,*APT] #e ,KN[L$GE BY ,ACQUIANTANCE & ,KN[L$GE BY ,DESCRIPTION #aiabaiab ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,B]TR& ,RUSSELL ,TEXT 3 ,*,A,P,T,] ,V ,K,N,[,L,$,G,E ,B,Y ,A,C,Q,U,A,9,T,A,N,C,E ,& ,K,N,[,L,$,G,E ,B,Y ,D,E,S,C,R,I,P,T,I,O,N ,9 ! PREC$+ *APT] WE SAW ?AT !RE >E TWO SORTS ( KN[L$GE3 KN[L$GE ( ?+S1 & KN[L$GE ( TRU?S4 ,9 ?IS *APT] WE %ALL BE CONC]N$ EXCLUSIVELY ) KN[L$GE ( ?+S1 ( :I* 9 TURN WE %ALL HAVE TO DI/+UI% TWO K9DS4 ,KN[L$GE ( ?+S1 :5 IT IS ( ! K9D WE CALL KN[L$GE BY ACQUA9TANCE1 IS ESS5TIALLY SIMPL] ?AN ANY KN[L$GE ( TRU?S1 & LOGICALLY 9DEP5D5T ( KN[L$GE ( TRU?S1 ?\< IT W\LD BE RA% TO ASSUME ?AT HUMAN BE+S EV]1 9 FACT1 HAVE ACQUA9TANCE ) ?+S )\T AT ! SAME TIME KN[+ SOME TRU? AB\T !M4 ,KN[L$GE ( ?+S BY DESCRIPTION1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ALWAYS 9VOLVES1 AS WE %ALL F9D 9 ! C\RSE ( ! PRES5T *APT]1 SOME KN[L$GE ( TRU?S AS ITS S\RCE & GR\ND4 ,BUT FIR/ ( ALL WE MU/ MAKE DE> :AT WE MEAN BY 'ACQUA9TANCE' & :AT WE MEAN BY 'DESCRIPTION'4 ,WE %ALL SAY ?AT WE HAVE ACQUA9TANCE ) ANY?+ ( :I* WE >E DIRECTLY AW>E1 )\T ! 9T]M$I>Y ( ANY PROCESS ( 9F]5CE OR ANY KN[L$GE ( TRU?S4 ,?US 9 ! PRES5CE ( MY TABLE ,I AM ACQUA9T$ ) ! S5SE-DATA ?AT MAKE UP ! APPE>ANCE ( MY TABLE -- ITS COLOR1 %APE1 H>DNESS1 SMOO?NESS1 ETC42 ALL !SE >E ?+S ( :I* ,I AM IMM$IATELY CONSCI\S :5 ,I AM SEE+ & T\*+ MY TABLE4 ,! P>TICUL> %ADE ( COLOR ?AT ,I AM SEE+ MAY HAVE MANY ?+S SAID AB\T IT -- ,I MAY SAY ?AT IT IS BR[N1 ?AT IT IS RA!R D>K1 & SO ON4 ,BUT SU* /ATEM5TS1 ?\< !Y MAKE ME KN[ TRU?S AB\T ! COLOR1 DO NOT MAKE ME KN[ ! COLOR ITSELF ANY BETT] ?AN ,I DID BE=E3 SO F> A CONC]NS KN[L$GE ( ! COLOR ITSELF1 AS OPPOS$ TO KN[L$GE ( TRU?S AB\T IT1 ,I KN[ ! COLOR P]FECTLY & COMPLETELY :5 ,I SEE IT1 & NO FUR!R KN[L$GE ( IT ITSELF IS EV5 !ORETICALLY POSSIBLE4 ,?US ! S5SE-DATA :I* MAKE UP ! APPE>ANCE ( MY TABLE >E ?+S ) :I* ,I HAVE ACQUA9TANCE1 ?+S IMM$IATELY KN[N TO ME JU/ AS !Y >E4 ,MY KN[L$GE ( ! TABLE AS A PHYSICAL OBJECT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IS NOT DIRECT KN[L$GE4 ,SU* AS IT IS1 IT IS OBTA9$ ?R\< ACQUA9TANCE ) ! S5SE-DATA ?AT MAKE UP ! APPE>ANCE ( ! TABLE4 ,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE1 )\T ABSURDITY1 TO D\BT :ET !RE IS A TABLE AT ALL1 :]EAS IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO D\BT ! S5SE-DATA4 ,MY KN[L$GE ( ! TABLE IS ( ! K9D :I* WE %ALL CALL 'KN[L$GE BY DESCRIPTION'4 ,! TABLE IS '! PHYSICAL OBJECT :I* CAUSES SU*-&-SU* S5SE-DATA'4 ,?IS DESCRIBES ! TABLE BY MEANS ( ! S5SE-DATA4 ,9 ORD] TO KN[ ANY?+ AT ALL AB\T ! TABLE1 WE MU/ KN[ TRU?S CONNECT+ IT ) ?+S ) :I* WE HAVE ACQUA9TANCE3 WE MU/ KN[ ?AT 'SU*-&-SU* S5SE-DATA >E CAUS$ BY A PHYSICAL OBJECT'4 ,!RE IS NO /ATE ( M9D 9 :I* WE >E DIRECTLY AW>E ( ! TABLE2 ALL \R KN[L$GE ( ! TABLE IS REALLY KN[L$GE ( TRU?S1 & ! ACTUAL ?+ :I* IS ! TABLE IS NOT1 /RICTLY SPEAK+1 KN[N TO US AT ALL4 ,WE KN[ A DESCRIPTION & WE KN[ ?AT !RE IS JU/ ONE OBJECT TO :I* ?IS DESCRIPTION APPLIES1 ?\< ! OBJECT ITSELF IS NOT DIRECTLY KN[N TO US4 ,9 SU* A CASE1 WE SAY ?AT \R KN[L$GE ( ! OBJECT IS KN[L$GE BY DESCRIPTION4 ,ALL \R KN[L$GE1 BO? KN[L$GE ( ?+S & KN[L$GE ( TRU?S1 RE/S UPON ACQUA9TANCE AS ITS F\NDATION4 ,IT IS !RE=E IMPORTANT TO CONSID] :AT K9DS ( ?+S !RE >E ) :I* WE HAVE ACQUA9TANCE4 ,S5SE-DATA1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY SE51 >E AMONG ! ?+S ) :I* WE >E ACQUA9T$2 9 FACT1 !Y SUPPLY ! MO/ OBVI\S & /RIK+ EXAMPLE ( KN[L$GE BY ACQUA9TANCE4 ,BUT IF !Y W]E ! SOLE EXAMPLE1 \R KN[L$GE W\LD BE V]Y MU* MORE RE/RICT$ ?AN IT IS4 ,WE %\LD ONLY KN[ :AT IS N[ PRES5T TO \R S5SES3 WE C\LD NOT KN[ ANY?+ AB\T ! PA/ -- NOT EV5 ?AT !RE WAS A PA/ -- NOR C\LD WE KN[ ANY TRU?S AB\T \R S5SE-DATA1 = ALL KN[L$GE ( TRU?S1 AS WE %ALL %[1 DEM&S ACQUA9TANCE ) ?+S :I* >E ( AN ESS5TIALLY DIFF]5T *>ACT] FROM S5SE-DATA1 ! ?+S :I* >E SOMETIMES CALL$ 'AB/RACT IDEAS'1 BUT :I* WE %ALL CALL 'UNIV]SALS'4 ,WE HAVE !RE=E TO CONSID] ACQUA9TANCE ) O!R ?+S BESIDES S5SE-DATA IF WE >E TO OBTA9 ANY TOL]ABLY ADEQUATE ANALYSIS ( \R KN[L$GE4 ,! FIR/ EXT5SION BEYOND S5SE-DATA TO BE CONSID]$ IS ACQUA9TANCE BY MEMORY4 ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT WE (T5 REMEMB] :AT WE HAVE SE5 OR HE>D OR HAD O!RWISE PRES5T TO \R S5SES1 & ?AT 9 SU* CASES WE >E /ILL IMM$IATELY AW>E ( :AT WE REMEMB]1 9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT IT APPE>S AS PA/ & NOT AS PRES5T4 ,?IS IMM$IATE KN[L$GE BY MEMORY IS ! S\RCE ( ALL \R KN[L$GE CONC]N+ ! PA/3 )\T IT1 !RE C\LD BE NO KN[L$GE ( ! PA/ BY 9F]5CE WE %\LD NEV] KN[ ?AT !RE WAS ANY?+ PA/ TO BE 9F]R$4 ,! NEXT EXT5SION TO BE CONSID]$ IS ACQUA9TANCE BY 9TROSPECTION4 ,WE >E NOT ONLY AW>E ( ?+S1 BUT WE >E (T5 AW>E ( BE+ AW>E ( !M4 ,:5 ,I SEE ! SUN1 ,I AM (T5 AW>E ( MY SEE+ ! SUN2 ?US 'MY SEE+ ! SUN' IS AN OBJECT ) :I* ,I HAVE ACQUA9TANCE4 ,:5 ,I DESIRE FOOD1 ,I MAY BE AW>E ( MY DESIRE = FOOD2 ?US 'MY DESIR+ FOOD' IS AN OBJECT ) :I* ,I AM ACQUA9T$4 ,SIMIL>LY WE MAY BE AW>E ( \R FEEL+ PLEASURE OR PA91 & G5]ALLY ( ! EV5TS :I* HAPP5 9 \R M9DS4 ,?IS K9D ( ACQUA9TANCE1 :I* MAY BE CALL$ SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 IS ! S\RCE ( ALL \R KN[L$GE ( M5TAL ?+S4 ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT IT IS ONLY :AT GOES ON 9 \R [N M9DS ?AT CAN BE ?US KN[N IMM$IATELY4 ,:AT GOES ON 9 ! M9DS ( O!RS IS KN[N TO US ?R\< \R P]CEPTION ( !IR BODIES1 ?AT IS1 ! S5SE-DATA 9 US :I* >E ASSOCIAT$ ) !IR BODIES4 ,BUT = \R ACQUA9TANCE ) ! CONT5TS ( \R [N M9DS1 WE %\LD BE UNABLE TO IMAG9E ! M9DS ( O!RS1 & !RE=E WE C\LD NEV] >RIVE AT ! KN[L$GE ?AT !Y HAVE M9DS4 ,IT SEEMS NATURAL TO SUPPOSE ?AT SELF-CONSCI\SNESS IS ONE ( ! ?+S ?AT DI/+UI% M5 FROM ANIMALS3 ANIMALS1 WE MAY SUPPOSE1 ?\< !Y HAVE ACQUA9TANCE ) S5SE-DATA1 NEV] BECOME AW>E ( ?IS ACQUA9TANCE4 ,I DO NOT MEAN ?AT !Y D\BT :E!R !Y EXI/1 BUT ?AT !Y HAVE NEV] BECOME CONSCI\S ( ! FACT ?AT !Y HAVE S5SATIONS & FEEL+S1 NOR !RE=E ( ! FACT ?AT !Y1 ! SUBJECTS ( !IR S5SATIONS & FEEL+S1 EXI/4 ,WE HAVE SPOK5 ( ACQUA9TANCE ) ! CONT5TS ( \R M9DS AS SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 BUT IT IS NOT1 ( C\RSE1 CONSCI\SNESS ( \R SELF3 IT IS CONSCI\SNESS ( P>TICUL> ?\E ALSO ACQUA9T$ ) \R B>E SELVES1 AS OPPOS$ TO P>TICUL> ?\TICUL> ?\E SOME REASONS = ?9K+ ?AT WE >E ACQUA9T$ ) ! ',I'1 ?\< ! ACQUA9TANCE IS H>D TO DIS5TANGLE FROM O!R ?+S4 ,TO MAKE CLE> :AT SORT ( REASON !RE IS1 LET US CONSID] = A MOM5T :AT \R ACQUA9TANCE ) P>TICUL> ?\D TO SEE H[ WE C\LD KN[ ?IS TRU?1 OR EV5 UND]/& :AT IS MEANT BY IT1 UNLESS WE W]E ACQUA9T$ ) SOME?+ :I* WE CALL ',I'4 ,IT DOES NOT SEEM NECESS>Y TO SUPPOSE ?AT WE >E ACQUA9T$ ) A MORE OR LESS P]MAN5T P]SON1 ! SAME TO-DAY AS YE/]DAY1 BUT IT DOES SEEM AS ?\< WE MU/ BE ACQUA9T$ ) ?AT ?+1 :ATEV] ITS NATURE1 :I* SEES ! SUN & HAS ACQUA9TANCE ) S5SE-DATA4 ,?US1 9 SOME S5SE IT W\LD SEEM WE MU/ BE ACQUA9T$ ) \R ,SELVES AS OPPOS$ TO \R P>TICUL> EXP]I5CES4 ,BUT ! QUE/ION IS DIFFICULT1 & COMPLICAT$ >GUM5TS CAN BE ADDUC$ ON EI!R SIDE4 ,H5CE1 AL?\< ACQUA9TANCE ) \RSELVES SEEMS PROBABLY TO OCCUR1 IT IS NOT WISE TO ASS]T ?AT IT UND\BT$LY DOES OCCUR4 ,WE MAY !RE=E SUM UP AS FOLL[S :AT HAS BE5 SAID CONC]N+ ACQUA9TANCE ) ?+S ?AT EXI/4 ,WE HAVE ACQUA9TANCE 9 S5SATION ) ! DATA ( ! \T] S5SES1 & 9 9TROSPECTION ) ! DATA ( :AT MAY BE CALL$ ! 9N] S5SE -- ?\E ( ?+S OR HAS DESIRES T[>DS ?+S4 ,9 ADDITION TO \R ACQUA9TANCE ) P>TICUL> EXI/+ ?+S1 WE ALSO HAVE ACQUA9TANCE ) :AT WE %ALL CALL UNIV]SALS1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 G5]AL IDEAS SU* AS :IT5ESS1 DIV]SITY1 BRO!RHOOD1 & SO ON4 ,EV]Y COMPLETE S5T5CE MU/ CONTA9 AT LEA/ ONE WORD :I* /&S = A UNIV]SAL1 S9CE ALL V]BS HAVE A MEAN+ :I* IS UNIV]SAL4 ,WE %ALL RETURN TO UNIV]SALS LAT] ON1 9 ,*APT] ,I,X2 = ! PRES5T1 IT IS ONLY NECESS>Y TO GU>D AGA9/ ! SUPPOSITION ?AT :ATEV] WE CAN BE ACQUA9T$ ) MU/ BE SOME?+ P>TICUL> & EXI/5T4 ,AW>5ESS ( UNIV]SALS IS CALL$ CONCEIV+1 & A UNIV]SAL ( :I* WE >E AW>E IS CALL$ A CONCEPT4 ,IT WILL BE SE5 ?AT AMONG ! OBJECTS ) :I* WE >E ACQUA9T$ >E NOT 9CLUD$ PHYSICAL OBJECTS 7AS OPPOS$ TO S5SE-DATA71 NOR O!R PEOPLE'S M9DS4 ,!SE ?+S >E KN[N TO US BY :AT ,I CALL 'KN[L$GE BY DESCRIPTION'1 :I* WE MU/ N[ CONSID]4 ,BY A 'DESCRIPTION' ,I MEAN ANY PHRASE ( ! =M 'A SO-&-SO' OR '! SO-&-SO'4 ,A PHRASE ( ! =M 'A SO-&-SO' ,I %ALL CALL AN 'AMBIGU\S' DESCRIPTION2 A PHRASE ( ! =M '! SO-&-SO' 79 ! S+UL>7 ,I %ALL CALL A 'DEF9ITE' DESCRIPTION4 ,?US 'A MAN' IS AN AMBIGU\S DESCRIPTION1 & '! MAN ) ! IRON MASK' IS A DEF9ITE DESCRIPTION4 ,!RE >E V>I\S PROBLEMS CONNECT$ ) AMBIGU\S DESCRIPTIONS1 BUT ,I PASS !M BY1 S9CE !Y DO NOT DIRECTLY CONC]N ! MATT] WE >E DISCUSS+1 :I* IS ! NATURE ( \R KN[L$GE CONC]N+ OBJECTS 9 CASES :]E WE KN[ ?AT !RE IS AN OBJECT ANSW]+ TO A DEF9ITE DESCRIPTION1 ?\< WE >E NOT ACQUA9T$ ) ANY SU* OBJECT4 ,?IS IS A MATT] :I* IS CONC]N$ EXCLUSIVELY ) DEF9ITE DESCRIPTIONS4 ,I %ALL !RE=E1 9 ! SEQUEL1 SPEAK SIMPLY ( 'DESCRIPTIONS' :5 ,I MEAN 'DEF9ITE DESCRIPTIONS'4 ,?US A DESCRIPTION WILL MEAN ANY PHRASE ( ! =M '! SO-&-SO' 9 ! S+UL>4 ,WE SAY ?AT AN OBJECT IS 'KN[N BY DESCRIPTION' :5 WE KN[ ?AT IT IS '! SO-&-SO'1 I4E4 :5 WE KN[ ?AT !RE IS ONE OBJECT1 & NO MORE1 HAV+ A C]TA9 PROP]TY2 & IT WILL G5]ALLY BE IMPLI$ ?AT WE DO NOT HAVE KN[L$GE ( ! SAME OBJECT BY ACQUA9TANCE4 ,WE KN[ ?AT ! MAN ) ! IRON MASK EXI/$1 & MANY PROPOSITIONS >E KN[N AB\T HIM2 BUT WE DO NOT KN[ :O HE WAS4 ,WE KN[ ?AT ! C&IDATE :O GETS ! MO/ VOTES WILL BE ELECT$1 & 9 ?IS CASE WE >E V]Y LIKELY ALSO ACQUA9T$ 79 ! ONLY S5SE 9 :I* ONE CAN BE ACQUA9T$ ) SOME ONE ELSE7 ) ! MAN :O IS1 9 FACT1 ! C&IDATE :O WILL GET MO/ VOTES2 BUT WE DO NOT KN[ :I* ( ! C&IDATES HE IS1 I4E4 WE DO NOT KN[ ANY PROPOSITION ( ! =M ',A IS ! C&IDATE :O WILL GET MO/ VOTES' :]E ,A IS ONE ( ! C&IDATES BY NAME4 ,WE %ALL SAY ?AT WE HAVE 'M]ELY DESCRIPTIVE KN[L$GE' ( ! SO-&-SO :51 AL?\< WE KN[ ?AT ! SO-&-SO EXI/S1 & AL?\< WE MAY POSSIBLY BE ACQUA9T$ ) ! OBJECT :I* IS1 9 FACT1 ! SO-&-SO1 YET WE DO NOT KN[ ANY PROPOSITION 'A IS ! SO-&-SO'1 :]E A IS SOME?+ ) :I* WE >E ACQUA9T$4 ,:5 WE SAY '! SO-&-SO EXI/S'1 WE MEAN ?AT !RE IS JU/ ONE OBJECT :I* IS ! SO-&-SO4 ,! PROPOSITION 'A IS ! SO-&-SO' MEANS ?AT A HAS ! PROP]TY SO-&-SO1 & NO?+ ELSE HAS4 ',MR4 ,A4 IS ! ,UNIONI/ C&IDATE = ?IS CON/ITU5CY' MEANS ',MR4 ,A4 IS A ,UNIONI/ C&IDATE = ?IS CON/ITU5CY1 & NO ONE ELSE IS'4 ',! ,UNIONI/ C&IDATE = ?IS CON/ITU5CY EXI/S' MEANS 'SOME ONE IS A ,UNIONI/ C&IDATE = ?IS CON/ITU5CY1 & NO ONE ELSE IS'4 ,?US1 :5 WE >E ACQUA9T$ ) AN OBJECT :I* IS ! SO-&-SO1 WE KN[ ?AT ! SO-&-SO EXI/S2 BUT WE MAY KN[ ?AT ! SO-&-SO EXI/S :5 WE >E NOT ACQUA9T$ ) ANY OBJECT :I* WE KN[ TO BE ! SO-&-SO1 & EV5 :5 WE >E NOT ACQUA9T$ ) ANY OBJECT :I*1 9 FACT1 IS ! SO-&-SO4 ,COMMON WORDS1 EV5 PROP] NAMES1 >E USUALLY REALLY DESCRIPTIONS4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 ! ?\Y = DIFF]5T PEOPLE1 OR = ! SAME P]SON AT DIFF]5T TIMES4 ,! ONLY ?+ CON/ANT 7SO LONG AS ! NAME IS RITICUL> DESCRIPTION 9VOLV$ USUALLY MAKES NO DIFF]5CE TO ! TRU? OR FALSEHOOD ( ! PROPOSITION 9 :I* ! NAME APPE>S4 ,LET US TAKE SOME ILLU/RATIONS4 ,SUPPOSE SOME /ATEM5T MADE AB\T ,BISM>CK4 ,ASSUM+ ?AT !RE IS SU* A ?+ AS DIRECT ACQUA9TANCE ) ONESELF1 ,BISM>CK HIMSELF MITICUL> P]SON ) :OM HE WAS ACQUA9T$4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 IF HE MADE A JUDGM5T AB\T HIMSELF1 HE HIMSELF MICK MADE A JUDGM5T AB\T HIM1 ! CASE IS DIFF]5T4 ,:AT ?IS P]SON WAS ACQUA9T$ ) W]E C]TA9 S5SE-DATA :I* HE CONNECT$ 7RICK'S BODY4 ,HIS BODY1 AS A PHYSICAL OBJECT1 & /ILL MORE HIS M9D1 W]E ONLY KN[N AS ! BODY & ! M9D CONNECT$ ) !SE S5SE-DATA4 ,?AT IS1 !Y W]E KN[N BY DESCRIPTION4 ,IT IS1 ( C\RSE1 V]Y MU* A MATT] ( *ANCE :I* *>ACT]I/ICS ( A MAN'S APPE>ANCE WILL COME 9TO A FRI5D'S M9D :5 HE ?9KS ( HIM2 ?US ! DESCRIPTION ACTUALLY 9 ! FRI5D'S M9D IS ACCID5TAL4 ,! ESS5TIAL PO9T IS ?AT HE KN[S ?AT ! V>I\S DESCRIPTIONS ALL APPLY TO ! SAME 5TITY1 9 SPITE ( NOT BE+ ACQUA9T$ ) ! 5TITY 9 QUE/ION4 ,:5 WE1 :O DID NOT KN[ ,BISM>CK1 MAKE JUDGM5T AB\T HIM1 ! DESCRIPTION 9 \R M9DS WILL PROBABLY BE SOME MORE OR LESS VAGUE MASS ( HI/ORICAL KN[L$GE -- F> MORE1 9 MO/ CASES1 ?AN IS REQUIR$ TO ID5TIFY HIM4 ,BUT1 = ! SAKE ( ILLU/RATION1 LET US ASSUME ?AT WE ?9K ( HIM AS '! FIR/ ,*ANCELLOR ( ! ,G]MAN ,EMPIRE'4 ,H]E ALL ! WORDS >E AB/RACT EXCEPT ',G]MAN'4 ,! WORD ',G]MAN' WILL1 AGA91 HAVE DIFF]5T MEAN+S = DIFF]5T PEOPLE4 ,TO SOME IT WILL RECALL TRAVELS 9 ,G]MANY1 TO SOME ! LOOK ( ,G]MANY ON ! MAP1 & SO ON4 ,BUT IF WE >E TO OBTA9 A DESCRIPTION :I* WE KN[ TO BE APPLICABLE1 WE %ALL BE COMPELL$1 AT SOME PO9T1 TO BR+ 9 A REF]5CE TO A P>TICUL> ) :I* WE >E ACQUA9T$4 ,SU* REF]5CE IS 9VOLV$ 9 ANY M5TION ( PA/1 PRES5T1 & FUTURE 7AS OPPOS$ TO DEF9ITE DATES71 OR ( H]E & !RE1 OR ( :AT O!RS HAVE TOLD US4 ,?US IT W\LD SEEM ?AT1 9 SOME WAY OR O!R1 A DESCRIPTION KN[N TO BE APPLICABLE TO A P>TICUL> MU/ 9VOLVE SOME REF]5CE TO A P>TICUL> ) :I* WE >E ACQUA9T$1 IF \R KN[L$GE AB\T ! ?+ DESCRIB$ IS NOT TO BE M]ELY :AT FOLL[S LOGICALLY FROM ! DESCRIPTION4 OR EXAMPLE1 '! MO/ LONG-LIV$ ( M5' IS A DESCRIPTION 9VOLV+ ONLY UNIV]SALS1 :I* MU/ APPLY TO SOME MAN1 BUT WE CAN MAKE NO JUDGM5TS CONC]N+ ?IS MAN :I* 9VOLVE KN[L$GE AB\T HIM BEYOND :AT ! DESCRIPTION GIVES4 ,IF1 H[EV]1 WE SAY1 ',! FIR/ ,*ANCELLOR ( ! ,G]MAN ,EMPIRE WAS AN A/UTE DIPLOMATI/'1 WE CAN ONLY BE ASSUR$ ( ! TRU? ( \R JUDGM5T 9 VIRTUE ( SOME?+ ) :I* WE >E ACQUA9T$ -- USUALLY A TE/IMONY HE>D OR READ4 ,AP>T FROM ! 9=MATION WE CONVEY TO O!RS1 AP>T FROM ! FACT AB\T ! ACTUAL ,BISM>CK1 :I* GIVES IMPORTANCE TO \R JUDGM5T1 ! ?\TICUL>S 9VOLV$1 & O!RWISE CONSI/S :OLLY ( CONCEPTS4 ,ALL NAMES ( PLACES -- ,LONDON1 ,5GL&1 ,EUROPE1 ! ,E>?1 ! ,SOL> ,SY/EM -- SIMIL>LY 9VOLVE1 :5 US$1 DESCRIPTIONS :I* />T FROM SOME ONE OR MORE P>TICUL>S ) :I* WE >E ACQUA9T$4 ,I SUSPECT ?AT EV5 ! ,UNIV]SE1 AS CONSID]$ BY METAPHYSICS1 9VOLVES SU* A CONNECTION ) P>TICUL>S4 ,9 LOGIC ON ! CONTR>Y1 :]E WE >E CONC]N$ NOT M]ELY ) :AT DOES EXI/1 BUT ) :ATEV] MITICUL>S IS 9VOLV$4 ,IT W\LD SEEM ?AT1 :5 WE MAKE A /ATEM5T AB\T SOME?+ ONLY KN[N BY DESCRIPTION1 WE (T5 9T5D TO MAKE \R /ATEM5T1 NOT 9 ! =M 9VOLV+ ! DESCRIPTION1 BUT AB\T ! ACTUAL ?+ DESCRIB$4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 :5 WE SAY ANY?+ AB\T ,BISM>CK1 WE %\LD LIKE1 IF WE C\LD1 TO MAKE ! JUDGM5T :I* ,BISM>CK ALONE CAN MAKE1 NAMELY1 ! JUDGM5T ( :I* HE HIMSELF IS A CON/ITU5T4 ,9 ?IS WE >E NECESS>ILY DEFEAT$1 S9CE ! ACTUAL ,BISM>CK IS UNKN[N TO US4 ,BUT WE KN[ ?AT !RE IS AN OBJECT ,B1 CALL$ ,BISM>CK1 & ?AT ,B WAS AN A/UTE DIPLOMATI/4 ,WE CAN ?US DESCRIBE ! PROPOSITION WE %\LD LIKE TO AFFIRM1 NAMELY1 ',B WAS AN A/UTE DIPLOMAT'1 :]E ,B IS ! OBJECT :I* WAS ,BISM>CK4 ,IF WE >E DESCRIB+ ,BISM>CK AS '! FIR/ ,*ANCELLOR ( ! ,G]MAN ,EMPIRE'1 ! PROPOSITION WE %\LD LIKE TO AFFIRM MAY BE DESCRIB$ AS '! PROPOSITION ASS]T+1 CONC]N+ ! ACTUAL OBJECT :I* WAS ! FIR/ ,*ANCELLOR ( ! ,G]MAN ,EMPIRE1 ?AT ?IS OBJECT AN A/UTE DIPLOMATI/'4 ,:AT 5ABLES US TO COMMUNICATE 9 SPITE ( ! V>Y+ DESCRIPTIONS WE EMPLOY IS ?AT WE KN[ !RE IS A TRUE PROPOSITION CONC]N+ ! ACTUAL ,BISM>CK1 & ?AT H[EV] WE MAY V>Y BE DESCRIPTION 7SO LONG AS ! DESCRIPTION IS CORRECT7 ! PROPOSITION DESCRIB$ IS /ILL ! SAME4 ,?IS PROPOSITION1 :I* IS DESCRIB$ & IS KN[N TO BE TRUE1 IS :AT 9T]E/S US2 BUT WE >E NOT ACQUA9T$ ) ! PROPOSITION ITSELF1 & DO NOT KN[ IT1 ?\< WE KN[ IT IS TRUE4 ,IT WILL BE SE5 ?AT !RE >E V>I\S /AGES 9 ! REMOVAL FROM ACQUA9TANCE ) P>TICUL>S3 !RE IS ,BISM>CK TO PEOPLE :O KNEW HIM2 ,BISM>CK TO ?OSE :O ONLY KN[ ( HIM ?R\< HI/ORY2 ! MAN ) ! IRON MASK2 ! LONGE/-LIV$ ( M54 ,!SE >E PROGRESSIVELY FUR!R REMOV$ FROM ACQUA9TANCE ) P>TICUL>S2 ! FIR/ COMES AS NE> TO ACQUA9TANCE AS IS POSSIBLE 9 REG>D TO ANO!R P]SON2 9 ! SECOND1 WE %ALL /ILL BE SAID TO KN[ ':O ,BISM>CK WAS'2 9 ! ?IRD1 WE DO NOT KN[ :O WAS ! MAN ) ! IRON MASK1 ?\< WE CAN KN[ MANY PROPOSITIONS AB\T HIM :I* >E NOT LOGICALLY D$UCIBLE FROM ! FACT ?AT HE WORE AN IRON MASK2 9 ! F\R?1 F9ALLY1 WE KN[ NO?+ BEYOND :AT IS LOGICALLY D$UCIBLE FROM ! DEF9ITION ( ! MAN4 ,!RE IS A SIMIL> HI]>*Y 9 ! REGION ( UNIV]SALS4 ,MANY UNIV]SALS LIKE MANY P>TICUL>S1 >E ONLY KN[N TO US BY DESCRIPTION4 ,BUT H]E1 AS 9 ! CASE ( P>TICUL>S1 KN[L$GE CONC]N+ :AT IS KN[N BY DESCRIPTION IS ULTIMATELY R$UCIBLE TO KN[L$GE CONC]N+ :AT IS KN[N BY ACQUA9TANCE4 ,! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE 9 ! ANALYSIS ( PROPOSITIONS CONTA9+ DESCRIPTIONS IS ?IS3 ,EV]Y PROPOSITION :I* WE CAN UND]/& MU/ BE COMPOS$ :OLLY ( CON/ITU5TS ) :I* WE >E ACQUA9T$4 ,WE %ALL NOT AT ?IS /AGE ATTEMPT TO ANSW] ALL ! OBJECTIONS :I* MAY BE URG$ AGA9/ ?IS FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE4 ,= ! PRES5T1 WE %ALL M]ELY PO9T \T ?AT1 9 SOME WAY OR O!R1 IT MU/ BE POSSIBLE TO MEET !SE OBJECTIONS1 = IT IS SC>CELY CONCEIVABLE ?AT WE CAN MAKE A JUDGM5T OR 5T]TA9 A SUPPOSITION )\T KN[+ :AT IT IS ?AT WE >E JUDG+ OR SUPPOS+ AB\T4 ,WE MU/ ATTA* SOME MEAN+ TO ! WORDS WE USE1 IF WE >E TO SPEAK SIGNIFICANTLY & NOT UTT] M]E NOISE2 & ! MEAN+ WE ATTA* TO \R WORDS MU/ BE SOME?+ ) :I* WE >E ACQUA9T$4 ,?US :51 = EXAMPLE1 WE MAKE A /ATEM5T AB\T ,JULIUS ,CES>1 IT IS PLA9 ?AT ,JULIUS ,CES> HIMSELF IS NOT BE=E \R M9DS1 S9CE WE >E NOT ACQUA9T$ ) HIM4 ,WE HAVE 9 M9D SOME DESCRIPTION ( ,JULIUS ,CES>3 '! MAN :O WAS ASSASS9AT$ ON ! ,IDES ( ,M>*'1 '! F\ND] ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE'1 OR1 M]ELY '! MAN :OSE NAME WAS ,JULIUS ,CES>'4 7,9 ?IS LA/ DESCRIPTION1 ,JULIUS ,CES> IS A NOISE OR %APE ) :I* WE >E ACQUA9T$47 ,?US \R /ATEM5T DOES NOT MEAN QUITE :AT IT SEEMS TO MEAN1 BUT MEANS SOME?+ 9VOLV+1 9/EAD ( ,JULIUS ,CES>1 SOME DESCRIPTION ( HIM :I* IS COMPOS$ :OLLY ( P>TICUL>S & UNIV]SALS ) :I* WE >E ACQUA9T$4 ,! *IEF IMPORTANCE ( KN[L$GE BY DESCRIPTION IS ?AT IT 5ABLES US TO PASS BEYOND ! LIMITS ( \R EXP]I5CE4 ,9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT WE CAN ONLY KN[ TRU?S :I* >E :OLLY COMPOS$ ( T]MS :I* WE HAVE EXP]I5C$ 9 ACQUA9TANCE1 WE CAN YET HAVE KN[L$GE BY DESCRIPTION ( ?+S :I* WE HAVE NEV] EXP]I5C$4 ,9 VIEW ( ! V]Y N>R[ RANGE ( \R IMM$IATE EXP]I5CE1 ?IS RESULT IS VITAL1 & UNTIL IT IS UND]/OOD1 MU* ( \R KN[L$GE MU/ REMA9 MY/]I\S & !RE=E D\BTFUL4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiaa 3 ,*APT] #e -- ,PUBLICATION4 ,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bb 3 ,*APT] #e -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/