO ! COMMUNITY ?OSE GUILTY ( REPUDIATION4 ,OPPOS$ TO ANO!R BI%OP ( ,ROME NAM$ ,CORNELIUS -- A P>TISAN ( MOD]ATION -- ,NOVATIAN DEVELOP$ A P5IT5TIAL CURR5T & ASSUR$ HIMSELF ( ! SUPPORT ( MANY *UR*ES4 ,HE ORDA9$ HIMSELF ON ! BASIS ( O!R BI%OPS RALLI$ TO HIS DET]M9ATIONS4 

,NOVATIAN'S DOCTR9E EMANAT$ DIRECTLY FROM ! ,NEW ,PROPHECY4 ,9 ,ON ! ,ADVANTAGES ( ,*A/ITY1 HE IMPLOR$ ! MEMB]S ( ! 0,VIRG9AL ,*UR*0 TO REMA9 PURE SO AS TO KEEP A PLACE ( WELCOME = ! ,HOLY ,SPIRIT4 ,T]TULLIAN DID NOT SAY O!RWISE4 ,! 9FLU5CE ( ,ORIG5 IS DETECTABLE 9 HIS TEXT ,ON ,JEWI% ,FOOD1 9 :I* HE P]CEIV$ AN ALLEGORICAL DESCRIPTION ( ! VISES 9 ! DI%ES CONDEMN$ BY ! BIBLICAL TEXTS4 

,NOVATIAN'S 5EMIES1 ,CORNELIUS ( ,ROME & ,CYPRIAN ( ,C>?AGE1 HELD 9 E/EEM A TREATISE LAT] CALL$ ,ON ! ,TR9ITY1 AL?\< ! WORD TR9ITAS DOES NOT FIGURE 9 IT4 ,?IS TREATISE DISC\RSES UPON ! UNITY ( ! ,FA!R & ! ,SON4 ,BECAUSE ! ,SON ( ,GOD BECAME MAN1 HE C\LD LEAD HUMANITY TO ET]NAL SALVATION4 ,AFT] ! ,CON/ANT9IAN TURN1 SU* SPECULATIONS W\LD BE 9VOK$ 9 SUPPORT ( A CONFLICT ?AT IT W\LD ACC5TUATE3 ! ONE BETWE5 ! LOCAL *UR*ES1 :I* W]E CLOSE TO ! FAI?FUL & ATT5TIVE TO MATT]S ( FAI?1 & ! C5TRALIZ$ & BUREAUCRATIZ$ ,*UR* ( ,ROME & ITS EMP]OR4.<#b#h#d.> 

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