,*APT] #ae ,! ,VALUE ( ,PHILOSOPHY #aiabaiab ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,B]TR& ,RUSSELL ,TEXT 3 ,*,A,P,T,] ,X,V ,! ,V,A,L,U,E ,( ,P,H,I,L,O,S,O,P,H,Y ,H,A,V,+ N[ COME TO ! 5D ( \R BRIEF & V]Y 9COMPLETE REVIEW ( ! PROBLEMS ( PHILOSOPHY1 IT WILL BE WELL TO CONSID]1 9 CONCLUSION1 :AT IS ! VALUE ( PHILOSOPHY & :Y IT \Y TO CONSID] ?IS QUE/ION1 9 VIEW ( ! FACT ?AT MANY M51 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( SCI5CE OR ( PRACTICAL AFFAIRS1 >E 9CL9$ TO D\BT :E!R PHILOSOPHY IS ANY?+ BETT] ?AN 9NOC5T BUT USELESS TRIFL+1 HAIRSPLITT+ DI/9CTIONS1 & CONTROV]SIES ON MATT]S CONC]N+ :I* KN[L$GE IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,?IS VIEW ( PHILOSOPHY APPE>S TO RESULT1 P>TLY FROM A WRONG CONCEPTION ( ! 5DS ( LIFE1 P>TLY FROM A WRONG CONCEPTION ( ! K9D ( GOODS :I* PHILOSOPHY /RIVES TO A*IEVE4 ,PHYSICAL SCI5CE1 ?R\< ! M$IUM ( 9V5TIONS1 IS USEFUL TO 9NUM]ABLE PEOPLE :O >E :OLLY IGNORANT ( IT2 ?US ! /UDY ( PHYSICAL SCI5CE IS TO BE RECOMM5D$1 NOT ONLY1 OR PRIM>ILY1 BECAUSE ( ! EFFECT ON ! /UD5T1 BUT RA!R BECAUSE ( ! EFFECT ON MANK9D 9 G5]AL4 ,?US UTILITY DOES NOT BELONG TO PHILOSOPHY4 ,IF ! /UDY ( PHILOSOPHY HAS ANY VALUE AT ALL = O!RS ?AN /UD5TS ( PHILOSOPHY1 IT MU/ BE ONLY 9DIRECTLY1 ?R\< ITS EFFECTS UPON ! LIVES ( ?OSE :O /UDY IT4 ,IT IS 9 !SE EFFECTS1 !RE=E1 IF ANY:]E1 ?AT ! VALUE ( PHILOSOPHY MU/ BE PRIM>ILY S\E NOT TO FAIL 9 \R 5DEAVOR TO DET]M9E ! VALUE ( PHILOSOPHY1 WE MU/ FIR/ FREE \R M9DS FROM ! PREJUDICES ( :AT >E WRONGLY CALL$ 'PRACTICAL' M54 ,! 'PRACTICAL' MAN1 AS ?IS WORD IS (T5 US$1 IS ONE :O RECOGNIZES ONLY MAT]IAL NE$S1 :O REALIZES ?AT M5 MU/ HAVE FOOD = ! BODY1 BUT IS OBLIVI\S ( ! NECESSITY ( PROVID+ FOOD = ! M9D4 ,IF ALL M5 W]E WELL (F1 IF POV]TY & DISEASE HAD BE5 R$UC$ TO !IR L[E/ POSSIBLE PO9T1 !RE W\LD /ILL REMA9 MU* TO BE DONE TO PRODUCE A VALUABLE SOCIETY2 & EV5 9 ! EXI/+ WORLD ! GOODS ( ! M9D >E AT LEA/ AS IMPORTANT AS ! GOODS ( ! BODY4 ,IT IS EXCLUSIVELY AMONG ! GOODS ( ! M9D ?AT ! VALUE ( PHILOSOPHY IS TO BE F\ND2 & ONLY ?OSE :O >E NOT 9DIFF]5T TO !SE GOODS CAN BE P]SUAD$ ?AT ! /UDY ( PHILOSOPHY IS NOT A WA/E ( TIME4 ,PHILOSOPHY1 LIKE ALL O!R /UDIES1 AIMS PRIM>ILY AT KN[L$GE4 ,! KN[L$GE IT AIMS AT IS ! K9D ( KN[L$GE :I* GIVES UNITY & SY/EM TO ! BODY ( ! SCI5CES1 & ! K9D :I* RESULTS FROM A CRITICAL EXAM9ATION ( ! GR\NDS ( \R CONVICTIONS1 PREJUDICES1 & BELIEFS4 ,BUT IT CANNOT BE MA9TA9$ ?AT PHILOSOPHY HAS HAD ANY V]Y GREAT MEASURE ( SUCCESS 9 ITS ATTEMPTS TO PROVIDE DEF9ITE ANSW]S TO ITS QUE/IONS4 ,IF Y\ ASK A MA!MATICIAN1 A M9]ALOGI/1 A HI/ORIAN1 OR ANY O!R MAN ( LE>N+1 :AT DEF9ITE BODY ( TRU?S HAS BE5 ASC]TA9$ BY HIS SCI5CE1 HIS ANSW] WILL LA/ AS LONG AS Y\ >E WILL+ TO LI/54 ,BUT IF Y\ PUT ! SAME QUE/ION TO A PHILOSOPH]1 HE WILL1 IF HE IS C&ID1 HAVE TO CONFESS ?AT HIS /UDY HAS NOT A*IEV$ POSITIVE RESULTS SU* AS HAVE BE5 A*IEV$ BY O!R SCI5CES4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ?IS IS P>TLY ACC\NT$ = BY ! FACT ?AT1 AS SOON AS DEF9ITE KN[L$GE CONC]N+ ANY SUBJECT BECOMES POSSIBLE1 ?IS SUBJECT CEASES TO BE CALL$ PHILOSOPHY1 & BECOMES A SEP>ATE SCI5CE4 ,! :OLE /UDY ( ! HEAV5S1 :I* N[ BELONGS TO A/RONOMY1 WAS ONCE 9CLUD$ 9 PHILOSOPHY2 ,NEWTON'S GREAT WORK WAS CALL$ '! MA!MATICAL PR9CIPLES ( NATURAL PHILOSOPHY'4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! /UDY ( ! HUMAN M9D1 :I* WAS A P>T ( PHILOSOPHY1 HAS N[ BE5 SEP>AT$ FROM PHILOSOPHY & HAS BECOME ! SCI5CE ( PSY*OLOGY4 ,?US1 TO A GREAT EXT5T1 ! UNC]TA9TY ( PHILOSOPHY IS MORE APP>5T ?AN REAL3 ?OSE QUE/IONS :I* >E ALREADY CAPABLE ( DEF9ITE ANSW]S >E PLAC$ 9 ! SCI5CES1 :ILE ?OSE ONLY TO :I*1 AT PRES5T1 NO DEF9ITE ANSW] CAN BE GIV51 REMA9 TO =M ! RESIDUE :I* IS CALL$ PHILOSOPHY4 ,?IS IS1 H[EV]1 ONLY A P>T ( ! TRU? CONC]N+ ! UNC]TA9TY ( PHILOSOPHY4 ,!RE >E MANY QUE/IONS -- & AMONG !M ?OSE ?AT >E ( ! PR(\NDE/ 9T]E/ TO \R SPIRITUAL LIFE -- :I*1 SO F> AS WE CAN SEE1 MU/ REMA9 9SOLUBLE TO ! HUMAN 9TELLECT UNLESS ITS P[]S BECOME ( QUITE A DIFF]5T ORD] FROM :AT !Y >E N[4 ,HAS ! UNIV]SE ANY UNITY ( PLAN OR PURPOSE1 OR IS IT A =TUIT\S CONC\RSE ( ATOMS8 ,IS CONSCI\SNESS A P]MAN5T P>T ( ! UNIV]SE1 GIV+ HOPE ( 9DEF9ITE GR[? 9 WISDOM1 OR IS IT A TRANSITORY ACCID5T ON A SMALL PLANET ON :I* LIFE MU/ ULTIMATELY BECOME IMPOSSIBLE8 ,>E GOOD & EVIL ( IMPORTANCE TO ! UNIV]SE OR ONLY TO MAN8 ,SU* QUE/IONS >E ASK$ BY PHILOSOPHY1 & V>I\SLY ANSW]$ BY V>I\S PHILOSOPH]S4 ,BUT IT W\LD SEEM ?AT1 :E!R ANSW]S BE O!RWISE DISCOV]ABLE OR NOT1 ! ANSW]S SUGGE/$ BY PHILOSOPHY >E NONE ( !M DEMON/RABLY TRUE4 ,YET1 H[EV] SLIT ( ! BUS9ESS ( PHILOSOPHY TO CONT9UE ! CONSID]ATION ( SU* QUE/IONS1 TO MAKE US AW>E ( !IR IMPORTANCE1 TO EXAM9E ALL ! APPROA*ES TO !M1 & TO KEEP ALIVE ?AT SPECULATIVE 9T]E/ 9 ! UNIV]SE :I* IS APT TO BE KILL$ BY CONF9+ \RSELVES TO DEF9ITELY ASC]TA9ABLE KN[L$GE4 ,MANY PHILOSOPH]S1 IT IS TRUE1 HAVE HELD ?AT PHILOSOPHY C\LD E/ABLI% ! TRU? ( C]TA9 ANSW]S TO SU* FUNDAM5TAL QUE/IONS4 ,!Y HAVE SUPPOS$ ?AT :AT IS ( MO/ IMPORTANCE 9 RELIGI\S BELIEFS C\LD BE PROV$ BY /RICT DEMON/RATION TO BE TRUE4 ,9 ORD] TO JUDGE ( SU* ATTEMPTS1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO TAKE A SURVEY ( HUMAN KN[L$GE1 & TO =M AN OP9ION AS TO ITS ME?ODS & ITS LIMITATIONS4 ,ON SU* A SUBJECT IT W\LD BE UNWISE TO PRON\NCE DOGMATICALLY2 BUT IF ! 9VE/IGATIONS ( \R PREVI\S *APT]S HAVE NOT L$ US A/RAY1 WE %ALL BE COMPELL$ TO R5\NCE ! HOPE ( F9D+ PHILOSOPHICAL PRO(S ( RELIGI\S BELIEFS4 ,WE CANNOT1 !RE=E1 9CLUDE AS P>T ( ! VALUE ( PHILOSOPHY ANY DEF9ITE SET ( ANSW]S TO SU* QUE/IONS4 ,H5CE1 ONCE MORE1 ! VALUE ( PHILOSOPHY MU/ NOT DEP5D UPON ANY SUPPOS$ BODY ( DEF9ITELY ASC]TA9ABLE KN[L$GE TO BE ACQUIR$ BY ?OSE :O /UDY IT4 ,! VALUE ( PHILOSOPHY IS1 9 FACT1 TO BE S\GELY 9 ITS V]Y UNC]TA9TY4 ,! MAN :O HAS NO T9CTURE ( PHILOSOPHY GOES ?R\< LIFE IMPRISON$ 9 ! PREJUDICES D]IV$ FROM COMMON S5SE1 FROM ! HABITUAL BELIEFS ( HIS AGE OR HIS NATION1 & FROM CONVICTIONS :I* HAVE GR[N UP 9 HIS M9D )\T ! COOP]ATION OR CONS5T ( HIS DELIB]ATE REASON4 ,TO SU* A MAN ! WORLD T5DS TO BECOME DEF9ITE1 F9ITE1 OBVI\S2 COMMON OBJECTS R\SE NO QUE/IONS1 & UNFAMILI> POSSIBILITIES >E CONTEMPTU\SLY REJECT$4 ,AS SOON AS WE BEG9 TO PHILOSOPHIZE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 WE F9D1 AS WE SAW 9 \R OP5+ *APT]S1 ?AT EV5 ! MO/ EV]YDAY ?+S LEAD TO PROBLEMS TO :I* ONLY V]Y 9COMPLETE ANSW]S CAN BE GIV54 ,PHILOSOPHY1 ?\< UNABLE TO TELL US ) C]TA9TY :AT IS ! TRUE ANSW] TO ! D\BTS :I* IT RAISES1 IS ABLE TO SUGGE/ MANY POSSIBILITIES :I* 5L>GE \R ?\E1 IT GREATLY 9CREASES \R KN[L$GE AS TO :AT !Y MAY BE2 IT REMOVES ! SOME:AT >ROGANT DOGMATISM ( ?OSE :O HAVE NEV] TRAVEL$ 9TO ! REGION ( LIB]AT+ D\BT1 & IT KEEPS ALIVE \R S5SE ( WOND] BY %[+ FAMILI> ?+S 9 AN UNFAMILI> ASPECT4 ,AP>T FROM ITS UTILITY 9 %[+ UNSUSPECT$ POSSIBILITIES1 PHILOSOPHY HAS A VALUE -- P]HAPS ITS *IEF VALUE -- ?R\< ! GREATNESS ( ! OBJECTS :I* IT CONTEMPLATES1 & ! FRE$OM FROM N>R[ & P]SONAL AIMS RESULT+ FROM ?IS CONTEMPLATION4 ,! LIFE ( ! 9/9CTIVE MAN IS %UT UP )9 ! CIRCLE ( HIS PRIVATE 9T]E/S3 FAMILY & FRI5DS MAY BE 9CLUD$1 BUT ! \T] WORLD IS NOT REG>D$ EXCEPT AS IT MAY HELP OR H9D] :AT COMES )9 ! CIRCLE ( 9/9CTIVE WI%ES4 ,9 SU* A LIFE !RE IS SOME?+ FEV]I% & CONF9$1 9 COMP>ISON ) :I* ! PHILOSOPHIC LIFE IS CALM & FREE4 ,! PRIVATE WORLD ( 9/9CTIVE 9T]E/S IS A SMALL ONE1 SET 9 ! MID/ ( A GREAT & P[]FUL WORLD :I* MU/1 SOON] OR LAT]1 LAY \R PRIVATE WORLD 9 RU9S4 ,UNLESS WE CAN SO 5L>GE \R 9T]E/S AS TO 9CLUDE ! :OLE \T] WORLD1 WE REMA9 LIKE A G>RISON 9 A BELEAGU]$ =TRESS1 KN[+ ?AT ! 5EMY PREV5TS ESCAPE & ?AT ULTIMATE SURR5D] IS 9EVITABLE4 ,9 SU* A LIFE !RE IS NO PEACE1 BUT A CON/ANT /RIFE BETWE5 ! 9SI/5CE ( DESIRE & ! P[]LESSNESS ( WILL4 ,9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 IF \R LIFE IS TO BE GREAT & FREE1 WE MU/ ESCAPE ?IS PRISON & ?IS /RIFE4 ,ONE WAY ( ESCAPE IS BY PHILOSOPHIC CONTEMPLATION4 ,PHILOSOPHIC CONTEMPLATION DOES NOT1 9 ITS WIDE/ SURVEY1 DIVIDE ! UNIV]SE 9TO TWO HO/ILE CAMPS -- FRI5DS & FOES1 HELPFUL & HO/ILE1 GOOD & BAD -- IT VIEWS ! :OLE IMP>TIALLY4 ,PHILOSOPHIC CONTEMPLATION1 :5 IT IS UNALLOY$1 DOES NOT AIM AT PROV+ ?AT ! RE/ ( ! UNIV]SE IS AK9 TO MAN4 ,ALL ACQUISITION ( KN[L$GE IS AN 5L>GEM5T ( ! ,SELF1 BUT ?IS 5L>GEM5T IS BE/ ATTA9$ :5 IT IS NOT DIRECTLY S\ACT]1 BUT ADAPTS ! ,SELF TO ! *>ACT]S :I* IT F9DS 9 ITS OBJECTS4 ,?IS 5L>GEM5T ( ,SELF IS NOT OBTA9$ :51 TAK+ ! ,SELF AS IT IS1 WE TRY TO %[ ?AT ! WORLD IS SO SIMIL> TO ?IS ,SELF ?AT KN[L$GE ( IT IS POSSIBLE )\T ANY ADMISSION ( :AT SEEMS ALI54 ,! DESIRE TO PROVE ?IS IS A =M ( SELF-ASS]TION &1 LIKE ALL SELF-ASS]TION1 IT IS AN OB/ACLE TO ! GR[? ( ,SELF :I* IT DESIRES1 & ( :I* ! ,SELF KN[S ?AT IT IS CAPABLE4 ,SELF-ASS]TION1 9 PHILOSOPHIC SPECULATION AS ELSE:]E1 VIEWS ! WORLD AS A MEANS TO ITS [N 5DS2 ?US IT MAKES ! WORLD ( LESS ACC\NT ?AN ,SELF1 & ! ,SELF SETS B\NDS TO ! GREATNESS ( ITS GOODS4 ,9 CONTEMPLATION1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 WE />T FROM ! NOT-,SELF1 & ?R\< ITS GREATNESS ! B\ND>IES ( ,SELF >E 5L>G$2 ?R\< ! 9F9ITY ( ! UNIV]SE ! M9D :I* CONTEMPLATES IT A*IEVES SOME %>E 9 9F9ITY4 ,= ?IS REASON GREATNESS ( S\L IS NOT FO/]$ BY ?OSE PHILOSOPHIES :I* ASSIMILATE ! UNIV]SE TO ,MAN4 ,KN[L$GE IS A =M ( UNION ( ,SELF & NOT-,SELF2 LIKE ALL UNION1 IT IS IMPAIR$ BY DOM9ION1 & !RE=E BY ANY ATTEMPT TO =CE ! UNIV]SE 9TO CON=MITY ) :AT WE F9D 9 \RSELVES4 ,!RE IS A WIDESPREAD PHILOSOPHICAL T5D5CY T[>DS ! VIEW :I* TELLS US ?AT ,MAN IS ! MEASURE ( ALL ?+S1 ?AT TRU? IS MAN-MADE1 ?AT SPACE & TIME & ! WORLD ( UNIV]SALS >E PROP]TIES ( ! M9D1 & ?AT1 IF !RE BE ANY?+ NOT CREAT$ BY ! M9D1 IT IS UNKN[ABLE & ( NO ACC\NT = US4 ,?IS VIEW1 IF \R PREVI\S DISCUSSIONS W]E CORRECT1 IS UNTRUE2 BUT 9 ADDITION TO BE+ UNTRUE1 IT HAS ! EFFECT ( ROBB+ PHILOSOPHIC CONTEMPLATION ( ALL ?AT GIVES IT VALUE1 S9CE IT FETT]S CONTEMPLATION TO ,SELF4 ,:AT IT CALLS KN[L$GE IS NOT A UNION ) ! NOT-,SELF1 BUT A SET ( PREJUDICES1 HABITS1 & DESIRES1 MAK+ AN IMP5ETRABLE VEIL BETWE5 US & ! WORLD BEYOND4 ,! MAN :O F9DS PLEASURE 9 SU* A !ORY ( KN[L$GE IS LIKE ! MAN :O NEV] LEAVES ! DOME/IC CIRCLE = FE> HIS WORD MIY1 F9DS ITS SATISFACTION 9 EV]Y 5L>GEM5T ( ! NOT-,SELF1 9 EV]Y?+ ?AT MAGNIFIES ! OBJECTS CONTEMPLAT$1 & !REBY ! SUBJECT CONTEMPLAT+4 ,EV]Y?+1 9 CONTEMPLATION1 ?AT IS P]SONAL OR PRIVATE1 EV]Y?+ ?AT DEP5DS UPON HABIT1 SELF-9T]E/1 OR DESIRE1 DI/ORTS ! OBJECT1 & H5CE IMPAIRS ! UNION :I* ! 9TELLECT SEEKS4 ,BY ?US MAK+ A B>RI] BETWE5 SUBJECT & OBJECT1 SU* P]SONAL & PRIVATE ?+S BECOME A PRISON TO ! 9TELLECT4 ,! FREE 9TELLECT WILL SEE AS ,GOD MIS1 )\T ! TRAMMELS ( CU/OM>Y BELIEFS & TRADITIONAL PREJUDICES1 CALMLY1 DISPASSIONATELY1 9 ! SOLE & EXCLUSIVE DESIRE ( KN[L$GE -- KN[L$GE AS IMP]SONAL1 AS PURELY CONTEMPLATIVE1 AS IT IS POSSIBLE = MAN TO ATTA94 ,H5CE ALSO ! FREE 9TELLECT WILL VALUE MORE ! AB/RACT & UNIV]SAL KN[L$GE 9TO :I* ! ACCID5TS ( PRIVATE HI/ORY DO NOT 5T]1 ?AN ! KN[L$GE BR\TIALITY ( PHILOSOPHIC CONTEMPLATION WILL PRES]VE SOME?+ ( ! SAME FRE$OM & IMP>TIALITY 9 ! WORLD ( ACTION & EMOTION4 ,IT WILL VIEW ITS PURPOSES & DESIRES AS P>TS ( ! :OLE1 ) ! ABS5CE ( 9SI/5CE ?AT RESULTS FROM SEE+ !M AS 9F9ITESIMAL FRAGM5TS 9 A WORLD ( :I* ALL ! RE/ IS UNAFFECT$ BY ANY ONE MAN'S DE$S4 ,! IMP>TIALITY :I*1 9 CONTEMPLATION1 IS ! UNALLOY$ DESIRE = TRU?1 IS ! V]Y SAME QUALITY ( M9D :I*1 9 ACTION1 IS JU/ICE1 & 9 EMOTION IS ?AT UNIV]SAL LOVE :I* CAN BE GIV5 TO ALL1 & NOT ONLY TO ?OSE :O >E JUDG$ USEFUL OR ADMIRABLE4 ,?US CONTEMPLATION 5L>GES NOT ONLY ! OBJECTS ( \R ?\ ) ALL ! RE/4 ,9 ?IS CITIZ5%IP ( ! UNIV]SE CONSI/S MAN'S TRUE FRE$OM1 & HIS LIB]ATION FROM ! ?RALLDOM ( N>R[ HOPES & FE>S4 ,?US1 TO SUM UP \R DISCUSSION ( ! VALUE ( PHILOSOPHY2 ,PHILOSOPHY IS TO BE /UDI$1 NOT = ! SAKE ( ANY DEF9ITE ANSW]S TO ITS QUE/IONS S9CE NO DEF9ITE ANSW]S CAN1 AS A RULE1 BE KN[N TO BE TRUE1 BUT RA!R = ! SAKE ( ! QUE/IONS !MSELVES2 BECAUSE !SE QUE/IONS 5L>GE \R CONCEPTION ( :AT IS POSSIBLE1 5RI* \R 9TELLECTUAL IMAG9ATION & DIM9I% ! DOGMATIC ASSURANCE :I* CLOSES ! M9D AGA9/ SPECULATION2 BUT ABOVE ALL BECAUSE1 ?R\< ! GREATNESS ( ! UNIV]SE :I* PHILOSOPHY CONTEMPLATES1 ! M9D ALSO IS R5D]$ GREAT1 & BECOMES CAPABLE ( ?AT UNION ) ! UNIV]SE :I* CON/ITUTES ITS HIY #a#f1 #bb 3 ,*APT] #ae -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/