,! ,PROGRESS ( ,MANK9D 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS 

,TEXT 3 

,I4 

  

,! MO/ S]I\S ( ALL QUE/IONS :I* PRES5T !MSELVES TO \R M9D IS ! IMPROVEM5T ( ! HUMAN RACE4 ,COMP>+ \RSELVES ) PRIMITIVE PEOPLES & ) ?OSE /ILL EXI/+ SAVAGE RACES :I* HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 KEEP+ AP>T FROM ! 0CIVILIZ]S0-TOO (T5 DE/ROY]S-:AT SURE ADVANCES HAVE WE MADE1 :AT UND5IABLE RECOILS MU/ WE ADMIT1 9 ?IS LONG SUCCESSION ( C5TURIES8 ,IS IT POSSIBLE TO MEASURE ) ANY ACCURACY ! GA9S & LOSSES ( HAMANITY DUR+ ITS LONG HI/ORY8 

,WE \<T1 FIR/ ( ALL1 TO RECOGNIZE ?AT SOME GREAT M9DS ABSOLUTELY D5Y PROGRESS1 & REJECT ALL IDEA ( A CONT9U\S EVOLUTION = ! BETT]4 ,SO GREAT AN HI/ORIAN AS ,RANKE SEES 9 HI/ORY NO?+ BUT 0A SUCCESSION ( P]IODS1 EA* HAV+ ITS PECULLI> *>ACT]1 & MANIFE/+ DIV]SE T5D5CIES :I* GIVE A SPECIAL1 UNEXPECT$1 & EV5 PIQUANT LIFE TO ! DIFF]5T PICTURES ( EA* AGE & ( EA* PEOPLE40.<#a.> ,ACCORD+ TO ?IS CONCEPTION ! WORLD W\LD BE A SORT ( MUSEUM4 ,IF !RE W]E PROGRESS1 SAID ! PIETI/IC WRIT]1 !N1 ASSUR$ 9 ! C\RSE ( SUCCESSIVE AGES ( AN AMELIORATION 9 HIS LOT1 MAN W\LD NOT BE 9 0DIRECT DEP5D5CE ON ! ,DEITY10 :O REG>DS ) IMP>TIAL EYE ALL ! G5]ATIONS ?AT FO,I,I[ EA* O!R 9 TIME AS IF !Y W]E EXACTLY ( EQUAL VALUE4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 FIX$ 9/ITUTIONS-MON>*IES1 >I/OCRACIES1 ALL (FICIAL & =MALAT$ RELIGIONS1 E/ABLI%$1 & AS IT W]E WALL$ UP BY M5 :O CLAIMCVTO HAVE REALIZ$ P]FECTION ITSELF-PRESUPPOSE ?AT EV]Y REVOLUTION1 EV]Y *ANGE1 WILL BE A FALL1 A RETURN T[>DS B>B>ISM4 ,! FA!RS & ! GR&FA!RS1 PANEGYRI/S ( BYGONE TIMES1 CONTRIBUTE1 ) GODS & K+S1 TO DISP>AGE ! PRES5T AS COMP>$ ) =M] TIMES1 & TO =ESEE 9 NEW IDEAS A FATAL T5D5CY TO RETROGRESSION4 ,*ILDR5 9CL9E NATURALLY TO CONSID] !IR P>5TS AS SUP]IOR BE+S1 AS ?OSE P>5TS !MSELVES DID !IR FA!RS2 & ! RESULT ( ALL !SE S5TIM5TS SETTL+ 9 M5'S M9DS1 AS ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS ON ! BANKS ( A RIV]1 IS TO MAKE A V]ITABLE DOGMA ( ! IRREM$IABLE FALL ( MAN4 ,9 \R DAYS IS IT NOT /ILL ! G5]AL CO/OM TO DISC\RSE 9 PROSE & 9 V]SE UPON ! 0CORRUPTION ( ! AGE08 ,BY AN ABSOLUTE BUT ALMO/ UNCONSCI\S WANT ( LOGIC1 EV5 ?OSE :O VAUNT ! IRRESI/IBLE PROGRESS ( HUMANITY1 READILY SPEAK ( A F9 DE SIECLE DECAD5CE4 ,TWO CONTR>Y CURR5TS CROSS EA* O!R 9 !IR ?\<TS4 

,! FACT IS ?AT ! OLD CONCEPTIONS CLA% ) ! NEW4 ,! WEAK5+ ( RELIGIONS1 CAUS$ BY ! PRESSURE ( !ORIES :I* EXPLA9 ! =MATION ( ! WORLD BY A SL[ EVOLUTION1 A GRADUAL EM]G5CE ( ?+S \T ( ! PRIMITIVE *AOS1 RA!R ?AN BY A SUDD5 CREATION-:AT IS ?IS PH5OM5ON BUT PROGRESS ITSELF1 :E!R WE ADMIT IT IMPLICITLY AS ,>I/OTLE ADMITT$ IT1 OR RECOGNIZE IT 9 EXACT & ELOQU5T LANGUAGE1 AS DID ,LUCRETIUS8.<#b.> 

,H[EV]1 IT IS V]Y NECESS>Y TO HAVE A CLE> UND]/&+ AS TO ! MEAN+ ( ! WORD 0PROGRESS10 = ) REG>D TO ?IS !RE MI<T BE UN=TUNATE MISCONCEPTIONS4 ,?\S&S >E ! DEF9ITIONS ?AT ! ,BUDDHI/S & ! 9T]PRET]S ( ,BUDDHISM GIVE ( ,NIRVANA4 ,9 LIKE MANN]1 PHILOSOPH]S1 ACCORD+ TO ! IDEAL !Y PLACE BE=E !MSELVES1 TREAT AS =W>D MOVEM5TS EVOLUTIONS ! MO/ DIV]SE & EV5 CONTRADICTORY4 ,!RE >E SOME = :OM REPOSE IS ! SOV]EIGN GOOD1 & :O WI%1 IF NOT = DEA?1 AT LEA/ = P]FECT TRANQUILITY ( BODY & M9D4 ,PROGRESS1 AS !SE M5 UND]/& IT1 IS C]TA9LY QUITE O!R ?AN IT IS = VALIANT S\LS :O PREF] A P]IL\S LIB]TY TO A TRANQUIL S]VITUDE4 ,= ! ONE AS = ! O!R ! CONCEPTION ( HAPP9ESS TAKES PREC$5CE ( ALL O!R CONCEPTIONS 9 ! IDEAL DREAM$ (2 BUT :E!R PROGRESSO BR+S HAPP9ESS OR NOT1 IT \<T ABOVE ALL TO BE UND]/OOD AS A COMPLETE DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 COMPREH5D+ ! IMPROVEM5T ( ! PHYSICAL BE+ 9 /R5G?1 BEAUTY1 GRACE1 LONGEVITY1 MAT]IAL 5RI*M5T1 & 9CREASE ( KN[L$GE-9 F9E1 ! P]FECT+ ( *>ACT]1 ! BECOM+ MORE NOBLE1 MORE G5]\S1 & MORE DEVOT$4 ,SO CONSID]$1 ! PROGRESS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL IS ID5TIFI$ ) ?AT ( SOCIETY1 UNIT$ MORE & MORE 9TIMATELY 9 A P[]FUL SOLID>ITY4 

,IF ?IS1 !N1 IS PROGRESS1 & SURELY IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO CONCEIVE IT O!RWISE1 MORE ?AN ONE WILL SAY ?AT HUMANITY DOES NOT PROGRESS AT ALL-?AT IT ONLY *ANGES ITS POSITION1 GA9+ ON ONE SIDE1 LOS+ ON ! O!R-OR EV5 ?AT IT REALLY GR[S WORSE1 & ?AT ITS MAT]IAL 5RI*M5T CORRESPONDS TO AN 9T]NAL PROCESS ( DEG5]ACY & GANGR5E4 ,MANY PESSIMI/IC PHILOSOPH]S HAVE 9SI/$ ON ?IS4 ,MANY EXPLOR]S1 *>M$ BY ! SIMPLE LIFE ( ! SAVAGE PEOPLES !Y HAVE VISIT$1 CONSID]$ !M V]Y SUP]IOR TU US1 & ONE KN[S H[ /RONGLY !SE N>RATIVES IMPRESS$ ! WRIT]S ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 ,R\SSEAU & ,DID]OT AMONG ! RE/4 0,LET US RETURN TO ,NATURE10 WAS ! UNIV]SAL CRY1 &-/RANGE SPECTACLE-! M5 ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 F>I\SLY DRIV5 AS !Y W]E BY ! :IRLW9D ( PASSION & ! /RUGGLES ( ! TIME1 SEEM TO HAVE BE5 TORM5T$ 9 !IR MODE ( ?9K+ & 9 !IR LANGUAGE BY ! CON/ANT IDEAS1 ( A RETURN BO? TO ! P]IOD ( ! ANCI5T REPUBLICS1 ,ROME & ,SP>TA1 & ! PURE & HAPPY AGES ( ! PRIMITIVE TRIBES4 

,9 \R DAYS AN ANALOG\S MOVEM5T MAKES ITSELF FELT1 & EV5 9 A MORE S]I\S WAY BY MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,EXP&$ TO EMBRACE ALL MANK9D1 ITS EQUILIBRIUM HAS BECOME MU* MORE UN/ABLE1 & CONSEQU5TLY ! CRITICS ( ! ACTUAL /ATE ( ?+S SEEK SO MU* ! MORE EAG]LY 9 ! PA/ = >GUM5TS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 AN?ROPOLOGICAL RESE>*ES HAVE BE5 PU%$ MU* FUR!R1 & MANY TRAVEL]S ( ! FIR/ RANK HAVE BRON<T 9TO ! DEBATE ! DECISIVE WEI<T ( !IR TE/IMONY4 ,IT IS NO LONG] A QUE/ION M]ELY ( SIMPLE1 >TLESS N>RATIVES1 LIKE ?OSE ( A ,JEAN DE ,L]Y1 A ,CLAUDE D',ABBEVILLE1 OR A ,YVES D',EVREUX ON ! ,TOP9AMB\X & O!R ,BRAZILIAN SAVAGES-N>RATIVES O!RWISE POSSESS+ A V]Y REAL VALUE4 ,! TOO RAPID G5]ALIZATIONS ( A ,COOK OR ( A ,B\GA9VILLE APPE> SIMIL>LY 9SUFFICI5T2 BUT !IR PLEA IS N[ /R5G!N$ BY =MAL & WELL-CONSID]$ TE/IMONY-AS1 = EXAMPLE1 ! MEMORABLE PASSAGE 9 ! 0,MALAY ,>*IPELAGO10 PUBLI%$ 9 #ahfi BY ,ALFR$ ,RUSSEL ,WALLACE4 

,?IS PAGE FROM ! ILLU/RI\S NATURALI/ MAY BE CONSID]$ AS A MANIFE/O1 A *ALL5GE ADDRESS$ TO ?OSE :O HAVE ACCEPT$ )\T RE/RICTION ! HYPO!SIS ( ! 9DEF9ITE PROGRESS ( HUMANITY4 ,& ?IS *ALL5GE /ILL AWAITS A REPLY4 ,IT WILL NOT BE USELESS TO RECALL ITS T]MS1 & TAKE !M AS A CONTROLL+ TEXT 9 HI/ORICAL /UDIES3  
  

0,:AT1 !N1 IS ?IS IDEALLY P]FECT /ATE T[>DS :I* MANK9D EV] HAS BE51 & /ILL IS1 T5D+8 ,\R BE/ ?9K]S MA9TA9 ?AT IT IS A /ATE ( 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM & SELF-GOV]NM5T1 R5D]$ POSSIBLE BY ! EQUAL DEVELOPM5T & JU/ BALANCE ( ! 9TELLECTUAL & PHYSICAL P>TS ( \R NATURE-A /ATE 9 :I* WE %ALL EA* BE SO P]FECTLY FITT$ = A SOCIAL EXI/5CE1 BY KN[+ :AT IS RI<T1 & AT ! SAME TIME FEEL+ AN IRRESI/IBLE IMPULSE TO DO :AT IS RI<T1 ?AT ALL LAWS & ALL PUNI%M5TS %ALL BE UNNECESS>Y 4444 ,N[1 IT IS V]Y REM>KABLE ?AT AMONG PEOPLE 9 A V]Y L[ /AGE ( CIVILIZATION WE F9D SOME APPROA* TO SU* A P]FECT SOCIAL /ATE4 ,I HAVE LIV$ ) COMMUNITIES 9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA & 9 ! ,EA/ :O HAVE NO LAWS OR LAW C\RTS BUT ! PUBLIC OP9ION ( ! VILLAGE FREELY EXPRESS$4 ,EA* MAN SCRUPAL\SLY RESPECTS ! RI<TS ( HIS FELL[1 & AN 9FRACTION ( ?OSE RI<TS R>ELY OR NEV] TAKES PLACE4 ,9 SU* A COMMUNITY ALL >E NE>LY EQUAL4 ,!RE >E NONE ( ?OSE WIDE DI/9CTIONS ( $UCATION & IGNORANCE1 WEAL? & POV]TY1 MA/] & S]VANT1 :I* >E ! PRODUCT ( \R CIVILIZATION2 !RE IS NONE ( ?AT WIDESPREAD DIVISION ( LABOR1 :I*1 :ILE IT 9CREASES WEAL?1 PRODUCES ALSO CONFLICT+ 9T]E/S2 !RE IS NOT ?AT SEV]E COMPETITION & /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE OR = WEAL?1 :I* ! D5SE POPULATIONS ( CIVILIZ$ C\NTRIES 9EVITABLY CREATE 44444 ,N[1 AL?\< WE HAVE PROGRESS$ VA/LY BEYOND ! SAVAGE /AGE 9 9TELLECTUAL A*IEVEM5TS1 WE HAVE NOT ADVANC$ EQUALLY 9 MORALS 4444 ,IT IS NOT TOO MU* TO SAY ?AT ! MASS ( \R POPULATIONS HAVE NOT AT ALL ADVANC$ BEYOND ! SAVAGE CODE ( MORALS1 & HAVE 9 MANY CASES SUNK BEL[ IT40 .<#c.>  
  

,BUT ,WALLACE W\LD BE ! FIR/ TO SAY ?AT ONE NE$ NOT BE DRAWN 9TO P>ADOXICAL EXAGG]ATIONS1 & C]TA9LY ONE W\LD BE WRONG 9 G5]ALIZ+ TOO ABSOLUTELY FROM :AT ! GREAT NATURALI/ HAS SAID ( ! SAVAGES ( ,AMAZONIA & ,9SUL9DE1 & TO APPLY IT TO ALL ! SAVAGE POPULATIONS ( ! CONT95TS & >*IPELAGOES4 ,! ISL& ( ,BOMEO1 :]E ,WALLACE HAS F\ND SO MANY EXAMPLES ( ?AT MORAL NOBL5ESS :I* DET]M9$ HIS JUDGM5T1 IS ALSO ?AT GREAT L& :I* ,BOCK HAS DESCRIB$ UND] ! TITLE1 0,! ,C\NTRY ( ! ,CANNIBALS10.<#d.> & :I* MI<T ALSO BE DESIGNAT$ 0,! ,C\NTRY ( ! ,HEADSM510 ) SPECIAL REF]5CE TO ! ,DYAKS1 :O1 9 ORD] TO ACQUIRE ! RI<T TO CALL !MSELVES M5 & TO F\ND A FAMILY1 MU/1 BY CUNNN+ OR 9 OP5 FI<T1 HAVE CUT (F ONE OR MORE HUMAN HEADS4 

,9 A SIMIL> MANN]1-?AT M>VEL\S ISLE ( ,TAHITI1 ! NEW ,CY!RAEA ( :I* ! E>LY NAVIGATORS SPOKE ) NAIVE 5?NSIASM1 DOES NOT M]IT ALL ! PRAISES BE/[$ UPON IT BY ,EUROPEANS1 5*ANT$ AT ONCE BY ! BEAUTY ( ITS L&ACAPES & ! AMIABILITY ( ITS 9HABITANTS4 ,?OSE MAJE/IC & G5TLE P]SONS1 ?OSE V5]ABLE OLD M51 :O SEEM$ TO !M TO COMPLETE BY !IR NOBLE GRAVITY ! *>M+ PICTURES ( ! ,OCEANIC P>ADISE1 W]E NOT :AT ! NEWCOM]S ?\<T4 ,MANY ( !M BELONG$ TO ! T]RIBLE CA/E ( ! ,>IOI1 :O1 ?\< !Y D\BTLESS ONCE CON/ITUT$ A CL]GY DEVOT$ TO CELIBACY1 HAD BECOME AN ASSOCIATION ( MURD]]S1 ASSASS9AT+ !IR *ILDR5 ) 9F]NAL RITES4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ,TAHITI HAD !N LONG PASS$ ! FIR/ /AGES ( ITS DEVELOPM5T1 & ?AT ITS POPULATION WAS NOT ANY MORE TO BE CONSID]$ PRIMITIVE4 ,BUT :AT >E ! TRIBES ?AT ONE CAN CONSID] AS /ILL HAV+ ! AU!NTIC *>ACT] ( SAVAGES8 ,9 ! 9QUIRIES ?AT LE>N$ M5 HAVE TO MAKE 9 ORD] TO COMP>E DIFF]5T /ATES ( CIVILIZATION1 ! FIX+ ( ! ACTUAL PO9T :I* A PEOPLE HAS REA*$ CON/ITUTES ! CAPITAL D,IFFICU,ITY4 

,9 FACT1 ! ?\S&S ( TRIBES :OM 0CIVILIZ$0 M5 HAU<TILY CALL 0SAVAGES0 CORRESPOND TO DIFF]5T P]IODS ( EXI/5CE SET \T AT REGUL> DI/ANCES ON ! ROAD ( AGES & 9 ! 9F9ITE NETWORK ( 5VIRONM5TS4 ,ONE TRIBE IS 9 FULL C\RSE ( PROGRESSIVE EVOLUTION1 ANO!R 9 9CONTE/ABLE DECAY2 ! =M] IS 9 ITS P]IOD ( BECOM+1 ! LATT] ON ! WAY TO DECL9E & DEA?4 ,SO ?AT EA* EXAMPLE 9 ! GREAT 9QUIRY 9TO PROGRESS \<T TO LIE CCOMPANI$1 AT LEA/ M5TALLY1 BY ! SPECIAL HI/ORY ( ! HUMAN GR\P 9 QUE/ION1 = TWO PO9TS ID5TICAL 9 APPE>ANCE MAY HAVE A SIGNIFICANCE ABSOLUTELY OPPOS$1 %\LD ! ONE RELATE TO ! 9FANCY ( AN ORGANISM1 & ! O!R TO ITS OLD AGE4 

,ONE PRIM>Y FACT COMES \T CONSPICU\SLY FROM \R COMP>ATIVE E?NOGRAPHICAL /UDIES4 ,! ESS5TIAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! CIVILIZATION ( A PRIMITIVE PEOPLE1 LITTLE 9FIU5C$ BY ITS NEI<BORS1 & ! MOD]N CIVILIZATION ( 9T]M+L$ PEOPLES CONSI/S 9 ! SIMPLE *>ACT] ( ! ONE & ! COMPLEX *>ACT] DF ! O!R4 ,! FI/1 BUT SLI<TLY DEVELOP$1 HAS1 AT LEA/1 ! ADVANTAGE ( BE+ COH]5T & CON=MABLE TO ITS IDEAL2 ! SECOND1 IMM5SE 9 ITS RANGE1 & 9F9ITELY SNP]IOR 9 ! =CES AT WORK1 IS NOT ONLY COMPLEX & DIV]SE1 BUT ALSO 9COH]5T2 IT LACKS UNITY1 & PURSUES CONTR>Y OBJECTS AT ! SAME TIME4 ,9 ! SIMPLE SOCIETIES ( ! PREHI/ORIC & SAVAGE WORLD EQUILIBRIUM WAS EASILY E/ABLI%$1 & CONSEQU5TLY A PRIMITIVE TRIBE1 OR RACE1 V]Y LITTLE DEVELOP$ 9 KN[L$GE1 POSSESS+ ONLY RUDIM5T>Y >TS1 & LEAD+ A LIFE )\T MU* V>IETY1 HAS (T5 BE5 ABLE1 NEV]!LESS1 TO ATTA9 A CONDITION ( MUTUAL JU/ICE1 WELL-BE+1 & HAPP9ESS GREATLY SURPASS+ ?AT ( A MOD]N SOCIETY URG$ ON BY A CONT9UAL MOVEM5T ( R5OVATION4 ,! 9DIVIDUALS :O COMPOSE A CLAN1 A FEW T5S OR HUNDR$S ( P]SONS1 DO NOT SEE BEYOND ! B\NDS ( !IR NATIVE WORLD1 BUT !Y P]FECTLY WELL KN[ H[ IT WORKS 9 EV]Y P>T1 & ALL ! MEMB]S ( ! SOCIAL GR\P >E CONSID]$ BY EA* ONE AS SO MANY FA!RS OR MO!RS1 BRO!RS OR SI/]S4 ,9 ?IS LITTLE CIRCLE ! RELATIONS :I* SEEM EQUITABLE1 ?OSE ?AT OP9ION 5C\RAGES1 & EV5 IMPOSES1 >E ?OSE :I*1 9 FACT1 PREVAIL2 ! IDEAL IS AT H&1 SO TO SPEAK1 & IS REALIZ$ )\T EF=T4 ,! IDEAL ( \R MOD]N SOCIETY EMBRACES ! WORLDS1 BUT DOES NOT GRASP !M4 

,ONE MAY IMAG9E ! :OLE S]IES ( M5 AS HAV+ =M$ DUR+ BO? HI/ORICAL & PREHI/ORIC TIMES A CONT9UONS SUCCESSION ( SW>MS1 AT FIR/ MICROSCOPIC1 !N MORE & MORE EXT5D$1 & CON/ANTLY 9CREAS+ 9 OOMPLEXITY1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME !IR IDEAL ROSE1 & BECAME MORE DIFFICULT ( ATTA9M5T4 ,ONE MI<T COMP>E ?IS HUMAN EVOLUTION TO ! :OLE ( ! EVOLUTION ( LIV+ BE+S1 FROM CELLUL> AGGREGATIONS & LITTLE DI/9CT COLONIES1 SU* AS ! SALPAS :O FLOAT LIKE RIBBONS 9 ! SEA4 

,! *>ACT]I/IC ( EA* ( !SE LITTLE SOLIT>Y SOCIETIES IS TO CON/ITUTE AN 9DEP5D5T ORGANISM1 & TO BE SUFFICI5T TO ITSELF4 ,NONE1 H[EV]1 >E COMPLETELY CLOS$ TO \TSIDE 9FLU5CES2 5C\NT]S1 RELATIONS1 DIRECT & 9DIREOT1 TAKE PLACE BETWE5 ONE GR\P & ANO!R1 & IT IS ?US ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO 9T]NAL *ANGES & \TSIDE EV5TS1 EA* DI/9CT P>TICLE ( HUMANITY HAS 9T]RUPT$ ITS SPECIAL 9DIVIDUAL EVOLUTION1 FROM Y\? TO OLD AGE & DEA?1 BY ASSOCIAT+ ITSELF1 VOLUNT>ILY OR BY =CE1 TO ANO!R POLITICAL BODY1 BECOM+ 9TEGRAT$ ) IT 9 A SUP]IOR ORGANIZATION1 & SO BEG9N+ A NEW C>E] ( LIFE & PROGRESS4 ,BUT ! DE/9IES ( !SE LITTLE ISOLAT$ SOCIETIES DIFF]4 ,AMONG !M A GREAT NUMB] P]I% ?R\< S5ILE EXHAU/ION1 OR BY SOME SANGU9>Y CONFLICT1 :ILE ! SURVIV+ SOCIETIES1 ASSIMILAT$ SUCCESSIVELY BY L>G] ORGANISMS1 SUCCE$ AT LA/1 AFT] A S]IES ( AGES1 9 =M+ ?OSE GREAT NATIONS :I* IMAG9E !MSELVES1 & :I* 9 REATITY >E TO A C]TA9 DEGREE1 ! DEPOSIT>IES ( ALL ! CONQUE/S ( CIVILIZATION4 

,LET US1 !N1 TAKE = EXAMPLE ONE ( !SE V]Y LITTLE SOCIAL CELLS-A PRIMITIVE CLAN1 CONTRA/+ ) \R GREAT MOD]N SOCIETIES1 NOT ONLY BY ! DIM5SIONS ( ! SPACE OCCUPI$ & ! NUMB] ( ! 9DIVIDUALS :I* =M IT1 BUT ALSO BY A CLOS] SOLID>ITY AMONG ! MEMB]S ( ! SOCIAL BODY1 BY POSSESSION ( A MORE ASSUR$ P]SONAL LIB]TY1 A MORE HUMANE S5SE ( JU/ICE1 A LESS P]TURB$ LIFE1 BY APPROA*+ NE>] TO HAPP9ESS1 IF HAPP9ESS BE UND]/OOD SIMPLY TO IMPLY ! SATISFACTION ( \R 9/9CTS1 \R APPETITES1 & \R S5TIM5TS ( AFFECTION4 ,LET US SELECT \R SPECIM5 AS REMOTE AS POSSIBLE FROM ! MAN ( TODAY3 AMONG ! ,NEGRITOS-?OSE PRIMITIVE TRIBES :OM MANY NATURALI/S CLASS AS A DI/9CT SPECIES FROM ,NEGROES-! FEEBLE REMNANT ( POPULATIONS ?AT =M]LY OCCUPI$ ! TROPICAL REGIONS1 AT LEA/ 9 S\?-EA/EM ,ASIA1 9 ! ,9SUL9DE1 & 9 ,MALAYSIA4 

,! ,AETA ( ! ,PHILIPP9ES-ESPECIALLY ?OSE ( ! ISL& :I* BE>S ! RACIAL NAME1 ,NEGROES-HAVE EVID5TLY MU* *ANG$ S9CE !Y 5T]$ 9TO FREQU5T RELATIONS WI,I? ! HISPANICIZ$ POPULATIONS & ALSO ) ! ,SPANI>DS :O HAVE TAK5 POSSESSION ( ! >*IPELAGO4 ,!Y HAD COMPLETELY LO/ !IR ANCI5T LANGUAGE BY AB\T ! MIDDLE ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 ONLY PRES]V+ A SMALL NUMB] ( WORDS2 !Y HAD LIKEWISE AB&ON$ A NUMB] ( !IR CO/UMS 9 ! VIC9ITY ( ! YELL[ & :ITE RACES2 BUT SOON AS !Y HAVE BECOME1 & NOT)/&+ !IR NUM]ICAL DECL9E1 !Y CONT9UE NONE ! LESS TO DIFF] AT EV]Y PO9T ( VIEW FROM ! SURR\ND+ POPULATIONS4 ,AL?ON< SO V]Y HUMBLE AS TO BE/[ ON !IR NEI<BORS A NAME :I* TE/IFIES GREAT RESPECT1 !Y >E 9CONTE/ABLY !IR SUP]IORS 9 GOODNESS1 9 SPIRIT ( JU/ICE1 9 RECTITUDE ( 9T5TION1 & 9 REV]5CE1 9 ! TRU? ( WORD & DE$4 ,!IR LIFE IS MO/ SIMPLE2 AS = HABITATIONS1 !Y CONT5T !MSELVES ) B\<S TWI/$ TOGE!R1 OR ) RE$ MATS1 PROTECT$ BY FRAMES ( PALM-LEAVES1 :I* !Y TURN AGA9/ ! W9D OR RA91 OR ! TOO FI]CE SUN%9E4 ,BUT IF ! 9DIVIDUAL OCCUPIES HIMSELF LITTLE ) HIS P]SONAL WELL-BE+1 HE IS ABSOLUTELY DEVOT$ TO ! COMMON 9T]E/S4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! TRIBE ALL REG>D !MSELVES AS BRO!RS1 SO MU* SO ?AT AT BIR? ( AN 9FANT ! GREAT FAMILY COMES TOGE!R AS A :OLE1 9 ORD] TO DECIDE-:AT IS CONSID]$ A MATT] ( CAPITAL IMPORTANCE-! NAME ?AT ! NEW-COM] %ALL RECEIVE4 ,)\T 9T]F]5CE ON ! P>T ( ! SOCIETY1 OR ( ITS REPRES5TATIVES1 MONOGAMIC UNIONS >E F\ND$1 DEVOID 9 ONE PLACE ( RELIGI\S C]EMONIES1 CELEBRAT$ 9 ANO!R BY RITES 9 :I* ! SWEETNESS ( M>RIAGE IS SYMBOLIZ$ BY TWO TUFT$ TREES1 :OSE TRUNKS1 SWAY+ TO & FRO1 9T]M+LE !IR FOLIAGE4 ,! SICK1 ! OLD1 >E ATT5D$ TO ) P]FECT DEVOTION1 & ! 0*IEF0-AN (FICE PURELY NOM9AL AS REG>DS P[]-IS SIMPLY ! ELD] :OSE GREAT AGE M]ITS ! MO/ RESPECT4.<#e.> 

,C]TA9LY NO PORTION1 H[EV] 9SIGNIFICANT1 ( \R IMM5SE MOD]N POLITICAL SOCIETIES1 ) !IR HUGE AMBITIONS1 C\LD POSSIBLY BE DESCRIB$ 9 LIKE T]MS4 

,! PHILOSOPH]1 ,DE ,GREEF1 SPEAK+ ( ?IS PRIMITIVE SY/EM ( EQUALITY1 F9DS 9 IT A *>ACT] RA!R NEGATIVE ?AN POSITIVE4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIM1 ALL P>TS ( ! SOCIAL BODY BE+ /ILL NE>LY ID5TICAL1 AS 9 ! 9F]IOR ORGANISMS1 !RE W\LD NOT BE 9 !SE PRIMITIVE GR\PS SUFFICI5T DIFF]5CE ( FUNCTIONS TO R5D] IT POSSIBLE TO COMP>E !M ) A MOD]N SOCIETY4.<#f.> ,?IS OBS]VATION1 H[EV]1 HAS ONLY A RELATIVE VALUE1 = ! DIFF]5TIATION ( FUNCTIONS IS ALREADY V]Y COMPLEX 9 ALL BODIES COMPOS$ ( M5 & WOM51 *ILDR5 & OLD PEOPLE1 RESID5TS & TRAVEL]S1 WORK]S 9 ! FIELD1 ! MEAD[S1 ! =E/S1 & ! SEA4 ,9 ! EVOLUTION ( ! SAME PR9CIPLES1! M>* ( HI/ORY IS 9 REALITY CONT9U\S FROM ! ANIMAL TO MAN1 & IT IS ) P]FECT JU/ICE ?AT WE COMP>E LITTLE PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES & \R GREAT MOD]N HUMANITY1 :5 WE /ATE ?AT ! FIR/ HAVE BE5 ABLE TO ATTA9 !IR MORE CONTRACT$ IDEAL ( A WELL-BALANC$ & HAPPY LIFE1 :IL/ ! HUMAN RACE1 TAK5 AS A :OLE1 IS /ILL V]Y F> FROM ! IDEAL IT DREAMS (4 ,S9CE ! CYCLE ( ! E>LIE/ SOCIETIES HAS BE5 BROK51 ! HUMAN M9D HAS WORK$ WOND]S1 BUT !RE HAS BE5 NO RE-CONQUE/ ( A NORMAL & H>MONIONS CONDITION4 

,HAV+ ?US REF]R$ TO ! ,NEGRITOS AS A TYPE ( A PRIMITIVE PEOPLE ) A V]Y N>R[ HORIZON1 LET US TAKE = AN EXAMPLE A POPULATION :I* APPROA*ES \R [N RACE 9 ! K9D ( LIFE IT LEADS1 & 9 BE+ =C$ 9TO MU* MORE COMPLEX CONDITIONS ( LABOR4 ,! ,\N\NGONN1 :O >E CALL$ BY ! ,RUSSIANS ,ALEUTIANS1 AFT] ! ISL&S :]E !Y HAVE E/ABLI%$ !MSELVES1 DWELL 9 REGIONS COLD 5\< TO COMPEL !M TO WE> CLO?+ & TO CON/RUCT SEMI-SUBT]RANE\S CAB9S1 *IEFLY =M$ ( PLAIT$ BRAN*ES COV]$ ) A ?ICK LAY] ( H>D5$ DIRT2 A GREAT L5S ( ICE IS US$ AS A SKYLI<T4 ,! NECESSITIES ( ALIM5TATION HAVE ALSO MADE ! ,A,I5TIANS 9TO A FI%+ PEOPLE1 CLEV] AT CON/RUCT+ BOATS COV]$ ) SK9S ?R\< :I* !Y 9S]T !IR BODIES AS 9TO A DRUM4 ,! T]RIFIC SEAS !Y TRAV]SE HAVE MADE !M DAUNTLESS M>9]S1 & SOME AMONG !M1 ESPECIALLY ! :ALE-FI%]S1 BECOME WELL-9=M$ NATURALI/S1 UNIT+ 9 A SPECIAL CORPORATION :I* CAN ONLY BE 5T]$ AFT] A LONG P]IOD ( TRIAL4.<#g.> ,! ,ALEUTIANS1 LIKE !IR NEI<BORS ON ! MA9L&1 >E SCULPTORS ( S+UL> ABILITY1 & V]Y CURI\S OBJECTS HAVE BE5 F\ND 9 !IR FUN]EAL SANCTU>IES B5EA? ! VAULT$ ROCKS4 ,! COMPLEXITY ( ,ALEUTIAN LIFE IS1 MOREOV]1 MANIFE/$ BY !IR CODE ( SOCIAL PROPRIETY1 REGULAT$ BY CU/OM1 & MO/ 5]GETICALLYMA9TA9$ AMONG RELATIONS1 BETWE5 ALLIES & ) /RANG]S4 ,& NOT)/&+ ?IS RELATIVELY HI< DEGREE ( CIVILIZATION1 ! ,ALEUTIANS REMA9$ UP TO A REC5T P]IOD1 ?ANKS TO !IR ISOLATION1 9 A /ATE ( PEACE & P]FECT SOCIAL EQUILIBRIUM4 ,! FIR/ ,EUROPEAN NAVIGATORS :O 5T]$ 9TO RELATIONS ) !M UNANIMONSLY PRAISE !IR QUALITIES & !IR VIRTUES4 ,! ,>*BI%OP ,9NOK5TI1 BETT] KN[N UND] ! NAME ( ,V5IAM9OV1 :O = T5 YE>S OBS]V$ !IR LIFE1 DESCRIBES !M AS 0! MO/ AFFECTIONATE ( M510 AS 0BE+S ( 9COMP>ABLE MODE/Y & DISCRETION1 :O W]E NEV] GUILTY ( ! LEA/ VIOL5CE ( LANGUAGE OR ACTION1 NOT A RUDE WORD EV] COM+ FROM !IR MON?40 ,!RE IS NO PEOPLE 9 ! ,WE/ ( ,EUROPE :I* 9 ?IS RESPECT CAN COMP>E ) ! ,ALEUTIANS4 

,9 COM+ NE>] TO ! /ATE ( ! NATIONS ( ! ,EUROPEAN TYPE ANO!R ELEM5T PRES5TS ITSELF-?AT ( NATIVES ( V>I\S RACES1 :O1 PR\D ( ! TITLE 0CIVILIZ$10 HAVE BECOME 9 ! C\RSE ( AGES HALF ASSIMILAT$ TO !IR CONQU]ORS4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 AGA91 IT (T5 HAPP5S ?AT ! MO/ HAPPY & ! BE/ 9 PO9T ( SIMPLICITY & PURITY ( LIFE >E ?OSE :O REPRES5TE ! RACE CALL$ 9F]IOR4 ,AN EXAMPLE ( ?IS IS F\ND 9 ! AMIABLE POPULATIONS ( ! ,PHILIPP9E ,ISL&S3 ! ,TAGALS1 ,VICOLS1 & ,VISAYAS1 :O1 S9CE ! ,SPANI% ,CONQUE/1 HAVE DRAWN SUFFICI5TLY NE> TO ! MA/]S ( ! C\NTRY TO PRACTICE DEVONTLY !IR RELIGI\S C]EMONIES & TO CALL !MSELVES 0,*RI/IANS20 :O HAVE LEANRT TO READ ,CA/ILIAN & EMPTOY ! ,ROMAN LETT]S 9 WRIT+ !IR [N LANGUAGE2 :O EV5 DRESS AS ,EUROPEANS1 FOLL[+ AT A DI/ANCE ! ,P>IS FA%IONS4 ,IF !IR SPIRAL C\RSE ( CIVILIZATION IS NOT QUITE ?AT ( ! MOD]N WORLD1 !Y >E1 AT ALL EV5TS1 DEVELOP+ ACCORD+ TO A P>ALLEL CURVE4 ,!SE NATIVES >E HISPANICIZ$1 BUT >E BY NO MEANS ,SPANI>DS2 !IR SOCIETY IS ALMO/ 5TIRELY IGNORANT ( ! SOCIAL PROBLEMS ( ,EUROPE1 & LEADS AN EXI/5CE MU* LESS COMPTICAT$1 BUT MORE HAPPY1 ?AN ?AT ( ! ,EUROPEAN PROLET>IAT4 ,9 NE>LY ALL ! DI/RICTS ( ! ,>*IPELAGO EA* FAMILY HAS ITS LITTLE BIT ( FIELD & OR*>D-L&1 ITS NEAT LITTLE H\SE1 WELL-FURNI%$1 & SURR\ND$ BY PLANTS ( RI* V]DURE & P5ETRAT+ P]FUME4 ,! HUSB&MAN IS HIS [N MA/]2 & NOT LONG S9CE L>GE PROP]TIES W]E ALMO/ UNKN[N4 ,EV5 COMMODITIES DE/9$ = EXPORTATION >E PRODUC$ BY ! SMALL PROPRIETOR4 ,PAUP]ISM IS NOT YET 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! ,>*IPELAGO1 & ONE MAY HOPE ?AT ! POPULATION WILL NOT HAVE1 AS 9 C\NTRIES ) GREAT PROPRIETORS1 TO PASS A LONG TIME 9 ! SAD /AGE ( PROLET>IANISM4 ,EV5 AT HIS WORK ! ,TAGAL ( ! ,PHILIPP9ES CAN GIVE HIMSELF UP TO HIS PASSION = MUSIC1 AT ,LUZON1 S[]S >E TO BE SE5 ?R[+ !IR H&FULS ( RICE 9 CAD5CE ) ! RHY?M ( ! VIOL9 OR ! CL>IONET4.<#h.> ,IF SU* PEACEFUL & K9D PEASANTS >E N[ ?R[N 9TO ! TURMOIL ( W> BY ! OPPRESSION ( GRASP+ MONKS1 C]TA9LY !Y >E NOT RESPONSIBLE4 ,! PRICE ( BLOOD WAS ON O!R HEADS4 

,TO !SE EXAMPLES1 *OS5 FROM SUCCESSIVE /AGES ( CIVILIZATION1 ANY ONE CAN ADD O!RS EQUALLY SIGNIFICANT1 F\ND 9 WORKS SPECIALLY TREAT+ ( E?NOLOGY1 & CAN V]IFY = HIMSELF ! FACT ?AT 9/ANCES ( SUP]IOR MORALITY1 AS WELL AS ( A M]E OPTIMI/IC APPRECIATION ( LIFE1 CAN BE MET ) 9 CONF9$ SOCIETIES1 B>B>\S OR EV5 SAVAGE1 & V]Y 9F]IOR TO \RS 9 !IR 9TELLECTUAL COMPREH5SION ( ?+S4 ,9 ! 9DEF9ITE SPIRAL :I* HUMANITY RUNS )\T CEAS+-EVOLV+ BY A CONT9U\S MOTION ?AT MAY VAGUELY BE COMP>$ TO ! E>?'S ROTATION-IT HAS (T5 HAPP5$ ?AT C]TA9 P>TS ( ! GREAT BODY >E MU* NE>] ?AN O!RS TO ! IDEAL C5T] ( ! ORBIT4 ,! LAW ( ALT]NATION WILL ONE DAY P]HAPS BE ACCURATELY KN[N2 IT SUFFICES AT PRES5T TO /ATE ! FACTS !MSELVES )\T DRAW+ FROM !M PREMATURE CONCLUSIONS1 & ESPECIALLY )\T ACCEPT+ ! P>ADOXES ( DISC\RAG$ SOCIOLOGI/S1 :O ONLY SEE 9 ! MAT]IAL PROGRESS ( HUMANITY SIGNS ( ITS REAL DECAD5CE4 

,I,I4 

  

,IT IS1 !N1 E/ABLI%$ BY ! OBS]VATION ( FACTS & ! /UDY ( HI/ORY ?AT MANY TRIBES1 SO F> AS ! MAT]IAL SATISFACTIONS ( LIFE GO1 >RIVE AT A /ATE ( P]FECT SOLID>ITY1 BO? BY ! COMMON 5JOYM5T ( ! PRODUCTS ( ! E>?1 & BY AN EQUITABLE DI/RIBUTION ( RES\RCES 9 CASE ( DE>?4 ,!SE GR\PS ( SAVAGES DO NOT EV5 COMPREH5D ?AT !Y C\LD DO O!RWISE4 ,?IS IS :AT ,MONTAIGNE HAS NOTIC$ ) REF]5CE TO ! NATIVES ( ,BRAZIL :O W]E BR\<T TO ,R\5 9 #a#e#e#g1 0AT ! TIME ! LATE ,K+ ,*>LES ,I,X4 WAS !RE40 ,ONE ( ! /RANGE FACTS :I* /RUCK !M MO/ WAS ?AT !RE W]E 0AMONG US M5 FULL & GORG$ ) ALL SORTS ( COM=TS1 & ?AT !IR HALVES 7!IR FELL[-C\NTRYM57 W]E BEGG+ AT !IR DOORS1 EMACIAT$ ) HUNG] & POV]TY2 & !Y F\ND IT /RANGE ?AT !SE NECESSIT\S HALVES W]E ABLE TO SUFF] SU* AN 9JU/ICE & DID NOT TAKE ! O!RS BY ! ?ROAT OR SET FIRE TO !IR H\SES40 ,= HIS P>T1 ,MONTAIGNE GREATLY PITI$ !SE NATIVES ( ,BRAZIL1 0= HAV+ ALL[$ !MSELVES TO BE DECOY$ BY NOVELTY1 & HAV+ QUITT$ !IR [N SWEET CLIMES 9 ORD] TO SEE \RS6444 ,\T ( ?IS COMM]CE WILL >ISE !IR RU940.<#i.> ,&1 9 FACT1 !SE ,TOP9AMB\X ( ! ,AM]ICAN COA/ HAVE LEFT NO DESC5DANTS2 ALL ! TRIBES HAVE BE5 EXT]M9AT$1 & IF !RE /ILL REMA9S A LITTLE NATIVE BLOOD IT IS 9 C\RSE ( MIXTURE ) ?AT ( ! DESPIS$ PROLET>IANS4 

,?IS PRIM>Y LAW ( SOLID>ITY & LOVE1 :I* = ?OSE :O BELONG TO ! SAME TRIBE CONSI/S 9 ASSIDU\SLY LABOR+ TOGE!R 9 ! SAME WORK & 9 %>+ TOGE!R TO ! LA/ MORSEL ! COMMON RES\RCES1 P]MEATES1 SO TO SAY1 ! :OLE ( SOCIAL MORALITY4 ,COMMUNITY ( WORK & ( LIFE C>RIES ) IT A S5SE ( DI/RIBUTIVE JU/ICE1 P]FECT MUTUAL RESPECT1 A WOND]FUL DELICACY ( FEEL+1 A REF9$ POLIT5ESS 9 WORDS & 9 ACTS1 A PRACTICE ( HOSPITALITY :I* GOES AS F> AS ! COMPLETE ABNEGATION ( SELF & ! AB&ONM5T ( P]SONAL PROP]TY4 ,:AT T\*+ HI/ORIES TRU/WOR?Y TRAVEL]S RELATE ON ?IS SUBJECT6 ,WALLACE TELLS US H[ ! ,MALAY WORK] AB/A9S RELIGI\SLY FROM TR\BL+ ! SLEEP ( HIS COMPANION1 & WAKES HIM UP ONLY AT ! LA/ EXTREMITY1 & 9 ORD] TO AVOID ANY DISAGREEABLE %OCK1 ) +5I\S PRECAUTIONS4 ,VOLLM].<#a.> %[S US ! ,K+ ( ,SAMOA RIS+ 9 ! NI<T TO PLAY ! FLUTE 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD ( HIS GUE/S 9 ORD] TO PROCURE !M AGREEABLE DREAMS4 ,?OSE :O HAVE NOT TRAVEL$ 9 SAVAGE C\NTRIES1 :]E HOSPITALITY IS BY TRADITION A MORAL LAW1 CANNOT IMAG9E ) :AT SWEET T5D]NESS1 :AT DELICATE ATT5TIONS1 :AT 9DESCRIBABLE GOODNESS1 ! WOM5 WELCOME A /RANG] SICK1 ?IR/Y1 OR SIMPLY WANT+ RE/6 ,D\BTLESS FEM99E DEVOTION F9DS 9 \R CIVILIZ$ L&S EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES ( EX]CISE1 BUT IT ONLY MANIFE/S ITSELF TO A SMALL NUMB] ( =TUNATE PEOPLE *OS5 \T ( ! FAMILY CIRCLE1 OR AMONG FRI5DS1 OR EXCEPTIONALLY AMONG ! SICK 9 A HOSPITAL2 A SELECT FEW CAN 5JOY IT2 :]EAS 9 MANY A TRIBE ( SAVAGES1 R$ OR BLACK1 ,9DIANS OR ,PEULS1 IT IS SUFFICI5T TO BE 9 WANT ( A CONSOLATION OR ( A K9D WORD1 TO HAVE IT GIV5 Y\ ) UNB\ND$ GOODNESS4 

,! MAN 9 A /ATE MORE NE>LY APPROAOH+ NATURE ?AN ! CIVILIZ$ MAN ALSO POSSESSES ANO!R IMM5SE ADVANTAGE4 ,HE IS MORE 9TIMATELY ACQUA9T$ ) ! ANIMALS & ! PLANTS1 ) ! P[]FUL SC5T ( ! E>?1 & ! G5TLE OR T]RIBLE PH5OM5A ( ! ELEM5TS2 HE HAS REMA9$ 9 DIRECT COMMUNICATION ) ! PLANET>Y LIFE ( :I* HE IS ! PRODUCT1 & :I* WE ONLY HALF SEE1 SEP>AT$ FROM IT BY ! >TIFICIAL LIFE 9 :I* WE >E %UT UP4 ,HE FEELS 9 P]FECT UNITY ) ALL ?AT :I* SURR\NDS HIM1 & ( :I*1 9 HIS WAY1 HE COMPREH5DS ! LIFE AS IF ALL ?+S MOV$ ) A RHY?M :I* HE HIMSELF OBEY$4 ,WE >E NO LONG] ABLE TO UND]/& ! 9VOCATIONS :I* HE MAKES TO ! SPIRITS ( ! AIR & ( ! =E/1 & IT IS ) GREAT DIFFICULTY ?AT WE 9T]PRET ! DANCES 9 :I* ! SAVAGES CELEBRATE ! />S & ! SEASONS4 ,SYMBOLISM CONCEIV$ 9 NAT>AL ?+S1 V]Y DIFFICULT TO UND]/& 9 \R DAYS1 BECAUSE WE LIVE 9 A CONV5TIONAL WORLD1 IS AMONG PRIMITIVE PEOPLES A SORT ( SPONTANE\S LANGUAGE4 ,IT SEEMS QUITE NATURAL TO ! POPULATIONS ( ,C5TRAL ,9DIA1 JU/ AS IT DOES TO ! ,C+ALESE M\NTA9E]S1 & TO ! ,AETA ( ! ,PHILIPP9ES1 TO FIGURE ! UNION ( MAN & WOMAN BY ! UNION ( TWO TREES1 ! ONE ) /RONG BRAN*ES LAD5 ) FRUITS1 ! O!R DELICATE AS SOME SL5D] TROPICAL PLANT ( ! B9DWE$ ORD]1 LAD5 ) ODORIF]\S FL[]S4 ,EA* SC5E ( HUMAN LIFE IS ACCOMPANI$ ) CORRESPOND+ SC5ES DRAWN FROM ! VEGETABLE WORLD4 ,A REAL FRI5D%IP IS ?US BORN BETWE5 M5 & NATURAL ?+S4 ,?ANKS TO A SURVIVAL ( A F>-(F PA/1 ! ,WALLOON PEASANTS /ILL WI% A HAPPY NEW YE> TO ! TREES ( ! FIELD4.<#a#a.> ,F9D+ !SE OBJECTS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( !IR SURR\ND+S1 )\T ANY ?\<T ( FREE+ !MSELVES FROM !M1 ! PRIMITIVE RACES >E ABSOLUTELY RESIGN$ TO DE/9Y1 & SURPASS CIVILIZ$ M51 SPEAK+ G5]ALLY1 9 ! SIMPLICITY ) :I* !Y MEET DEA?4 ,?AT F9E 5D ( LIFE :I* 9 C]TA9 HI/ORICAL P]SONAGES APPE>S TO US SO ADMIRABLE1 BECAUSE IT IS REALLY EXCEPTIONAL1 IS ! ORD9>Y WAY ( DY+ AMONG SAVAGES2 TAU<T BY NECESSITY1 !Y CON=M !MSELVES NATURALLY TO ?+S4 ,DEA? IS = !M ! SIMPLE CONT9UATION ( LIFE2 !Y DIE 9 ALL TRANQUILITY ( S\,I )\T SEEM+ TO ?9K ?AT !IR EXIT WILL MAKE ! LEA/ VOID 9 ! UNIV]SE4 ,H[EV]1 IT MU/ BE SAID ?AT POPULATIONS1 IF NOT PRIMITIVE1 AT LEA/ SAVAGE1 (F] US1 ) REG>D TO ! ACT ( DEA?1 ! MO/ OPPOSITE EXAMPLES4 ,:IL/ 9 RUDIM5T>Y SOCIETIES :I* HAVE REMA9$ FREE FROM !OCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS1 MO/ 9DIVIDUALS DIE ) A SUBLIME SIMPLICITY1 IT IS NOT ?US 9 TRIBES :I* SUBMIT TO ! GOV]NM5T ( MAGICIANS OR PRIE/S1 CONSID]$ AS ! MA/]S ( LIFE & DEA?1 & HOLD+ 9 !IR H&S ! KEYS ( ! TOMB4 ,NO SPECTACLE IS MORE REPUGNANT ?AN ?AT ( ! MADM5 :O1 BY GE/URES1 CRIES1 DANCES1 OR HY/]ICAL CONTORTIONS1 PRET5D TO TE> ! SICK MAN FROM ! DEA? :I* IS C>RY+ HIM (F4 

,EV]Y *ANGE :I* RESULTS 9 DO+ AWAY ) ! ISOLATION ( ! CLAN OR NATION1 & 9TRODUC+ 9TO IT =CIBLY NEW WANTS1 BR+S ON A CORRESPOND+ MODIFICATION 9 /YLE ( LIFE & 9 P]SONAL MORALITY4 ,EV5 :5 TWO POLITICAL BODIES MEET PEACEFULLY1 :5 ! /RONG] DOES NOT BEG9 BY A DISPLAY ( =CE1 DESPOIL+1 OR EV5 EXT]M9AT+1 ! WEAK]1 IT NONE ! LESS PRODUCES AN 9T]NAL TRANS=MATION BY :I* ! TWO GR\PS1 9FLU5C$ ! ONE BY ! O!R1 9TEGRATE !MSELVES SL[LY 9 ORD] TO >RIVE AT ! CON/ITUTION ( A SUP]IOR 9DIVIDUALITY4 ,BUT IT IS ) ! M+L+ ( M5 AS ) ?AT ( ! WAT]S4 ,TWO DI/9CT RIV]-CURR5TS FL[ = A LONG TIME SIDE BY SIDE 9 ! SAME B$1 :IR,I+ 9 $DIES ! :OLE L5G? ( ! L9E ( FRICTION1 & IT IS ONLY AT A GREAT DI/ANCE FROM ! CONFLU5CE D[N ! /REAM ?AT ! WAT] PRES5TS ! SAME ASPECT FROM ONE BANK TO ! O!R4 ,9 ! SAME MANN] TWO DIFF]5T POPULATIONS1 5T]+ P]=CE 9TO A COMMON POLITICAL CIRCLE1 BECOME MUTUALLY HO/ILE OV] ! :OLE SURFACE ( CONTACT2 !Y OPPOSE ONE ANO!R1 EA* WI%ES TO REMA9 FAI?FUL TO ITS CU/OMS1 LANGUAGE1 & TRADITIONS1 TO ITS CO/UME1 TO ITS :IMS & CAPRICES4 ,BO? READILY MANIFE/ !IR WOR/ SIDE4 ,IT IS CURI\S1 9 ! M>KETS ( ! ,CONGO VILLAGES1 TO SEE H[ DIFF]5TLY TRAFFIC IS C>RI$ ON AMONG NEGROES !MSELVES & BETWE5 !M & ! :ITES4 ,9 ! LATT] CASE !RE IS CONT9UAL HAGGL+1 *AFF]+-! BLACKS *EAT1 ! :ITES %\T1 ABUSE1 & COME TO BL[S2 :IL/ ! BLACKS QUIETLY1 OR 9 A FEW FRI5DLY WORDS1 EX*ANGE ) EA* O!R !IR COMMODITIES1 ! PRICES ( :I* >E KN[N 9 ADVANCE4 

,?US EV]Y HUMAN GR\P1 9 BECOM+ ATTA*$ TO ANO!R GR\P1 :E!R BY ! NECESSITY ( ALLIANCE OR BY CONQUE/1 IS B\ND TO RECOMM5CE ITS 9T]IOR EVOLUTION3 TO ! CORSO SUCEE$S A RICORSO1.<#a#b.> ! SPIRAL DESCRIBES A NEW CIRCLE1 ON A VA/] SCALE :5 !RE IS 9CREASE ( M51 ( =CES1 ( 9DU/RY1 ON A LESS] ONE :5 /UGGLES1 EXT]M9ATIONS1 S]VITUDE1 HAVE ?R[N !M BACK4 ,9 ! PREFACE TO HIS 0,HI/OIRE ,ROMA9E10 ,MI*ELET TELLS US H[ ,VICO1 CONCEIV+ ! WORLD UND] ! SYMMETRICAL =M ( A CITY1 LIK$ TO CONSID] ! MOVEM5T ( HUMANITY AS AN EV]LA/+ CIRCULATION1 A CONT9UAL GO+ & RETURN+4 ,BUT ! ,FR5* HI/ORIAN ADDS ?AT IF M5 M>* 9 CIRCLES1 ! CIRCLES >E ALWAYS 9CREAS+ 9 SIZE4 ,?IS IS C]TA9LY TRUE ) REF]5CE TO ! P>T ( HUMANITY TO :I* WE BELONG4 ,BUT = H[ MANY O!R POLITICAL & SOCIAL GR\PS HAS IT BE5 ! CONTR>Y8 ,H[ MANY TIMES HAS ! WI% ( ,MONTAIGNE ) REG>D TO ! ,TOP9AMB\X BE5 REPEAT$ BY US8 ,PLAC+ \RSELVES 9 IMAG9ATION 9 ! POSITION :I* ! CIVILIZ$ PEOPLES HAVE MADE = ! SAVAGE RACES1 W\LD IT NOT HAVE BE5 MORE ADVANTAGE\S = ! ,HURONS NEV] TO HAVE MET 9 ! =E/S ( ! ,LAUR5TIDES ! ,FR5* COLONI/S ( ,CANADA8 ,W\LD IT NOT HAVE BE5 HAPPI] = ! ,R$ ,9DIANS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES-! ,CREEKS & ,SEM9OLES1 ! ,%O%ONES & ,SI\X1 ! ,WOLVES & ,FOXES-NEV] TO HAVE COME 9TO CONTACT ) ! ,YANKEES8 ,&1 9 ! SAME WAY1 W\LD IT NOT BAVE BE5 PREF]ABLE = ! ,TASMANIANS & ,AN/RALIANS1 AS WELL AS ! ,MATABELE & ! ,MA%ONAS1 NEV] TO HAVE KN[N ! NAME ( !IR ,5GLI% CONQU]ORS8 ,& ! PEOPLE ( ! ,CAM]OONS & ! ,TANGANYIKA1 HAVE !Y NOT GOOD RI<T TO CURSE !IR ,G]MAN SO-CALL$ CIVILLS]S8 ,EV]Y EXPLOR] P5ETRAT+ 9TO A NEW C\NTRY UNKN[N TO ,EUROPEANS HAS HAD TO BEG9 BY SAY+ TO HIMSELF1 AS HE BEHELD ! VILLAGES & HAPPY POPULATIONS1 ?AT HIS V]Y PRES5CE WAS ! PRE,IIM9>Y ANNONMCEM5T ( DE/RUCTION & MASSACRE4 ,ONE ( !SE GREAT TRAVEL]S1 & NOT ! LEA/ ILLU/RI\S1 AV[$ 9 MY PRES5CE ?AT1 AT ! SI<T ( A F9E & HAPPY PEOPLE 9 ,C5TRAL ,AFRICA1 HE HAD FELT 9 ! DEP? ( HIS HE>T H[ JU/ DE/9Y W\LD HAVE BE5 HAD ! BLACKS ASSASS9AT$ HIM TO PREV5T HIM FROM RELAT+ HIS TRAVELS4 ,BUT HE WAS SP>$1 & ! SAD VICISSITUDE ( ?+S REQUIR$ ?IS COMPASSIONATE MAN TO BE AMONG ! SLAU<T]]S4 

,IT IS NOT M]ELY LITTLE CIVILIZATIONS BELONG+ TO CLANS OR TO SAVAGE TRIBES :I* RETROGRESSION HAS DE/ROY$ OR DEPLORABLY LESS5$2 !RE >E ALSO GREAT NATIONS :I* HAVE BE5 CONDEMN$ TO DECAY BY ! DIFFICULTIES ( A P]FECT 9TEGRATION 9 ONE SUP]IOR NATIONAL 9DIVIDUATITY4 ,! EXAMPLES ( ! ,BABYLONIANS & ! ,HITTITES1 ( ! ,P]SIANS & ,EGYPTIANS1 >E !RE TO PROVE ?AT DECAY CAN TAKE PLACE ON AN 5ORM\S SCALE & SO AS TO /RIKE MILLIONS & T5S ( MILLIONS ( M5 = ?\S&S ( YE>S4 ,A RECOIL ( ?IS K9D1 :I*1 H[EV]1 WAS SUCCE$$ BY A NEW OSCILLATION 9 FAVOR ( PROGRESS1 WAS BR\<T AB\T 9 ,GREECE ITSELF1 ! $UCATOR ( ! :OLE MOD]N WORLD4 ,! FACT IS ?AT NO UNION1 PACIFIC OR =C$1 ( TWO E?NICAL GR\PS1 CAN BE ACCOMPLI%$ )\T PROGRESS BE+ ACCOMPANI$ BY AT LEA/ A P>TIAL REGRESS4 ,A *ANGE ( ?IS NATURE ALWAYS 9VOLVES A DISPLACEM5T ( ! C5T] ( GRAVITY1 & BY AN 9EVITABLE CONSEQU5CE C]TA9 SEATS ( ACTION >E AB&ON$ & O!RS ACQUIRE A SUDD5 IMPORTANCE4 ,AN 5TIRELY NEW ORGANISM E/ABLI%ES ITSELF AT ! EXP5SE ( ! OLD ONE2 ! DWELL+-PLACES *ANGE1 9DU/RIES >E MODIFI$1 & ! 9T]E/S CONNECT$ ) AB&ON$ MODES ( WORK SUFF] SEV]ELY4 ,EV5 :5 ! VICISSITUDES ( CONFLICT HAVE NOT BE5 FOLL[$ BY DE/RUCTION PROP]LY SO CALL$1 !Y >E NOT ! LESS ! CAUSE ( LOCAL DECAY1 & ! PROSP]ITY ( SOME LEADS TO ! DECL9E ( O!RS1 S9CE ! DIFF]5T ELEM5TS ( ! SOCIETY CON/ITUT+ ITSELF ANEW >E 9 A /ATE ( /RUGGLE1 & ! COMMON SOLID>ITY IS NOT YET =M$4 ,9 SU* CONDITIONS DIRECT PROGRESS CANNOT BE MADE2 OBLIQUE1 TORTU\S1 IT OSCILLATES 9 AN UNC]TA9 MANN]1 FOLL[+ ! P>ALLELOGRAM ( ! =CES :I* URGE IT =W>D4 

,! WORD 0CIVILIZATION0 IS ONE ( ?OSE VAGUE T]MS ( :I* ! DIFF]5T S5SES >E CONFUS$4 ,= MO/ PEOPLE IT MEANS REF9EM5T ( MANN]S1 ESPECIALLY EXT]NAL HABITS ( POLIT5ESS1 ?\< UND\BT$LY M5 ( /IFF BE>+ & ABRUPT BEHAVIOR MAY HAVE A MORAL VALUE V]Y SUP]IOR TO ?AT ( ! C\RTI] :O CAN FRAME AN ELEGANT COMPLIM5T4 ,O!RS SEE 9 CIVILIZATION ONLY ! SUM ( ALL ! MAT]IAL IMPROVEM5TS DUE TO SCI5CE & MOD]N 9DU/RY4 ,RAILWAYS1 TELESCOPES1 TELEGRAPHS1 TELEPHONES1 & O!R 9V5TIONS1 APPE> TO !M SUFFICI5T PRO( ( ! COLLECTIVE PROGRESS ( SOCIETY1 & !Y DO NOT SEEK TO KN[ MORE BY S\ND+ ! DEP?S ( ! IMM5SE ORGANISM4 ,BUT ?OSE :O /UDY ! OCEAN ( HUMANITY1 EV5 TO ITS ABYSSES1 SAY ?AT EA* CIVILIZ$ NATION IS COMPOS$ ( CLASSES PLAC$ ONE OV] ANO!R1 REPRES5T+ 9 EA* AGE ALL ! S]IES ( ! ANT]IOR AGES1 ) !IR CORRESPOND+ 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL CULTURE4 ,! SOCIETY ( TO-DAY CONTA9S ALL ! PREVI\S SOCIETIES 9 ! /ATE ( SURVIVAL2 & ! IMM$IATE CONTRA/ ( EXTREME CONDITIONS R5D]S !IR DIV]G5CE /RIK+4 ,EV5 IF ! AV]AGE MAN BE N[ MORE PROSP]\S & MORE HAPPY ?AN HE =M]LY WAS :5 HUMANITY1 DIVID$ 9TO 9NUM]ABLE TRIBES1 WAS NOT YET CONSCI\S ( ITSEIF AS A :OLE1 IT IS NONE ! LESS TRUE ?AT ! DIFF]5CE 9 /YLE ( LIFE BETWE5 ! PRIVILEG$ & DIS9H]IT$ CLASSES IS GREATLY ,9CREAS$1 & R5D]S ! UN=TUNATE MAN MORE UN=TUNATE2 ADD+ TO HIS POV]TY 5VY & HATR$1 & AGGRAVAT+ ! PHYSICAL SUFF]+S & HIS COMPULSORY AB/95CE4 ,9 A PRIMITIVE TRIBE ! />V+ & ! SICK HAVE ONLY !IR BODILY PA9 TO BE>2 AMONG \R CIVILIA$ PEOPLES !Y HAVE ALSO TO SU/A9 ! WEI<T ( HAMILIATION1 & EV5 ( PUBLIC LOA?+1 BE+ NE>LY ALWAYS 9EXORABLY FAT$ TO CONDITIONS ( LODG+ & CLO?+ :I* R5D] !M 9 APPE>ANCE SORDID & REPULSIVE4 ,>E !RE NOT DI/RICTS 9 EV]Y GREAT CITY :I* TRAVEL]S C>EFULLY AVOID = FE> ( !IR PE/IL5TIAL ODORS8 ,NO SAVAGE TRIBE 9HABITS SU* LAIRS4 ,GLASG[1 ,DUNDEE1 & ALL O!R 9DU/RIAL CITIES HAVE QU>T]S CONTA9+ GR\PS ( FIL?Y HABITATIONS1 TO :I* IT W\LD BE DIFFICU,IT TO F9D A P>ALLEL 9 ! HOMES ( ! PRIMITIVE PEOPLES4 ,! B>B>\S ,H9DOOS1 :O LIVE 9 ! C5T] ( ! P59SULA CLAD 9 A FEW COLOR$ TATT]S1 (F] A SPECTACLE RELATIVELY GAY 9 COMP>ISON ) ! PROLET>IANS ( ,IUXURI\S ,5GL&1 :O LOOK SO SOMB] & ,IUGUBRI\S 9 !IR RAGG$ & DIRTY G>M5TS4 

,?AT A NATION IS M]ELY F\ND MU* MORE ADVANC$ ?AN ANO!R 9 SCI5CE1 >T & 9DN/RY DOES NOT PROVE ?AT IT IS 9 A MORE RAPID /ATE ( PROGRESS2 IT MAY EV5 HAVE 5T]$ UPON A P]IOD ( DECL9E1 :ILE ! LESS ADVANC$ POPULATION MAY BE MOV+ ) SPIRIT ON ! UPW>D WAY4 ,DUR+ ! P]IOD ( >RE/ OR EV5 ( RECOIL1 CAUS$ BY CONQUE/ & LOSS ( LIB]TY1 OR :5 ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE DOES NOT LEAVE RESPITE = ?\<T OR ! QUE/ ( NEW LIFE1 MAN IS NOT 9 A REALLY HI/ORIC /AGE2 HIS CU/OM>Y LIFE IS ONLY DI/+UI%$ FROM ?AT ( O!R ANIMALS BY A DIFF]5CE 9 PROPORTION1 0IT BELONGS TO HUMAN ZOOLOGY1 TO NATURAL HI/ORY1 NOT ! HI/ORY ( MAN40.<#a#c.> ,BESIDES ?IS1 PROGRESS MAY BE A*IEV$ 9 A NATION OR 9 SEV]AL NATIONS1 AL?\< A P>T1 OR A MAJORITY ( ! 9DIVIDUALS1 >E LEFT \TSIDE ! MOVEM5T4 ,NO D\BT EV]Y CAUSE \<T TO PRODNUE ITS EFFECT 9 ONE PLACE AFT] ANO!R1 P5ETRAT+ AT LA/ BY V>I\S WAYS 9TO EV]Y LITTLE HUMAN VALLEY2 BUT H[ SL[1 H[ IMP]CEPTIBLE AT TIMES IS ?IS PROPAGATION ( MOVEM5T4 ,AT ! BOTTOM ( ! SEA1 DO ! ANIMALCULAE1 :O LIVE 9 ! SLIME1 FEEL ! AGITATION ( ! TEMPE/S :I* HI<] UP >E WRECK+ FLEETS8 ,DOES ! MAN :O 9 ! SOCIAL DEP?S IS )\T BREAD TO EAT OR BOOKS TO READ1 C>E AB\T ! DISCOV]Y ( A NEW C]EAL1 OR AB\T SOME P[]FUL DRAMA :I* AGITATES ! 9TELLECTUAL WORLD8 ,ON ! O!R H&1 H[ CAN HE RI* MAN :O TR\BLES HIMSELF AB\T NO?+1 :O IS F$1 DRESS$1 C>RI$1 :O IS FURNI%$ ) EV]Y?+ HE NE$S1 EV5 9CLUD+ ! SEMBLANCE ( IDEAS & READY-MADE PHRASES1 P>TICIPATE 9 PROGRESS8 ,LEFT TO HIMSELF HE W\LD SOON FALL 9TO IMPOT5CE & BECOME ! PREY ( DEA?4 ,9 ! SOCIAL HI]>*Y1 HE IS DEEM$ ! REPRES5TATIVE ( PROGRESS P> EXCELL5CE1 BECAUSE ALL ! PRODUCTS ( LUXURY SURR\ND HIM1 & ALL ! AMBITI\S GRAVITATE T[>DS HIS P]SON2 BUT HE IS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 A PH5OM5ON ( DECAD5CE1 S9CE HE CONSUMES )\T PRODUC+1 & ADDS ABSOLUTELY NO?+ TO ! COMMON CIVILIZATION4 

,I,I,I4 

  

,?US EV]Y *ANGE 9 HI/ORY COMPELS ?OSE :O /UDY IT TO A D\BLE PROCESS1 ANALOG\S TO COMM]CIAL BOOK-KEEP+4 ,!Y \<T TO 5T] ON ! DEBIT SIDE ALL ! LOSSES ?AT HAVE BE5 SUFF]$1 ON ! CR$IT SIDE ALL ! PR(ITS REALIZ$4 ,! PRO( ?AT ?IS SOCIAL BOOK-KEEP+ IS A V]Y DIFFICULT MATT] IS ?AT ! DISCUSSION AS TO ! REALITY ( PROGRESS TAK5 AS A :OLE /ILL CONT9UES1 ?AT ! QUE/ION IS ASK$ :E!R ! GA9S MADE 9 A G5]AL WAY >E NOT COV]$ BY LOSSES 9 HAPP9ESS & 9 9TIMACY ) NATURE4 ,BUT !SE V]Y D\BTS \<T TO 5C\RAGE ! 9QUIR] TO GET EXACTLY AT ! PROPORTION ( GA9S & LOSSES4 

,! LA/ >E KN[N1 ?ANKS TO ! /UDY ( ! SMALL COMMUNITIES :I* HAVE REA*$ = A C]TA9 TIME A RHY?MIC /ATE ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,WE KN[ ?AT 9 MANY TRIBES NOT OP5$ TO CIVILIZATION JU/ICE IS PRACTIC$ ) REAL RELIGI\SNESS1 ?AT ! SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY UNITES AS 9 A S+LE BE+ ALL ! MEMB]S ( ! SOCIAL BODY1 & ?AT NO TRACE ( PESSIMISM COMES TO TR\BLE IT 9 ! EXP]I5CE ( LIFE2 F9ALLY1 9 ?OSE SOCIETIES ! RELATIONS ( MAN ) NATURE >E MU* MORE 9TIMATE1 & ! POETRY ( EXI/5CE IS FELT 9 A MORE SPONTANE\S MANN]4 

,& :AT >E ! CONQUE/S ( \R MOD]N WORLD 9 ! WAY ( PROGRESS8 ,!Y >E IMM5SE4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 HUMANITY HAS >RIV$ AT SELF CONSCIONSNESS4 ,NO NATION1 :ATEV] IT MAY WI%1 OR H[EV] IT MAY PROTE/1 HAS ITS HORIZON LIMIT$ BY ITS [N FRONTI]S4 ,! COMPLETE EXPLORATION ( ! E>? & ( ! SEAS TO !IR B\ND>IES ( ICE1 ! P]PETUAL MOVEM5T ( TRAVEL]S PASS+ FROM ONE WORLD TO ANO!R1 ! PRES5CE EV]Y:]E ( SAILORS1 ( COLONI/S & ( T\RI/S1 HAVE TRULY MADE MAN ! CITIZ5 ( ! PLACET2 & PATRIOTIC AS HE MAY BE1 OR IS SUPPOS$ TO BE1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = ANY ONE NOT TO LOOK BEYOND HIS NATIVE SOIL TO ! NEI<BOR+ OR DI/ANT C\NTRIES 9 :I* EV5TS >E TAK+ PLACE MO/ IMPORTANT TO ! :OLE DE/9Y ( MANK9D4 

,DUR+ ?IS HALF-C5TURY UNIV]SAL ATT5TION WAS DIRECT$ = F\R OR FIVE YE>S TO ! PLA9S ( ! ,NEW ,WORLD1 :]E ! QUE/ION ( SLAV]Y WAS DEF9ITELY DECID$4 ,!N ALL EYES TURN$ T[>DS ! ,EA/1 :]E1 ON ! TRACES ( ! ANCI5T CANAL FROM ! ,NILE TO ! ,R$ ,SEA1 ! GREAT COMM]CIAL WAY WAS OP5$ ':I* BRON<T ,9DIA & ,EUROPE SOME ?\S&S ( MILES NE>]1 & ?US SUDD5LY *ANG$ ! EQUILIBRIUM ( ! WORLD4 ,& DID NOT ! C5T] ( ! HUMAN DRAMA REC5TLY MOVE TO ! EXTREMITY ( ,ASIA1 :]E AN OLD NATION1 ALTOGE!R \TSIDE ! CIRCLE ( ,>YAN DEVELOPM5T1 HAS NEV]!LESS %[N ITSELF1 9 SCI5CE & ! CONDUCT ( W>1 ! EQUAL1 IF NOT ! SUP]IOR1 ( ITS COMPETITORS 9 ! ,EUROPEAN WE/8 

,T]RE/RIAL EXPLORATIONS1 GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOV]IES1 T5D MORE & MORE TO BE COMPLET$ EV]Y:]E BY AN EXACT TOPOGRAPHY1 SO ?AT MAN CAN N[ LOOK D[N UPON ! E>? AS IF HE W]E ELEVAT$ ABOVE IT ON AN AIRPLANE1 & NOTE ! ]RORS HIS PR$ECESSORS COMMITT$ [+ TO !IR LIV+ 9 TOO CONF9$ A SPH]E4 ,9 ! :OLE C\RSE ( HI/ORY ! C5T]S ( CIVILIZATION HAVE ALWAYS MOV$ ALONG C]TA9 C>VES1 & !SE LOCAL ORBITS PURSU$ = SOME C5TURIES-A M]E M9UTE 9 ! LIFE ( HUMANITY-HAVE BE5 CONSID]$ TOO HA/ILY AS ! EXPRESSION ( A DEF9ITE LAW4 ,?US 9 \R [N WORLD ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE HI/ORIANS1 /RUCK BY ! ELEGANT P>ABOLA DESCRIB$ BY ! M>* ( CIVILIZATION FROM ANCI5T ,BABYLON TO \R MOD]N CITIES1 =MULAT$ A LAW ACCORD+ TO :I* ! C5T] ( HUMAN ?\<T MOV$ FROM EA/ TO WE/1 FOLL[+ ! C\RSE ( ! SUN4 

,BE=E ! EPO* ( ,HELL5IC EFFLORESC5CE ! ,EGYPTIANS1 EMBRAC+ 9 !IR M9D ! IMM5SE ,NILOTIC WORLD1 A UNIV]SE 9 ITSELF1 GAVE ANO!R DIRECTION TO ! PROPAGATION ( ?\<T2 !Y BELIEV$ ?AT IT HAD COME TO !M1 AS ! FRUITFUL ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS CAME1 FROM S\? TO NOR?4 ,!Y W]E MI/AK51 S9CE CIVILIZATION PROPAGAT$ ITSETF 9 A CONTR>Y DIRECTION1 FROM ,MEMPHIS TO ,!BES ( ! 0HUNDR$ GATES40 ,9 O!R C\NTRIES IT IS CLE>LY ALONG RIV]S1 FOLL[+ ! C\RSE ( ! /REAM FROM ! S\RCE TO ! M\?1 ?AT ! MOVEM5T ( CULTURE HAS GIV5 BIR? TO POPUL\S CITIES1 ! C5T]S ( HUMAN LABOR4 ,9 ,9DIA ! TRAJECTORY WAS FROM ! NOR?-WE/ TO ! S\?-EA/ ALONG ! BANKS ( ! ,GANGES & ( ! ,DJUMNA2 & 9 ! VA/ ,*9ESE PLA9S ! 0L9E ( LIFE0 IS DI/9CTLY DIRECT$ FROM WE/ TO EA/ 9TO ! VALLEYS ( ! ,HOANG-HO & ! ,YANG-TSE-KIANG4 

,!SE EXAMPLES >E SUFFICI5T TO %[ ?AT ! SO-CALL$ LAW ( PROGRESS1 DISPLAC+ ! PR9CIPAL SC5E ( ! WORLD 9 ! SAME DIRECTION AS ! C\RSE ( ! SUN1 HAS ONLY A TEMPOR>Y & LOCAL VALUE1 & ?AT O!R LAWS HAVE PREVAIL$ 9 DIV]S C\NTRIES ACCORD+ TO ! LIE ( ! L&1 ! ATTRACTIVE =CES >IS+ FROM ! CONFIGURATION ( ! CONT95TS1 & ! ADVANTAGES ( SOIL & CLIMATE4 ,& N[1 ?ANKS TO ! G5]AL SPREAD ( 9V5TIONS & ( HUMAN KN[L$GE1 !SE L9ES IMAG9$ BY \R PR$ECESSORS ON ! CIRCUMF]5CE ( ! GLOBE >E1 SO TO SPEAK1 SUBM]G$ B5EA? AN 9UNDAT+ FLOOD :I* COV]S ALL P>TS ( ! E>?2 IT IS1 FROM ANO!R PO9T ( VIEW1 ?AT DELUGE ( KN[L$GE1 ( :I* ! ,GOSPEL SPEAKS1 :I* %\LD SPREAD OV] ! :OLE WORID4 ,! ELEM5T ( SPACE HAS LO/ ITS IMPORTANCE1 = MAN IS ABLE & WILL+ TO 9=M HIMSELF CONC]N+ A,IL ! PH5OM5A ( SOIL1 CLIMATE1 HI/ORY1 & SOCIETY :I* DI/+UI% ! DIFF]5T C\NTRIES4 ,N[1 TO COMPREH5D EA* O!R IS ALREADY1 9 A C]TA9 DEGREE1 TO M+LE TOGE!R4 ,! CONTRA/ BETWE5 L& & L&1 NATION & NATION1 CONT9UES EV]Y:]E TO EXI/2 BUT IT GR[S LESS1 & T5DS GRADUALLY TO BE NEUTRALIZ$ 9 ! COMPREH5SION ( $UCAT$ PEOPLE4 

,:ILE GEOGRAPHY CONQU]$ SPACE1 & ?US MADE IT POSSIBLE = MANK9D TO BECOME CONSCI\S ( ITSELF FROM ONE 5D ( ! WORLD TO ! O!R1 ! HI/ORIAN1 TURN+ T[>DS ! PA/1 CONQU]$ TIME4 ,! HUMAN RACE1 :I* IS UNIFY+ ITSELF FROM ONE 5D ( ! WORLD TO ! O!R1 IS EQUALLY ATTEMPT+ TO REALIZE ITSELF UND] A =M :I* EMBRACES ALL ! AGES4 ,?IS IS A SECOND CONQUE/ NOT LESS IMPORTANT ?AN ! FIR/4 ,ALL ANT]IOR CIVILIZATIONS1 EV5 ! PREHI/ORIC1 >E H5CE=? MORE OR LEAS KN[N TO US1 & CONSEQU5TLY CAN1 9 A C]TA9 S5SE1 BE 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! LIFE ( MOD]N SOCIETIES4 ,BY ! SUCCESSION ( P]IODS1 :I* WE CAN N[ /UDY AS A SYNOPTICAL TABLE UNFOLD+ ITSELF ACCORD+ TO ! P]FECT LOGIC ( EV5TS1 WE CEASE TO LIVE M]ELY 9 ! FLY+ MOM5T2 WE EMBRACE ! PA/ 9 ! AGES RETRAC$ BY ! ANNALI/S4 ,9 ?IS WAY WE DETA* \RSELVES FROM ! /RICT L9E ( DEVELOPM5T 9DICAT$ BY \R 5VIRONM5T & \R RACE1 & WE SEE UNROLL$ BE=E US ALL ! PA?S1 P>ALLEL OR DIV]G5T1 ?AT O!R FRACTIONS ( HUMANITY HAVE FOLL[$4 ,! WAYS >E OP5 TO US1 & WE FEEL OBLIG$ TO 5T] !M1 = ANY EXAMPLE GIV5 BY O!R M51 \R BRO!RS1 MU/ APPEAL TO \R G5IUS ( IMITATION4 ,AS \R HORIZON IS 5L>G$1 9 TIME AS WELL AS 9 SPACE1 A GREAT] NUMB] ( MODELS = /UDY CR[D R\ND US1 & AMONG !M !RE IS MU* TO AWAK5 9 US ! DESIRE TO RESEMBLE !M 9 ONE P>T OR ANO!R ( !IR IDEAL4 ,9 MOV+ AB\T1 & 9 MODIFY+ \RSELVES1 WE HAVE LO/ A C]TA9 P>T ( \R ACQUISITIONS1 & N[ WE MAY ASK \RSELVES :E!R IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO RECOV] ALL ! BAGGAGE AB&ON$ AT ! DIFF]5T /AGES ( \R LONG ,ODYSSEY ?R\< TIME4 

,A ?IRD CONQUE/ ( CIVILIZATION IS ! MO/ OBVI\S1 & ! ORD9>Y PANEGYRI/S ( ! PRES5T DAY >E !RE=E EAG] TO 9SI/ UPON IT-! PRODIGI\S DEVELOPM5T ( MOD]N 9DU/RY1 DUE TO ! DISCOV]IES ( M5 ( LE>N+ & TO ! PRACTICAL G5IUS ( ! 9NUM]ABLE ,PROME!USES1 BE>]S ( ! SACR$ FIRE1 :O SPR+ FROM ! SOHOOL & ! FACTORY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! OV]-CULTUR$1 ! POETS1 DECL>+ !MSELVES 9 LOVE ) ANTIQUE SIMPLICITY1 AFFECT TO DESPISE ALL ?IS UTILIT>IAN PROGRESS ( SOCIETY1 ?\< !Y DEIGN TO MAKE USE ( IT TO !IR [N ADVANTAGE2 & IF !Y SEEK M$IAEVAL OBJECTS = ! ORNAM5TATION ( !IR DWELL+S1 !Y APPRECIATE ON EV]Y IMPORTANT OCCASION 9 LIFE RAPID LOCOMOTION & ! ALMO/ 9/ANTANE\S TRANSMISSION ( VOICE & ?\<T4 ,:ATEV] DISDA9 ! PESSIMI/ MAY BE/[ UPON ?IS PRODIGIONS GR[? ( HUMAN =CES1 ! S9C]E MAN IS /RUCK ) ADMIRATION AT !SE MA*9ES1 :I* HAVE MORE ?AN D\BL$ ! P[] ( HUMAN WORK1 & GIV5 TO \R LIFE SO GREAT 9T5SITY ( ACTION4 ,! ACTIVE WORK] CAN H5CE=? COND5SE 9TO HIS %ORT LIFE ( SIXTY TO EI<TY YE>S1 MORE WORK ?AN ONE ( HIS ANCE/ORS1 R$UC$ TO HIS [N =CE ALONE1 C\LD HAVE ACCOMP,II%$ 9 A ?\S& YE>S4 

,! PROGRESS MAN HAS REALIZ$ 9 ! MAT]IAL WORLD HE HAS EQUALLY ACCOMPLI%$ 9 ! 9TELLECTUAL4 ,HE HAS GONE 9TO ! ANALYSIS ( ?+S MU* MORE DEEPLY1 & DOES NOT ALL[ HIMSELF TO BE DECEIV$ BY SUP]FICIAL APPE>ANCES2 HE /UDIES BODIES 9 ! 9TIMATE GR\P+ ( !IR CELLS1 & HE RECOGNIZES PR(\ND ANALOGIES BETWE5 OBJECTS ( DISSIMIL> ASPECT4 ,/RONG 9 HIS P[] ( P5ETRAT+ ! 9F9ITELY LITTLE1 MAN CAN TURN AGA9 TO ! 9F9ITELY GREAT1 & RESUME ! SYN!SIS 9 ITS MO/ &ACI\S =M1 COMP>+ ! =MATION ( A GRA9 ( S& ) ?AT ( ! :OLE SOL> ,SY/EM1 & ( ! UNIV]SE 9 ITS IMM5SITY4 ,?IS SAME P[] ( DECOMPOSITION & RECON/RUCTION :I* ! MOD]N MAN APPLIES TO NATURE HE EQUALLY APPLIES TO HIS LIKE1 & ! OLD ADAGE1 0,KN[ ?YSELF10 HAS NEV] BE5 SO NE> TO REALIZATION2 = ONE CAN ONLY KN[ ONESELF BY COMP>ISON ) ANO!R1 & 9 !SE DAYS ! DISSECTION ( ! HUMAN BE+ FROM AN 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL PO9T ( VIEW IS PURSU$ 9 A SY/EMATIC MANN] ) A/ONI%+ ACUT5ESS ( DISC]NM5T4 ,PSY*OLOGY HAS BECOME AN EXACT SCI5CE1 & *>ACT] NOVELS1 A /YLE =M]LY UNKN[N1 HAVE TAK5 A RANK ( V]Y HI< ORD] 9 CONTEMPOR>Y LIT]ATURE4 ,MAN1 9 LE>N+ MORE N>R[LY TO SCRUT9IZE HIMSELF1 EV5 9 P>TS ( HIS NATURE UNTIL REC5TLY BEYOND HIS CONSCIONSNESS1 DISCOV]S = EA* ( ! ACQUISITIONS & REVELATIONS ( HIS [N BE+ CORRESPOND+ WANTS2 HIS IDEAL GR[S 9DEF9ITELY 9 PROPORTION TO ! IMPROVEM5T ( HIS M9D & ! S5SIBILITY ( HIS HE>T4 ,?IS IS ONE ( ?OSE ADVANCES :I* MANY P]SONS HAVE BE5 TEMPT$ TO CURSE1 S9CE 9 MANY CASES IT MAY EXCITE UNREALIZABLE DESIRES1 CAUS+ A SADNESS :I* CAN NEV] BE CONSOL$4 ,BUT :AT TRULY NOBLE S\L DOES NOT PREF] ! MELAN*OLY ( AN UNREALIZ$ IDEAL TO ! VULG>ITY ( A COMMONPLACE LIFE1 )\T ! DESIRE OR ! WILL = SOME?+ BETT]8 

,?US ADMIRABLY FURNI%$ ) TOOLS BY ITS PROGRESS 9 ! KN[L$GE ( SPACE & ( TIME1 ( ! 9TIMATE NATURE ( ?+S & ( MAN HIMSELF1 IS MANK9D AT ! PRES5T TIME PREP>$ TO APPROA* ! CAPITAL PROBLEM ( ITS EXI/5CE1 ! REALIZATION ( A COLLECTIVE IDEAL8 ,C]TA9LY4 ,! WORK1 IF NOT ( ASSIMILATION1 AT LEA/ ( APPROPRIATION ( ! E>? IS NE>LY T]M9AT$1 TO ! PR(IT ( ! NATIONS CALL$ CIVILIZ$1 :O HAVE BECOME BY ?IS V]Y FACT ! NURSES & $UCATORS ( ! WORLD2 !RE >E NO LONG] ANY B>B>IANS TO CONQU] &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ! DIRECT+ CLASSES WILL SOON BE )\T ! RES\RCE ( EMPLOY+ ABROAD !IR SURPLUS NATIONAL 5]GY4 ,! 9T]NAL PROBLEMS1 :I* AT ! SAME TIME WILL BE ?OSE ( ! :OLE WORLD1 WILL !RE=E =CE !MSELVES IRRESI/IBLY TO ! FRONT4 

,! FIR/ ( ALL !SE PROBLEMS1 NO ONE CAN D\BT1 IS ?AT ( BREAD = ALL4 ,! /ATI/ICS ( ! PRES5T PRODUCTION NO LONG] P]MIT US TO D\BT ?AT ! RES\RCES ( ! E>? >E AMPLY SUFFICI5T FULLY TO N\RI% ALL ! 9HABITANTS ( ?IS PLANET1 & BESIDES1 IF !Y W]E NOT 5\<1 :Y %\LD NOT ! LABOR ( ! UNEMPLOY$ CR[D+ R\ND ! GATES ( ! FACTORIES BE UTILIZ$ = ! 9CREASE ( ! G5]AL WEAL? ( HUMANITY8 ,BY S+UL> IRONY ( ?+S-%[+ ! COMPLETE OPPOSITION BETWE5 A MORAL LIFE & ! RUL+ !ORIES ( ECONOMY-! GREAT] P>T ( ! L&-[N]S COMPLA9 ( 0OV]-PRODUCTION0 & F9D !IR H>VE/ TOO GOOD1 :ILE ! CONSUM]S DECL>E ?AT ! PRODUCTS >E 9SUFFICI5T1 S9CE NUMB]S ( !M REMA9 TOO POV]TY-/RICK5 TO BUY BREAD 5\< TO LIVE4 ,WE HAVE NOT H]E TO 5T] 9TO ! DISCUSSION ( ! MEANS TO BE EMPLOY$ 9 ORD] ?AT ALL ! FAMI%$ MAY RECEIVE ! FOOD :I* IS !IR DUE2 IT IS 5\< ?AT SOCIETY BE :AT IT PRET5DS TO BE-A 0SOCIETY ( BRO!RS10 9 ORD] TO R5D] POSSIBLE ! REALIZATION ( ITS FIR/ DUTY-GIVE BREAD TO ALL4 

,MAN1 MOREOV]1 DOES NOT LIVE BY BREAD ALONE4 ,HE \<T EQUALLY TO LE>N H[ TO DEVELOP1 NOT ONLY HIS MUSCLES1 BUT ALL ! 9TELECTUAL & MORAL =CES ( HIS BE+4 ,9 MANY C\NTRIES ?IS HAS ALREADY BE5 RECOGNIZ$1 ALL *ILDR5 RECEIV+ A C]TA9 9/RUCTION DESCRIB$ AS 0PRIM>Y02 BUT :AT A DI/ANCE /ILL EXI/S BETWE5 ! AFFIRMATION ( ! PR9CIPLE & ITS TRUE REALIZATION6 ,:AT PR(ITABLE $UCATION DO *ILDR5 RECEIVE :O >E MIS]ABLY %UT UP 9 ONE ( ! DAILY PRISONS UND] ! EYE & F]ULE ( ?OSE :OM EXCESS ( LABOR1 9SUFFICI5CY ( PAY1 & WANT ( LIB]TY1 R5D] P]=CE SULL5 & TRAITORS TO ! NOBLE CAUSE !Y REPRES5T8 ,AS TO ?OSE *ILDR5 :O PR(IT 9 SOME MEASURE FROM ! 9/RUCTION GIV5 !M1 :ATEV] IT BE1 H[ IS !IR TIME ( /UDY WA/$1 H[ MIS*IEV\S IT BECOMES :5 !Y >E TAK5 AWAY FROM USEFUL WORK & PUT TO ABSURD RECITATIONS4 ,H[ CAN !Y FAIL TO BE IRRITAT$ BY SU* TRUMP]Y TEA*+1 :I*1 F> FROM PREP>+ !M = SOCIAL PEACE1 LEADS !M TO REV5GE8 

,LET ! D\BLE IDEAL-BREAD = ! BODY & BREAD = ! M9D-BE ASSUR$ TO ALL1 & H[ MANY O!R DESIRABLE ?+S W\LD !REBY BE ON ! ROAD TO ACCOMPLI%M5T4 ,ONE =M ( PROGRES SNEV] COMES ALONE2 IT PRES5TS ITSELF AGA9 9 O!R =MS ( PROGRES/HR\<\T ! SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 ,! S5SE ( JU/ICE BE+ SATISFI$ BY ! P>TICIPATION ( ALL 9 ! MAT]IAL & 9TELECTUAL POSSESSIONS ( HUMANITY1 !RE W\LD COME TO EV]Y MAN A S+UL> LI<T5+ ( CONSCI5CE2 = ! CONDITION ( CRUEL 9EQUALITY1 :I* OV]LOADS SOME ) SUP]FLU\S WEAL? :ILE IT DEPRIVES O!RS ( EV]Y?+1 EV5 ( HOPE1 WEI<S AS REMORSE1 CONSCI\SLY OR UNCONSCI\SLY1 ON ! S\LS ( ALL1 ESPECIALLY ( ! =TUNATE1 & ALWAYS MIXES A POISON ) !IR JOYS4 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT ELEM5T 9 PRODUC+ PEACE IS ?AT NO ONE %\LD DO WRONG TO HIS NEI<BOR1 = IT IS 9 HUMAN NATURE TO HATE ?OSE :OM ONE HAS 9JUR$ & TO LOVE ?OSE :OSE PRES5CE RECALLS A S5TIM5T ( ONE'S [N VIRTUE4 ,! MORAL RESULTS ( ?IS SIMPLE SET ( JU/ICE1 ! GU>ANTEE ( FOOD & 9/RUCTION TO ALL1 W\LD BE 9CALCULABLE4 ,& CAN IT BE MA9TA9$ ?AT SU* A WI% IS BEYOND ! POSSIBILITY ( REALIZATION :5 ALL ! MAT]IAL RES\RCES NECESS>Y >E AT \R DISPOSAL1 & :5 9 CONSID]ABLE PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES1 TRIBES1 PEOPLES & NATIONS1 IT HAS MORE ?AN ONCE BECOME1 AS F> AS REALIZABLE 9 ?OSE REMOTE EPO*S1 AN ACCOMPLI%$ FACT8 

,IF EV]-& IT APPE>S TO LIE 9 ! PA? ( EVOLUTION-IF EV] ! GREAT ORGANISM ( MANK9D LE>NS TO DO :AT SOCIAL ORGANISMS ( NOT V]Y L>GE DIM5SIONS DID & >E DO+-?AT IS TO SAY1 IF IT COMPLIES ) !SE TWO DUTIES1 NOT TO LET ANY ONE DIE ( HUNG] OR /AGNATE 9 IGNORANCE-IT WILL !N BE POSSIBLE TO ATTEMPT ! REALIZATION ( ANO!R IDEAL1 :I* ALSO IS ALREADY PURSU$ BY AN EV]-9CREAS+ NUMB] ( 9DIVIDUALS-! IDEAL ( RECONQU]+ FROM ! PA/ ALL ?AT WE HAVE LO/1 & BECOM+ AGA9 EQUAL 9 =CE1 9 AGILITY1 9 SKILL1 9 HEAL?1 & 9 BEAUTY ) ! F9E/1 /RONGE/ & MO/ SKILLFUL M5 :O HAVE EV] LIV$ BE=E US4 ,)\T D\BT !RE IS NO QUE/ION AS YET ( RECOV]+ ! USE ( ATROPHI$ ORGANS1 ! =M] USE ( :I* BIOLOGI/S HAVE DISCOV]$1 BUT SIMPLY ( KN[+ H[ TO KEEP 9 !IR PL5ITUDE ! CORPOREAL 5]GIES :I* HAVE FALL5 TO \R LOT1 H[ TO RETA9 FULLY ! USE ( ! MUSCLES :I*1 :ILE CONT9U+ TO WORK1 HAVE DIM9I%$ 9 ELA/ICITY1 & ?REAT5 BE=E LONG TO BE ( NO VALUE4 ,IS IT POSSIBLE TO PREV5T ?IS PHYSICAL DECL9E 9 MAN1 TO AVOID ! DAY 9 :IOH HE WILL BE ONLY AN 5ORM\S BRA9 SWA!D 9 WRAPS TO KEEP HIM FROM TAK+ COLD8 

,ZOOLOGI/S TELL US ?AT MAN WAS =M]LY A CLIMB+ ANIMAL LIKE ! APE4 ,:Y1 !N1 DOES ! MOD]N MAN P]MIT HIMSELF TO FAIL 9 ?IS ABITITY TO SCALE-AN ABILITY /ILL POSSESS$ 9 A REM>KABLE MANN] BY C]TA9 PRIMITIVE PEOPLES1 NOTABLY ?OSE :O GA!R ! BRAN*ES COV]$ ) FRUIT AT ! TOPS ( ! PALM-TREES8 ,! *ILD1 :OSE MO!R NEV] FAILS TO ADMIRE ! MANUAL PREH5SION :I* 5ABLES HIM TO HOLD HIS BODY SUSP5D$ EV5 = SOME M9UTES1.<#a#d.> LOSES LITTLE BY TITTTE ?IS E>LY VIGOR BECAUSE ! OCCASIONS TO EX]CISE IT >E C>EFULLY )DRAWN FROM HIM2 IT IS SUFFICI5T ?AT HIS CLO!S >E ?REAT5$ ) DE/RUCTION BY HIS EF=TS AT CLIMB+1 ?AT 9 \R SOCIETY1 =C$ TO BE ECONOMICAL1 P>5TS %\LD =BID !IR *ILDR5 TO CLIMB TREES1 ! FE> ( DANG] BE+ 9 ?IS PROHIBITION ONLY A SECOND>Y CONSID]ATION4 ,SIMIL> REASONS HAVE ?IS RESULT ?AT ! GREAT] P>T ( \R CIVILIZ$ *ILDR5 REMA9 MU* 9F]IOR TO ! SONS ( SAVAGES 9 GAMES ( /R5G? & SKILL2 BESIDES1 HAV+ NO OPPORTUNITY TO EX]CISE !IR S5SES ON WILD NATURE1 !Y HAVE NOT ! SAME DI/9CTNESS ( VISION1 ! SAME %>PNESS ( HE>+2 AS ANIMAIS ( BEAUTIFUL =M & REF9$ S5SES !Y HAVE = ! MO/ P>T 9CONTE/ABLY DEG5]AT$4 ,! EXPRESSIONS ( ADMIRATION :I* ! SI<T ( ! Y\NG M5 ( ,T5IMB]1 EX]CIS+ !MSELVES 9 DRAW+ ! B[ OR ?R[+ ! JAVEL91 CALL$ =? 9 ,EUROPEAN TRAVEL]S.<#a#e.> WILL NO D\BT BE REMEMB]$1 & WE \<T 9 TRU? TO AV[ ?AT EV5 AMONG CRICKET]S1 GOLF]S1 & HOCKEY-PLAY]S1 :O CON/ITUTE ! ELITE ( ! NATIONS = CORPOREAL BEAUTY1 ! SPECTATORS W\LD F9D IT DIFFICULT TO GO 9TO RAPTURES OV] ! P]FECTLY WELL-BALANC$ =MS ( ALL ! *AMPIONS4 ,NO1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = US TO D5Y ?AT1 TAK5 9 ! MASS1 NUMB]S ( SO-CALL$ L[] NATIONS-,NEGROES1 ,R$ ,9DIANS1 ,MALAYS1 & ,POLYNESIANS-9 PURITY ( L9E1 9 NOBILITY ( ATTITUDE & GRACE ( BE>+1 EXCEL MANY GR\PS REPRES5T+ ! AV]AGE TYPE ( ! ,EUROPEANS4 

,!RE IS C]TA9LY1 ON ?IS SIDE1 A G5]AL RETROGRESSION1 ! RESULT ( \R BE+ %UT UP 9 H\SES1 & ( \R ABSURD CO/UME1 :I* PREV5TS CUTANE\S TRANSPIRATION1 ! ACTION ( ! LI<T & ! AIR UPON ! SK91 & ! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( ! MEMB]S ( ! BODY1 (T5 CRAMP$ & TWI/$1 & EV5 CRIPPL$ & MAIM$1 BY %OES & CORSETS4 ,NUMB]LESS EXAMPLES1 H[EV]1 PROVE TO US ?AT RETROGRESSION IS NOT DEF9ITIVE & )\T APPEAL1 = ?OSE ( \R Y\NG PEOPLE :O >E BR\<T UND] V]Y GOOD HYGI5IC CONDITIONS1 & UND]GO PHYSICAL TRA9+1 GR[ 9 =M & /R5G?1 EQUAL+ ! MO/ H&SOME SAVAGES1 &1 MOREOV]1 !Y HAVE ! SUP]IORITY :I* CONFID5CE 9 !MSELVES & ! PRE/IGE ( !IR 9TELLIG5CE GIVES !M4 ,WE HAVE ONLY TO REF] TO ! CLIMB]S ( ! ,ALPS1 ! ,CAUCASUS1 & ! ,HIMALAYAS4 ,C]TA9LY NO ,JACQUES ,BALMAT W\LD HAVE ASC5D$ ,MONT ,BLANC IF !RE HAD NOT EXI/$ A ,DE ,SAUSSURE TO 5C\RAGE HIM 9 ! EF=T2 & N[ ! ,:YMP]S1 ! ,FRE%FIELDS1 ! ,CONWAYS1 HAVE !Y NOT BECOME 9 /R5G?1 9 5DURANCE1 9 KN[L$GE1 & 9 EXP]I5CE ! EQUALS1 IF NOT ! SUP]IORS1 ( ! BE/ M\NTA9 GUIDES1 TRA9$ FROM Y\? TO ALL ! PHYSICAL & MORAL VIRTUES :I* >E REQUIR$ 9 DANG]\S ASC5TS8 ,?US ! IDEAL WE HAVE CONCEIV$1 ( BE+ ABLE TO ACQUIRE NEW QUALITIES1 )\T LOS+ ANY WE POSSESS1 BUT EV5 RECOV]+ ?OSE \R ANCE/ORS HAVE LO/1 CAN P]FECTLY WELL BE REALIZ$4 ,IT IS NOT 9 ! LEA/ A *IM]A4 

,ANO!R SUP]IORITY ( ! SAVAGE OV] ! CIVILIZ$ MAN WILL BE MORE DIFFICULT TO RECONQU]1 BECAUSE ( \R >TIFICIAL LIFE 9 5CLOS$ SPACES1 SURR\ND$ ON ALL SIDES BY BUILD+S2 OR ELSE 9 A PSEUDONATURE SPOIL$ BY A ?\S& DETAILS-UGLY CON/RUCTIONS1 TREES LOPP$ & TWI/$1 FOOTPA?S BRUTALLY CUT ?R\< WOODS & =E/S4 ,NE>LY EV]Y?+ !RE HAS BE5 MISMANAG$-TREES & P]SPECTIVES2 NEV]!LESS1 ! 5JOYM5T F\ND 9 ! OP5 AIR1 ON ! BR9K ( RUNN+ /REAMS1 UND] ! BRAN*ES :I* MURMUR & CA/ !IR %AD[S UPON ! V]DURE1 IS SU* ?AT WE ALL[ \RSELVES TO BE PR(\NDLY AFFECT$ BY IT & WILL+LY IMAG9E ?AT WE HAVE LIV$ = AN 9/ANT 9 ! MID/ ( REAL NATURE4 ,IT IS C]TA9LY A GREAT HAPP9ESS TO F9D \RSELVES AGA91 9 COMMUNION ) MO!R ,E>? 9 L&S LAID \T ) RULE & L9E1 BUT SWEET AS ! POETRY IS ?AT WE !RE 5JOY1 IT IS /ILL 9F]IOR TO ?AT :I* 5*ANT$ \R ANCE/ORS4 ,! DIFF]5CE LIES 9 ?IS1 ?AT ! COLLECTIVE S5TIM5T ( ?OSE :O 9 ! NAME ( SOCIETY & PROVID$ ) ITS RES\RCES1 DRAWN FROM ! ,/ATE FUNDS1 HAVE MANIPULAT$ ?IS NATURE1 HAS NOT BE5 A S5TIM5T ( RESPECT & FEEL+2 !Y NE>LY ALWAYS HAD 9 VIEW PURELY 9DU/RIAL OR M]CANTILE 9T]E/S4 

,H[EV]1 !RE IS NO NE$ TO BE DESPOND5T1 = 9 MANY AN \T-(-!-WAY SPOT1 PI\S LOV]S ( E>? KN[ H[1 9 ALL REV]5CE & DELI<T1 TO 5JOY ITS 9TIMACY2 NI<T & DAY1 MORN+ & EVEM+-9 ALL K9DS ( PLACES-M\NTA9 OR SEA1 MOOR OR =E/-!Y HAVE CREAT$ SECURE RETREATS1 :]E1 LIKE *ILDR5 :O COME BACK TO ! >MS ( !IR MO!R1 !Y BECOME SIMPLE AGA9 & %>E 9 ! GREAT LIFE ( ?+S )\T BR++ 9TO IT ! ?\S& LITTLE PREOCCUPATIONS ( PRIVATE LIFE4 ,! S9C]E MAN ?US F9DS AGA9 HIS UNITY ) ALL ! E>?'S PH5OM5A-) ! RIV] ?AT FL[S AWAY & ! M\NTA9 ?AT REMA9S1 ) ! CL\DS ?AT GA!R & DISSOLVE & ! VA/ FIRMAM5T :]E ! PLANETS SL[LY REVOLVE4 ,LY+ D[N \T ( SI<T1 AS IF HE W\LD RE5T] ! PRIMITIVE CRADLE1 HE FEELS SO MU* ! MORE ! DELI<T ( HIS RETURN TO ! K9DLY MAT]NAL E>? N[ ?AT HE KN[S IT BETT] 9 ITS ORIG9S1 ITS =CES1 ITS EVOLUTION & ITS PRODUCTS2 SCI5CE DOES NO 9JURY TO ! AURORA1 BUT EV5 9CREASES ITS GLORY1 ADD+ TO IT AN EMOTION ( B\NDLESS ADMIRATION4 

,?US1 EV5 = ! REAL 9TIMATE COMPREH5SION ( NATURE1 MOD]N MAN CAN RECONQU] ! PA/ ( ! SAVAGE2 BUT ! RECONQUE/ WILL ONLY BE DEF9ITIVE & NORMAL ON CONDITION ?AT HE 9CLUDES ALL M51 HIS BRO!RS1 9 ?IS SAME S5TIM5T ( UNITY ) ! :OLE ( ?+S4 ,H]E1 !N1 AGA9 ! SOCIAL QUE/ION COMES TO ! FRONT4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = ANY ONE FULLY TO LOVE NATURE :O DOES NOT LOVE M54 ,H[ CAN WE ADMIRE ! *>M+ LITTLE 9DIVIDUALITY ( ! FL[]1 H[ CAN WE CALL \RSELVES BRO!R ) ! ANIMAL1 FEEL DRAWN ) T5D]NESS T[>DS IT1 AS ,FRANCIS ( ,ASSISI WAS1 IF WE DO NOT ALSO LOVE M5 \R REAL BRO!RS8 ,COMPLETE UNION ( ,MAN ) ,NATURE CAN ONLY BE EFFECT$ BY ! DE/RUCTION ( ! FRONTI]S BETWE5 CA/ES AS WELL AS BETWE5 PEOPLES4 ,=SAK+ OLD CONV5TIONS1 IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL %\LD BE ABLE1 9 ALL BRO!RL9ESS1 TO ADDRESS HIMSELF TO ANY ONE ( HIS EQUALS1 & TO TALK FREELY ( ALL ?AT 9T]E/S HIM1 ( 0ALL ?AT IS HUMAN10 AS ,T]5CE SAID4 ,LIFE1 BR\<T BACK TO ITS E>LY SIMPLICITY1 ADMITS 9 ?AT V]Y FACT FULL & CORDIAL LIB]TY ( COMM]CE BETWE5 M54 

,HAS HUMANITY MADE REAL PROGRESS 9 ?IS WAY8 ,IT W\LD BE ABSURD TO D5Y IT4 ,?AT :I* ONE CALLS 0! DEMOCRATIC TIDE0 IS NO?+ ELSE BUT ?IS GR[+ S5TIM5T ( EQUALITY BETWE5 ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! DIFF]5T CA/ES1 UNTIL REC5TLY HO/ILE ONE TO ! O!R4 ,UND] A ?\S& APP>5T *ANGES 9 ! SURFACE1 ! WORK IS BE+ ACCOMPLI%$ 9 ! DEP?S ( ! NATIONS4 ,?ANKS TO ! 9CREAS+ KN[L$GE M5 >E GA9+ ( !MSELVES & O!RS1 !Y >E >RIV+ BY DEGREES AT ! DISCOV]Y ( ! COMMON GR\ND UPON :I* WE ALL RESEMBLE EA* O!R1 & AT GETT+ RID ( SUP]FICIAL OP9IONS :I* KEEP US AP>T4 ,WE >E1 !N1 /EADILY ADVANC+ T[>DS FUTURE RECONCILIATION1 &1 BY ?IS V]Y FACT1 T[>DS A =M ( HAPP9ESS V]Y DIFF]5T 9 EXT5T TO ?AT :I* SUFFIC$ \R =EFA!RS-! ANIMALS & ! PRIMITIVE M54 ,\R MAT]IAL & MORAL WORLD BECOMES MORE VA/1 & ?IS 9 ITSELF 9CREASES \R CONCEPTION ( HAPP9ESS1 :I* H5CE=W>D WILL ONLY BE HELD TO BE SU* ON CONDITION ( ITS BE+ %>$ BY ALL2 ( ITS BE+ MADE CONSCI\S & RATIONAL1 & ( ITS EMBRAC+ 9 ITS SCOPE ! E>NE/ RESE>*ES ( SCI5CE & ! POSSESSIONS ( >T4 

,IT IS1 !N1 ) ALL CONFID5CE ?AT WE REPLY TO ! QUE/ION :I* EV]Y MAN ASKS HIMSELF3 ,YES1 HUMANITY HAS REALLY PROGRESS$1 FROM CRISIS TO CRISIS & FROM RELAPSE TO RELAPSE1 S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ?OSE MILLIONS ( YE>S :I* CON/ITUTE ! %ORT CONSCI\S P]IOD ( \R LIFE4  
  

,E,L,I,S,E,E ,R,E,C,L,U,S4  

.<#a.> 0,WLTGES*I*TE10 ,NEUNT] ,!IL1 II1 PP4 #d1#e1#f1 @&C4 

.<#b.> ,M>C ,GUYAU1 0,LA ,MORALE D',EPICTETE40 P4 #a#e#g4 

.<#c.> 0,! ,MALAY ,>*IPELAGO10 ,WALLACE1 PP4 #e#i#e1 #e#i#f4 ,?IRD $ITION4 

.<#d.> 0,UNT] D5 ,KANNIBAL5 AUF ,BORNEO40 

.<#e.> ,SEMP]1 0,NIE ,PHI,IIPP95 UND IHRE ,BEWOHN]02 - ,F]D4 ,B,IUM5TRITT1 0,V]SU* ,E9] ,E?NOGRAPHIE D] ,PHILIPP9510 ,]GANZUNG%EFT ZU ,PET]MANN'S ,MIT!ILUNG51 ,NO4 #f#g4 

.<#f.> ,GUILLAUME DE ,GREEF1 0,SOCIOLOGIE ,G5]ALE ,ELEM5TAIRE10 LECON XI1 P4 #ci 

.<#g.> ,ALPHONSE ,P9>T1 0,BULLET9 DE LA ,SOCIETE DE ,GEOGRAPHIE10 DIC4 #a#h#g#c4 

.<#h.> ,MONTANO1 0,BULLET9 DE LA ,SOCIETE DE ,GEOGRAPHIE10 #a#h#h#a2 ,W4 ,GIF=D ,PALGRAVE1 0,ULYSSES2 OR1 ,SC5ES & ,/UDIES 9 ,MANY ,L&S40 

.<#i.> 0,ESSAIS40 

.<#a.> 0,SUDSEEKONIGE40 

.<#a#a.> ,EUG5E ,MONSEUR1 0,C\RS D',HI/OIRE ,RELIGIEUSE40 

.<#a#b.> ,GIAMBATTI/A ,VICO1 0,LA ,SCI5ZIA ,NUOVA40 

.<#a#c.> ,P4 ,LAVR(F1 0,I',IDEE DU ,PROGRES DANS L',AN?ROPOLOGIE10 P4 #a#g4 0,BULLET9 DE LA ,SOCIETE D',AN?ROPOLOGIE DE ,P>IS40 ,SEANCES DE #a] ,FEV4 ET #ah ,AVRIL #a#h#g#b4 

.<#a#d.> ,DRUMMOND1 0,ASC5T ( ,MAN10 PP4 #a#a1 #a#c4 

.<#a#e.> ,ANNA ,=BES1 0,9SUL9DE2 ,EXP]I5CES ( A ,NATURALI/'S ,WIFE 9 ! ,EA/]N ,>*IPELAGO40 

7,S\RCE3 ,RETRIEV$ ON OCTOB] #bba FROM GALLICA4BNF4FR47 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #a#e1 #bbb 3 ,! ,PROGRESS ( ,MANK9D -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/