,*APT] #c 
,! ,NATURE ( ,MATT] 

#aiabaiab 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,B]TR& ,RUSSELL 

,TEXT 3 

,*,A,P,T,] ,I,I,I 

,! ,N,A,T,U,R,E ,( ,M,A,T,T,] 

,9 ! PREC$+ *APT] WE AGRE$1 ?\< )\T BE+ ABLE 
TO F9D DEMON/RATIVE REASONS1 ?AT IT IS RATIONAL TO BELIEVE ?AT 
\R S5SE-DATA -- = EXAMPLE1 ?OSE :I* WE REG>D AS ASSOCIAT$ 
) MY TABLE -- >E REALLY SIGNS ( ! EXI/5CE ( SOME?+ 
9DEP5D5T ( US & \R P]CEPTIONS4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 OV] & ABOVE 
! S5SATIONS ( COLOR1 H>DNESS1 NOISE1 & SO ON1 :I* MAKE UP 
! APPE>ANCE ( ! TABLE TO ME1 ,I ASSUME ?AT !RE IS SOME?+ 
ELSE1 ( :I* !SE ?+S >E APPE>ANCES4 ,! COLOR 
CEASES TO EXI/ IF ,I %UT MY EYES1 ! S5SATION ( H>DNESS CEASES 
TO EXI/ IF ,I REMOVE MY >M FROM CONTACT ) ! TABLE1 ! S\ND 
CEASES TO EXI/ IF ,I CEASE TO RAP ! TABLE ) MY KNUCKLES4 ,BUT ,I 
DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT :5 ALL !SE ?+S CEASE ! TABLE CEASES4 ,ON 
! CONTR>Y1 ,I BELIEVE ?AT IT IS BECAUSE ! TABLE EXI/S 
CONT9U\SLY ?AT ALL !SE S5SE-DATA WILL REAPPE> :5 ,I OP5 MY 
EYES1 REPLACE MY >M1 & BEG9 AGA9 TO RAP ) MY KNUCKLES4 ,! 
QUE/ION WE HAVE TO CONSID] 9 ?IS *APT] IS3 ,:AT IS ! NATURE 
( ?IS REAL TABLE1 :I* P]SI/S 9DEP5D5TLY ( MY P]CEPTION ( 
IT8 

,TO ?IS QUE/ION PHYSICAL SCI5CE GIVES AN ANSW]1 SOME:AT 
9COMPLETE IT IS TRUE1 & 9 P>T /ILL V]Y HYPO!TICAL1 BUT YET 
DES]V+ ( RESPECT SO F> AS IT GOES4 ,PHYSICAL SCI5CE1 MORE OR 
LESS UNCONSCI\SLY1 HAS DRIFT$ 9TO ! VIEW ?AT ALL NATURAL 
PH5OM5A \<T TO BE R$UC$ TO MOTIONS4 ,LI<T & HEAT & S\ND 
>E ALL DUE TO WAVE-MOTIONS1 :I* TRAVEL FROM ! BODY EMITT+ 
!M TO ! P]SON :O SEES LI<T OR FEELS HEAT OR HE>S S\ND4 ,?AT 
:I* HAS ! WAVE-MOTION IS EI!R E!R OR 'GROSS MATT]'1 BUT 9 
EI!R CASE IS :AT ! PHILOSOPH] W\LD CALL MATT]4 ,! ONLY 
PROP]TIES :I* SCI5CE ASSIGNS TO IT >E POSITION 9 SPACE1 & ! 
P[] ( MOTION ACCORD+ TO ! LAWS ( MOTION4 ,SCI5CE DOES NOT 
D5Y ?AT IT MAY HAVE O!R PROP]TIES2 BUT IF SO1 SU* 
O!R PROP]TIES >E NOT USEFUL TO ! MAN ( SCI5CE1 & 9 NO WAY 
ASSI/ HIM 9 EXPLA9+ ! PH5OM5A4 

,IT IS SOMETIMES SAID ?AT 'LI<T IS A =M ( 
WAVE-MOTION'1 BUT ?IS IS MISLEAD+1 = ! LI<T :I* WE 
IMM$IATELY SEE1 :I* WE KN[ DIRECTLY BY MEANS ( \R S5SES1 IS 
NOT A =M ( WAVE-MOTION1 BUT SOME?+ QUITE DIFF]5T -- 
SOME?+ :I* WE ALL KN[ IF WE >E NOT BL9D1 ?\< WE CANNOT 
DESCRIBE IT SO AS TO CONVEY \R KN[L$GE TO A MAN :O IS BL9D4 ,A 
WAVE-MOTION1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 C\LD QUITE WELL BE DESCRIB$ TO A 
BL9D MAN1 S9CE HE CAN ACQUIRE A KN[L$GE ( SPACE BY ! S5SE ( 
T\*2 & HE CAN EXP]I5CE A WAVE-MOTION BY A SEA VOYAGE ALMO/ AS 
WELL AS WE CAN4 ,BUT ?IS1 :I* A BL9D MAN CAN UND]/&1 IS NOT 
:AT WE MEAN BY LI<T3 WE MEAN BY LI<T JU/ ?AT 
:I* A BL9D MAN CAN NEV] UND]/&1 & :I* WE CAN NEV] 
DESCRIBE TO HIM4 

,N[ ?IS SOME?+1 :I* ALL ( US :O >E NOT BL9D KN[1 IS 
NOT1 ACCORD+ TO SCI5CE1 REALLY TO BE F\ND 9 ! \T] WORLD3 IT 
IS SOME?+ CAUS$ BY ! ACTION ( C]TA9 WAVES UPON ! EYES & 
N]VES & BRA9 ( ! P]SON :O SEES ! LI<T4 ,:5 IT IS SAID 
?AT LI<T IS WAVES1 :AT IS REALLY MEANT IS ?AT WAVES >E 
! PHYSICAL CAUSE ( \R S5SATIONS ( LI<T4 ,BUT LI<T ITSELF1 ! 
?+ :I* SEE+ PEOPLE EXP]I5CE & BL9D PEOPLE DO NOT1 IS NOT 
SUPPOS$ BY SCI5CE TO =M ANY P>T ( ! WORLD ?AT IS 9DEP5D5T 
( US & \R S5SES 4 ,& V]Y SIMIL> REM>KS W\LD APPLY TO O!R 
K9DS ( S5SATIONS4 

,IT IS NOT ONLY COLORS & S\NDS & SO ON ?AT >E ABS5T 
FROM ! SCI5TIFIC WORLD ( MATT]1 BUT ALSO SPACE AS WE 
GET IT ?R\< SI<T OR T\*4 ,IT IS ESS5TIAL TO SCI5CE ?AT ITS 
MATT] %\LD BE 9 A SPACE1 BUT ! SPACE 9 :I* IT IS 
CANNOT BE EXACTLY ! SPACE WE SEE OR FEEL4 ,TO BEG9 )1 SPACE AS 
WE SEE IT IS NOT ! SAME AS SPACE AS WE GET IT BY ! S5SE ( 
T\*2 IT IS ONLY BY EXP]I5CE 9 9FANCY ?AT WE LE>N H[ TO T\* 
?+S WE SEE1 OR H[ TO GET A SI<T ( ?+S :I* WE FEEL T\*+ 
US4 ,BUT ! SPACE ( SCI5CE IS NEUTRAL AS BETWE5 T\* & SI<T2 
?US IT CANNOT BE EI!R ! SPACE ( T\* OR ! SPACE ( SI<T4 

,AGA91 DIFF]5T PEOPLE SEE ! SAME OBJECT AS ( DIFF]5T 
%APES1 ACCORD+ TO !IR PO9T ( VIEW4 ,A CIRCUL> CO91 = 
EXAMPLE1 ?\< WE %\LD ALWAYS JUDGE IT TO BE CIRCUL>1  
WILL LOOK OVAL UNLESS WE >E /RAI<T 9 FRONT ( IT4 ,:5 
WE JUDGE ?AT IT IS CIRCUL>1 WE >E JUDG+ ?AT IT HAS A 
REAL %APE :I* IS NOT ITS APP>5T %APE1 BUT BELONGS TO IT 
9TR9SICALLY AP>T FROM ITS APPE>ANCE4 ,BUT ?IS REAL %APE1 :I* 
IS :AT CONC]NS SCI5CE1 MU/ BE 9 A REAL SPACE1 NOT ! SAME AS 
ANYBODY'S APP>5T SPACE4 ,! REAL SPACE IS PUBLIC1 ! 
APP>5T SPACE IS PRIVATE TO ! P]CIPI5T4 ,9 DIFF]5T 
PEOPLE'S PRIVATE SPACES ! SAME OBJECT SEEMS TO HAVE 
DIFF]5T %APES2 ?US ! REAL SPACE1 9 :I* IT HAS ITS REAL 
%APE1 MU/ BE DIFF]5T FROM ! PRIVATE SPACES4 ,! SPACE ( 
SCI5CE1 !RE=E1 ?\< CONNECT$ ) ! SPACES WE SEE 
& FEEL1 IS NOT ID5TICAL ) !M1 & ! MANN] ( ITS CONNECTION 
REQUIRES 9VE/IGATION4 

,WE AGRE$ PROVISIONALLY ?AT PHYSICAL OBJECTS CANNOT BE QUITE 
LIKE \R S5SE-DATA1 BUT MAY BE REG>D$ AS CAUS+ \R 
S5SATIONS4 ,!SE PHYSICAL OBJECTS >E 9 ! SPACE ( SCI5CE1 :I* 
WE MAY CALL 'PHYSICAL' SPACE4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTICE ?AT1 IF \R 
S5SATIONS >E TO BE CAUS$ BY PHYSICAL OBJECTS1 !RE MU/ BE A 
PHYSICAL SPACE CONTA9+ !SE OBJECTS & \R S5SE-ORGANS & 
N]VES & BRA94 ,WE GET A S5SATION ( T\* FROM AN OBJECT :5 WE 
>E 9 CONTACT ) IT2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 :5 SOME P>T ( \R BODY 
OCCUPIES A PLACE 9 PHYSICAL SPACE QUITE CLOSE TO ! SPACE OCCUPI$ 
BY ! OBJECT4 ,WE SEE AN OBJECT 7R\<LY SPEAK+7 :5 NO OPAQUE 
BODY IS BETWE5 ! OBJECT & \R EYES 9 PHYSICAL SPACE4 ,SIMIL>LY1  
WE ONLY HE> OR SMELL OR TA/E AN OBJECT :5 WE >E SUFFICI5TLY 
NE> TO IT1 OR :5 IT T\*ES ! TONGUE1 OR HAS SOME SUITABLE 
POSITION 9 PHYSICAL SPACE RELATIVELY TO \R BODY4 ,WE CANNOT BEG9 TO 
/ATE :AT DIFF]5T S5SATIONS WE %ALL D]IVE FROM A GIV5 OBJECT 
UND] DIFF]5T CIRCUM/ANCES UNLESS WE REG>D ! OBJECT & \R 
BODY AS BO? 9 ONE PHYSICAL SPACE1 = IT IS MA9LY ! RELATIVE 
POSITIONS ( ! OBJECT & \R BODY ?AT DET]M9E :AT S5SATIONS 
WE %ALL D]IVE FROM ! OBJECT4 

,N[ \R S5SE-DATA >E SITUAT$ 9 \R PRIVATE SPACES1 EI!R 
! SPACE ( SI<T OR ! SPACE ( T\* OR SU* VAGU] SPACES AS 
O!R S5SES MAY GIVE US4 ,IF1 AS SCI5CE & COMMON S5SE ASSUME1  
!RE IS ONE PUBLIC ALL-EMBRAC+ PHYSICAL SPACE 9 :I* PHYSICAL 
OBJECTS >E1 ! RELATIVE POSITIONS ( PHYSICAL OBJECTS 9 PHYSICAL 
SPACE MU/ MORE OR LESS CORRESPOND TO ! RELATIVE POSITIONS ( 
S5SE-DATA 9 \R PRIVATE SPACES4 ,!RE IS NO DIFFICULTY 9 SUPPOS+ 
?IS TO BE ! CASE4 ,IF WE SEE ON A ROAD ONE H\SE NE>] TO US ?AN 
ANO!R1 \R O!R S5SES WILL BE> \T ! VIEW ?AT IT IS NE>]2 
= EXAMPLE1 IT WILL BE REA*$ SOON] IF WE WALK ALONG ! ROAD4 
,O!R PEOPLE WILL AGREE ?AT ! H\SE :I* LOOKS NE>] TO US IS 
NE>]2 ! ORDNANCE MAP WILL TAKE ! SAME VIEW2 & ?US EV]Y?+ 
PO9TS TO A SPATIAL RELATION BETWE5 ! H\SES CORRESPOND+ TO ! 
RELATION BETWE5 ! S5SE-DATA :I* WE SEE :5 WE LOOK AT ! 
H\SES4 ,?US WE MAY ASSUME ?AT !RE IS A PHYSICAL SPACE 9 :I* 
PHYSICAL OBJECTS HAVE SPATIAL RELATIONS CORRESPOND+ TO ?OSE :I* 
! CORRESPOND+ S5SE-DATA HAVE 9 \R PRIVATE SPACES4 ,IT IS ?IS 
PHYSICAL SPACE :I* IS DEALT ) 9 GEOMETRY & ASSUM$ 9 PHYSICS 
& A/RONOMY4 

,ASSUM+ ?AT !RE IS PHYSICAL SPACE1 & ?AT IT DOES ?US 
CORRESPOND TO PRIVATE SPACES1 :AT CAN WE KN[ AB\T IT8 ,WE CAN KN[ 
ONLY :AT IS REQUIR$ 9 ORD] TO SECURE ! CORRESPOND5CE4 
,?AT IS TO SAY1 WE CAN KN[ NO?+ ( :AT IT IS LIKE 9 ITSELF1 BUT 
WE CAN KN[ ! SORT ( >RANGEM5T ( PHYSICAL OBJECTS :I* RESULTS 
FROM !IR SPATIAL RELATIONS4 ,WE CAN KN[1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT ! 
E>? & MOON & SUN >E 9 ONE /RAI<T L9E DUR+ AN ECLIPSE1  
?\< WE CANNOT KN[ :AT A PHYSICAL /RAI<T L9E IS 9 ITSELF1 AS 
WE KN[ ! LOOK ( A /RAI<T L9E 9 \R VISUAL SPACE4 ,?US WE COME 
TO KN[ MU* MORE AB\T ! RELATIONS ( DI/ANCES 9 
PHYSICAL SPACE ?AN AB\T ! DI/ANCES !MSELVES2 WE MAY KN[ ?AT 
ONE DI/ANCE IS GREAT] ?AN ANO!R1 OR ?AT IT IS ALONG ! SAME 
/RAI<T L9E AS ! O!R1 BUT WE CANNOT HAVE ?AT IMM$IATE 
ACQUA9TANCE ) PHYSICAL DI/ANCES ?AT WE HAVE ) DI/ANCES 9 
\R PRIVATE SPACES1 OR ) COLORS OR S\NDS OR O!R S5SE-DATA4 ,WE 
CAN KN[ ALL ?OSE ?+S AB\T PHYSICAL SPACE :I* A MAN BORN BL9D 
MI<T KN[ ?R\< O!R PEOPLE AB\T ! SPACE ( SI<T2 BUT ! 
K9D ( ?+S :I* A MAN BORN BL9D C\LD NEV] KN[ AB\T ! 
SPACE ( SI<T WE ALSO CANNOT KN[ AB\T PHYSICAL SPACE4 ,WE CAN KN[ 
! PROP]TIES ( ! RELATIONS REQUIR$ TO PRES]VE ! 
CORRESPOND5CE ) S5SE-DATA1 BUT WE CANNOT KN[ ! NATURE ( ! 
T]MS BETWE5 :I* ! RELATIONS HOLD4 

,) REG>D TO TIME1 \R FEEL+ ( DURATION OR ( 
! LAPSE ( TIME IS NOTORI\SLY AN UNSAFE GUIDE AS TO ! TIME ?AT 
HAS ELAPS$ BY ! CLOCK4 ,TIMES :5 WE >E BOR$ OR SUFF]+ PA9 
PASS SL[LY1 TIMES :5 WE >E AGREEABLY OCCUPI$ PASS QUICKLY1 & 
TIMES :5 WE >E SLEEP+ PASS ALMO/ AS IF !Y DID NOT EXI/4 
,?US1 9 SO F> AS TIME IS CON/ITUT$ BY DURATION1 !RE IS ! SAME 
NECESSITY = DI/+UI%+ A PUBLIC & A PRIVATE TIME AS !RE WAS 
9 ! CASE ( SPACE4 ,BUT 9 SO F> AS TIME CONSI/S 9 AN 
ORD] ( BE=E & AFT]1 !RE IS NO NE$ TO MAKE SU* A 
DI/9CTION2 ! TIME-ORD] :I* EV5TS SEEM TO HAVE IS1 SO F> AS 
WE CAN SEE1 ! SAME AS ! TIME-ORD] :I* !Y DO HAVE4 ,AT ANY 
RATE NO REASON CAN BE GIV5 = SUPPOS+ ?AT ! TWO ORD]S >E NOT 
! SAME4 ,! SAME IS USUALLY TRUE ( SPACE3 IF A REGIM5T ( M5 >E 
M>*+ ALONG A ROAD1 ! %APE ( ! REGIM5T WILL LOOK 
DIFF]5T FROM DIFF]5T PO9TS ( VIEW1 BUT ! M5 WILL APPE> 
>RANG$ 9 ! SAME ORD] FROM ALL PO9TS ( VIEW4 ,H5CE WE 
REG>D ! ORD] AS TRUE ALSO 9 PHYSICAL SPACE1 :]EAS ! 
%APE IS ONLY SUPPOS$ TO CORRESPOND TO ! PHYSICAL SPACE SO F> AS 
IS REQUIR$ = ! PRES]VATION ( ! ORD]4 

,9 SAY+ ?AT ! TIME-ORD] :I* EV5TS SEEM TO 
HAVE IS ! SAME AS ! TIME-ORD] :I* !Y REALLY 
HAVE1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO GU>D AGA9/ A POSSIBLE 
MISUND]/&+4 ,IT MU/ NOT BE SUPPOS$ ?AT ! V>I\S /ATES ( 
DIFF]5T PHYSICAL OBJECTS HAVE ! SAME TIME-ORD] AS ! S5SE-DATA 
:I* CON/ITUTE ! P]CEPTIONS ( ?OSE OBJECTS4 ,CONSID]$ AS 
PHYSICAL OBJECTS1 ! ?UND] & LI<TN+ >E SIMULTANE\S2 ?AT IS 
TO SAY1 ! LI<TN+ IS SIMULTANE\S ) ! DI/URBANCE ( ! AIR 
9 ! PLACE :]E ! DI/URBANCE BEG9S1 NAMELY1 :]E ! 
LI<TN+ IS4 ,BUT ! S5SE-DATUM :I* WE CALL HE>+ ! ?UND] 
DOES NOT TAKE PLACE UNTIL ! DI/URBANCE ( ! AIR HAS TRAVEL$ AS 
F> AS TO :]E WE >E4 ,SIMIL>LY1 IT TAKES AB\T EI<T M9UTES = 
! SUN'S LI<T TO REA* US2 ?US1 :5 WE SEE ! SUN WE >E SEE+ 
! SUN ( EI<T M9UTES AGO4 ,SO F> AS \R S5SE-DATA AF=D 
EVID5CE AS TO ! PHYSICAL SUN !Y AF=D EVID5CE AS TO ! 
PHYSICAL SUN ( EI<T M9UTES AGO2 IF ! PHYSICAL SUN HAD CEAS$ TO 
EXI/ )9 ! LA/ EI<T M9UTES1 ?AT W\LD MAKE NO DIFF]5CE TO 
! S5SE-DATA :I* WE CALL 'SEE+ ! SUN'4 ,?IS AF=DS A FRE% 
ILLU/RATION ( ! NECESSITY ( DI/+UI%+ BETWE5 S5SE-DATA 
& PHYSICAL OBJECTS4 

,:AT WE HAVE F\ND AS REG>DS SPACE IS MU* ! SAME AS :AT 
WE F9D 9 RELATION TO ! CORRESPOND5CE ( ! S5SE-DATA ) 
!IR PHYSICAL C\NT]P>TS4 ,IF ONE OBJECT LOOKS BLUE & ANO!R 
R$1 WE MAY REASONABLY PRESUME ?AT !RE IS SOME CORRESPOND+ 
DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! PHYSICAL OBJECTS2 IF TWO OBJECTS BO? LOOK 
BLUE1 WE MAY PRESUME A CORRESPOND+ SIMIL>ITY4 ,BUT WE CANNOT HOPE 
TO BE ACQUA9T$ DIRECTLY ) ! QUALITY 9 ! PHYSICAL OBJECT 
:I* MAKES IT LOOK BLUE OR R$4 ,SCI5CE TELLS US ?AT ?IS QUALITY 
IS A C]TA9 SORT ( WAVE-MOTION1 & ?IS S\NDS FAMILI>1 BECAUSE 
WE ?9K ( WAVE-MOTIONS 9 ! SPACE WE SEE4 ,BUT ! WAVE-MOTIONS 
MU/ REALLY BE 9 PHYSICAL SPACE1 ) :I* WE HAVE NO DIRECT 
ACQUA9TANCE2 ?US ! REAL WAVE-MOTIONS HAVE NOT ?AT FAMILI>ITY 
:I* WE MI<T HAVE SUPPOS$ !M TO HAVE4 ,& :AT HOLDS = COLORS 
IS CLOSELY SIMIL> TO :AT HOLDS = O!R S5SE-DATA4 ,?US WE F9D 
?AT1 AL?\< ! RELATIONS ( PHYSICAL OBJECTS HAVE ALL 
SORTS ( KN[ABLE PROP]TIES1 D]IV$ FROM !IR CORRESPOND5CE ) 
! RELATIONS ( S5SE-DATA1 ! PHYSICAL OBJECTS !MSELVES REMA9 
UNKN[N 9 !IR 9TR9SIC NATURE1 SO F> AT LEA/ AS CAN BE 
DISCOV]$ BY MEANS ( ! S5SES4 ,! QUE/ION REMA9S :E!R !RE 
IS ANY O!R ME?OD ( DISCOV]+ ! 9TR9SIC NATURE ( PHYSICAL 
OBJECTS4 

,! MO/ NATURAL1 ?\< NOT ULTIMATELY ! MO/ DEF5SIBLE1  
HYPO!SIS TO ADOPT 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE1 AT ANY RATE AS REG>DS 
VISUAL S5SE-DATA1 W\LD BE ?AT1 ?\< PHYSICAL OBJECTS CANNOT1 = 
! REASONS WE HAVE BE5 CONSID]+1 BE EXACTLY LIKE 
S5SE-DATA1 YET !Y MAY BE MORE OR LESS LIKE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ?IS 
VIEW1 PHYSICAL OBJECTS WILL1 = EXAMPLE1 REALLY HAVE COLORS1 & WE 
MI<T1 BY GOOD LUCK1 SEE AN OBJECT AS ( ! COLOR IT REALLY IS4 ,! 
COLOR :I* AN OBJECT SEEMS TO HAVE AT ANY GIV5 MOM5T WILL 9 
G5]AL BE V]Y SIMIL>1 ?\< NOT QUITE ! SAME1 FROM MANY 
DIFF]5T PO9TS ( VIEW2 WE MI<T ?US UPPOSE ! 'REAL' COLOR TO 
BE A SORT ( M$IUM COLOR1 9T]M$IATE BETWE5 ! V>I\S %ADES 
:I* APPE> FROM ! DIFF]5T PO9TS ( VIEW4 

,SU* A !ORY IS P]HAPS NOT CAPABLE ( BE+ DEF9ITELY 
REFUT$1 BUT IT CAN BE %[N TO BE GR\NDLESS4 ,TO BEG9 )1 IT IS 
PLA9 ?AT ! COLOR WE SEE DEP5DS ONLY UPON ! NATURE ( ! 
LI<T-WAVES ?AT /RIKE ! EYE1 & IS !RE=E MODIFI$ BY ! 
M$IUM 9T]V5+ BETWE5 US & ! OBJECT1 AS WELL AS BY ! 
MANN] 9 :I* LI<T IS REFLECT$ FROM ! OBJECT 9 ! DIRECTION 
( ! EYE4 ,! 9T]V5+ AIR ALT]S COLORS UNLESS IT IS P]FECTLY 
CLE>1 & ANY /RONG REFLECTION WILL ALT] !M COMPLETELY4 ,?US ! 
COLOR WE SEE IS A RESULT ( ! RAY AS IT REA*ES ! EYE1 & NOT 
SIMPLY A PROP]TY ( ! OBJECT FROM :I* ! RAY COMES4 ,H5CE1  
ALSO1 PROVID$ C]TA9 WAVES REA* ! EYE1 WE %ALL SEE A C]TA9 
COLOR1 :E!R ! OBJECT FROM :I* ! WAVES />T HAS ANY COLOR 
OR NOT4 ,?US IT IS QUITE GRATUIT\S TO SUPPOSE ?AT PHYSICAL OBJECTS 
HAVE COLORS1 & !RE=E !RE IS NO JU/IFICATION = MAK+ SU* 
A SUPPOSITION4 ,EXACTLY SIMIL> >GUM5TS WILL APPLY TO O!R 
S5SE-DATA4 

,IT REMA9S TO ASK :E!R !RE >E ANY G5]AL PHILOSOPHICAL 
>GUM5TS 5ABL+ US TO SAY ?AT1 IF MATT] IS REAL1 IT 
MU/ BE ( SU* & SU* A NATURE4 ,A EXPLA9$ ABOVE1 V]Y 
MANY PHILOSOPH]S1 P]HAPS MO/1 HAVE HELD ?AT :ATEV] IS REAL MU/ 
BE 9 SOME S5SE M5TAL1 OR AT ANY RATE ?AT :ATEV] WE CAN KN[ 
ANY?+ AB\T MU/ BE 9 SOME S5SE M5TAL4 ,SU* PHILOSOPH]S >E 
CALL$ 'IDEALI/S'4 ,IDEALI/S TELL US ?AT :AT APPE>S AS MATT] IS 
REALLY SOME?+ M5TAL2 NAMELY1 EI!R 7AS ,LEIBNIZ HELD7 MORE OR 
LESS RUDIM5T>Y M9DS1 OR 7AS ,B]KELEY CONT5D$7 IDEAS 9 ! M9DS 
:I*1 AS WE %\LD COMMONLY SAY1 'P]CEIVE' ! MATT]4 ,?US 
IDEALI/S D5Y ! EXI/5CE ( MATT] AS SOME?+ 9TR9SICALLY 
DIFF]5T FROM M9D1 ?\< !Y DO NOT D5Y ?AT \R S5SE-DATA >E 
SIGNS ( SOME?+ :I* EXI/S 9DEP5D5TLY ( \R PRIVATE 
S5SATIONS4 ,9 ! FOLL[+ *APT] WE %ALL CONSID] BRIEFLY ! 
REASONS -- 9 MY OP9ION FALLACI\S -- :I* IDEALI/S ADVANCE 9 
FAVOR ( !IR !ORY4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiaa 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bb 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,ADD$4 

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