,! ,REPRODUCTION ( ,DAILY ,LIFE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,FR$Y ,P]LMAN 

,TEXT 3 

,! EV]YDAY PRACTICAL ACTIVITY ( TRIBESM5 REPRODUCES1 OR P]PETUATES1 A TRIBE4 ,?IS REPRODUCTION IS NOT M]ELY PHYSICAL1 BUT SOCIAL AS WELL4 ,?R\< !IR DAILY ACTIVITIES ! TRIBESM5 DO NOT M]ELY REPRODUCE A GR\P ( HUMAN BE+S2 !Y REPRODUCE A TRIBE1 NAMELY A P>TICUL> SOCIAL =M )9 :I* ?IS GR\P ( HUMAN BE+S P]=MS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES 9 A SPECIFIC MANN]4 ,! SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES ( ! TRIBESM5 >E NOT ! \TCOME ( 0NATURAL0 *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! M5 :O P]=M !M1 ! WAY ! PRODUCTION ( HONEY IS AN \TCOME ( ! 0NATURE0 ( A BEE4 ,! DAILY LIFE 5ACT$ & P]PETUAT$ BY ! TRIBESMAN IS A SPECIFIC SOCIAL RESPONSE TO P>TICUL> MAT]IAL & HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS4 

,! EV]YDAY ACTIVITY ( SLAVES REPRODUCES SLAV]Y4 ,?R\< !IR DAILY ACTIVITIES1 SLAVES DO NOT M]ELY REPRODUCE !MSELVES & !IR MA/]S PHYSICALLY2 !Y ALSO REPRODUCE ! 9/RUM5TS ) :I* ! MA/] REPRESSES !M1 & !IR [N HABITS ( SUBMISSION TO ! MA/]'S AU?ORITY4 ,TO M5 :O LIVE 9 A SLAVE SOCIETY1 ! MA/]-SLAVE RELATION SEEMS LIKE A NATURAL & ET]NAL RELATION4  ,H[EV]1 M5 >E NOT BORN MA/]S OR SLAVES4 ,SLAV]Y IS A SPECIFIC SOCIAL =M1 & M5 SUBMIT TO IT ONLY 9 V]Y P>TICUL> MAT]IAL & HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS4 

,! PRACTICAL EV]YDAY ACTIVITY ( WAGE-WORK]S REPRODUCES WAGE LABOR & CAPITAL4 ,?R\< !IR DAILY ACTIVITIES1 0MOD]N0 M51 LIKE TRIBESM5 & SLAVES1 REPRODUCE ! 9HABITANTS1 ! SOCIAL RELATIONS & ! IDEAS ( !IR SOCIETY2 !Y REPRODUCE ! SOCIAL =M ( DAILY LIFE4 ,LIKE ! TRIBE & ! SLAVE SY/EM1 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM IS NEI!R ! NATURAL NOR ! F9AL =M ( HUMAN SOCIETY2 LIKE ! E>LI] SOCIAL =MS1 CAPITALISM IS A SPECIFIC RESPONSE TO MAT]IAL & HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS4 

,UNLIKE E>LI] =MS ( SOCIAL ACTIVITY1 EV]YDAY LIFE 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY SY/EMATICALLY TRANS=MS ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS TO :I* CAPITALISM ORIG9ALLY RESPOND$4 ,SOME ( ! MAT]IAL LIMITS TO HUMAN ACTIVITY COME GRADUALLY UND] HUMAN CONTROL4 ,AT A HI< LEVEL ( 9DU/RIALIZATION1 PRACTICAL ACTIVITY CREATES ITS [N MAT]IAL CONDITIONS AS WELL AS ITS SOCIAL =M4 ,?US ! SUBJECT ( ANALYSIS IS NOT ONLY H[ PRACTICAL ACTIVITY 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY REPRODUCES CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 BUT ALSO H[ ?IS ACTIVITY ITSELF ELIM9ATES ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS TO :I* CAPITALISM IS A RESPONSE4 

,DAILY ,LIFE 9 ,CAPITALI/ ,SOCIETY 

,! SOCIAL =M ( PEOPLE'S REGUL> ACTIVITIES UND] CAPITALISM IS A RESPONSE TO A C]TA9 MAT]IAL & HI/ORICAL SITUATION4 ,! MAT]IAL & HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS EXPLA9 ! ORIG9 ( ! CAPITALI/ =M1 BUT DO NOT EXPLA9 :Y ?IS =M CONT9UES AFT] ! 9ITIAL SITUATION DISAPPE>S4 ,A CONCEPT ( 0CULTURAL LAG0 IS NOT AN EXPLANATION ( ! CONT9UITY ( A SOCIAL =M AFT] ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! 9ITIAL CONDITIONS TO :I* IT RESPOND$4 ,?IS CONCEPT IS M]ELY A NAME = ! CONT9UITY ( ! SOCIAL =M4 ,:5 ! CONCEPT ( 0CULTURAL LAG0 P>ADES AS A NAME = A 0SOCIAL =CE0 :I* DET]M9ES HUMAN ACTIVITY1 IT IS AN OBFUSCATION :I* PRES5TS ! \TCOME ( PEOPLE'S ACTIVITIES AS AN EXT]NAL =CE BEYOND !IR CONTROL4  ,?IS IS NOT ONLY TRUE ( A CONCEPT LIKE 0CULTURAL LAG40  ,MANY ( ! T]MS US$ BY ,M>X TO DESCRIBE PEOPLE'S ACTIVITIES HAVE BE5 RAIS$ TO ! /ATUS ( EXT]NAL & EV5 0NATURAL0 =CES :I* DET]M9E PEOPLE'S ACTIVITY2 ?US CONCEPTS LIKE 0CLASS /RUGGLE10 0PRODUCTION RELATIONS0 & P>TICUL>LY 0,! ,DIALECTIC10 PLAY ! SAME ROLE 9 ! !ORIES ( SOME 0,M>XI/S0 ?AT 0,ORIG9AL ,S910 0,FATE0 & 0,! ,H& ( ,DE/9Y0 PLAY$ 9 ! !ORIES ( M$IEVAL MY/IFI]S4 

,9 ! P]=MANCE ( !IR DAILY ACTIVITIES1 ! MEMB]S ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY SIMULTANE\SLY C>RY \T TWO PROCESSES3 !Y REPRODUCE ! =M ( !IR ACTIVITIES1 & !Y ELIM9ATE ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS TO :I* ?IS =M ( ACTIVITY 9ITIALLY RESPOND$4 ,BUT !Y DO NOT KN[ !Y C>RY \T !SE PROCESSES2 !IR [N ACTIVITIES >E NOT TRANSP>5T TO !M4 ,!Y >E UND] ! ILLUSION ?AT !IR ACTIVITIES >E RESPONSES TO NATURAL CONDITIONS BEYOND !IR CONTROL & DO NOT SEE ?AT !Y >E !MSELVES AU?ORS ( ?OSE CONDITIONS4 ,! TASK ( CAPITALI/ IDEOLOGY IS TO MA9TA9 ! VEIL :I* KEEPS PEOPLE FROM SEE+ ?AT !IR [N ACTIVITIES REPRODUCE ! =M ( !IR DAILY LIFE2 ! TASK ( CRITICAL !ORY IS TO UNVEIL ! ACTIVITIES ( DAILY LIFE1 TO R5D] !M TRANSP>5T1 TO MAKE ! REPRODUCTION ( ! SOCIAL =M ( CAPITALI/ ACTIVITY VISIBLE )9 PEOPLE'S DAILY ACTIVITIES4 

,UND] CAPITALISM1 DAILY LIFE CONSI/S ( RELAT$ ACTIVITIES :I* REPRODUCE & EXP& ! CAPITALI/ =M ( SOCIAL ACTIVITY4 ,! SALE ( LABOR-TIME = A PRICE 7A WAGE71 ! EMBODIM5T ( LABOR-TIME 9 COMMODITIES 7SALABLE GOODS1 BO? TANGIBLE & 9TANGIBLE71 ! CONSUMPTION ( TANGIBLE & 9TANGIBLE COMMODITIES 7SU* AS CONSUM] GOODS & SPECTACLES7 -- !SE ACTIVITIES :I* *>ACT]IZE DAILY LIFE UND] CAPITALISM >E NOT MANIFE/ATIONS ( 0HUMAN NATURE10 NOR >E !Y IMPOS$ ON M5 BY =CES BEYOND !IR CONTROL4 

,IF IT IS HELD ?AT MAN IS 0BY NATURE0 AN UN9V5TIVE TRIBESMAN & AN 9V5TIVE BUS9ESSMAN1 A SUBMISSIVE SLAVE & A PR\D CRAFTSMAN AN 9DEP5D5T HUNT] & A DEP5D5T WAGE-WORK]1 !N EI!R MAN'S 0NATURE0 IS AN EMPTY CONCEPT1 OR MAN'S 0NATURE0 DEP5DS ON MAT]IAL & HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS1 & IS 9 FACT A RESPONSE TO ?OSE CONDITIONS4 

,ALI5ATION ( ,LIV+ ,ACTIVITY 

,9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 CREATIVE ACTIVITY TAKES ! =M ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION1 NAMELY PRODUCTION ( M>KETABLE GOODS1 & ! RESULTS ( HUMAN ACTIVITY TAKE ! =M ( COMMODITIES4 ,M>KETABILITY OR SALABILITY IS ! UNIV]SAL *>ACT]I/IC ( ALL PRACTICAL ACTIVITY & ALL PRODUCTS4 ,! PRODUCTS ( HUMAN ACTIVITY :I* >E NECESS>Y = SURVIVAL HAVE ! =M ( SALABLE GOODS3 !Y >E ONLY AVAILABLE 9 EX*ANGE = MONEY4 ,& MONEY IS ONLY AVAILABLE 9 EX*ANGE = COMMODITIES4 ,IF A L>GE NUMB] ( M5 ACCEPT ! LEGITIMACY ( !SE CONV5TIONS1 IF !Y ACCEPT ! CONV5TION ?AT COMMODITIES >E A PR]EQUISITE = MONEY1 & ?AT MONEY IS A PR]EQUISITE = SURVIVAL1 !N !Y F9D !MSELVES LOCK$ 9TO A VICI\S CIRCLE4  ,S9CE !Y HAVE NO COMMODITIES1 !IR ONLY EXIT FROM ?IS CIRCLE IS TO REG>D !MSELVES1 OR P>TS ( !MSELVES1 AS COMMODITIES4 ,& ?IS IS1 9 FACT1 ! PECULI> 0SOLUTION0 :I* M5 IMPOSE ON !MSELVES 9 ! FACE ( SPECIFIC MAT]IAL & HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS4 ,!Y DO NOT EX*ANGE !IR BODIES OR P>TS ( !IR BODIES = MONEY4 ,!Y EX*ANGE ! CREATIVE CONT5T ( !IR LIVES1 !IR PRACTICAL DAILY ACTIVITY1 = MONEY4 

,AS SOON AS M5 ACCEPT MONEY AS AN EQUIVAL5T = LIFE1 ! SALE ( LIV+ ACTIVITY BECOMES A CONDITION = !IR PHYSICAL & SOCIAL SURVIVAL4 ,LIFE IS EX*ANG$ = SURVIVAL4 ,CREATION & PRODUCTION COME TO MEAN SOLD ACTIVITY4 ,A MAN'S ACTIVITY IS 0PRODUCTIVE10 USEFUL TO SOCIETY1 ONLY :5 IT IS SOLD ACTIVITY4 ,& ! MAN HIMSELF IS A PRODUCTIVE MEMB] ( SOCIETY ONLY IF ! ACTIVITIES ( HIS DAILY LIFE >E SOLD ACTIVITIES4 ,AS SOON AS PEOPLE ACCEPT ! T]MS ( ?IS EX*ANGE1 DAILY ACTIVITY TAKES ! =M ( UNIV]SAL PRO/ITUTION4 

,! SOLD CREATIVE P[]1 OR SOLD DAILY ACTIVITY1 TAKES ! =M ( LABOR4 ,LABOR IS A HI/ORICALLY SPECIFIC =M ( HUMAN ACTIVITY4 ,LABOR IS AB/RACT ACTIVITY :I* HAS ONLY ONE PROP]TY3 IT IS M>KETABLE1 IT CAN BE SOLD = A GIV5 QUANTITY ( MONEY4 ,LABOR IS 9DIFF]5T ACTIVITY3 9DIFF]5T TO ! P>TICUL> TASK P]=M$ & 9DIFF]5T TO ! P>TICUL> SUBJECT TO :I* ! TASK IS DIRECT$4  ,DIGG+1 PR9T+ & C>V+ >E DIFF]5T ACTIVITIES1 BUT ALL ?REE >E LABOR 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,LABOR IS SIMPLY 0E>N+ MONEY40  ,LIV+ ACTIVITY :I* TAKES ! =M ( LABOR IS A MEANS TO E>N MONEY4 ,LIFE BECOMES A MEANS ( SURVIVAL4 

,?IS IRONIC REV]SAL IS NOT ! DRAMATIC CLIMAX ( AN IMAG9ATIVE NOVEL2 IT IS A FACT ( DAILY LIFE 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,SURVIVAL1 NAMELY SELF-PRES]VATION & REPRODUCTION1 IS NOT ! MEANS TO CREATIVE PRACTICAL ACTIVITY1 BUT PRECISELY ! O!R WAY >\ND4  ,CREATIVE ACTIVITY 9 ! =M ( LABOR1 NAMELY SOLD ACTIVITY1 IS A PA9FUL NECESSITY = SURVIVAL2 LABOR IS ! MEANS TO SELF-PRES]VATION & REPRODUCTION4 

,! SALE ( LIV+ ACTIVITY BR+S AB\T ANO!R REV]SAL4 ,?R\< SALE1 ! LABOR ( AN 9DIVIDUAL BECOMES ! 0PROP]TY0 ( ANO!R1 IT IS APPROPRIAT$ BY ANO!R1 IT COMES UND] ! CONTROL ( ANO!R4  ,9 O!R WORDS1 A P]SON'S ACTIVITY BECOMES ! ACTIVITY ( ANO!R1 ! ACTIVITY ( ITS [N]2 IT BECOMES ALI5 TO ! P]SON :O P]=MS IT4 ,?US ONE'S LIFE1 ! ACCOMPLI%M5TS ( AN 9DIVIDUAL 9 ! WORLD1 ! DIFF]5CE :I* HIS LIFE MAKES 9 ! LIFE ( HUMANITY1 >E NOT ONLY TRANS=M$ 9TO LABOR1 A PA9FUL CONDITION = SURVIVAL2 !Y >E TRANS=M$ 9TO ALI5 ACTIVITY1 ACTIVITY P]=M$ BY ! BUY] ( ?AT LABOR4 ,9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 ! >*ITECTS1 ! 5G9E]S1 ! LABOR]S1 >E NOT BUILD]S2 ! MAN :O BUYS !IR LABOR IS ! BUILD]2 !IR PROJECTS1 CALCULATIONS & MOTIONS >E ALI5 TO !M2 !IR LIV+ ACTIVITY1 !IR ACCOMPLI%M5TS1 >E HIS4 

,ACADEMIC SOCIOLOGI/S1 :O TAKE ! SALE ( LABOR = GRANT$1 UND]/& ?IS ALI5ATION ( LABOR AS A FEEL+3 ! WORK]'S ACTIVITY 0APPE>S0 ALI5 TO ! WORK]1 IT 0SEEMS0 TO BE CONTROLL$ BY ANO!R4 ,H[EV]1 ANY WORK] CAN EXPLA9 TO ! ACADEMIC SOCIOLOGI/S ?AT ! ALI5ATION IS NEI!R A FEEL+ NOR AN IDEA 9 ! WORK]'S HEAD1 BUT A REAL FACT AB\T ! WORK]'S DAILY LIFE4 ,! SOLD ACTIVITY IS 9 FACT ALI5 TO ! WORK]2 HIS LABOR IS 9 FACT CONTROLL$ BY ITS BUY]4 

,9 EX*ANGE = HIS SOLD ACTIVITY1 ! WORK] GETS MONEY1 ! CONV5TIONALLY ACCEPT$ MEANS ( SURVIVAL 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,) ?IS MONEY HE CAN BUY COMMODITIES1 ?+S1 BUT HE CANNOT BUY BACK HIS ACTIVITY4 ,?IS REVEALS A PECULI> 0GAP0 9 MONEY AS ! 0UNIV]SAL EQUIVAL5T40 ,A P]SON CAN SELL COMMODITIES = MONEY1 & HE CAN BUY ! SAME COMMODITIES ) MONEY4 ,HE CAN SELL HIS LIV+ ACTIVITY = MONEY1 BUT HE CANNOT BUY HIS LIV+ ACTIVITY = MONEY4 

,! ?+S ! WORK] BUYS ) HIS WAGES >E FIR/ ( ALL CONSUM] GOODS :I* 5ABLE HIM TO SURVIVE1 TO REPRODUCE HIS LABOR-P[] SO AS TO BE ABLE TO CONT9UE SELL+ IT2 & !Y >E SPECTACLES1 OBJECTS = PASSIVE ADMIRATION4 ,HE CONSUMES & ADMIRES ! PRODUCTS ( HUMAN ACTIVITY PASSIVELY4 ,HE DOES NOT EXI/ 9 ! WORLD AS AN ACTIVE AG5T :O TRANS=MS IT1 BUT AS A HELPLESS IMPOT5T SPECTATOR2 HE MAY CALL ?IS /ATE ( P[]LESS ADMIRATION 0HAPP9ESS10 & S9CE LABOR IS PA9FUL1 HE MAY DESIRE TO BE 0HAPPY10 NAMELY 9ACTIVE1 ALL HIS LIFE 7A CONDITION SIMIL> TO BE+ BORN DEAD74 ,! COMMODITIES1 ! SPECTACLES1 CONSUME HIM2 HE USES UP LIV+ 5]GY 9 PASSIVE ADMIRATION2 HE IS CONSUM$ BY ?+S4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ! MORE HE HAS1 ! LESS HE IS4 7,AN 9DIVIDUAL CAN SURM\NT ?IS DEA?-9-LIFE ?R\< M>G9AL CREATIVE ACTIVITY2 BUT ! POPULATION CANNOT1 EXCEPT BY ABOLI%+ ! CAPITALI/ =M ( PRACTICAL ACTIVITY1 BY ABOLI%+ WAGE- LABOR & ?US DEALI5AT+ CREATIVE ACTIVITY47 

,! ,FETI%ISM ( ,COMMODITIES 

,BY ALI5AT+ !IR ACTIVITY & EMBODY+ IT 9 COMMODITIES1 9 MAT]IAL RECEPTACLES ( HUMAN LABOR1 PEOPLE REPRODUCE !MSELVES & CREATE ,CAPITAL4 ,FROM ! /&PO9T ( CAPITALI/ IDEOLOGY1 & P>TICUL>LY ( ACADEMIC ,ECONOMICS1 ?IS /ATEM5T IS UNTRUE3 COMMODITIES >E 0NOT ! PRODUCT ( LABOR ALONE02 !Y >E PRODUC$ BY ! PRIMORDIAL 0FACTORS ( PRODUCTION10 ,L&1 ,LABOR & ,CAPITAL1 ! CAPITALI/ ,HOLY ,TR9ITY1 & ! MA9 0FACTOR0 IS OBVI\SLY ! H]O ( ! PIECE1 ,CAPITAL4 

,! PURPOSE ( ?IS SUP]FICIAL ,TR9ITY IS NOT ANALYSIS1 S9CE ANALYSIS IS NOT :AT !SE ,EXP]TS >E PAID =4 ,!Y >E PAID TO OBFUSCATE1 TO MASK ! SOCIAL =M ( PRACTICAL ACTIVITY UND] CAPITALISM1 TO VEIL ! FACT ?AT PRODUC]S REPRODUCE !MSELVES1 !IR EXPLOIT]S1 AS WELL AS ! 9/RUM5TS ) :I* !Y'RE EXPLOIT$4 ,! ,TR9ITY =MULA DOES NOT SUCCE$ 9 CONV9C+4 ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT L& IS NO MORE ( A COMMODITY PRODUC] ?AN WAT]1 AIR1 OR ! SUN4 ,FUR!RMORE ,CAPITAL1 :I* IS AT ONCE A NAME = A SOCIAL RELATION BETWE5 WORK]S & CAPITALI/S1 = ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION [N$ BY A CAPITALI/1 & = ! MONEY-EQUIVAL5T ( HIS 9/RUM5TS & 09TANGIBLES10 DOES NOT PRODUCE ANY?+ MORE ?AN ! EJACULATIONS %AP$ 9TO PUBLI%ABLE =M BY ! ACADEMIC ,ECONOMI/S4 ,EV5 ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION :I* >E ! CAPITAL ( ONE CAPITALI/ >E PRIMORDIAL 0FACTORS ( PRODUCTION0 ONLY IF ONE'S BL9D]S LIMIT HIS VIEW TO AN ISOLAT$ CAPITALI/ FIRM1 S9CE A VIEW ( ! 5TIRE ECONOMY REVEALS ?AT ! CAPITAL ( ONE CAPITALI/ IS ! MAT]IAL RECEPTACLE ( ! LABOR ALI5AT$ TO ANO!R CAPITALI/4 ,H[EV]1 ?\< ! ,TR9ITY =MULA DOES NOT CONV9CE1 IT DOES ACCOMPLI% ! TASK ( OBFUSCATION BY %IFT+ ! SUBJECT ( ! QUE/ION3 9/EAD ( ASK+ :Y ! ACTIVITY ( PEOPLE UND] CAPITALISM TAKES ! =M ( WAGE-LABOR1 POT5TIAL ANALY/S ( CAPITALI/ DAILY LIFE >E TRANS=M$ 9TO ACADEMIC H\SE-,M>XI/S :O ASK :E!R OR NOT LABOR IS ! ONLY 0FACTOR ( PRODUCTION40 

,?US ,ECONOMICS 7& CAPITALI/ IDEOLOGY 9 G5]AL7 TREATS L&1 MONEY1 & ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR1 AS ?+S :I* HAVE ! P[] TO PRODUCE1 TO CREATE VALUE1 TO WORK = !IR [N]S1 TO TRANS=M ! WORLD4 ,?IS IS :AT ,M>X CALL$ ! FETI%ISM :I* *>ACT]IZES PEOPLE'S EV]YDAY CONCEPTIONS1 & :I* IS RAIS$ TO ! LEVEL ( DOGMA BY ,ECONOMICS4 ,= ! ECONOMI/1 LIV+ PEOPLE >E ?+S 70FACTORS ( PRODUCTION071 & ?+S LIVE 7MONEY 0WORKS10 ,CAPITAL 0PRODUCES074 ,! FETI% WOR%IP] ATTRIBUTES ! PRODUCT ( HIS [N ACTIVITY TO HIS FETI%4 ,AS A RESULT1 HE CEASES TO EX]T HIS [N P[] 7! P[] TO TRANS=M NATURE1 ! P[] TO DET]M9E ! =M & CONT5T ( HIS DAILY LIFE72 HE EX]TS ONLY ?OSE 0P[]S0 :I* HE ATTRIBUTES TO HIS FETI% 7! 0P[]0 TO BUY COMMODITIES74 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! FETI% WOR%IP] EMASCULATES HIMSELF & ATTRIBUTES VIRILITY TO HIS FETI%4 

,BUT ! FETI% IS A DEAD ?+1 NOT A LIV+ BE+2 IT HAS NO VIRILITY4 ,! FETI% IS NO MORE ?AN A ?+ = :I*1 & ?R\< :I*1 CAPITALI/ RELATIONS >E MA9TA9$4 ,! MY/]I\S P[] ( ,CAPITAL1 ITS 0P[]0 TO PRODUCE1 ITS VIRILITY1 DOES NOT RESIDE 9 ITSELF1 BUT 9 ! FACT ?AT PEOPLE ALI5ATE !IR CREATIVE ACTIVITY1 ?AT !Y SELL !IR LABOR TO CAPITALI/S1 ?AT !Y MAT]IALIZE OR REIFY !IR ALI5AT$ LABOR 9 COMMODITIES4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 PEOPLE >E B\<T ) ! PRODUCTS ( !IR [N ACTIVITY1 YET !Y SEE !IR [N ACTIVITY AS ! ACTIVITY ( ,CAPITAL1 & !IR [N PRODUCTS AS ! PRODUCTS ( ,CAPITAL4 ,BY ATTRIBUT+ CREATIVE P[] TO ,CAPITAL & NOT TO !IR [N ACTIVITY1 !Y R5\NCE !IR LIV+ ACTIVITY1 !IR EV]YDAY LIFE1 TO ,CAPITAL1 :I* MEANS ?AT PEOPLE GIVE !MSELVES DAILY1 TO ! P]SONIFICATION ( ,CAPITAL1 ! CAPITALI/4 

,BY SELL+ !IR LABOR1 BY ALI5AT+ !IR ACTIVITY1 PEOPLE DAILY REPRODUCE ! P]SONIFICATIONS ( ! DOM9ANT =MS ( ACTIVITY UND] CAPITALISM1 !Y REPRODUCE ! WAGE-LABOR] & ! CAPITALI/4 ,!Y DO NOT M]ELY REPRODUCE ! 9DIVIDUALS PHYSICALLY1 BUT SOCIALLY AS WELL2 !Y REPRODUCE 9DIVIDUALS :O >E SELL]S ( LABOR-P[]1 & 9DIVIDUALS :O >E [N]S ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION2 !Y REPRODUCE ! 9DIVIDUALS AS WELL AS ! SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES1 ! SALE AS WELL AS ! [N]%IP4 

,EV]Y TIME PEOPLE P]=M AN ACTIVITY !Y HAVE NOT !MSELVES DEF9$ & DO NOT CONTROL1 EV]Y TIME !Y PAY = GOODS !Y PRODUC$ ) MONEY !Y RECEIV$ 9 EX*ANGE = !IR ALI5AT$ ACTIVITY1 EV]Y TIME !Y PASSIVELY ADMIRE ! PRODUCTS ( !IR [N ACTIVITY AS ALI5 OBJECTS PROCUR$ BY !IR MONEY1 !Y GIVE NEW LIFE TO ,CAPITAL & ANNIHILATE !IR [N LIVES4 

,! AIM ( ! PROCESS IS ! REPRODUCTION ( ! RELATION BETWE5 ! WORK] & ! CAPITALI/4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS IS NOT ! AIM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL AG5TS 5GAG$ 9 IT4 ,!IR ACTIVITIES >E NOT TRANSP>5T TO !M2 !IR EYES >E FIX$ ON ! FETI% ?AT /&S BETWE5 ! ACT & ITS RESULT4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL AG5TS KEEP !IR EYES FIX$ ON ?+S1 PRECISELY ?OSE ?+S = :I* CAPITALI/ RELATIONS >E E/ABLI%$4 ,! WORK] AS PRODUC] AIMS TO EX*ANGE HIS DAILY LABOR = MONEY-WAGES1 HE AIMS PRECISELY = ! ?+ ?R\< :I* HIS RELATION TO ! CAPITALI/ IS REE/ABLI%$1 ! ?+ ?R\< :I* HE REPRODUCES HIMSELF AS A WAGE-WORK] & ! O!R AS A CAPITALI/4 ,! WORK] AS CONSUM] EX*ANGES HIS MONEY = PRODUCTS ( LABOR1 PRECISELY ! ?+S :I* ! CAPITALI/ HAS TO SELL 9 ORD] TO REALIZE HIS ,CAPITAL4 

,! DAILY TRANS=MATION ( LIV+ ACTIVITY 9TO ,CAPITAL IS M$IAT$ BY ?+S1 IT IS NOT C>RI$ \T BY ! ?+S4 ,! FETI% WOR%IP] DOES NOT KN[ ?IS2 = HIM LABOR & L&1 9/RUM5TS & MONEY1 5TREPR5EURS & BANK]S1 >E ALL 0FACTORS0 & 0AG5TS40 ,:5 A HUNT] WE>+ AN AMULET D[NS A DE] ) A /ONE1 HE MAY CONSID] ! AMULET AN ESS5TIAL 0FACTOR0 9 D[N+ ! DE] & EV5 9 PROVID+ ! DE] AS AN OBJECT TO BE D[N$4 ,IF HE IS A RESPONSIBLE & WELL-$UCAT$ FETI% WOR%IP]1 HE WILL DEVOTE HIS ATT5TION TO HIS AMULET1 N\RI%+ IT ) C>E & ADMIRATION2 9 ORD] TO IMPROVE ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( HIS LIFE1 HE WILL IMPROVE ! WAY HE WE>S HIS FETI%1 NOT ! WAY HE ?R[S ! /ONE2 9 A B9D1 HE MAY EV5 S5D HIS AMULET TO 0HUNT0 = HIM4 ,HIS [N DAILY ACTIVITIES >E NOT TRANSP>5T TO HIM3 :5 HE EATS WELL1 HE FAILS TO SEE ?AT IT IS HIS [N ACTION ( ?R[+ ! /ONE1 & NOT ! ACTION ( ! AMULET1 ?AT PROVID$ HIS FOOD2 :5 HE />VES1 HE FAILS TO SEE ?AT IT IS HIS [N ACTION ( WOR%IP+ ! AMULET 9/EAD ( HUNT+1 & NOT ! WRA? ( HIS FETI%1 ?AT CAUSES HIS />VATION4 

,! FETI%ISM ( COMMODITIES & MONEY1 ! MY/IFICATION ( ONE'S DAILY ACTIVITIES1 ! RELIGION ( EV]YDAY LIFE :I* ATTRIBUTES LIV+ ACTIVITY TO 9ANIMATE ?+S1 IS NOT A M5TAL CAPRICE BORN 9 M5'S IMAG9ATIONS2 IT HAS ITS ORIG9 9 ! *>ACT] ( SOCIAL RELATIONS UND] CAPITALISM4 ,M5 DO 9 FACT RELATE TO EA* O!R ?R\< ?+S2 ! FETI% IS 9 FACT ! OCCASION = :I* !Y ACT COLLECTIVELY1 & ?R\< :I* !Y REPRODUCE !IR ACTIVITY4 ,BUT IT IS NOT ! FETI% ?AT P]=MS ! ACTIVITY4 ,IT IS NOT ,CAPITAL ?AT TRANS=MS RAW MAT]IALS1 NOR ,CAPITAL ?AT PRODUCES GOODS4 ,IF LIV+ ACTIVITY DID NOT TRANS=M ! MAT]IALS1 !SE W\LD REMA9 UNTRANS=M$1 9]T1 DEAD MATT]4 ,IF M5 W]E NOT DISPOS$ TO CONT9UE SELL+ !IR LIV+ ACTIVITY1 ! IMPOT5CE ( ,CAPITAL W\LD BE REVEAL$2 ,CAPITAL W\LD CEASE TO EXI/2 ITS LA/ REMA9+ POT5CY W\LD BE ! P[] TO REM9D PEOPLE ( A BYPASS$ =M ( EV]YDAY LIFE *>ACT]IZ$ BY DAILY UNIV]SAL PRO/ITUTION4 

,! WORK] ALI5ATES HIS LIFE 9 ORD] TO PRES]VE HIS LIFE4 ,IF HE DID NOT SELL HIS LIV+ ACTIVITY HE C\LD NOT GET A WAGE & C\LD NOT SURVIVE4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS NOT ! WAGE ?AT MAKES ALI5ATION ! CONDITION = SURVIVAL4 ,IF M5 W]E COLLECTIVELY NOT DISPOS$ TO SELL !IR LIVES1 IF !Y W]E DISPOS$ TO TAKE CONTROL OV] !IR [N ACTIVITIES1 UNIV]SAL PRO/ITUTION W\LD NOT BE A CONDITION = SURVIVAL4 ,IT IS PEOPLE'S DISPOSITION TO CONT9UE SELL+ !IR LABOR1 & NOT ! ?+S = :I* !Y SELL IT1 ?AT MAKES ! ALI5ATION ( LIV+ ACTIVITY NECESS>Y = ! PRES]VATION ( LIFE4 

,! LIV+ ACTIVITY SOLD BY ! WORK] IS B\<T BY ! CAPITALI/4  ,& IT IS ONLY ?IS LIV+ ACTIVITY ?AT BREA!S LIFE 9TO ,CAPITAL & MAKES IT 0PRODUCTIVE40 ,! CAPITALI/1 AN 0[N]0 ( RAW MAT]IALS & 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION1 PRES5TS NATURAL OBJECTS & PRODUCTS ( O!R PEOPLE'S LABOR AS HIS [N 0PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,BUT IT IS NOT ! MY/]I\S P[] ( ,CAPITAL ?AT CREATES ! CAPITALI/'S 0PRIVATE PROP]TY02 LIV+ ACTIVITY IS :AT CREATES ! 0PROP]TY10 & ! =M ( ?AT ACTIVITY IS :AT KEEPS IT 0PRIVATE40 

,TRANS=MATION ( ,LIV+ ,ACTIVITY 9TO ,CAPITAL 

,! TRANS=MATION ( LIV+ ACTIVITY 9TO ,CAPITAL TAKES PLACE ?R\< ?+S1 DAILY1 BUT IS NOT C>RI$ \T BY ?+S4 ,?+S :I* >E PRODUCTS ( HUMAN ACTIVITY SEEM TO BE ACTIVE AG5TS BECAUSE ACTIVITIES & CONTACTS >E E/ABLI%$ = & ?R\< ?+S1 & BECAUSE PEOPLE'S ACTIVITIES >E NOT TRANSP>5T TO !M2 !Y CONFUSE ! M$IAT+ OBJECT ) ! CAUSE4 

,9 ! CAPITALI/ PROCESS ( PRODUCTION1 ! WORK] EMBODIES OR MAT]IALIZES HIS ALI5AT$ LIV+ 5]GY 9 AN 9]T OBJECT BY US+ 9/RUM5TS :I* >E EMBODIM5TS ( O!R PEOPLE'S ACTIVITY4  7,SOPHI/ICAT$ 9DU/RIAL 9/RUM5TS EMBODY ! 9TELLECTUAL & MANUAL ACTIVITY ( C\NTLESS G5]ATIONS ( 9V5TORS1 IMPROV]S & PRODUC]S FROM ALL CORN]S ( ! GLOBE & FROM V>I$ =MS ( SOCIETY47 ,! 9/RUM5TS 9 !MSELVES >E 9]T OBJECTS2 !Y >E MAT]IAL EMBODIM5TS ( LIV+ ACTIVITY1 BUT >E NOT !MSELVES ALIVE4 ,! ONLY ACTIVE AG5T 9 ! PRODUCTION PROCESS IS ! LIV+ LABOR]4 ,HE USES ! PRODUCTS ( O!R PEOPLE'S LABOR & 9FUSES !M ) LIFE1 SO TO SPEAK1 BUT ! LIFE IS HIS [N2 HE IS NOT ABLE TO RESURRECT ! 9DIVIDUALS :O /OR$ !IR LIV+ ACTIVITY 9 HIS 9/RUM5T4 ,! 9/RUM5T MAY 5ABLE HIM TO DO MORE DUR+ A GIV5 TIME P]IOD1 & 9 ?IS S5SE IT MAY RAISE HIS PRODUCTIVITY4 ,BUT ONLY ! LIV+ LABOR :I* IS ABLE TO PRODUCE CAN BE PRODUCTIVE4 

,= EXAMPLE1 :5 AN 9DU/RIAL WORK] RUNS AN ELECTRIC LA!1 HE USES PRODUCTS ( ! LABOR ( G5]ATIONS ( PHYSICI/S1 9V5TORS1 ELECTRICAL 5G9E]S1 LA! MAK]S4 ,HE IS OBVI\SLY MORE PRODUCTIVE ?AN A CRAFTSMAN :O C>VES ! SAME OBJECT BY H&4 ,BUT IT IS 9 NO S5SE ! 0,CAPITAL0 AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! 9DU/RIAL WORK] :I* IS MORE 0PRODUCTIVE0 ?AN ! 0,CAPITAL0 ( ! CRAFTSMAN4 ,IF G5]ATIONS ( 9TELLECTUAL & MANUAL ACTIVITY HAD NOT BE5 EMBODI$ 9 ! ELECTRIC LA!1 IF ! 9DU/RIAL WORK] HAD TO 9V5T ! LA!1 ELECTRICITY1 & ! ELECTRIC LA!1 !N IT W\LD TAKE HIM NUM]\S LIFETIMES TO TURN A S+LE OBJECT ON AN ELECTRIC LA!1 & NO AM\NT ( ,CAPITAL C\LD RAISE HIS PRODUCTIVITY ABOVE ?AT ( ! CRAFTSMAN :O C>VES ! OBJECT BY H&4 

,! NOTION ( ! 0PRODUCTIVITY ( CAPITAL10 & P>TICUL>LY ! DETAIL$ MEASUREM5T ( ?AT 0PRODUCTIVITY10 >E 9V5TIONS ( ! 0SCI5CE0 ( ,ECONOMICS1 ?AT RELIGION ( CAPITALI/ DAILY LIFE :I* USES UP PEOPLE'S 5]GY 9 ! WOR%IP1 ADMIRATION & FLATT]Y ( ! C5TRAL FETI% ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,M$IEVAL COLLEAGUES ( !SE 0SCI5TI/S0 P]=M$ DETAIL$ MEASUREM5TS ( ! HEI<T & WID? ( ANGELS 9 ,HEAV51 )\T EV] ASK+ :AT ANGELS OR ,HEAV5 W]E1 & TAK+ = GRANT$ ! EXI/5CE ( BO?4 

,! RESULT ( ! WORK]'S SOLD ACTIVITY IS A PRODUCT :I* DOES NOT BELONG TO HIM4 ,?IS PRODUCT IS AN EMBODIM5T ( HIS LABOR1 A MAT]IALIZATION ( A P>T ( HIS LIFE1 A RECEPTACLE :I* CONTA9S HIS LIV+ ACTIVITY1 BUT IT IS NOT HIS2 IT IS3 AS ALI5 TO HIM AS HIS LABOR4 ,HE DID NOT DECIDE TO MAKE IT1 & :5 IT IS MADE HE DOES NOT DISPOSE ( IT4 ,IF HE WANTS IT1 HE HAS TO BUY IT4 ,:AT HE HAS MADE IS NOT SIMPLY A PRODUCT ) C]TA9 USEFUL PROP]TIES2 = ?AT HE DID NOT NE$ TO SELL HIS LABOR TO A CAPITALI/ 9 EX*ANGE = A WAGE2 HE NE$ ONLY HAVE PICK$ ! NECESS>Y MAT]IALS & ! AVAILABLE TOOLS1 HE NE$ ONLY HAVE %AP$ ! MAT]IALS GUID$ BY HIS GOALS & LIMIT$ BY HIS KN[L$GE & ABILITY4 7,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT AN 9DIVIDUAL CAN ONLY DO ?IS M>G9ALLY2 M5'S APPROPRIATION & USE ( ! MAT]IALS & TOOLS AVAILABLE TO !M CAN ONLY TAKE PLACE AFT] ! OV]?R[ ( ! CAPITALI/ =M ( ACTIVITY47 

,:AT ! WORK] PRODUCES UND] CAPITALI/ CONDITIONS IS A PRODUCT ) A V]Y SPECIFIC PROP]TY1 ! PROP]TY ( SALABILITY4 ,:AT HIS ALI5AT$ ACTIVITY PRODUCES IS A COMMODITY4 

,BECAUSE CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION IS COMMODITY PRODUCTION1 ! /ATEM5T ?AT ! GOAL ( ! PROCESS IS ! SATISFACTION ( HUMAN NE$S IS FALSE2 IT IS A RATIONALIZATION & AN APOLOGY4 ,! 0SATISFACTION ( HUMAN NE$S0 IS NOT ! GOAL ( ! CAPITALI/ OR ( ! WORK] 5GAG$ 9 PRODUCTION1 NOR IS IT A RESULT ( ! PROCESS4 ,! WORK] SELLS HIS LABOR 9 ORD] TO GET A WAGE2 ! SPECIFIC CONT5T ( ! LABOR IS 9DIFF]5T TO HIM2 HE DOES NOT ALI5ATE HIS LABOR TO A CAPITALI/ :O DOES NOT GIVE HIM A WAGE 9 EX*ANGE = IT1 NO MATT] H[ MANY HUMAN NE$S ?IS CAPITALI/'S PRODUCTS MAY SATISFY4 ,! CAPITALI/ BUYS LABOR & 5GAGES IT 9 PRODUCTION 9 ORD] TO EM]GE ) COMMODITIES :I* CAN BE SOLD4 ,HE IS 9DIFF]5T TO ! SPECIFIC PROP]TIES ( ! PRODUCT1 JU/ AS HE IS 9DIFF]5T TO PEOPLE'S NE$S2 ALL ?AT 9T]E/S HIM AB\T ! PRODUCT IS H[ MU* IT WILL SELL =1 & ALL ?AT 9T]E/S HIM AB\T PEOPLE'S NE$S IS H[ MU* !Y 0NE$0 TO BUY & H[ !Y CAN BE CO]C$1 ?R\< PROPAG&A & PSY*OLOGICAL CONDITION+1 TO 0NE$0 MORE4 ,! CAPITALI/'S GOAL ,IS TO SATISFY HIS NE$ TO REPRODUCE & 5L>GE ,CAPITAL1 & ! RESULT ( ! PROCESS IS ! EXP&$ REPRODUCTION ( WAGE LABOR & ,CAPITAL 7:I* >E NOT 0HUMAN NE$S074 

,! COMMODITY PRODUC$ BY ! WORK] IS EX*ANG$ BY ! CAPITALI/ = A SPECIFIC QUANTITY ( MONEY2 ! COMMODITY IS A VALUE :I* IS EX*ANG$ = AN EQUIVAL5T VALUE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! LIV+ & PA/ LABOR MAT]IALIZ$ 9 ! PRODUCT CAN EXI/ 9 TWO DI/9CT YET EQUIVAL5T =MS1 9 COMMODITIES & 9 MONEY1 OR 9 :AT IS COMMON TO BO?1 VALUE4 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT VALUE IS LABOR4 ,VALUE IS ! SOCIAL =M ( REIFI$ 7MAT]IALIZ$7 LABOR 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 

,UND] CAPITALISM1 SOCIAL RELATIONS >E NOT E/ABLI%$ DIRECTLY2 !Y >E E/ABLI%$ ?R\< VALUE4 ,EV]YDAY ACTIVITY IS NOT EX*ANG$ DIRECTLY2 IT IS EX*ANG$ 9 ! =M ( VALUE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 :AT HAPP5S TO LIV+ ACTIVITY UND] CAPITALISM CANNOT BE TRAC$ BY OBS]V+ ! ACTIVITY ITSELF1 BUT ONLY BY FOLL[+ ! METAMORPHOSES ( VALUE4 

,:5 ! LIV+ ACTIVITY ( PEOPLE TAKES ! =M ( LABOR 7ALI5AT$ ACTIVITY71 IT ACQUIRES ! PROP]TY ( EX*ANGEABILITY2 IT ACQUIRES ! =M ( VALUE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! LABOR CAN BE EX*ANG$ = AN 0EQUIVAL5T0 QUANTITY ( MONEY 7WAGES74 ,! DELIB]ATE ALI5ATION ( LIV+ ACTIVITY1 :I* IS P]CEIV$ AS NECESS>Y = SURVIVAL BY ! MEMB]S ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 ITSELF REPRODUCES ! CAPITALI/ =M )9 :I* ALI5ATION IS NECESS>Y = SURVIVAL4 ,BECAUSE ( ! FACT ?AT LIV+ ACTIVITY HAS ! =M ( VALUE1 ! PRODUCTS ( ?AT ACTIVITY MU/ ALSO HAVE ! =M ( VALUE3 !Y MU/ BE EX*ANGEABLE = MONEY4 ,?IS IS OBVI\S S9CE1 IF ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR DID NOT TAKE ! =M ( VALUE1 BUT = EXAMPLE ! =M ( USEFUL OBJECTS AT ! DISPOSAL ( SOCIETY1 !N !Y W\LD EI!R REMA9 9 ! FACTORY OR !Y W\LD BE TAK5 FREELY BY ! MEMB]S ( SOCIETY :5EV] A NE$ = !M >OSE2 9 EI!R CASE1 ! MONEY-WAGES RECEIV$ BY ! WORK]S W\LD HAVE NO VALUE1 & LIV+ ACTIVITY C\LD NOT BE SOLD = AN 0EQUIVAL5T0 QUANTITY ( MONEY2 LIV+ ACTIVITY C\LD NOT BE ALI5AT$4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 AS SOON AS LIV+ ACTIVITY TAKES ! =M ( VALUE1 ! PRODUCTS ( ?AT ACTIVITY TAKE ! =M ( VALUE1 & ! REPRODUCTION ( EV]YDAY LIFE TAKES PLACE ?R\< *ANGES OR METAMORPHOSES ( VALUE4 

,! CAPITALI/ SELLS ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR ON A M>KET2 HE EX*ANGES !M = AN EQUIVAL5T SUM ( MONEY2 HE REALIZES A DET]M9$ VALUE4  ,! SPECIFIC MAGNITUDE ( ?IS VALUE ON A P>TICUL> M>KET IS ! PRICE ( ! COMMODITIES4 ,= ! ACADEMIC ,ECONOMI/1 ,PRICE IS ,/4 ,PET]'S KEY TO ! GATES ( ,HEAV54 ,LIKE ,CAPITAL ITSELF1 ,PRICE MOVES )9 A WOND]FUL WORLD :I* CONSI/S 5TIRELY ( OBJECTS2 ! OBJECTS HAVE HUMAN RELATIONS ) EA* O!R1 & >E ALIVE2 !Y TRANS=M EA* O!R1 COMMUNICATE ) EA* O!R2 !Y M>RY & HAVE *ILDR54 ,& ( C\RSE IT IS ONLY ?R\< ! GRACE ( !SE 9TELLIG5T1 P[]FUL & CREATIVE OBJECTS ?AT PEOPLE CAN BE SO HAPPY 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 

,9 ! ,ECONOMI/'S PICTORIAL REPRES5TATIONS ( ! WORK+S ( HEAV51 ! ANGELS DO EV]Y?+ & M5 DO NO?+ AT ALL2 M5 SIMPLY 5JOY :AT !SE SUP]IOR BE+S DO = !M4 ,NOT ONLY DOES ,CAPITAL PRODUCE & MONEY WORK2 O!R MY/]I\S BE+S HAVE SIMIL> VIRTUES4 ,?US ,SUPPLY1 A QUANTITY ( ?+S :I* >E SOLD1 & ,DEM&1 A QUANTITY ( ?+S :I* >E B\<T1 TOGE!R DET]M9E ,PRICE1 A QUANTITY ( MONEY2 :5 ,SUPPLY & ,DEM& M>RY ON A P>TICUL> PO9T ( ! DIAGRAM1 !Y GIVE BIR? TO ,EQUILIBRIUM ,PRICE1 :I* CORRESPONDS TO A UNIV]SAL /ATE ( BLISS4 ,! ACTIVITIES ( EV]YDAY LIFE >E PLAY$ \T BY ?+S1 & PEOPLE >E R$UC$ TO ?+S 70FACTORS ( PRODUCTION07 DUR+ !IR PRODUCTIVE0 H\RS1 & TO PASSIVE SPECTATORS ( ?+S DUR+ !IR 0LEISURE TIME40 ,! VIRTUE ( ! ,ECONOMIC ,SCI5TI/ CONSI/S ( HIS ABILITY TO ATTRIBUTE ! \TCOME ( PEOPLE'S EV]YDAY ACTIVITIES TO ?+S1 & ( HIS 9ABILITY TO SEE ! LIV+ ACTIVITY ( PEOPLE UND]NEA? ! ANTICS ( ! ?+S4 ,= ! ,ECONOMI/1 ! ?+S ?R\< :I* ! ACTIVITY ( PEOPLE IS REGULAT$ UND] CAPITALISM >E !MSELVES ! MO!RS & SONS1 ! CAUSES & CONSEQU5CES ( !IR [N ACTIVITY4 

,! MAGNITUDE ( VALUE1 NAMELY ! PRICE ( A COMMODITY1 ! QUANTITY ( MONEY = :I* IT EX*ANGES1 IS NOT DET]M9$ BY ?+S1 BUT BY ! DAILY ACTIVITIES ( PEOPLE4 ,SUPPLY & DEM&1 P]FECT & IMP]FECT COMPETITION1 >E NO?+ MORE ?AN SOCIAL =MS ( PRODUCTS & ACTIVITIES 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY2 !Y HAVE NO LIFE ( !IR [N4  ,! FACT ?AT ACTIVITY IS ALI5AT$1 NAMELY ?AT LABOR-TIME IS SOLD = A SPECIFIC SUM ( MONEY1 ?AT IT HAS A C]TA9 VALUE1 HAS SEV]AL CONSEQU5CES = ! MAGNITUDE ( ! VALUE ( ! PRODUCTS ( ?AT LABOR4 ,! VALUE ( ! SOLD COMMODITIES MU/ AT LEA/ BE EQUAL TO ! VALUE ( ! LABOR-TIME4 ,?IS IS OBVI\S BO? FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/ FIRM1 & FROM ! /&PO9T ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,IF ! VALUE ( ! COMMODITIES SOLD BY ! 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/ W]E SMALL] ?AN ! VALUE ( ! LABOR HE HIR$1 !N HIS LABOR EXP5DITURES ALONE W\LD BE L>G] ?AN HIS E>N+S1 & HE W\LD QUICKLY GO BANKRUPT4 ,SOCIALLY1 IF ! VALUE ( ! LABOR]S PRODUCTION W]E SMALL] ?AN ! VALUE ( !IR CONSUMPTION1 !N ! LABOR =CE C\LD NOT EV5 REPRODUCE ITSELF1 NOT TO SPEAK ( A CLASS ( CAPITALI/S4 ,H[EV]1 IF ! VALUE ( ! COMMODITIES W]E M]ELY EQUAL TO ! VALUE ( ! LABOR- TIME EXP5D$ ON !M1 ! COMMODITY PRODUC]S W\LD M]ELY REPRODUCE !MSELVES1 & !IR SOCIETY W\LD NOT BE A CAPITALI/ SOCIETY2 !IR ACTIVITY MI<T /ILL CONSI/ ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION1 BUT IT W\LD NOT BE CAPITALI/ COMMODITY PRODUCTION4 

,= LABOR TO CREATE ,CAPITAL1 ! VALUE ( ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR MU/ BE L>G] ?AN ! VALUE ( ! LABOR4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! LABOR =CE MU/ PRODUCE A SURPLUS PRODUCT1 A QUANTITY ( GOODS :I* IT DOES NOT CONSUME1 & ?IS SURPLUS PRODUCT MU/ BE TRANS=M$ 9TO SURPLUS VALUE1 A =M ( VALUE :I* IS NOT APPROPRIAT$ BY WORK]S AS WAGES1 BUT BY CAPITALI/S AS PR(IT4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! VALUE ( ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR MU/ BE L>G] /ILL1 S9CE LIV+ LABOR IS NOT ! ONLY K9D ( LABOR MAT]IALIZ$ 9 !M4 ,9 ! PRODUCTION PROCESS1 WORK]S EXP5D !IR [N 5]GY1 BUT !Y ALSO USE UP ! /OR$ LABOR ( O!RS AS 9/RUM5TS1 & !Y %APE MAT]IALS ON :I* LABOR WAS PREVI\SLY EXP5D$4 

,?IS LEADS TO ! /RANGE RESULT ?AT ! VALUE ( ! LABOR]'S PRODUCTS & ! VALUE ( HIS WAGE >E DIFF]5T MAGNITUDES1 NAMELY ?AT ! SUM ( MONEY RECEIV$ BY ! CAPITALI/ :5 HE SELLS ! COMMODITIES PRODUC$ BY HIS HIR$ LABOR]S IS DIFF]5T FROM ! SUM HE PAYS ! LABOR]S4 ,?IS DIFF]5CE IS NOT EXPLA9$ BY ! FACT ?AT ! US$-UP MAT]IALS & TOOLS MU/ BE PAID =4 ,IF ! VALUE ( ! SOLD COMMODITIES W]E EQUAL TO ! VALUE ( ! LIV+ LABOR & ! 9/RUM5TS1 !RE W\LD /ILL BE NO ROOM = CAPITALI/S4  ,! FACT IS ?AT ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TWO MAGNITUDES MU/ BE L>GE 5\< TO SUPPORT A CLASS ( CAPITALI/S -- NOT ONLY ! 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT ALSO ! SPECIFIC ACTIVITY ?AT !SE 9DIVIDUALS 5GAGE 91 NAMELY ! PUR*ASE ( LABOR4 ,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TOTAL VALUE ( ! PRODUCTS & ! VALUE ( ! LABOR SP5T ON !IR PRODUCTION IS SURPLUS VALUE1 ! SE$ ( ,CAPITAL4 

,9 ORD] TO LOCATE ! ORIG9 ( SURPLUS VALUE1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO EXAM9E :Y ! VALUE ( ! LABOR IS SMALL] ?AN ! VALUE ( ! COMMODITIES PRODUC$ BY IT4 ,! ALI5AT$ ACTIVITY ( ! WORK] TRANS=MS MAT]IALS ) ! AID ( 9/RUM5TS1 & PRODUCES A C]TA9 QUANTITY ( COMMODITIES4 ,H[EV]1 :5 !SE COMMODITIES >E SOLD & ! US$-UP MAT]IALS & 9/RUM5TS >E PAID =1 ! WORK]S >E NOT GIV5 ! REMA9+ VALUE ( !IR PRODUCTS AS !IR WAGES2 !Y >E GIV5 LESS4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 DUR+ EV]Y WORK+ DAY1 ! WORK]S P]=M A C]TA9 QUANTITY ( UNPAID LABOR1 =C$ LABOR1 = :I* !Y RECEIVE NO EQUIVAL5T4 

,! P]=MANCE ( ?IS UNPAID LABOR1 ?IS =C$ LABOR1 IS ANO!R 0CONDITION = SURVIVAL0 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,H[EV]1 LIKE ALI5ATION1 ?IS CONDITION IS NOT IMPOS$ BY NATURE1 BUT BY ! COLLECTIVE PRACTICE ( PEOPLE1 BY !IR EV]YDAY ACTIVITIES4 ,BE=E ! EXI/5CE ( UNIONS1 AN 9DIVIDUAL WORK] ACCEPT$ :ATEV] =C$ LABOR WAS AVAILABLE1 S9CE REJECTION ( ! LABOR W\LD HAVE MEANT ?AT O!R WORK]S W\LD ACCEPT ! AVAILABLE T]MS ( EX*ANGE1 & ! 9DIVIDUAL WORK] W\LD RECEIVE NO WAGE4 ,WORK]S COMPET$ ) EA* O!R = ! WAGES (F]$ BY CAPITALI/S2 IF A WORK] QUIT BECAUSE ! WAGE WAS UNACCEPTABLY L[1 AN UNEMPLOY$ WORK] WAS WILL+ TO REPLACE HIM1 S9CE = ! UNEMPLOY$ A SMALL WAGE IS HI<] ?AN NO WAGE AT ALL4 ,?IS COMPETITION AMONG WORK]S WAS CALL$ 0FREE LABOR0 BY CAPITALI/S1 :O MADE GREAT SACRIFICES TO MA9TA9 ! FRE$OM ( WORK]S1 S9CE IT WAS PRECISELY ?IS FRE$OM ?AT PRES]V$ ! SURPLUS VALUE ( ! CAPITALI/ & MADE IT POSSIBLE = HIM TO ACCUMULATE ,CAPITAL4 ,IT WAS NOT ANY WORK]'S AIM TO PRODUCE MORE GOODS ?AN HE WAS PAID =4 ,HIS AIM WAS TO GET A WAGE :I* WAS AS L>GE AS POSSIBLE4 ,H[EV]1 ! EXI/5CE ( WORK]S :O GOT NO WAGE AT ALL1 & :OSE CONCEPTION ( A L>GE WAGE WAS CONSEQU5TLY MORE MODE/ ?AN ?AT ( AN EMPLOY$ WORK]1 MADE IT POSSIBLE = ! CAPITALI/ TO HIRE LABOR AT A L[] WAGE4 ,9 FACT1 ! EXI/5CE ( UNEMPLOY$ WORK]S MADE IT POSSIBLE = ! CAPITALI/ TO PAY ! L[E/ WAGE ?AT WORK]S W]E WILL+ TO WORK =4 ,?US ! RESULT ( ! COLLECTIVE DAILY ACTIVITY ( ! WORK]S1 EA* /RIV+ 9DIVIDUALLY = ! L>GE/ POSSIBLE WAGE1 WAS TO L[] ! WAGES ( ALL2 ! EFFECT ( ! COMPETITION ( EA* AGA9/ ALL WAS ?AT ALL GOT ! SMALLE/ POSSIBLE WAGE1 & ! CAPITALI/ GOT ! L>GE/ POSSIBLE SURPLUS4 

,! DAILY PRACTICE ( ALL ANNULS ! GOALS ( EA*4 ,BUT ! WORK]S DID NOT KN[ ?AT !IR SITUATION WAS A PRODUCT ( !IR [N DAILY BEHAVIOR2 !IR [N ACTIVITIES W]E NOT TRANSP>5T TO !M4 ,TO ! WORK]S IT SEEM$ ?AT L[ WAGES W]E SIMPLY A NATURAL P>T ( LIFE1 LIKE ILLNESS & DEA?1 & ?AT FALL+ WAGES W]E A NATURAL CATA/ROPHE1 LIKE A FLOOD OR A H>D W9T]4 ,! CRITIQUES ( SOCIALI/S & ! ANALYZES ( ,M>X1 AS WELL AS AN 9CREASE 9 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T :I* AF=D$ MORE TIME = REFLECTION1 /RIPP$ AWAY SOME ( ! VEILS & MADE IT POSSIBLE = WORK]S TO SEE ?R\< !IR ACTIVITIES TO SOME EXT5T4 ,H[EV]1 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 WORK]S DID NOT GET RID ( ! CAPITALI/ =M ( DAILY LIFE2 !Y =M$ UNIONS4 ,& 9 ! DIFF]5T MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & ,EA/]N ,EUROPE1 WORK]S 7& PEASANTS7 REPLAC$ ! CAPITALI/ CLASS ) A /ATE BUREAUCRACY ?AT PUR*ASES ALI5AT$ LABOR & ACCUMULATES ,CAPITAL 9 ! NAME ( ,M>X4 

,) UNIONS1 DAILY LIFE IS SIMIL> TO :AT IT WAS BE=E UNIONS4 ,9 FACT1 IT IS ALMO/ ! SAME4 ,DAILY LIFE CONT9UES TO CONSI/ ( LABOR1 ( ALI5AT$ ACTIVITY1 & ( UNPAID LABOR1 OR =C$ LABOR4  ,! UNIONIZ$ WORK] NO LONG] SETTLES ! T]MS ( HIS ALI5ATION2 UNION FUNCTION>IES DO ?IS = HIM4 ,! T]MS ON :I* ! WORK]'S ACTIVITY IS ALI5AT$ >E NO LONG] GUID$ BY ! 9DIVIDUAL WORK]'S NE$ TO ACCEPT :AT IS AVAILABLE2 !Y >E N[ GUID$ BY ! UNION BUREAUCRAT'S NE$ TO MA9TA9 HIS POSITION AS PIMP BETWE5 ! SELL]S ( LABOR & ! BUY]S4 

,) OR )\T UNIONS1 SURPLUS VALUE IS NEI!R A PRODUCT ( NATURE NOR ( ,CAPITAL2 IT IS CREAT$ BY ! DAILY ACTIVITIES ( PEOPLE4 ,9 ! P]=MANCE ( !IR DAILY ACTIVITIES1 PEOPLE >E NOT ONLY DISPOS$ TO ALI5ATE !SE ACTIVITIES1 !Y >E ALSO DISPOS$ TO REPRODUCE ! CONDITIONS :I* =CE !M TO ALI5ATE !IR ACTIVITIES1 TO REPRODUCE ,CAPITAL & ?US ! P[] ( ,CAPITAL TO PUR*ASE LABOR4 ,?IS IS NOT BECAUSE !Y DO NOT KN[ 0:AT ! ALT]NATIVE IS40 ,A P]SON :O IS 9CAPACITAT$ BY *RONIC 9DIGE/ION BECAUSE HE EATS TOO MU* GREASE DOES NOT CONT9UE EAT+ GREASE BECAUSE HE DOES NOT KN[ :AT ! ALT]NATIVE IS4 ,EI!R HE PREF]S BE+ 9CAPACITAT$ TO GIV+ UP GREASE1 OR ELSE IT IS NOT CLE> TO HIM ?AT HIS DAILY CONSUMPTION ( GREASE CAUSES HIS 9CAPACITY4 ,& IF HIS DOCTOR1 PREA*]1 TEA*] & POLITICIAN TELL HIM1 FIR/1 ?AT ! GREASE IS :AT KEEPS HIM ALIVE1 & SECONDLY ?AT !Y ALREADY DO = HIM EV]Y?+ HE W\LD DO IF HE W]E WELL1 !N IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT HIS ACTIVITY IS NOT TRANSP>5T TO HIM & ?AT HE MAKES NO GREAT EF=T TO R5D] IT TRANSP>5T4 

,! PRODUCTION ( SURPLUS VALUE IS A CONDITION ( SURVIVAL1 NOT = ! POPULATION1 BUT = ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM SURPLUS VALUE IS ! PORTION ( ! VALUE ( COMMODITIES PRODUC$ BY LABOR :I* IS NOT RETURN$ TO ! LABOR]S4 ,IT CAN BE EXPRESS$ EI!R 9 COMMODITIES OR 9 MONEY 7JU/ AS ,CAPITAL CAN BE EXPRESS$ EI!R AS A QUANTITY ?+S OR ( MONEY71 BUT ?IS DOES NOT ALT] ! FACT ?AT IT IS AN EXPRESSION = ! MAT]IALIZ$ LABOR :I* IS /OR$ 9 A GIV5 QUANTITY ( PRODUCTS4 ,S9CE ! PRODUCTS CAN BE EX*ANG$ = AN 0EQUIVAL5T0 QUANTITY ( MONEY1 ! MONEY 0/&S =10 OR REPRES5TS1 ! SAME VALUE AS ! PRODUCTS4 ,! MONEY CAN1 9 TURN1 BE EX*ANG$ = ANO!R QUANTITY ( PRODUCTS ( 0EQUIVAL5T0 VALUE4  ,! 5SEMBLE ( !SE EX*ANGES1 :I* TAKE PLACE SIMULTANE\SLY DUR+ ! P]=MANCE ( CAPITALI/ DAILY LIFE1 CON/ITUTES ! CAPITALI/ PROCESS ( CIRCULATION4 ,IT IS ?R\< ?IS PROCESS ?AT ! METAMORPHOSIS ( SURPLUS VALUE 9TO ,CAPITAL TAKES PLACE4 

,! PORTION ( VALUE :I* DOES NOT RETURN TO LABOR1 NAMELY SURPLUS VALUE1 ALL[S ! CAPITALI/ TO EXI/1 & IT ALSO ALL[S HIM TO DO MU* MORE ?AN SIMPLY EXI/4 ,! CAPITALI/ 9VE/S A PORTION ( ?IS SURPLUS VALUE2 HE HIRES NEW WORK]S & BUYS NEW MEANS ( PRODUCTION2 HE EXP&S HIS DOM9ION4 ,:AT ?IS MEANS IS ?AT ! CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATES NEW LABOR1 BO? 9 ! =M ( ! LIV+ LABOR HE HIRES & ( ! PA/ LABOR 7PAID & UNPAID7 :I* IS /OR$ 9 ! MAT]IALS & MA*9ES HE BUYS4 

,! CAPITALI/ CLASS AS A :OLE ACCUMULATES ! SURPLUS LABOR ( SOCIETY1 BUT ?IS PROCESS TAKES PLACE ON A SOCIAL SCALE & CONSEQU5TLY CANNOT BE SE5 IF ONE OBS]VES ONLY ! ACTIVITIES ( AN 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/4 ,IT MU/ BE REMEMB]$ ?AT ! PRODUCTS B\<T BY A GIV5 CAPITALI/ AS 9/RUM5TS HAVE ! SAME *>ACT]I/ICS AS ! PRODUCTS HE SELLS4 ,A FIR/ CAPITALI/ SELLS 9/RUM5TS TO A SECOND CAPITALI/ = A GIV5 SUM ( VALUE1 & ONLY A P>T ( ?IS VALUE IS RETURN$ TO WORK]S AS WAGES2 ! REMA9+ P>T IS SURPLUS VALUE1 ) :I* ! FIR/ CAPITALI/ BUYS NEW 9/RUM5TS & LABOR4 ,! SECOND CAPITALI/ BUYS ! 9/RUM5TS = ! GIV5 VALUE1 :I* MEANS ?AT HE PAYS = ! TOTAL QUANTITY ( LABOR R5D]$ TO ! FIR/ CAPITALI/1 ! QUANTITY ( LABOR :I* WAS REMUN]AT$ AS WELL AS ! QUANTITY P]=M$ FREE ( *>GE4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT ! 9/RUM5TS ACCUMULAT$ BY ! SECOND CAPITALI/ CONTA9 ! UNPAID LABOR P]=M$ = ! FIR/4 ,! SECOND CAPITALI/1 9 TURN1 SELLS HIS PRODUCTS = A GIV5 VALUE1 & RETURNS ONLY A PORTION ( ?IS VALUE TO HIS LABOR]S2 HE USES ! REMA9D] = NEW 9/RUM5TS & LABOR4 

,IF ! :OLE PROCESS W]E SQUEEZ$ 9TO A S+LE TIME P]IOD1 & IF ALL ! CAPITALI/S W]E AGGREGAT$ 9TO ONE1 IT W\LD BE SE5 ?AT ! VALUE ) :I* ! CAPITALI/ ACQUIRES NEW 9/RUM5TS & LABOR IS EQUAL TO ! VALUE ( ! PRODUCTS :I* HE DID NOT RETURN TO ! PRODUC]S4 ,?IS ACCUMULAT$ SURPLUS LABOR IS ,CAPITAL4 

,9 T]MS ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 ! TOTAL ,CAPITAL IS EQUAL TO ! SUM ( UNPAID LABOR P]=M$ BY G5]ATIONS ( HUMAN BE+S :OSE LIVES CONSI/$ ( ! DAILY ALI5ATION ( !IR LIV+ ACTIVITY4 ,9 O!R WORDS ,CAPITAL1 9 ! FACE ( :I* M5 SELL !IR LIV+ DAYS1 IS ! PRODUCT ( ! SOLD ACTIVITY ( M51 & IS REPRODUC$ & EXP&$ EV]Y DAY A MAN SELLS ANO!R WORK+ DAY1 EV]Y MOM5T HE DECIDES TO CONT9UE LIV+ ! CAPITALI/ =M ( DAILY LIFE4 

,/ORAGE & ,ACCUMULATION ( ,HUMAN ,ACTIVITY 

,! TRANS=MATION ( SURPLUS LABOR 9TO ,CAPITAL IS A SPECIFIC HI/ORICAL =M ( A MORE G5]AL PROCESS1 ! PROCESS ( 9DU/RIALIZATION1 ! P]MAN5T TRANS=MATION ( MAN'S MAT]IAL 5VIRONM5T4 

,C]TA9 ESS5TIAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( ?IS CONSEQU5CE ( HUMAN ACTIVITY UND] CAPITALISM CAN HE GRASP$ BY MEANS ( A SIMPLIFI$ ILLU/RATION4 ,9 AN IMAG9>Y SOCIETY1 PEOPLE SP5D MO/ ( !IR ACTIVE TIME PRODUC+ FOOD & O!R NECESSITIES2 ONLY P>T ( !IR TIME IS 0SURPLUS TIME0 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT IS EXEMPT$ FROM ! PRODUCTION ( NECESSITIES4 ,?IS SURPLUS ACTIVITY MAY BE DEVOT$ TO ! PRODUCTION ( FOOD = PRIE/S & W>RIORS :O DO NOT !MSELVES PRODUCE2 IT MAY BE US$ TO PRODUCE GOODS :I* >E BURN$ = SACR$ OCCASIONS2 IT MAY BE US$ UP 9 ! P]=MANCE ( C]EMONIES OR GYMNA/IC EX]CISES4 ,9 ANY ( !SE CASES1 ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( !SE PEOPLE >E NOT LIKELY TO *ANGE1 FROM ONE G5]ATION TO ANO!R1 AS A RESULT ( !IR DAILY ACTIVITIES4 ,H[EV]1 ONE G5]ATION ( PEOPLE ( ?IS IMAG9>Y SOCIETY MAY /ORE !IR SURPLUS TIME 9/EAD ( US+ IT UP4 ,= EXAMPLE1 !Y MAY SP5D ?IS SURPLUS TIME W9D+ UP SPR+S4 ,! NEXT G5]ATION MAY UNW9D ! 5]GY /OR$ 9 ! SPR+S TO P]=M NECESS>Y TASKS1 OR MAY SIMPLY USE ! 5]GY ( ! SPR+S TO W9D NEW SPR+S4 ,9 EI!R CASE1 ! /OR$ SURPLUS LABOR ( ! E>LI] G5]ATION WILL PROVIDE ! NEW G5]ATION ) A L>G] QUANTITY ( SURPLUS WORK+ TIME4  ,! NEW G5]ATION MAY ALSO /ORE ?IS SURPLUS 9 SPR+S & 9 O!R RECEPTACLES4 ,9 A RELATIVELY %ORT P]IOD1 ! LABOR /OR$ 9 ! SPR+S WILL EXCE$ ! LABOR TIME AVAILABLE TO ANY LIV+ G5]ATION2 ) ! EXP5DITURE ( RELATIVELY LITTLE 5]GY1 ! PEOPLE ( ?IS IMAG9>Y SOCIETY WILL BE ABLE TO H>NESS ! SPR+S TO MO/ ( !IR NECESS>Y TASKS1 & ALSO TO ! TASK ( W9D+ NEW SPR+S = COM+ G5]ATIONS4 ,MO/ ( ! LIV+ H\RS :I* !Y PREVI\SLY SP5T PRODUC+ NECESSITIES WILL N[ BE AVAILABLE = ACTIVITIES :I* >E NOT DICTAT$ BY NECESSITY BUT PROJECT$ BY ! IMAG9ATION4 

,AT FIR/ GLANCE IT SEEMS UNLIKELY ?AT PEOPLE W\LD DEVOTE LIV+ H\RS TO ! BIZ>RE TASK ( W9D+ SPR+S4 ,IT SEEMS JU/ AS UNLIKELY1 EV5 IF !Y W\ND ! SPR+S1 ?AT !Y W\LD /ORE !M = FUTURE G5]ATIONS1 S9CE ! UNW9D+ ( ! SPR+S MI<T PROVIDE1 = EXAMPLE1 A M>VEL\S SPECTACLE ON FE/IVE DAYS4 

,H[EV]1 IF PEOPLE DID NOT DISPOSE ( !IR [N LIVES1 IF !IR WORK+ ACTIVITY W]E NOT !IR [N1 IF !IR PRACTICAL ACTIVITY CONSI/$ ( =C$ LABOR1 !N HUMAN ACTIVITY MI<T WELL BE H>NESS$ TO ! TASK ( W9D+ SPR+S1 ! TASK ( /OR+ SURPLUS WORK+ TIME 9 MAT]IAL RECEPTACLES4 ,! HI/ORICAL ROLE ( CAPITALISM1 A ROLE :I* WAS P]=M$ BY PEOPLE :O ACCEPT$ ! LEGITIMACY ( O!RS TO DISPOSE ( !IR LIVES1 CONSI/$ PRECISELY ( /OR+ HUMAN ACTIVITY 9 MAT]IAL RECEPTACLES BY MEANS ( =C$ LABOR4 

,AS SOON AS PEOPLE SUBMIT TO ! 0P[]0 ( MONEY TO BUY /OR$ LABOR AS WELL AS LIV+ ACTIVITY1 AS SOON AS !Y ACCEPT ! FICTIONAL 0RI<T0 ( MONEY-HOLD]S TO CONTROL & DISPOSE ( ! /OR$ AS WELL AS ! LIV+ ACTIVITY ( SOCIETY1 !Y TRANS=M MONEY 9TO ,CAPITAL & ! [N]S ( MONEY 9TO ,CAPITALI/S4 

,?IS D\BLE ALI5ATION1 ! ALI5ATION ( LIV+ ACTIVITY 9 ! =M ( WAGE LABOR1 & ! ALI5ATION ( ! ACTIVITY ( PA/ G5]ATIONS 9 ! =M ( /OR$ LABOR 7MEANS ( PRODUCTION71 IS NOT A S+LE ACT :I* TOOK PLACE SOMETIME 9 HI/ORY4 ,! RELATION BETWE5 WORK]S & CAPITALI/S IS NOT A ?+ :I* IMPOS$ ITSELF ON SOCIETY AT SOME PO9T 9 ! PA/1 ONCE & = ALL4 ,AT NO TIME DID M5 SIGN A CONTRACT1 OR EV5 MAKE A V]BAL AGREEM5T1 9 :I* !Y GAVE UP ! P[] OV] !IR LIV+ ACTIVITY1 & 9 :I* !Y GAVE UP ! P[] OV] ! LIV+ ACTIVITY ( ALL FUTURE G5]ATIONS ON ALL P>TS ( ! GLOBE4 

,CAPITAL WE>S ! MASK ( A NATURAL =CE2 IT SEEMS AS SOLID AS ! E>? ITSELF2 ITS MOVEM5TS APPE> AS IRREV]SIBLE AS TIDES2 ITS CRISES SEEM AS UNAVOIDABLE AS E>?QUAKES & FLOODS4 ,EV5 :5 IT IS ADMITT$ ?AT ! P[] ( ,CAPITAL IS CREAT$ BY M51 ?IS ADMISSION MAY M]ELY BE ! OCCASION = ! 9V5TION ( AN EV5 MORE IMPOS+ MASK1 ! MASK ( A MAN-MADE =CE1 A ,FRANK5/E9 MON/]1 :OSE P[] 9SPIRES MORE AWE ?AN ?AT ( ANY NATURAL =CE4 

,H[EV]1 ,CAPITAL IS NEI!R A NATURAL =CE NOR A MAN-MADE MON/] :I* WAS CREAT$ SOMETIME 9 ! PA/ & :I* DOM9AT$ HUMAN LIFE EV] S9CE4 ,! P[] ( ,CAPITAL DOES NOT RESIDE 9 MONEY1 S9CE MONEY IS A SOCIAL CONV5TION :I* HAS NO MORE 0P[]0 ?AN M5 >E WILL+ TO GRANT IT2 :5 M5 REFUSE TO SELL !IR LABOR1 MONEY CANNOT P]=M EV5 ! SIMPLE/ TASKS1 BECAUSE MONEY DOES NOT 0WORK40 

,NOR DOES ! P[] ( ,CAPITAL RESIDE 9 ! MAT]IAL RECEPTACLES 9 :I* ! LABOR ( PA/ G5]ATIONS IS /OR$1 S9CE ! POT5TIAL 5]GY /OR$ 9 !SE RECEPTACLES CAN BE LIB]AT$ BY ! ACTIVITY ( LIV+ PEOPLE :E!R OR NOT ! RECEPTACLES >E ,CAPITAL1 NAMELY ALI5 PROP]TY40 ,)\T LIV+ ACTIVITY1 ! COLLECTION ( OBJECTS :I* CON/ITUTE SOCIETY'S ,CAPITAL W\LD M]ELY BE A SCATT]$ HEAP ( ASSORT$ >TIFACTS ) NO LIFE ( !IR [N1 & ! 0[N]S0 ( ,CAPITAL W\LD M]ELY BE A SCATT]$ ASSORTM5T ( UNCOMMONLY UNCREATIVE PEOPLE 7BY TRA9+7 :O SURR\ND !MSELVES ) BITS ( PAP] 9 A VA9 ATTEMPT TO RESUSCITATE MEMORIES ( PA/ GR&EUR4 ,! ONLY 0P[]0 ( ,CAPITAL RESIDES 9 ! DAILY ACTIVITIES ( LIV+ PEOPLE2 ?IS 0P[]0 CONSI/S ( ! DISPOSITION ( PEOPLE TO SELL !IR DAILY ACTIVITIES 9 EX*ANGE = MONEY1 & TO GIVE UP CONTROL OV] ! PRODUCTS ( !IR [N ACTIVITY & ( ! ACTIVITY ( E>LI] G5]ATIONS4 

,AS SOON AS A P]SON SELLS HIS LABOR TO A CAPITALI/ & ACCEPTS ONLY A P>T ( HIS PRODUCT AS PAYM5T = ?AT LABOR1 HE CREATES CONDITIONS = ! PUR*ASE & EXPLOITATION ( O!R PEOPLE4 ,NO MAN W\LD WILL+LY GIVE HIS >M OR HIS *ILD 9 EX*ANGE = MONEY2 YET :5 A MAN DELIB]ATELY & CONSCI\SLY SELLS HIS WORK+ LIFE 9 ORD] TO ACQUIRE ! NECESSITIES = LIFE1 HE NOT ONLY REPRODUCES ! CONDITIONS :I* CONT9UE TO MAKE ! SALE ( HIS LIFE A NECESSITY = ITS PRES]VATION2 HE ALSO CREATES CONDITIONS :I* MAKE ! SALE ( LIFE A NECESSITY = O!R PEOPLE4 ,LAT] G5]ATIONS MAY ( C\RSE REFUSE TO SELL !IR WORK+ LIVES = ! SAME REASON ?AT HE REFUS$ TO SELL HIS >M2 H[EV] EA* FAILURE TO REFUSE ALI5AT$ & =C$ LABOR 5L>GES ! /OCK ( /OR$ LABOR ) :I* ,CAPITAL CAN BUY WORK+ LIVES4 

,9 ORD] TO TRANS=M SURPLUS LABOR 9TO ,CAPITAL1 ! CAPITALI/ HAS TO F9D A WAY TO /ORE IT 9 MAT]IAL RECEPTACLES1 9 NEW MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & HE MU/ HIRE NEW LABOR]S TO ACTIVATE ! NEW MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 HE MU/ 5L>GE HIS 5T]PRISE1 OR />T A NEW 5T]PRISE 9 A DIFF]5T BRAN* ( PRODUCTION4 ,?IS PRESUPPOSES OR REQUIRES ! EXI/5CE ( MAT]IALS ?AT CAN BE %AP$ 9TO NEW SALABLE COMMODITIES1 ! EXI/5CE ( BUY]S ( ! NEW PRODUCTS1 & ! EXI/5CE ( PEOPLE :O >E POOR 5\< TO BE WILL+ TO SELL !IR LABOR4 ,!SE REQUIREM5TS >E !MSELVES CREAT$ BY CAPITALI/ ACTIVITY1 & CAPITALI/S RECOGNIZE NO LIMITS OR OB/ACLES TO !IR ACTIVITY2 ! DEMOCRACY ( ,CAPITAL DEM&S ABSOLUTE FRE$OM4 ,IMP]IALISM IS NOT M]ELY ! 0LA/ /AGE0 ( ,CAPITALISM2 IT IS ALSO ! FIR/4 

,ANY?+ :I* CAN BE TRANS=M$ 9TO A M>KETABLE GOOD IS GRI/ = ,CAPITAL'S MILL1 :E!R IT LIES ON ! CAPITALI/'S L& OR ON ! NEI<BOR'S1 :E!R IT LIES ABOVE GR\ND OR UND]1 ,BOATS ON ! SEA OR CRAWLS ON ITS FLOOR2 :E!R IT IS CONF9$ TO O!R CONT95TS OR O!R PLANETS4 ,ALL ( HUMANITY'S EXPLORATIONS ( NATURE1 FROM ,AL*EMY TO ,PHYSICS1 >E MOBILIZ$ TO SE>* = NEW MAT]IALS 9 :I* TO /ORE LABOR1 TO F9D NEW OBJECTS ?AT SOMEONE CAN BE TAU<T TO BUY4 

,BUY]S = OLD & NEW PRODUCTS >E CREAT$ BY ANY & ALL AVAILABLE MEANS1 & NEW MEANS >E CON/ANTLY DISCOV]$4 0,OP5 M>KETS0 & 0OP5 DOORS0 >E E/ABLI%$ BY =CE & FRAUD4 ,IF PEOPLE LACK ! MEANS TO BUY ! CAPITALI/S' PRODUCTS1 !Y >E HIR$ BY CAPITALI/S & >E PAID = PRODUC+ ! GOODS !Y WI% TO BUY2 IF LOCAL CRAFTSM5 ALREADY PRODUCE :AT ! CAPITALI/S HAVE TO SELL1 ! CRAFTSM5 >E RU9$ OR B\<T-\T2 IF LAWS OR TRADITIONS BAN ! USE ( C]TA9 PRODUCTS1 ! LAWS & ! TRADITIONS >E DE/ROY$2 IF PEOPLE LACK ! OBJECTS ON :I* TO USE ! CAPITALI/S' PRODUCTS1 !Y >E TAU<T TO BUY !SE OBJECTS2 IF PEOPLE RUN \T ( PHYSICAL OR BIOLOGICAL WANTS1 !N CAPITALI/S 0SATISFY0 !IR 0SPIRITUAL WANTS0 & HIRE PSY*OLOGI/S TO CREATE !M2 IF PEOPLE >E SO SATIAT$ ) ! PRODUCTS ( CAPITALI/S ?AT !Y CAN NO LONG] USE NEW OBJECTS1 !Y >E TAU<T TO BUY OBJECTS & SPECTACLES :I* HAVE NO USE BUT CAN SIMPLY BE OBS]V$ & ADMIR$4 

,POOR PEOPLE >E F\ND 9 PRE-AGR>IAN & AGR>IAN SOCIETIES ON EV]Y CONT95T2 IF !Y >E NOT POOR 5\< TO BE WILL+ TO SELL !IR LABOR :5 ! CAPITALI/S >RIVE1 !Y >E IMPOV]I%$ BY ! ACTIVITIES ( ! CAPITALI/S !MSELVES4 ,! L&S ( HUNT]S GRADUALLY BECOME ! 0PRIVATE PROP]TY0 ( 0[N]S0 :O USE /ATE VIOL5CE TO RE/RICT ! HUNT]S TO 0RES]VATIONS0 :I* DO NOT CONTA9 5\< FOOD TO KEEP !M ALIVE4 ,! TOOLS ( PEASANTS GRADUALLY BECOME AVAILABLE ONLY FROM ! SAME M]*ANT :O G5]\SLY L5DS !M ! MONEY ) :I* TO BUY ! TOOLS1 UNTIL ! PEASANTS' 0DEBTS0 >E SO L>GE ?AT !Y >E =C$ TO SELL L& :I* NEI!R !Y NOR ANY ( !IR ANCE/ORS HAD EV] B\<T4 ,! BUY]S ( CRAFTSM5'S PRODUCTS GRADUALLY BECOME R$UC$ TO ! M]*ANTS :O M>KET ! PRODUCTS1 UNTIL ! DAY COMES :5 A M]*ANT DECIDES TO H\SE 0HIS CRAFTSM50 UND] ! SAME RO(1 & PROVIDES !M ) ! 9/RUM5TS :I* WILL 5ABLE ALL ( !M TO CONC5TRATE !IR ACTIVITY ON ! PRODUCTION ( ! MO/ PR(ITABLE ITEMS4 ,9DEP5D5T AS WELL AS DEP5D5T HUNT]S1 PEASANTS & CRAFTSM51 FREE M5 AS WELL AS SLAVES1 >E TRANS=M$ 9TO HIR$ LABOR]S4 ,?OSE :O PREVI\SLY DISPOS$ ( !IR [N LIVES 9 ! FACE ( H>% MAT]IAL CONDITIONS CEASE TO DISPOSE ( !IR [N LIVES PRECISELY :5 !Y TAKE UP ! TASK ( MODIFY+ !IR MAT]IAL CONDITIONS2 ?OSE :O W]E PREVI\SLY CONSCI\S CREATORS ( !IR [N MEAG] EXI/5CE BECOME UNCONSCI\S VICTIMS ( !IR [N ACTIVITY EV5 :ILE ABOLI%+ ! MEAG]NESS ( !IR EXI/5CE4 ,M5 :O W]E MU* BUT HAD LITTLE N[ HAVE MU* BUT >E LITTLE4 

,! PRODUCTION ( NEW COMMODITIES1 ! 0OP5+0 ( NEW M>KETS1 ! CREATION ( NEW WORK]S1 >E NOT ?REE SEP>ATE ACTIVITIES2 !Y >E ?REE ASPECTS ( ! SAME ACTIVITY4 ,A NEW LABOR =CE IS CREAT$ PRECISELY 9 ORD] TO PRODUCE ! NEW COMMODITIES2 ! WAGES RECEIV$ BY !SE LABOR]S >E !MSELVES ! NEW M>KET2 !IR UNPAID LABOR IS ! S\RCE ( NEW EXPANSION4 ,NEI!R NATURAL NOR CULTURAL B>RI]S HALT ! SPREAD ( ,CAPITAL1 ! TRANS=MATION ( PEOPLE'S DAILY ACTIVITY 9TO ALI5AT$ LABOR1 ! TRANS=MATION ( !IR SURPLUS LABOR 9TO ! 0PRIVATE PROP]TY0 ( CAPITALI/S4 ,H[EV]1 ,CAPITAL IS NOT A NATURAL =CE2 IT IS A SET ( ACTIVITIES P]=M$ BY PEOPLE EV]Y DAY2 IT IS A =M ( DAILY LIFE2 ITS CONT9U$ EXI/5CE & EXPANSION PRESUPPOSE ONLY ONE ESS5TIAL CONDITION3 ! DISPOSITION ( PEOPLE TO CONT9UE TO ALI5ATE !IR WORK+ LIVES & ?US REPRODUCE ! CAPITALI/ =M ( DAILY LIFE4 

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,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,! ,REPRODUCTION ( ,DAILY ,LIFE -- ,UPDAT$4 

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