,! ,RELATIONS ( ,>T TO ,LAB\R 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS 

,TEXT 3 

,9 CONSID]+ ?IS IMPORTANT SUBJECT IT IS NECESS>Y TO LOOK  
#cga  
9TO ! PA/ HI/ORY ( ! WORLD1 &1 H[EV] SUMM>ILY1 GLANCE AT ! TALE 
( ! TW9S4 ,>T & ,LABOR1 :I* TALE1 9DE$1 MEANS NO?+ LESS ?AN ! 
HI/ORY ( ! WORLD4  

,TO PASS OV] ! CONDITIONS ( M5 AS M]E SAVAGES1 ONE COMES ACROSS CIVILIZ$  
M5 9 HI/ORY S]V$ BY LABOR UND] ?REE CONDITIONS--*ATTEL SLAV]Y1 S]FDOM1  
& WAGE-E>N+4  

,UND] ! CLASSICAL PEOPLES SOCIETY WAS F\ND$ ON *ATTEL SLAV]Y2 AGRICULTURE 
& ! 9DU/RIAL >TS W]E C>RI$ ON = ! MO/ P>T BY M5 :O C\LD HE 
B\<T & SOLD LIKE BEA/S2 & AS A CONSEQU5CE ! 9DU/RIAL >TS1 AT LEA/ 
9 ! HEYDAY ( ,GREEK 9TELLIG5CE1 W]E LOOK$ D[N ON ) CONTEMPT1 & 
:AT ( >T W5T ) !M WAS KEPT 9 ! /RICTE/ SUBJECTION TO ! 
9TELLECTUAL >TS1 :I* W]E ! WORK ( FREE CITIZ5S4 ,>T WAS1 9DE$1 KEPT 
FROM CORRUPTION P>TLY BY ! SIMPLICITY ( LIFE1 :I*1 9 A CLIMATE NOT 
EXACT+ EI!R ( ELABORATE %ELT] OR ELABORATE LIV+1 WAS ! RULE AMID 
,GREEK REF9EM5T1 :]E LUXURY1 9 \R S5SE ( ! WORD1 WAS UNKN[N2 & 
P>TLY1 ALSO1 BY ! FACT ?AT [+ TO ?AT SIMPLICITY1 & ! TRANSC5DANT 
G5IUS ( A RACE1 :I* Y\ MU/ REMEMB] WAS DIVID$ FROM /ILL SIMPL] 
CONDITIONS ( LIFE BY NO V]Y LONG LAPSE ( TIME--[+ TO ! SIMPLICITY ( 
LIFE AMONG A VIGOR\S & UNCORRUPT$ PEOPLE1 FULL ( NATURAL CLEV]NESS & 
SKILL ( H&1 ! LOVE = & KN[L$GE ( ! MORE 9TELLECTUAL =MS ( >T 
WAS COMMON1 WAS RA!R ! RULE ?AN ! EXCEPTION4 ,! RESULT WAS1 AS TO ! 
>TS1 ?AT :ILE !RE WAS ABUNDANCE ( !IR HI<] MANIFE/ATION1 9 ! 
LESS] BRAN*ES1 !RE WAS RA!R1 AS F> AS WE CAN JUDGE1 AN ABS5CE ( 
REVOLT+ UGL9ESS ?AN A PRES5CE ( 5TRANC+ BEAUTY4 ,MEANTIME1 TO ! 
CULTIVAT$ ,GREEK CITIZ51 !RE SEEM$ NO?+ WRONG OR BURD5SOME 9 *ATTEL 
SLAV]Y4 ,IT WAS P>T ( ! NATURAL ORD] ( ?+S1 & ! GREATE/ M9DS ( 
! DAY C\LD SEE NO POSSIBILITY ( ITS EXT9CTION1 IF ONE EXCEPTS ! 
REM>KABLE PASSAGE ( ,>I/OTLE1 :]E HE SAYS1 ?AT IF ! %UTTLE1 = 
9/ANCE1 C\LD BE MADE TO FLY ?R\< ! %$ ( ITSELF1 ONE MI<T !N HE 
ABLE TO DO )\T SLAVES2 AS IF HE HAD A GLIMM] ( =ESI<T ( MOD]N 
MA*9]Y1 CONC]N+ :I* & ITS DEAL+S ) >T & LABOR ,I %ALL HAVE A 
WORD TO SAY PRES5TLY4 ,AP>T FROM ?IS1 ,I SUPPOSE A CULTIVAT$ FREE CITIZ5 ( 
! TIME ( ,P]ICLES1 IF ! QUE/ION ( KEEP+ HIS FELL[-M5 9 SUBJECTION 
TO ! SUPPOS$ NECESSITIES ( A FEW HAD BE5 PRESS$ ON HIM1 W\LD HAVE F\ND 
READY ANSW] 5\< TO EXT+UI% ANY REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS1 & TO /R5G!N 
HIS CONVICTION ?AT ! ORD] ( ?+S UND] :I* HE LIV$ WAS ET]NAL4 
0,AP>T FROM ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( DO+ AWAY ) *ATTEL SLAV]Y10 HE W\LD 
SAY1 0:I* IS OBVI\SLY F\ND$ ON ! MORAL NATURE ( MAN--AP>T FROM ?AT1 A 
SOCIETY F\ND$ ON ! EQUALITY ( FRE$OM W\LD HE POOR 9 ALL ! ELEM5TS ( 
*ANGE & 9T]E/ :I* MAKE LIFE WOR? LIV+2 SU* A *ANGE W\LD 9JURE >T 
#cgb  
& DE/ROY 9DIVIDUALITY ( *>ACT] BY TAK+ AWAY DUE /IMULUS TO EX]TION4 
,AT BE/1 9 A WORLD :]E ALL W]E FREE BE=E ! LAW1 !RE W\LD HE NO?+ 
BUT A DULL LEVEL ( M$IOCRITY40 ,SO HE W\LD HAVE >GU$1 &1 ,I IMAG9E1 W\LD 
HAVE OBTA9$ ! SUFFRAGES ( MO/ CULTIVAT$ M5 ( ! PRES5T DAY2 :O1 IT 
APPE>S1 DO V]ILY ?9K1 & NOT UNNATURALLY1 ?AT ! CULTIVAT$ G5TLEMAN ( 
,ATTICA OR ,5GL& IS SU* A PRECI\S & F9I%$ FRUIT ( CIVILIZATION ?AT HE 
IS WOR? ANY AM\NT ( SUFF]+1 9JU/ICE1 & BRUTALITY 9 ! MASS ( 
MANK9D BEL[ HIM2 BUT1 ALSO1 \R ,GREEK G5TLEMAN MI<T GO ON ) HIS >GUM5T 
9 FAVOR ( *ATTEL SLAV]Y 9 A MANN] RA!R EMB>ASS+ TO US ( !SE 
DAYS ( PROGRESS & WIDE SPREAD POLITICAL RI<TS4 0,BESIDES10 HE MI<T SAY1  
0>E Y\ SURE ?AT Y\ WILL BETT] ! CONDITION ( ! SLAVE BY FREE+ HIM8 
,AT PRES5T IT IS ! 9T]E/ ( HIS [N] TO FE$ HIM & KEEP HIM 9 
HEAL?--NAY1 9 MANY CASES1 IF ! [N] HE A GOOD-TEMP]$ FELL[1 HE WILL EV5 
EX]T HIMSELF TO DO HIS BE/ TO MAKE HIS SLAVES HAPPY = HIS [N PLEASURE4 ,BUT 
,I CAN CONCEIVE A /ATE ( ?+S UND] :I* ! GREAT] P>T ( ! FREE 
CITIZ5S MAY BE FREE 9DE$1 FREE TO />VE1 & 9 :I* ! S\R FACES ( 
OV]WORK$ & UND]F$ WRET*ES W\LD HAVE NO *ANCE ( IMPRESS+ A S5SE 
( DISCOM=T ON M5 :O1 SO F> FROM FEEL+ ANY RESPONSIBILITY = !IR 
LIVELIHOOD1 DID NOT EV5 REALIZE !IR EXI/5CE4 ,NAY1 BELIEVE ME1 Y\ HAD 
BETT] TRU/ TO ! HUMANIZ+ 9FLU5CE ( ! PHILOSOPHICAL SIMPLICITY ( ! 
NOBLE & FREE CITIZ5S ( \R GLORI\S ,CITY1 :I*1 AS Y\ WELL KN[1 9 SPITE 
( ALL ! TALES ( ! POETS1 IS ! REAL GOD ?AT WE WOR%IP1 & :I* 9DE$ 
IS1 9 SOME =M OR O!R1 IMMORTAL40  

,SO HE MI<T HAVE >GU$1 ELEVAT+ ! CONV5TIONAL RULES ( SUCCESSFUL TYRANNY 
9TO NATURAL & IRREVOCABLE LAWS2 BUT :AT FOLL[$8 ,! WOR%IP ( ! CITY 
F\ND ITS DUE EXPRESSION AT LA/ 9 ! GR[? & DOM9ATION ( ,ROME1 ! 
GREATE/ ( CITIES1 :OSE IRON H& CRU%$ \T ! CEASELESS BICK]+S ( 
AMBITI\S CLANS & 9DIVIDUALS1 & CA/ OV] ! WORLD ( CIVILIZATION ! 
*A9S ( 5=C$ F$]ATION UND] ! RULE ( TAX GA!R]S1 DOM9AT$ AT 
LA/ BY ! /RANGE SUP]/ITION ( IDEALIZ$ AU?ORITY UND] ! SYMBOL ( ! 
MA/] ( ! WORLD 5?RON$ 9 AN ,ITALIAN CITY4  ,& *ATTEL SLAV]Y HAD 
/ILL MADE GOOD ITS CLAIM TO HE CONSID]$ ! EFFECT ( NATURAL & ET]NAL 
LAWS = SOME TIME TO COME1 AL?\< ! CONDITION ( ! SLAVES1 N[ MO/LY 
WORK+ = ! PR(IT ( ! GREAT ,ROMAN L&[N]S1 WAS MORE DANG]\S TO ! 
,/ATE ?AN IT HAD BE5 UND] ,GREEK CIVILIZATION4 ,! HIDE\S GRE$ ( !SE 
CAPITALI/ L&[N]S1 :OSE SLAVES W]E 9 A WORSE CONDITION ?AN EV5 ! 
AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S ( ,5GL& TO-DAY1 DISC\NT$ ! F]TILITY ( ,ITALY1 
& AT LA/ ! *ANGE CAME AGA91 ?IS TIME A TREM5D\S ONE4 ,! HUGE CR[D 
( />V+ SLAVES1 9 :OSE M9DS A REVOLUTION>Y EA/]N CRE$ WAS N[ FA/ 
IMPLANT+ IDEAS QUITE =EIGN TO CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION1 W]E BY NO MEANS 
T\*$ BY ! RELIGION ( CITY WOR%IP1 :I* ONCE HAD PUT SU* IRRESI/IBLE 
MI<T 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,ROMAN LEGION>IES4 ,9 ALL DIRECTIONS ! SLAVES 
RECRUIT$ ! B&S ( BRIG&S & PIRATES1 :OSE EXPLOITS >E ! GR\NDWORK 
( ! PLOTS ( ! LATE CLASSICAL NOVELS1 & =M$ AN ELEM5T ( DISORD] 
READY TO ! H& ( ANY EXT]NAL 9VAD]4 ,?US HUNG]1 ! *ILD ( MONOPOLI/ 
GRE$1 DID H] WORK )9 ! EMPIRE1 :ILE )\T IT ANO!R =CE1 PROBABLY 
HUNG] PRODUC$ BY O!R CAUSES1 WAS AT WORK1 & ALLI$ ITSELF TO ! /IR 
CAUS$ BY CORRUPTION )94 ,= ! TRIBES ( ! NOR? FELL UPON ! EMPIRE1 
#cgc  
:]E1 AS A MATT] ( C\RSE1 !Y MET ) NO REALLY ORGANIZ$ =CE TO RESI/ 
!M1 S9CE ! CORRUPTION ( A GROSS =M ( 9DIVIDUALISM HAD SAPP$ ALL 
PUBLIC SPIRIT2 & SO1 ATTACK$ BY SLAVES1 ,*RI/IANS1 & B>B>IANS1 
CLASSICALISM FELL1 &1 TO ! EYES ( MO/ HI/ORIANS !N & S9CE1 *AOS 
TOOK ITS PLACE1 A *AOS FROM :I*1 AS PEOPLE US$ TO ?9K1 !RE GREW 
ACCID5TALLY ! COLLECTION ( 9DEP5D5T /ATES :I* WE CALL MOD]N 
,EUROPE2 US$ TO ?9K1 ,I SAY1 = IT IS N[ CLE> TO ?9K+ PEOPLE ?AT ! 
*ANGE1 DREADFUL AS IT SEEM$ TO ! CULTIVAT$ ( ?AT TIME1 BORE ) IT ! 
SE$S ( ORD] :I* AT ONCE BEGAN TO G]M9ATE4  

,N[1 IT IS WOR? :ILE NOT+ = \R PRES5T PURPOSE ( LOOK+ 9TO ! 
RELATIONS ( >T TO LABOR1 ?AT ONE ( ! *IEF SIGNS ( ?AT NASC5T ORD]1 
:I* SPRANG UP AT ! TIME ( ! BREAK UP ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE1 IS TO BE F\ND 
9 ! >T PRODUC$ AT ! P]IOD4  

,! TIMES :I* FOLL[$ ! COMPLETE SUPREMACY ( ! ,ROMAN NAME1 & DUR+ 
:I* *ATTEL SLAV]Y WAS 9 FULL SW+1 SAW ONLY SO MU* *ANGE 9 ! 
CONDITION ( >T AS WAS 9VOLV$ 9 9CREAS+ LUXURY & CORRUPTION4 ,! MORE 
9TELLECTUAL >TS BECAME *IEFLY IMITATIVE ( BYGONE IDEAS1 OR AT LEA/ 
ACADEMICAL & /ATION>Y4 ,! S\L ( !M WAS FEEBLE1 & LACK$ FAI? & 
LIFE1 AL?\< !IR BODY WAS /ILL FAIR 5\<2 AS TO ! LESS] >TS1 9 
!M1 !RE WAS1 AS F> AS WE CAN TELL FROM :AT SCANTY KN[L$GE WE HAVE ( 
!M1 MORE T5D5CY TO !IR BE+ OCCUPI$ ) MAK+ M]E ELABORATE TOYS1 
& = ! RE/ IT IS 9CONCEIVABLE ?AT !Y TURN$ \T UGLY ?+S ANY MORE 
?AN UND] ! P]IOD ( ,GREEK >T4 ,BUT ! EXT]IOR ( >T *ANG$ UND] ! 
,ROMAN RULE1 9 ONE RESPECT AT LEA/1 V]Y MU*1 = UND] 9FLU5CES :OSE 
ORIG9 IT IS V]Y DIFFICULT TO DISCOV]1 BUT :I* W]E C]TA9LY ABS5T FROM 
! >T ( ,GREECE1 !Y 9V5T$ >*ITECTURE1 BY 9V5T+ & HABITUALLY 
US+ ! >*4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ORNAM5TAL SIDE ( !IR >T WAS SO 
5TIRELY ACADEMICAL & >TIFICIAL ?AT !Y FAIL$1 AS LONG AS ! CLASSICAL 
P]IOD LA/$1 TO PRODUCE A /YLE ( >*ITECTURE1 PROP]LY SO-CALL$1 :I* 
WAS REALLY H>MONI\S ) ?IS GREAT 9V5TION4 ,ON ?IS SIDE ( ?+S !Y 
W]E COMPLETELY UND] ! DOM9ATION ( ! =MS ( ,GREEK >T1 :I* !Y US$ 
M]ELY SUP]/ITI\SLY1 AS ONE MAY CALL IT4 ,:AT IS REALLY ADMIRABLE 9 ! 
>*ITECTURE ( CLASSICAL ,ROME LIES 9 ! QUALITIES ( ITS BUILD+--9 ITS 
MAJE/IC SOLIDITY & MASSIV5ESS--TO GA9 :I* NO AM\NT ( MAT]IAL1 C>E1 OR 
LABOR HAS BE5 SP>$4 ,IT /&S BE=E US TO-DAY1 EV5 :5 WE COME ACROSS IT 
9 ?IS \T-(-!-WAY CORN] ( ! EMPIRE1 AS ! V]Y EMBODIM5T ( ?AT 
WOR%IP ( ! CITY :I* ,I HAVE SPOK5 (1 & :I*1 )\T ALL D\BT1 WAS 
ITS ANIMAT+ SPIRIT4 ,H]E1 !N1 AT ANY RATE1 WAS A BODY = ANY NEW >T TO 
CREEP 9TO1 & A BODY :I*1 UNLIKE ,GREEK TEMPLE->*ITECTURE1 C\LD ADAPT 
ITSELF TO ITS NEW S\L ) EASE4  

,?IS NEW S\L ( >T DID NOT FAIL TO TAKE ITS ADVANTAGE AMID ALL ! 
DISA/]S & MIS]IES ( ! BIR?-?ROES ( FEUDAL ,EUROPE1 & F\ND 
EXPRESSION 9 A NEW >T1 :I* WE CALL1 & ACCURATELY CALL1 ,BYZANT9E >T4 ,! 
CRE$ :I* IT S]V$ CAME FROM ! ,EA/2 ! CITY :I* WAS ITS C5T]1 
/&+ BETWE5 ,EUROPE & ,ASIA1 DEAL+ 9 PEACE & W> ) ! GREAT 
K+DOM ( ,P]SIA1 HAD PL5TIFUL COMMUNICATION ) ! ,EA/2 !RE=E IT IS 
NOT WOND]FUL ?AT ,EA/]N 9FLU5CE IS OBVI\S 9 ?IS BODY ( >T2 BUT AS MY 
#cgd  
PURPOSE IS SOCIAL1 SOME:AT MORE ?AN HI/ORICAL OR >TI/IC1 ,I MU/ NOT L+] 
OV] ! 5TRANC+ SUBJECT ( ! ORIG9S ( ,GO?IC >T1 HUT WILL RA!R BEG 
Y\ TO NOTE ?AT ?IS ,BYZANT9E >T WAS V]Y F> FROM BE+ A CLUMSY BL5D+ 
( ! MISUND]/OOD ELEM5TS ( ! >T ( CLASSICAL TIMES--A RUDE & 
B>B>\S RESETT+ ( ! DISJECTA MEMBRA ( ,ROMANO-,GREEK >T2 A 
CONCEPTION ( IT :I* MAY /ILL1 P]HAPS1 L+] 9 SOME PEOPLE'S M9DS--BUT 
RA!R ?AT IT WAS A G5U9E HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 BORN 9DE$1 \T ( ! 
CORRUPTION ( ,ROMANO-,GREEK >T1 BUT A VIGOR\S /YLE1 ORD]LY1 BEAUTIFUL1 &1 
ABOVE ALL1 ALIVE & GR[+--NOT A DEAD TOY1 BUT A LIV+ ORGANISM WORK+ 9 
M5'S M9DS1 & BY !M UNCONSCI\SLY FUR!R$4 ,N[1 Y\ SEE AS ! DEAD 
WA/E P]IOD ( ! CORRUPT ,ROMAN TAX-GA!R+ PRODUC$ A DEAD >T1 SO WAS 
?IS LIV+ >T PRODUC$ BY A SOCIAL GR[? 9 ! MID/ ( :AT SEEM$ TO HE 
*AOS & RU94 ,UND] ! BREAK UP ( ! OLD ,ROMAN SOCIETY1 WR\<T UPON AS IT 
WAS BY NATIONS :O W]E CALL$ B>B>\S1 HUT :O BORE ) !M REAL E?ICAL 
IDEAS1 H[EV] RUDE1 & REAL SOCIAL LAWS1 H[EV] DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE :I* 
IT WAS !IR MISSION TO DE/ROY1 UND] ?IS BREAKUP1 OR NEW BIR?1 *ATTEL 
SLAV]Y FELL & YIELD$ TO A NEW CONDITION ( LABOR2 & ,I ASS]T ?AT ! 
,BYZANT9E >T1 :OSE T5D5CY1 CONSID]+ ! /ATE ( ?+S AT ?AT TIME1 
WAS C]TA9LY T[>DS FRE$OM1 WAS ! TOK5 & ! EFFECT ( ?AT NEW 
CONDITION ( LABOR1 :I* MAY BE BRIEFLY DESCRIB$ AS S]FDOM /RUGGL+ 
T[>DS FRE$OM BY MEANS ( COOP]ATION = PROTECTION ( TRADE & 
H&ICRAFT4  ,S]FDOM IS ! CONDITION ( LABOR 9 ! E>LY MIDDLE AGES1 AS 
*ATTEL SLAV]Y WAS 9 CLASSICAL TIMES4 ,! SLAVE WAS F$ BY HIS MA/]1 & 
KEPT 9 JU/ SU* A CONDITION ( COM=T AS WAS CONV5I5T TO HIS MA/] OR 
[N]1 :O1 9 V]Y BAD P]IODS 9DE$1 AS SOMETIMES 9 ! DAYS ( ! ,ROMAN 
LATIFUNDIA1 WAS DRIV5 BY HOPES ( EXORBITANT PR(IT TO ALL[ HIM TO 
SUPPLEM5T HIS %ORT COMMONS BY ! 9DU/RY ( BRIG&AGE1 BUT :O 9 G5]AL 
W\LD F9D IT MORE PR(ITABLE TO KEEP HIM 9 PRETTY GOOD CONDITION4 ,! S]F1 
ON ! CONTR>Y1 HAD TO P]=M C]TA9 DEF9ITE S]VICES = HIS FEUDAL LORD1 
SO MANY DAYS' WORK 9 ! YE> G5]ALLY1 & = ! RE/ ( ! TIME WORK$ 
= HIMSELF1 & F$ HIMSELF ON ! PORTION ( L& ALLOTT$ TO HIM4 ,?US 
DO+1 HE WAS LIV+ 9 H>MONY ) ! G5]AL >RANGEM5T ( SOCIETY 9 ! 
E>LY MIDDLE AGES1 A TIME 9 :I* EV]Y MAN HAD LEGAL1 DEF9ITE1 P]SONAL 
DUTIES TO P]=M TO HIS SUP]IOR1 & C\LD CLAIM C]TA9 DEGREES ( HELP & 
PROTECTION FROM HIM4  

,SO WAS =M$ ! HI]>*ICAL FEUDAL SY/EM1 :I* WAS F\ND$ ON A 
PRIORI IDEAS ( DIV9E GOV]NM5T1 & UND] :I* EV]Y MAN HAD HIS DUE 
PLACE1 :I* 7!ORETICALLY7 HE C\LD NOT ALT] OR /EP \T (4 ,P]SONAL DUTIES 
= ALL1 P]SONAL RI<TS = ALL1 ACCORD+ TO !IR DIV9ELY-APPO9T$ 
/ATIONS--?AT WAS ! !ORY ( ! MIDDLE AGES AS OPPOS$ TO ?AT ( CLASSICAL 
TIMES1 :]E ! SUPREME CITY WAS LORD & RUL]1 EXACT+ RIGID OB$I5CE FROM 
H] *ILDR51 ! CITIZ5S1 :O W]E S]V$ BY *ATTEL SLAVES 5TIRELY 
UNRECOGNIZ$ BY ! ,/ATE1 EXCEPT AS BEA/S ( BURD5 MI<T HAVE BE54  

,WELL1 IT SEEMS NATURAL 5\< ?AT ?IS HI]>*ICAL SY/EM ( ! MIDDLE AGES 
%\LD HAVE BE5 LOOK$ UPON AS /ILL MORE REASONABLE1 NECESS>Y1 & ET]NAL 
?AN ?AT :I* PREC$$ IT4 ,BUT REVOLUTION WAS 9 /ORE = IT NO LESS ?AN 
= ! O!R SY/EM2 =1 AS ! HALF-/>V$ *ATTEL SLAVE ( ! ,ROMAN 
LATIFUNDIA WAS DRIV5 TO BETT] HIMSELF BY BRIG&AGE FIR/ & !N BY 
#cge  
REBELLION1 & S]VICE ) ! 9VAD]S1 SO ! M$IEVAL S]F WAS DRIV5 BY 
! COMPULSION ( LABOR 9 FE$+ HIMSELF AFT] HIS CORVEE WAS DONE1 9TO 
TRY+ TO BETT] HIMSELF ALTOGE!R1 & TO SLIP HIS NECK \T ( HIS LORD'S 
COLL> & BECOME A FREE MAN2 :I* /RUGGLE1 AS IS SAID ABOVE1 TOOK ! =M 
( COOP]ATION 9 V>I\S WAYS4  

,AP>T FROM ! RELIGI\S H\SES--:I* AF=D$ PROTECTION TO LABOR1 & EV5 
(F]$ IT A *ANCE ( RIS+ \T ( ITS CA/E ON ! CONDITIONS ( DEF9ITE 
ACCEPTANCE ( HI]>*ICAL GOV]NM5T 9 ITS FULLNESS--AP>T FROM ! 
MONA/]IES1 !RE W]E O!R BODIES :I* GREW TO BE P[]FUL & 
F>-REA*+2 !SE BODIES >E CALL$ ! ,GUILDS4  

,! T5D5CY ( ! ,G]MANIC TRIBES T[>DS COOP]ATION & COMMUNITY ( LIFE 
%[$ ITSELF QUITE E>LY 9 ! MIDDLE AGES4 ,9 ,5GL&1 EV5 BE=E ! 
,NORMAN CONQUE/1 ?IS T5D5CY BEGAN TO DRAW ! WORKM5 & TRAD]S 9TO 
DEF9ITE ASSOCIATION4 ,! GUILDS1 :I* W]E ! \TCOME ( ?IS ASSOCIATION1 
W]E AT FIR/ MO/LY ( ! NATURE ( B5EFIT SOCIETIES2 FROM ?AT !Y 
*ANG$ GRADUALLY 9TO ! ,M]*ANT-GUILDS--ASSOCIATIONS1 ?AT IS1 = MUTUAL 
PROTECTION 9 TRAD+2 & LA/LY 9TO ! ,CRAFT-GUILDS1 OR ASSOCIATIONS = 
! PROTECTION & REGULATION ( H&ICRAFTS4  

,9 ALL !SE GUILDS ! REAL OBJECT WAS = ! 9DIVIDUAL TO %AKE (F ! 
DOM9ATION & PROTECTION ( ! FEUDAL LORD1 & TO SUB/ITUTE = ?AT ! 
AU?ORITY & MUTUAL PROTECTION ( ! MEMB]S ( ! GUILD2 TO FREE LABOR 
FROM ! P[] ( 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]S ( ! FEUDAL HI]>*Y1 & TO SUPPLANT 
!IR AU?ORITY BY ?AT ( CORPORATIONS1 :I* %\LD BE !MSELVES RECOGNIZ$ 
AS PORTIONS ( ?AT HI]>*Y1 \T ( :I* ! M$IEVAL M9D C\LD SC>CELY 
/EP4 ,( C\RSE1 ALL ?IS TOOK A LONG TIME1 & WAS BY NO MEANS C>RI$ \T 
)\T SOME V]Y R\< WORK2 ! ,M]*ANT-GUILDS1 9 P>TICUL>1 RESI/+ 
! *ANGES :I* BR\<T ! ,CRAFT-GUILDS 9TO P[] TOO? & NAIL1 
ESPECIALLY 9 ,G]MANY4 ,9 ! PROCESS ( ! /RUGGLE ! ,M]*ANT-GUILDS = 
! MO/ P>T BECAME ! CORPORATIONS ( ! T[NS1 & ! ,CRAFT-GUILDS TOOK 
!IR PLACE FULLY AS TO ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR1 & ALSO AT LA/ %>$ 
L>GELY 9 MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5T4 ,BY ! BEG9N+ ( ! F\RTE5? C5TURY 
!SE LATT] W]E FULLY E/ABLI%$1 & W]E ! MA/]S ( ALL H&ICRAFTS4 
,ALL CRAFTSM5 W]E =C$ TO BELONG TO ! GUILD ( ! CRAFT !Y FOLL[$4 
,= A TIME1 ONLY TOO %ORT A TIME1 !IR CON/ITUTION WAS ?OR\<LY 
DEMOCRATIC2 EV]Y MAN APPR5TIC$ TO A CRAFT WAS B\ND1 IF HE C\LD SATISFY ! 
DUE /&>D ( EXCELL5CE1 TO BECOME A MA/] 9 HIS TURN4 ,!RE W]E NO M]E 
J\RNEYM54 ,?IS CONDITION ( ?+S1 H[EV]1 DID NOT LA/ LONG1 = AS ! 
T[NS GREW1 & ! S]F FIELD-LABOR]S BECAME FREE1 !Y BEGAN TO CR[D 9TO 
! ,CRAFT-GUILDS1 & ! MA/]S1 :O AT FIR/ W]E SIMPLE COMPLETE WORKM5 
HELP$ BY !IR APPR5TICES1 OR 9COMPLETE WORKM51 BEGAN TO BE SMALL 
CAPITALI/S & EMPLOY]S ( LABOR"91 TO ! EXT5T ( BE+ PRIVILEG$ 
MEMB]S ( ! GUILD2 & BESIDES1 !IR PRIVILEG$ APPR5TICES EMPLOY$ 
J\RNEYM51 :O1 ?\< =C$ TO AFFILIATION TO ! GUILD1 W]E UNPRIVILEG$1 
& W\LD NOT 9 ! ORD9>Y C\RSE ( EV5TS BECOME MA/]S4 ,?IS MU/ BE 
LOOK$ UPON AS ! FIR/ APPE>ANCE ( ! SO-CALL$ FREE WORKMAN1 ! 
WAGE-E>N]1 9 MOD]N ,EUROPE4 ,& ?IS BEG9N+ ( ! PROLET>IAT WAS AT ! 
TIME FELT AS A TR\BLE1 & SOME ATTEMPT WAS MADE BY ! J\RNEYM5 TO =M 
GUILDS ( !IR [N B5EA? ! ,CRAFT-GUILDS1 AS ?OSE LATT]  
HAD DONE B5EA? ! ,M]*ANT-GUILDS4 ,9 ?IS REVOLT AGA9/ PRIVILEGE !Y W]E  
#cgf  
UNSUCCESSFUL1 & ! ,CRAFT-GUILDS W5T ON GETT+ MORE & MORE >I/OCRATIC1  
AL?\< ! P[] ( !IR PRIVILEG$ MEMB]S OV] ! J\RNEYM5 WAS *ECK$ BY  
LAWS MADE 9 FAVOR ( ! LATT]4  

,! LABOR ( ! ,MIDDLE-AGES1 !RE=E1 WAS C>RI$ ON AMID A 
/RUGGLE--P>TLY CONSCI\S1 P>TLY UNCONSCI\S--= FRE$OM FROM ! >BITR>Y 
RULE ( >I/OCRATIC PRIVILEGE1 :I* AT FIR/ CRU%$ ALMO/ ALL WORK]S D[N 
9TO ! CONDITION ( S]FS4  ,BE=E GLANC+ AT ! RESULTS ( ?AT /RUGGLE1 
LET US CONSID] ! RELATIONS ( >T TO LABOR DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ( ! 
FULLY-DEVELOP$ ,MIDDLE-AGES4  

,EXAM9ATION ( SU* FACTS AS >E )9 \R REA*1 :I* HAVE TO DO ) ! 
ECONOMIC CONDITION ( ,5GL& DUR+ ?AT P]IOD1 %[ US ?AT1 H[EV] RUDE ! 
G5]AL CONDITIONS ( LIFE W]E1 ! /RUGGLE = LIVELIHOOD AMONG ! WORK]S 
WAS F> LESS H>D & EAG] ?AN IT IS UND] \R PRES5T SY/EM ( CAPITAL & 
WAGES4 ,! E>N+S1 BO? ( COMMON LABOR]S & >TISANS1 W]E1 9 REG>D TO 
! PRICE ( NECESS>IES AT ! TIME1 MU* HI<] ?AN !Y >E N[4 ,LIFE = 
! WORK+ CLASSES WAS EASI]1 ?\< G5]AL LIFE WAS R\<] ?AN 9 !SE 
DAYS--?AT IS TO SAY1 !RE WAS MORE APPROA* TO EQUALITY ( CONDITION1 9 
SPITE ( ! >BITR>Y DI/9CTIONS ( NOBLE1 G5TLE1 *URL1 & VILLE94 ,WELL1 
AS ! DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL? 9 G5]AL WAS MORE EQUAL ?AN IT IS N[1 SO WAS 
?AT ( >T 9 P>TICUL>4  

,IT HAS BE5 NOT$ BY ?OSE :O HAVE /UDI$ ! HI/ORY ( LABOR 9 ! MIDDLE 
AGES ?AT ! REMUN]ATION ( ?OSE :O SUP]9T5D$ LABOR--BUILD]S1 
>*ITECTS1 & SO =?--WAS V]Y LITTLE HI<] ?AN ?AT ( ! M5 :O W]E 
UND] !M4  ,NOR W]E ?OSE :O W]E DO+ :AT IS CONSID]$ MORE 9TELLECTUAL 
WORK-->TI/S1 9 %ORT-PAID HI<] ?AN ORD9>Y CRAFTSM54 ,MOREOV]1 !RE WAS 
V]Y LITTLE COMPETITION 9 ! M>KET1 & NEXT TO NO MIDDLEMAN'S WORK4 ,! 
WORKMAN HAD BUT ONE MA/]--! PUBLIC4 ,HE HAD FULL CONTROL OV] HIS TIME1 HIS 
MAT]IAL1 & HIS TOOLS--( HIS WORK1 9 %ORT--?AT IS1 HE WAS A FREE WORKMAN1 
AN >TI/4 ,IT WAS ?IS CONDITION ( LABOR :I* PRODUC$ ! >T ( ! MIDDLE 
AGES1 & NO?+ ELSE C\LD HAVE PRODUC$ IT4 ,! !ORIES ( RELIGI\S 
5?USIASM1 & ! LIKE1 AS ! MOTIVE P[] = ?AT >T1 >E1 ,I SUPPOSE1 
PRETTY MU* EXT9CT BY ?IS TIME2 9DE$1 SU* A !ORY C\LD H>DLY /& 
BE=E ! FIR/ GLANCE AT ! HIDE\S SPL5DOR ( SOME =EIGN ,JESUIT *UR*1 
:]E RELIGI\S 5?USIASM WAS AT ITS HEI<T1 ) >TI/IC RESULTS ?AT MAKE A 
S5SITIVE MAN %UDD] EV5 TO ?9K (4 ,9 FACT1 ! MORE ! QUE/ION IS 
/UDI$1 BO? ?R\< ! EXI/+ REMA9S ( M$IEVAL >T & ?R\< ! 
RECORDS LEFT US ( ! CONDITION ( ! PEOPLE AT ! TIME1 ! CLE>] IT IS 
SE5 ?AT IT IS NO EXAGG]ATION TO SAY ?AT DUR+ ! MIDDLE AGES NO?+ ?AT 
WAS MADE WAS O!RWISE ?AN BEAUTIFUL2 ?AT BEAUTY =M$ AS ESS5TIAL A P>T 
( MAN'S H&IWORK !N AS IT DOES ( NATURE'S H&IWORK ALWAYS4 ,& FUR!R1 
?AT ?IS ESS5TIAL BEAUTY ( H&IWORK WAS1 AMONG A VIGOR\S & HEAL?Y 
PEOPLE1 ! 9EVITABLE RESULT ( ! WORKMAN WORK+ FREELY1 & = NO MA/]2 
HAV+1 AS ,I HAVE SAID BE=E1 FULL CONTROL OV] HIS MAT]IAL1 TOOLS1 & TIME4  

,ON !SE T]MS >T1 OR ! PLEASURE ( LIFE1 WAS %>$ BY ! :OLE PEOPLE4 ,NO 
ONE C\LD HE IGNORANT ( ! SIMPLE >TS ( LIFE1 & G5]AL 9T]E/ WAS 
TAK5 9 !IR PRODUCTION2 SO ?AT ! /&>D ( EXCELL5CE 9 W>ES WAS KEPT 
UP & PU%$ =W>D AT ONCE BY ! 9TELLECTUAL & ! MAT]IAL 9T]E/S ( 
! PEOPLE AT L>GE4 ,! DI/9CTION BETWE5 >TI/ & NON->TI/ DID NOT 
#cgg  
EXI/2 IT WAS ONLY A QUE/ION ( ! DIFF]5CE ( M5TAL GIFTS BETWE5 ONE MAN 
& ANO!R4 ,SU* AS ?OSE GIFTS W]E1 NO ONE WAS DEB>R$ FROM ! MEANS ( 
EXPRESS+ !M 9 >T BY SOME MEANS OR ANO!R4  

,?IS WAS ! POSITION ( >T 9 ! FEUDAL P]IOD1 BR\<T AB\T BY A LIFE ( 
LABOR :I* WAS A /RUGGLE = FRE$OM FROM ! RE/RA9T ( PRIVILEGE4 ,?AT 
/RUGGLE 5D$ 9 VICTORY4 ,H[ & ) :AT RESULTS TO LABOR & >T8  

,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT 9 ! FIFTE5? C5TURY ! DI/9CTIVELY FREE WAGE-E>N+ 
CLASS1 OR PROLET>IAT1 WAS COM+ 9TO EXI/5CE 9 ! =M ( ! J\RNEYM5 
( ! CRAFTS-MA/]S2 BUT !IR POSITION WAS1 ( C\RSE1 BY NO MEANS ?AT ( 
! PRES5T FACTORY H&4 ,!IR WAGES W]E HI<1 & 9DE$ WAGES ROSE 9 ! 
FIFTE5? C5TURY2 & AS TO !IR WORK1 !Y W]E ON AN EQUALITY ) !IR 
MA/]S--ORGANIZ]S ( LABOR1 AS WE QUA9TLY CALL PEOPLE :O DO NO?+ BUT 
/& & LOOK ON AT LABOR1 BE+ UNKN[N 9 ?AT TIME1 & DIVISION ( LABOR 
9 ! WORK%OP HAV+ SC>CELY BEGUN4 ,BUT 9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ! SIXTE5? 
C5TURY ! BODY ( M5 AVAILABLE = J\RNEYM5 GREW GREATLY & SUDD5LY4 
,COMM]CE WAS SPREAD+ ALL OV] ,EUROPE1 & T5D+ EV] WE/W>DS4 ,9 ?IS 
C\NTRY ! BONDS ( FEUDAL P]SONAL S]VICE HAD BE5 MU* %AK5 BY ! 
:OLESALE SLAU<T] ( G5TLEM5 9 ! ,W>S ( ! ,ROSES1 & ! IMPOV]I%$ 
L&LORDS SAW BE=E !M A *ANCE ( RECOV]+ A POSITION BY ?R[+ 
!MSELVES 9TO ! M>KET ( NEW-BORN COMM]CE4 ,!N BEGAN 9 ,5GL& ! 
GREAT *ANGE1 & :]EAS1 HI!RTO1 M5 HAD PRODUC$ W>ES = A LIVELIHOOD1 
& = ! SUPPLY ( ! WANTS ( !IR NEI<BORS1 !Y N[ BEGAN TO PRODUCE 
!M = PR(IT1 & = A GAMBL+-M>KET4 ,! FIR/ /EP 9 ?IS *ANGE WAS 
TAK5 T[>DS ! L&4 ,! L&[N]S1 AS ,I HAVE SAID1 SAW !IR ADVANTAGE1 
& TURN$ ALL !IR 5]GIES TO ! RAIS+ ( WOOL AS A M>KETABLE COMMODITY4 
,! IMPULSE T[>DS COMM]CE WAS IRRESI/IBLE1 AL?\<1 UND] ,H5RY ,V,I,I41 
LEGISLATION TRI$ TO *ECK ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! YEOM5 FROM ! L&4 
,=CE & FRAUD1 APPLI$ )\T SCRUPLE1 SOON DID !IR WORK1 & ,5GL& FROM 
BE+ A C\NTRY ( TILLAGE1 9T]SP]S$ ) COMMON L& = ! PA/URAGE ( 
! PEOPLE'S LIVE-/OCK1 BECAME A GREAT GRAZ+ C\NTRY1 RAIS+ %EEP = 
SALE ( WOOL TO ! =EIGN M>KET4  

,TWO REPRES5TATIVE M5 HAVE LEFT 9 !IR WRIT+S FULL TOK5S ( H[ BITT]LY 
?IS SPOLIATION WAS FELT4 ,SIR ,?OMAS ,MORE1 ONE ( ! MO/ HI<-M9D$ & 
CULTIVAT$ G5TLEM5 ( HIS P]IOD1 AN 5?USIA/IC ,CA?OLIC1 A M>TYR = HIS 
HONE/Y TO ?AT CAUSE1 WAS ONE4 ,HU< ,LATIM]1 A YEOMAN'S SON1 ! V]Y TYPE ( 
R\< ,5GLI% HONE/Y1 AN 5?USIA/IC ,PROTE/ANT1 & A M>TYR TO HIS HONE/Y 
9 ?AT CAUSE1 WAS ! O!R4 ,BO? SAY ! SAME ?+1 & 9 WORDS :I* NO 
ONE :O HAS READ !M CAN EV] =GET GIVE US A T]RIBLE PICTURE ( ! RESULTS 
( COMM]CIAL GRE$ 9 !IR DAYS4 ,IT IS NO IDLE WORD TO SAY ?AT SU* M5 
NEV] DIE2 & N[1 ONCE MORE 9 \R DAYS1 IT SEEMS AS ?\< ! AX ( ,MORE 
& ! FAGOT ( ,LATIM] W]E /ILL AT WORK PRODUC+ FRUIT :I* .<NOT.> EV5 
!Y--NO1 NOT EV5 ,MORE HIMSELF--HAD CONCEIV$ 9 !IR M9DS4  

,BUT MEANTIME COMM]CE W5T M]RILY ON H] DE/RUCTIVE WAY4 ,! DIRECT  
SPOLIATION ( ! PEOPLE ABOVE M5TION$ WAS FOLL[$ BY !IR 9DIRECT SPOLIATION  
9 ! =M ( ! SEIZURE ( ! L&S ( ! RELIGI\S H\SES1 UND] ! PRETEXT  
?AT !Y NO LONG] P]=M$ ! PUBLIC FUNCTION = :I* !Y W]E HELD1 &  
#c<  
!RE=E %\LD NO LONG] P]=M ANY PUBLIC FUNCTION AT ALL4 ,?IS FRE% ROBB]Y  
( ! PEOPLE1 AP>T FROM ! HIDE\S BRUTALITY ) :I* IT WAS C>RI$ \T1 HAD  
IMM$IATE RESULTS1 WOEFUL 5\<2 BUT ! PO9T ON :I* IT T\*ES \R SUBJECT IS  
?AT IT ADD$ TO ! >MY ( .<L.>ACKALLS CA/ LOOSE ON ! WORLD 7& ( :OM ,MORE  
& ,LATIM] SPEAK71 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ! DISCOV]Y ( ! L&LORDS ?AT !Y  
C\LD F>M = A PR(IT1 & ?AT M5 W]E LESS PR(ITABLE ANIMALS TO KEEP ?AN  
%EEP4  

,SO Y\ SEE1 BETWE5 ONE ?+ & ANO!R1 !RE WAS CREAT$ A VA/ BODY ( 
PEOPLE :O HAD NO PROP]TY EXCEPT !IR [N BODIES1 :I*1 9 CONSEQU5CE1 !Y 
W]E B\ND TO SELL TO ANYONE :O W\LD BUY !M ON ! T]MS ( KEEP+ !M 
ALIVE TO WORK4 ,?US WAS E/ABLI%$ ! CLASS ( FREE LABOR]S ( 
:OM \R ,A!NIAN FRI5D WAS AFRAID1 NOT )\T REASON2 M5 :O W]E FREE--TO 
/>VE4  ,?IS WAS ! MAT]IAL READY = ! USE ( ! PLAGUE ( 
PR(IT-MONG]+ 7POLITELY CALL$ COMM]CE71 !N NEWLY LET LOOSE ON ! WORLD4 
,AT FIR/ ! M>KET WAS H>D TO ADJU/1 & ! 0MAT]IAL0 SOME:AT 
9TRACTABLE--SO MU* SO ?AT BY ,MR4 ,FRONDE'S PI\S H]O1 ,H5RY ,V,I,I,I4 7:OM WE 
MAY CALL ONE ( ! GREATE/ SC\NDRELS ?AT EV] DISGRAC$ ! NAME ( 
,5GLI%MAN71 & BY O!RS1 IT WAS HANG$ \T ( ! WAY BY ! ?\S&4  

,H[EV]1 ?+S %OOK D[N AGA9 AT LA/4 ,A POOR-LAW1 :I*1 UNLIKE ! 
EXI/+ ONE1 WAS HUMANE & REASONABLE1 WAS 5ACT$ TO FILL ! PLACE ( ! 
ALMSGIV+ ( ! MONA/]IES2 & ?+S GREW A LITTLE EASI] 9 RELATION TO 
LABOR1 & SO WAS E/ABLI%$ ! NEW ORD] ( ?+S F\ND$ ON COMM]CE1 & 
ITS DAWN+ GOSPEL ( SUPPLY & DEM&4  

,?US HAD ! /RUGGLES ( LABOR1 TO SET ITSELF FREE FROM FEUDAL >BITR>9ESS1 
SUCCE$$ 9 A S5SE 2 FEUDALISM HAD GOT ITS DEA? BL[1 & COMM]CE WAS 
TAK+ ! EMPTY PLACE 9 ITS OLD ?RONE4 ,! WORKMAN HAD 5T]$ 9TO HIS 
K+DOM1 !N8 ,ALL WAS /RAI<T=W>D JU/ICE & GOOD LIFE = HIM 
H5CE=W>D8 ,/RANGE TO SAY1 NOT AT ALL4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 HE HAD BE5 
%OV$ D[N A /EP OR TWO1 & WAS1 9 FACT1 WORSE (F ?AN HIS PR$ECESSOR1 
! S]F1 HAD BE54 ,HE HAD LABOR$1 & O!R M5 HAD 5T]$ 9TO HIS LABOR4 
,= \T ( ALL ?OSE ELEM5TS ( FRE$ VILLE91 CORPORATE TRAD]1 PRIVILEG$ 
GUILD-CRAFTSMAN1 YEOMAN1 @&C41 HAD GRADUALLY GR[N UP A MIDDLE CLASS1 :O 
9CREAS$ SPE$ILY 9 WEAL? & P[]1 BE+ F$ BY ?AT V]Y MIS]Y FIR/ 
CREAT$ BY ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! PEASANTS1 :O1 AS ,I HAVE SAID1 BECAME ! 
DUE MAT]IAL = ! PR(IT-MONG]+ ( NEW-BORN COMM]CE4  

,?IS NEW MIDDLE CLASS MADE A /\T & RIGOR\S SET ( M51 R\<-H&$ & 
UNSCRUPUL\S 5\<1 & PU%$ ON AGA9/ PRIVILEGE1 ) ALL ! OLD 
TRADITIONS BEH9D !M ( M5 :O W]E /RUGGL+ UND] V]Y DIFF]5T 
CIRCUM/ANCES1 & ) AIMS1 AT LEA/ P>TIALLY DIFF]5T1 & T[>DS ! 
MIDDLE ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY !Y BEGAN TO AIM AT SUPREMACY 9 ! ,/ATE 
9/EAD ( FRE$OM = COMM]CE4 ,AS TO ! CONDITION ( LABOR UND] !M1 IT 
WAS POOR 5\<4 ,AL?\< SOME ( ! CRAFTS W]E C>RI$ ON 9 A DOME/IC 
MANN] )\T DIVISION ( LABOR & UNTR\BL$ BY ! MIDDLEM51 9 MO/ 
COMPETITION & ! RULE ( MA/] OV] MAN WAS FAIRLY E/ABLI%$4 ,AS TO ! 
>TS1 IT F>$ 9 LIKEWISE4 ,! CRAFTSM5 W]E N[ DIVID$ 9TO >TI/S :O 
W]E NOT WORKM51 & WORKM5 :O W]E NOT >TI/S4 ,POPUL> >T1 :I* WAS ONCE 
#cgi  
UNIV]SAL >T1 & 9 :I* ! *ANGES FROM ! HI<E/ 9TELLECTUAL TO ! 
L[E/ ORNAM5TAL >T W]E GRADUAL & IMP]CEPTIBLE--POPUL> >T L+]$ 9 A 
RUDE =M :]E IT WAS ALLI$ TO ! DOME/IC LABOR A=ESAID1 BUT 
ELSE:]E1 UND] ! GRIP ( PR(IT SANK L[] & L[] DECADE BY DECADE1 & 
WAS EMPLOY$ 9 MAK+ M]E TOYS & UPHOL/]Y4 ,>*ITECTURE1 OR ORNAM5TAL 
BUILD+1 RETA9$ SOME ( ITS *>M & BEAUTY :]E LIFE WAS RUDE & SIMPLE1 
BUT ELSE:]E HAD LO/ ALL LIFE & HOPE1 & SANK 9TO A DULL1 P$ANTIC 
EXPOSITION ( ! MISUND]/OOD RULES ( BYGONE AGES4 ,YET A TRADITION ( ! 
BETT] DAYS /ILL L+]$1 & IT WAS1 9 G5]AL1 ONLY :5 M5 9T5D$ TO 
%[ !IR PRIDE ( LE>N+ & RI*ES ?AT !Y MADE QUITE UGLY ?+S4  

,SU* WAS ! >T ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY 2 BUT !RE WAS A GR[+ T5D5CY 
TO *ANGE 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR NECESSITAT$ BY ITS GR[+ 
COMM]CIALISM4  ,! WORKM5 W]E COLLECT$ 9TO WORK%OPS1 !IR SIMPLE 
MA*9ES--! LOOM1 ! LA!1 ! :EEL-?\< NOT = ! MO/ P>T ALT]$ 9 
PR9CIPLE1 W]E LI<T5$ & IMPROV$2 DIVISION ( LABOR WAS 9TRODUC$2 
& AN 9TELLIG5T MAN1 :O ONCE W\LD HAVE S*EM$ & C>RI$ \T A PIECE ( 
WORK FROM ! FIR/ TO ! LA/1 WAS N[ =C$ TO CONC5TRATE ALL HIS M5TAL 
P[] ON A SMALL PORTION ( SU* WORK1 SPE$ & PRECISION BE+ ! QUALITIES 
N[ S\<T = 9 A WORKMAN1 9/EAD ( ?\<T & >TI/IC F9I%4  

,?IS SY/EM ( WORK WAS C>RI$ TO P]FECTION DUR+ ! NEXT C5TURY 7! 
EI<TE5?71 ) ! RESULT ( ! 5TIRE DE/RUCTION ( POPUL> >T EXCEPT 9 
PLACES SO REMOTE FROM ! C5T]S ( CIVILIZATION ?AT !Y SC>CELY FELT ! 
9FLU5CE ( COMM]CE2 :ILE AS TO ! 9TELLECTUAL >TS1 PA9T+1 SCULPTURE1 
@&C4--!Y SANK AS L[ AS POSSIBLE1 GIV5 A C]TA9 AM\NT ( FLIPPANT CLEV]NESS 
AS TO 9V5TION1 & L[ MANUAL DEXT]ITY 9 EXECUTION4 ,TO :AT EXT5T !Y 
HAVE RECOV]$ FROM ?IS LIV+ DEA? AT ?IS DAY IT IS NOT EASY = US 
CONTEMPOR>IES TO SETTLE4 ,D\BTLESS M5 ( G5IUS EXI/1 & ?AT G5IUS WILL1 
) T]RIBLE EF=T1 BREAK ?R\< UNFAVORABLE SURR\ND+S1 & PRODUCE 
SOME?+2 HUT1 AS TO POPUL> >T1 IT IS AS A TALE ?AT IS TOLD1 & ! PEOPLE 
IS DISSOCIAT$ FROM ! PLEASURE ( LIFE4  

,EV5 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY IT WAS COMMON] = PEOPLE TO MAKE ?+S UGLY 
?AN BEAUTIFUL2 & NO WOND]1 = ! WORK] HAD1 AS A RULE1 NO LONG] TO 
?9K ( :AT HE WAS MAK+1 & SO C\LD TAKE NO PLEASURE 9 IT--NO 
SATISFACTION1 = 9/ANCE1 9 TAM+ A TR\BLESOME MAT]IAL TO HIS WILL1 & 
SO PRODUC+ BEAUTY & 9T]E/ FROM R\<NESS & RISK4 ,HE WORK$ AT ! 
BIDD+ ( SOME DESIGN] \TSIDE HIS CRAFT1 :O HIMSELF WAS HURRI$ & H>ASS$ 
BY WORK+ = ! PR(IT-GR9D]1 & C>$ NAU<T = ! MAT]IAL HIS H&S 
W]E NOT TO DEAL )1 OR ! F9I%$ W>ES HE MI<T NEV] SEE4  

,H]E1 !N1 AT ! 5D ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 AS F> AS HI/ORY GOES1 IS 
AN 5D ( >T1 PROP]LY SPEAK+2 BUT = LABOR !RE WAS /ILL ANO!R *ANGE 
9 /ORE4 ,! DIVISION-(-LABOR SY/EM HAD1 9DE$1 MADE A GREAT *ANGE 9 ! 
MANUFACTURE ( GOODS1 & PRODUC$ 5ORM\S QUANTITIES ( !M = ! M>KETS2 
BUT ?OSE M>KETS W]E GR[+ EV]Y YE> 9 !IR DEM&S1 = OBVI\S CAUSES 
TOO LONG TO SPEAK ( H]E2 &1 ?\< ,5GL& HAD HAD H] %>E 9 ! GR[? 
( COMM]CE1 %E /ILL REMA9$1 ON ! :OLE1 A QUIET AGRICULTURAL C\NTRY1 
EV5 9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 & WAS !N1 AS TO H] 
WORK+ POPULATION1  MORE PROSP]\S ?AN %E HAD BE5 = C5TURIES4 ,!N CAME 
#*  
! TREM5D\S *ANGE :I* HAS MADE US :AT WE >E N[1 ! REVOLUTION ( ! 
GREAT MA*9E 9DU/RIES4 ,! REAL HI/ORY ( ! FIFTY YE>S ?AT EFFECT$ 
?IS REVOLUTION HAS YET TO BE WRITT51 IF1 9DE$1 IT CAN EV] BE WRITT5 
TRULY2 BUT1 AT ALL EV5TS1 WE ALL KN[ ITS \TL9ES1 & H[ ! T]RIBLE W> 
:I* WE UND]TOOK1 NOM9ALLY 9 DEF5SE ( MON>*ICAL PR9CIPLE1 BUT REALLY 
TO PRES]VE \R =EIGN & COLONIAL M>KETS1 L&$ US E>LY 9 ?IS C5TURY 
9 A /RANGE POSITION--! MO/ P[]FUL NATION 9 ! WORLD1 ) ! MONOPOLY 
( TRADE 9 ! GREAT 9DU/RIES1 BUT ) A MO/ MIS]ABLE POPULATION1 
OPPRESS$1 PA/ ! P[] ( WORDS TO TELL (1 BY ! RECKLESSNESS ( ! 
PURSUIT ( COMM]CIAL GA9S1 :I*1 SO LONG AS A PR(IT C\LD BE MADE1 HE$$ 
NOT ! SUFF]+S PRODUC$ BY SOME NEW *ANGE 9 MA*9]Y1 NOR ATTEMPT$ TO 
REGULATE ?AT *ANGE SO AS TO SAVE US FROM ITS WOR/ CONSEQU5CES4  

,:]E >E WE N[1 AFT] ALL ?IS8 IS SURELY ! QUE/ION WE MU/ ASK \RSELVES4 
,AS TO ! RELATION ( >T TO LABOR1 ,I CAN ONLY SAY ?AT LABOR 9 ! MASS HAS 
NO LONG] ANY?+ TO DO ) >T4 ,EV5 UND] ! DIVISION-(-LABOR SY/EM ( 
! EI<TE5? C5TURY !RE WAS LEFT SOME POOR REMA9S ( ATTRACTIV5ESS 9 
! FACT ?AT IT WAS /ILL ?\<T CR$ITABLE TO TURN \T GOOD WORK1 0WELL & 
TRULY MADE10 AS \R =EFA!RS PHRAS$ IT4 ,WELL1 WE HAVE GOT A /EP BEYOND 
?AT N[1 & UND]/& CLE>LY ?AT PR(IT IS ! ONE SOLE AIM ( ALL 
MANUFACTURE2 !RE=E1 AS F> AS ! WORK ( ! WORK] IS CONC]N$1 !RE IS 
NO ATTRACTIV5ESS--?AT IS1 >T--9 IT1 :]EAS ONCE1 AS WE HAVE SE51 HIS WORK 
WAS ALMO/ ALWAYS ATTRACTIVE4  

,BUT1 IF HIS WORK IS NO LONG] PLEASANT1 SURELY !RE IS SOME COMP5SATORY 
PLEASURE O!RWISE 9 HIS LIFE4 ,:]E IS IT1 !N8 ,HIS HOME8 ,ALAS1 9 ! 
MANUFACTUR+ DI/RICTS1 OR ,LONDON1 OR ANY GREAT T[N1 NOT EV5 A RI* MAN CAN 
HAVE A DEC5T HOME1 MU* LESS A POOR MAN1 S9CE IT HAS BE5 ?\<T A LITTLE 
?+ TO TURN ! RIV]S 9TO FIL?1 & PUT \T ! SUN1 & MAKE ! E>? 
SQUALID ) ! BRICK5 5CAMPM5TS--WE WILL NOT CALL !M H\SES--9 :I* 
?OSE :O MAKE \R WEAL? LIVE SU* LIVES AS !Y CAN LIVE4  

,DOES LEISURE COMP5SATE \R WORKMAN1 !N8 ,WE NE$ NOT GO 9TO ?AT QUE/ION1 ,I 
?9K4 ,OR DO HI< WAGES1 IF !Y C\LD BE ANY GOOD TO HIM1 COMPELL$ TO LIVE 9 
! TOIL+ HELL FROM :I*1 AS LONG AS HE IS A WORK]1 HE CANNOT ESCAPE8 ,NAY1 
WE N[ KN[ ?AT1 UND] ! PRES5T SY/EM1 HIS WAGES MU/ BE LIMIT$ TO ! 
AM\NT :I* WILL KEEP HIM FROM DAY TO DAY 9 ! CONDITION HE IS US$ TO1 OR 
PR(ITS WILL COME TO AN 5D4 ,OR $UCATION--%ALL ?AT BE HIS RECOMP5SE8 ,:Y1 
!RE >E /ILL PEOPLE :O >E WI%FUL TO DEPRIVE HIM--OR HIS *ILDR51 
RA!R--( ! PITIFUL MODICUM ( $UCATION :I* HAS BUT LATELY BE5 DOL$ \T 
TO HIM1 & 9 ?IS C\NTRY ( COMPROMISE 7C[>DICE IS ANO!R NAME = ?AT 
WORD71 ,I CAN PRETTY WELL GUESS H[ ?AT IS LIKELY TO 5D1 = ! PRES5T4  

,! QUE/ION--,:AT >E ! PRES5T RELATIONS ( >T TO LABOR8 IS SOON ANSW]$4  
,! RELATIONS >E SIMPLE 5\<1 = LABOR IS :OLLY DIVORC$ FROM >T4 ,AS TO HIS  
WORK1 ! WORKMAN IS EI!R HIMSELF A MA*9E OR IS ! SLAVE ( A MA*9E4 ,!RE  
IS NO >T 9 HIS WORK2 & AS TO HIS LIFE \TSIDE HIS WORK1 HE HAS NEI!R MONEY1  
LEISURE1 OR $UCATION--?AT IS1 REF9EM5T--SUFFICI5T TO OBTA9 >T4  

,IT IS TO BE FE>$ ?AT SOME ( \R READ]S WILL ?9K ?AT ?IS DOES NOT 
MATT] AT ALL4 ,! WORKMAN IS F$1 CLO!D1 & LODG$ 9 SU* A WAY ?AT HE 
MAKES A GOOD WORKMAN--= MAK+ A PR(IT = O!R PEOPLE--& IS CONT5T$ ) 
#*a  
HIS LOT1 AS YET4 ,?OSE :O ?9K ?US WILL NOT C>E TO READ AN ANSW] TO 
ANO!R QUE/ION--,:AT %\LD BE ! RELATIONS BETWE5 >T & LABOR8  

,LET US TAKE ! SURR\ND+S ( ! WORKMAN'S LIFE FIR/1 BECAUSE HIS WORK CAN 
NEV] BE SET RI<T UNLESS ! SURR\ND+S ( HIS LIFE >E1 :I*1 9DE$1 WILL 
9CLUDE ! SURR\ND+S ( ALL \R LIVES4 ,LET US SEE :AT !SE SURR\ND+S 
%\LD BE4  

#a4 ,! WORKMAN MU/ LIVE 9 A PLEASANT H\SE 9 
A PLEASANT PLACE4 ,?AT IS A CLAIM = LABOR :I* ,I KN[ MO/ PEOPLE WILL BE 
9CL9$ TO AGREE ) UNTIL !Y CONSID] H[ IMPOSSIBLE IT IS TO SATISFY IT 
UND] \R PRES5T PR(IT-GR9D+ SY/EM2 = PLEASE TO ?9K :AT TIME1 MONEY1 
& TR\BLE IT W\LD TAKE TO TURN ,LONDON 9TO A PLEASANT PLACE1 & ALSO ?AT A 
PLEASANT H\SE IS1 & MU/ BE1 A CO/LY H\SE4  

#b4 ,! WORKMAN MU/ BE WELL $UCAT$4 ,?IS1 
AGA91 MO/ PEOPLE WILL AGREE TO TILL !Y KN[ :AT IT MEANS--NAMELY1 ?AT ALL 
*ILDR5 %ALL BE $UCAT$1 NOT ACCORD+ TO ! MONEY !IR P>5TS HAPP5 TO 
POSSESS1 BUT ACCORD+ TO !IR CAPACITY4 ,LESS ?AN ?IS MEANS CLASS-$UCATION1 
:I* IS A MON/R\S OPPRESSION ( ! POOR BY ! RI*4  

#c4 ,! WORKMAN MU/ HAVE DUE LEISURE4 ,ONCE MORE 
?IS IS AGRE$ TO TILL ! MEAN+ ( ! WORD IS CLE>4 ,OV]WORK = PR(IT 
MU/ BE PREV5T$ AT ANY CO/4 ,! NECESS>Y MAXIMUM ( A DAY'S WORK MU/ BE 
F\ND \T1 & MADE LEGAL & COMPULSORY4 ,IT FOLL[S1 AS A COROLL>Y TO ?IS 
CLAIM1 ?AT EV]YBODY MU/ LABOR4  

,SO MU* = ! NECESS>Y SURR\ND+S ( LIFE UND] :I* >T 
= ! :OLE PEOPLE W\LD BE POSSIBLE4 ,I ?9K MY READ]S MU/ SEE ?AT :AT 
!SE ?REE ?+S REALLY MEAN IS REF9EM5T ( LIFE1 OR1 AS WE CALL IT N[1 
! LIFE ( A G5TLEMAN2 & WE MU/ CLE>LY UND]/& ?AT IF ! WORK]S 
HAVE NO HOPE ( BECOM+ REF9$1 OR G5TLEM51 !Y WILL 9 ! LONG RUN 
BECOME BRUTES1 & ! WELL-TO-DO CLASSES WILL BE NO BETT]4 ,LET US ?9K ( 
?AT1 & :AT IT MEANS4 ,! LIVES ( SOME ( US MAY SEE ITS T]RIBLE MEAN+ 
EXPLA9$ UNLESS WE GR[ WISE 9 TIME4  

,N[ AS TO ! MANN] ( WORK1 IF WE >E TO HAVE >T AMONG US ONCE MORE4  

#a4 ,!RE MU/ BE NO USELESS WORK DONE4 ,?IS1 
9DE$1 FOLL[S1 AS A MATT] ( C\RSE1 ON ! LIMITATION ( ! DAILY H\RS ( 
LABOR2 BUT ALSO1 ( C\RSE1 ,I KN[ MANY ( MY READ]S DO NOT AGREE ) ME AT 
ALL 9 ?IS1 AS WE MO/LY LIVE1 WE ( ! WELL-TO-DO CLASSES1 ON USELESS 
LABOR--! TURN+ ( ! :EEL ( ! PR(IT-GR9D]4  

#b4 ,:ATEV] NECESS>ILY IRKSOME WORK MU/ BE 
DONE %\LD BE DONE BY MA*9ES1 :I* %\LD BE US$ TO SAVE LABOR REALLY1 
& NOT1 AS N[1 TO GR9D \T PR(IT4 ,I KN[ ?AT ?IS 9VOLVES :AT SOME WILL 
?9K ! MON/R\S PROPOSITION ?AT MA*9ES %\LD BE \R S]VANTS1 NOT \R 
MA/]S1 BUT ,I MAKE ! CLAIM )\T BLU%+4  

#c4 ,NO USELESS WORK BE+ DONE1 & ALL IRKSOME 
LABOR SAV$ AS MU* AS POSSIBLE BY MA*9ES BE+ MADE \R S]VANTS 9/EAD ( 
\R MA/]S1 IT W\LD FOLL[1 AS A MATT] ( C\RSE1 ?AT :AT O!R WORK WAS 
DONE 7:I* 9 TRU? W\LD BE BY F> ! MO/ IMPORTANT P>T ( WORK7 W\LD BE 
ACCOMPANI$ BY PLEASURE 9 ! DO+1 & W\LD RECEIVE PRAISE :5 DONE2 & 
MO/ TRUE IT IS ?AT ! PRODUCT ( ALL WORK DONE ) PLEASURE & WOR?Y ( 
PRAISE IS >T--?AT IS TO SAY1 AN ESS5TIAL P>T ( ! PLEASURE ( LIFE4 ,BEAUTY 
IS ! NECESS>Y EXPRESSION & TOK5 ( SU* WORK4  

,N[1 ( C\RSE1 IT WILL BE SAID ?IS K9D ( WORK IS DESIRABLE 
D\BTLESS1 BUT IMPOSSIBLE TO REALIZE4 ,BUT LET ME REM9D MY READ]S ?AT TO A 
C]TA9 EXT5T IT WAS REALIZ$ 9 ! ,MIDDLE-AGES1 :5 ! WORKMAN WAS MA/] 
#*b  
( HIS MAT]IAL1 TOOLS1 & TIME4  ,9 ORD] TO REALIZE ! K9D ( WORK ,I HAVE 
BE5 SPEAK+ (1 HE MU/ ONCE AGA9 BE MA/] ( !SE ?+S 2 & ?IS MU/ 
HE BR\<T AB\T NOT BY REV]T+ TO ! SY/EM ( ! ,MIDDLE-AGES1 :I* IS 
OBVI\SLY IMPOSSIBLE1 BUT BY MAK+ ! WORKMAN ! MA/] ( HIS TIME1 TOOLS1 
& MAT]IAL COLLECTIVELY OR SOCIALLY--?AT IS TO SAY1 ?AT ! LABOR]S MU/ 
REGULATE LABOR 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! LABOR]S4 ,( C\RSE1 IT IS CLE> ?AT 
?IS 9VOLVES ! ALT]+ ( ! BASIS ( SOCIETY1 S9CE IT MEANS NO?+ LESS 
?AN SUPPLY+ ! PRES5T SY/EM ( COMPETITION1 OR--! DEVIL TAKE ! 
H9DMO/--BY ,SOCIALISM1 OR UNIV]SAL COOP]ATION1 :I*EV] Y\ LIKE TO CALL 
IT4 ,& SOME WILL ?9K SU* A *ANGE A HEAVY PRICE 9DE$ TO PAY = >T1 EV5 
IF IT HE TRUE 7& ,I /ILL ASS]T ?AT IT IS7 ?AT Y\ CANNOT HAVE >T )\T 
?AT *ANGE4  

,YET ,I MU/ ASK Y\ TO REMEMB] ?AT ,I HAVE CALL$ >T ! PLEASURE ( LIFE1 
:I*1 9DE$1 MEANS NO?+ %ORT ( HAPP9ESS4 ,TELL ME1 !N1 :AT IS TOO 
HI< A PRICE TO BUY G5]AL HAPP9ESS )8  

,REMEMB]1 ALSO1 ?AT ,I HAVE SAID IT WAS NECESS>Y = ! NEW BIR? ( >T ?AT 
! WORKMAN %\LD BE WELL H\S$1 WELL $UCAT$1 & HAVE DUE LEISURE 9 HIS 
LIFE4 ,I KN[ ?AT ?IS CANNOT HAPP5 TO HIM UND] ! PRES5T COMPETITIVE 
SY/EM2 IF Y\ DO NOT KN[ IT Y\ MAY F9D IT TRUE SOME DAY1 :5 Y\ BEG9 TO 
TRY ?AT ! WORKMAN %ALL BE WELL H\S$1 WELL $UCAT$1 & BE 9 POSSESSION 
( DUE LEISURE4  ,& IF ! PRES5T SY/EM WILL NOT DO ?IS = HIM1 :AT WILL8 
,?AT IS AN IMPORTANT QUE/ION1 :I* HE WILL ONE DAY ASK & ANSW] = HIMSELF 
)\T \R HELP IF WE DO NOT LOOK TO IT4 ,MY ANSW] TO ! QUE/ION ONCE MORE 
IS--! SUPREMACY ( LABOR US$ 9 A SOCIAL S5SE = ! B5EFIT ( ! 
COMMUNITY4 ,?AT IS1 ,I FEEL QUITE SURE1 ! NEXT MOVE 9 ! GREAT GAME ( 
PROGRESS1 & WILL HE MADE :E!R WE LIKE IT OR NOT1 :E!R WE HELP IT OR 
NOT4 ,BUT S9CE IT IS = ! GOOD ( ! HUMAN RACE1 & S9CE DAY BY DAY ITS 
ADV5T IS BECOM+ MORE OBVI\SLY 9EVITABLE1 LET US LE>N TO LIKE IT & LE>N 
TO HELP IT4  

,! ESSAY PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,COOP]ATIVE ,ANNUAL 5D$ H]E4 ,MORRIS'S ORIG9AL NOTES 9CLUD$ AN ADDITIONAL CONCLUSION1 :I* FOLL[S1 

,TO ME 9DE$ ALL ?+S SEEM MOV+ ?AT WAY2 IT WAS P>TLY MY 9T5TION 
:5 ,I GAVE Y\ JU/ N[ ?AT HURRI$ GLIMPSE ( ! HI/ORY ( LABOR TO %[ 
H[ PRACTICALLY ALL HI/ORY HAS BE5 ! HI/ORY ( ! ANTAGONISM ( CLASSES1 
?AT ALL *ANGE & PROGRESS HAS COME AB\T BY ?AT ANTAGONISM1 ! OPPRESS$ 
CLASS /RIV+ TO RAISE ITSELF CON/ANTLY 9 OPPOSITION TO ! DOM9ANT ONE1 
:I* 9 ITS TURN RESI/S AS BL9DLY AS VA9LY4  ,I TOLD Y\ H[ ! RISE ( ! 
MIDDLE-CLASS TOOK PLACE FROM ! /RUGGLES ( ! 5FRAN*IS$ S]F ( ! 
MIDDLE AGES = FRE$OM ( COMPETITION2 ?AT /RUGGLE WAS NOT FULLY TRIUMPHANT 
TILL ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 :I* IS COMMONLY BUT ]RONE\SLY SUPPOS$ TO HAVE 
BE5 A /RUGGLE = ! FRE$OM ( ! L[] CLASSES1 BUT :I* WAS REALLY ! 
LA/ ATTACK ( ! MIDDLE-CLASSES ON FEUDAL PRIVILEGE :I* IT PRACTICALLY 
ABOLI%$4 ,?IS TRIUMPH ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES OR COMM]CIAL CLASSES WAS SEAL$ 
F9ALLY BY ! TREM5D\S ECONOMICAL REVOLUTION ( TE GREAT MA*9E 9DU/RIES4 
& ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 LONG /RUGGL+ ) ! CLASSES ABOVE !M1 AT FIR/ 
= EXI/5CE & LATT]LY = SUPREMACY1 HAD N[ 5T]$ 9TO A NEW PHASE1 & 
>E >M+ !MSELVES TO RESI/ ! CLASS :I* HAS =M$ BEL[ !M DUR+ 
?AT /RUGGLE1 & :I* HAS N[ TAK5 !IR PLACE 9 ! M>* ( PROGRESS4 ,I 
CANNOT D\BT ?AT Y\ HAVE NOT$ SOME ( ! TOK5S ( ?IS NEW /RUGGLE3 ! 
SUCCESS ( ! TRADES UNIONS 9 ,5GL&1 ?\< !Y !MSELVES HURRI$LY 
F\ND$ AT A TIME :5 ! PR9CIPLES ( ,SOCIALISM W]E NOT WELL UND]/OOD 9 
ONE ( ! D>K] P]IODS ( \R HI/ORY HAVE GR[N TO BE CONS]VATIVE BODIES 
LOOK+ ONLY TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! >I/OCRACY ( LABOR2 ! SUDD5 COLLAPSE 
( ! LAISSEZ FAIRE DOCTR9ES SO CONFID5TLY PROCLAIM$ AS ET]NAL 
NATURAL LAWS ( ! UNIV]SE1 & N[ DISCOV]$ NOT TO BE POSSIBLE TO BE 
C>RI$ ON 9 A SMALL CORN] ( IT2 ! RE-AWAK5+ ( ,SOCIALISM SUPPOS$ TO 
HAVE BE5 DEAD1 9 A NEW & SCI5TIFIC =M1 EV5 9 ,5GL& ! /RON<OLD ( 
MIDDLE-CLASS SUPREMACY2 ITS RAPID SPREAD OV] ! CONT95T ( ,EUROPE1 & 
ESPECIALLY 9 ,G]MANY1 ! L& ( $UCATION1 ALL !SE ?+S PO9T TO ! 
COM+ ( ! GREAT *ANGE :5 ! TIME %ALL BE RIPE = IT4  ,NOR ON ! 
O!R H& >E !RE LACK+ SIGNS ( ?AT RIP5ESS--?AT ROTT5NESS3 ,5GL& 
! GREAT COMM]CIAL C\NTRY IS NOT LOS+1 BUT HAS LO/ H] MONOPOLY ( TRADE 
:I* %E HAD AFT] ! GREAT ,FR5* ,W>3 COMPETITION IS EAT+ ITS [N HE>T 
\T3 EV]Y:]E ,I HE> ! MANUFACTUR]S TELL+ ! SAME /ORY3 WAGES >E HI< 
!Y SAY ?\< BUS9ESS IS BAD2 IT IS WE ! HAPLESS PR(IT-GR9D]S :O >E 
SUFF]+3 WE >E MAK+ NO PR(ITS3 ?AT IS !IR V]SION ( ! /ATE ( 
?+S TO :I* P]IODICAL 9FLATION 4 GLUTS & SLACKNESS HAVE BR\<T US1 & 
,I CAN'T ?9K A TRIUMPHANT \TCOME ( ! RECKLESS GAMBL+ CALL$ ,COMM]CE4 
,MEANTIME LET !M ASK !MSELVES1 ,I SAY ?IS TO ! TRADES UNIONS ALSO1 :AT 
WILL HAPP5 :5 WAGES DO BEG9 TO FALL WIDELY2 :5 ! WORK+ CLASSES HAV+ 
BR\<T !IR /&>D ( LIFE UP TO A C]TA9 PIT* F9D ?AT UND] ! 
PRES5T SY/EM ?AT /&>D CANNOT BE MA9TA9$1 ?AT IT IS SLIPP+ AWAY 
FROM !M2 IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT :5 ?AT PIT* COMES ! CONS]VATIVE 9/9CTS 
( ! ,BRITI% WORK+ MAN1 ON :I* Y\ G5TLEM5 ( ! COMM]CIAL CLASSES SO 
MU* DEP5D WILL FAIL Y\1-& !N-  

,BE W>N$ 9 TIME ,I BEG ( Y\4 ,I BEG IT NOT 9 ! 9T]E/S ( \R CLASS1 
:I* ,I HOPE TO SEE MELT AWAY 9TO ! G5]AL COMMUNITY F\ND$ ON ! 
EQUALITY ( LABOR1 BUT 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! 9DIVIDUALS ( IT :O MAY BE 
ALIVE AT ! TIME2 NAY1 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ?AT PEACE & ORD] ( :I*1 
EXCUSE ME1 Y\ >E APT TO MAKE A FETI% (1 OR TREAT AS ! ,PORTUGUESE SAILORS 
DO !IR SA9TS1 SOMETIMES WOR%IP+ !M1 SOMETIMES ?RA%+ !M S\NDLY 
:5 !Y ?9K MORE IS TO BE GOT \T ( !M BY ?AT PROCESS4 ,I SAY 9 ! 
9T]E/ ( PEACE & ORD]1 ,I BEG Y\ TO KEEP Y\R EYES OP5 TO ! SIGNS ( 
! TIMES2 SO ?AT ! *ANGE MAY BE BR\<T AB\T AS LITTLE ME*ANICALLY AS 
MAY BE1 AS COMPLETELY AS MAY BE1 LEAV+ AS LITTLE HE>T-BURN+ & 9JU/ICE 
BEH9D IT AS MAY BE4 ,& ,I AM ! BOLD] 9 BEGG+ ?IS ( Y\ S9CE ,I MYSELF 
BELONG TO ! MIDDLE CLASS1 & ,I ?9K REPRES5T AN 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( M5 
( ?AT CLASS :O1 :ATEV] HAPP5S MU/ ?R[ 9 \R LOT ) ! WORK]S AT 
EV]Y /AGE ( ! /RUGGLE3 TO US ! NAME ,SOCIALISM DOES NOT REPRES5T A 
POLITICAL P>TY BUT A RELIGION RA!R1 TO :I* WE >E B\ND TO DEVOTE \R 
LIVES3 ?AT RELIGION ,I PREA* TO Y\ N[ 9 :AT FEEBLE WORDS ,I CAN1 ( :I* 
! LA/ >E !SE3 !RE >E EV5 N[ BUT TWO CAMPS1 ONE ( ! PEOPLE & ONE 
( !IR MA/]S2 BETWE5 !SE TWO Y\ MU/ MAKE Y\R *OICE4 ,RI* & POOR 
>E ! WORDS :I* DIVIDE ! WORLD1 & ,I E>NE/LY BEG Y\ TO JO9 
Y\RSELVES TO ! CAUSE ( ! POOR1 9 ! HOPE ?AT ?OSE TWO NAMES SO LONG 
EXPRESSIVE ( ! CURSE ( ! WORLD %ALL ONE DAY HAVE NO MEAN+ TO US BUT 
?AT WE %ALL ALL BE FRI5DS & GOOD FELL[S UNIT$ 9 ! COMMUNION ( 
HOPEFUL & PLEASURABLE LABOR :I* ALONE CAN PRODUCE >T1 ! ,PLEASURE ( 
,LIFE4  

         ,BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ,NOTE 

,TITLE  

,! ,RELATIONS ( ,>T TO ,LABOR  

,S\RCES  

,! ,COOP]ATIVE ,:OLESALE ,SOCIETIES ,LTD 7,5GL& & ,SCOTL&7 ,ANNUAL = #a#h#i1 PUB4 ,! ,COOP]ATIVE ,:OLESALE ,SOCIETY ,LTD1 ,MAN*E/] & ,! ,SCOTTI% ,COOP]ATIVE ,:OLESALE ,SOCIETY1 ,GLASG[1 #a#h#i1 PP4 #c#g#a-#c#h#b 

,! CONCLUSION IS TAK5 FROM ! ,YALE ,UNIV]SITY ,LIBR>Y ,T9K] ,MANUSCRIPT #aeih PP #c#a-#c#d1 AS PUBLI%$ 9 ,ALAN ,BACON 7$71 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS3 ,! ,RELATIONS ( ,>T TO ,LABOR1 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS ,SOCIETY1 #b#d4 

,NOTES  

,?IS ESSAY IS A MODIFI$ V]SION ( ! TALK FIR/ GIV5 UND] ! NAME ,>T & ,LABOR 9 #a#h#h#d4 

,TRANSCRIPTION1 ,NOTES & ,H,T,M,L  

,GRAHAM ,SEAMAN1 ,JULY #b#b4  

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #b#e1 #bba 3 ,! ,RELATIONS ( ,>T TO ,LAB\R -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,! ,RELATIONS ( ,>T TO ,LAB\R -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/