,*APT] #a 
,ON ,\R ,KN[L$GE ( ,UNIV]SALS 

#aiabaiab 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,B]TR& ,RUSSELL 

,TEXT 3 

,*,A,P,T,] ,X 

,O,N ,\,R ,K,N,[,L,$,G,E ,( ,U,N,I,V,],S,A,L,S 

,9 REG>D TO ONE MAN'S KN[L$GE AT A GIV5 TIME1 UNIV]SALS1  
LIKE P>TICUL>S1 MAY BE DIVID$ 9TO ?OSE KN[N BY ACQUA9TANCE1  
?OSE KN[N ONLY BY DESCRIPTION1 & ?OSE NOT KN[N EI!R BY 
ACQUA9TANCE OR BY DESCRIPTION4 

,LET US CONSID] FIR/ ! KN[L$GE ( UNIV]SALS BY 
ACQUA9TANCE4 ,IT IS OBVI\S1 TO BEG9 )1 ?AT WE >E ACQUA9T$ 
) SU* UNIV]SALS AS :ITE1 R$1 BLACK1 SWEET1 S\R1 L\D1 H>D1  
ETC41 I4E4 ) QUALITIES :I* >E EXEMPLIFI$ 9 S5SE-DATA4 ,:5 
WE SEE A :ITE PAT*1 WE >E ACQUA9T$1 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE1 ) 
! P>TICUL> PAT*2 BUT BY SEE+ MANY :ITE PAT*ES1 WE EASILY 
LE>N TO AB/RACT ! :IT5ESS :I* !Y ALL HAVE 9 COMMON1 & 9 
LE>N+ TO DO ?IS WE >E LE>N+ TO BE ACQUA9T$ ) :IT5ESS4 
,A SIMIL> PROCESS WILL MAKE US ACQUA9T$ ) ANY O!R UNIV]SAL ( 
! SAME SORT4 ,UNIV]SALS ( ?IS SORT MAY BE CALL$ 'S5SIBLE 
QUALITIES'4 ,!Y CAN BE APPREH5D$ ) LESS EF=T ( AB/RACTION 
?AN ANY O!RS1 & !Y SEEM LESS REMOV$ FROM P>TICUL>S ?AN 
O!R UNIV]SALS >E4 

,WE COME NEXT TO RELATIONS4 ,! EASIE/ RELATIONS TO APPREH5D 
>E ?OSE :I* HOLD BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T P>TS ( A S+LE COMPLEX 
S5SE-DATUM4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,I CAN SEE AT A GLANCE ! :OLE ( ! PAGE 
ON :I* ,I AM WRIT+2 ?US ! :OLE PAGE IS 9CLUD$ 9 ONE 
S5SE-DATUM4 ,BUT ,I P]CEIVE ?AT SOME P>TS ( ! PAGE >E TO ! 
LEFT ( O!R P>TS1 & SOME P>TS >E ABOVE O!R P>TS4 ,! 
PROCESS ( AB/RACTION 9 ?IS CASE SEEMS TO PROCE$ SOME:AT AS 
FOLL[S3 ,I SEE SUCCESSIVELY A NUMB] ( S5SE-DATA 9 :I* ONE P>T 
IS TO ! LEFT ( ANO!R2 ,I P]CEIVE1 AS 9 ! CASE ( DIFF]5T 
:ITE PAT*ES1 ?AT ALL !SE S5SE-DATA HAVE SOME?+ 9 COMMON1  
& BY AB/RACTION ,I F9D ?AT :AT !Y HAVE 9 COMMON IS A C]TA9 
RELATION BETWE5 !IR P>TS1 NAMELY ! RELATION :I* ,I CALL 'BE+ 
TO ! LEFT ('4 ,9 ?IS WAY ,I BECOME ACQUA9T$ ) ! UNIV]SAL 
RELATION4 

,9 LIKE MANN] ,I BECOME AW>E ( ! RELATION ( BE=E & 
AFT] 9 TIME4 ,SUPPOSE ,I HE> A *IME ( BELLS3 :5 ! LA/ BELL ( 
! *IME S\NDS1 ,I CAN RETA9 ! :OLE *IME BE=E MY M9D1 & ,I 
CAN P]CEIVE ?AT ! E>LI] BELLS CAME BE=E ! LAT] ONES4 ,ALSO 
9 MEMORY ,I P]CEIVE ?AT :AT ,I AM REMEMB]+ CAME BE=E ! 
PRES5T TIME4 ,FROM EI!R ( !SE S\RCES ,I CAN AB/RACT ! 
UNIV]SAL RELATION ( BE=E & AFT]1 JU/ AS ,I AB/RACT$ ! 
UNIV]SAL RELATION 'BE+ TO ! LEFT ('4 ,?US TIME-RELATIONS1 LIKE 
SPACE-RELATIONS1 >E AMONG ?OSE ) :I* WE >E ACQUA9T$4 

,ANO!R RELATION ) :I* WE BECOME ACQUA9T$ 9 MU* ! 
SAME WAY IS RESEMBLANCE4 ,IF ,I SEE SIMULTANE\SLY TWO %ADES ( GRE51  
,I CAN SEE ?AT !Y RESEMBLE EA* O!R2 IF ,I ALSO SEE A %ADE ( R$ 
AT ! SAME TIME1 ,I CAN SEE ?AT ! TWO GRE5S HAVE MORE RESEMBLANCE 
TO EA* O!R ?AN EI!R HAS TO ! R$4 ,9 ?IS WAY ,I BECOME 
ACQUA9T$ ) ! UNIV]SAL RESEMBLANCE OR 
SIMIL>ITY4 

,BETWE5 UNIV]SALS1 AS BETWE5 P>TICUL>S1 !RE RELATIONS ( 
:I* WE MAY BE IMM$IATELY AW>E4 ,WE HAVE JU/ SE5 ?AT WE CAN 
P]CEIVE ?AT ! RESEMBLANCE BETWE5 TWO %ADES ( GRE5 IS GREAT] 
?AN ! RESEMBLANCE BETWE5 A %ADE ( R$ & A %ADE ( GRE54 
,H]E WE >E DEAL+ ) A RELATION1 NAMELY 'GREAT] ?AN'1 BETWE5 
TWO RELATIONS4 ,\R KN[L$GE ( SU* RELATIONS1 ?\< IT REQUIRES 
MORE P[] ( AB/RACTION ?AN IS REQUIR$ = P]CEIV+ ! 
QUALITIES ( S5SE-DATA1 APPE>S TO BE EQUALLY IMM$IATE1 & 7AT 
LEA/ 9 SOME CASES7 EQUALLY 9DUBITABLE4 ,?US !RE IS IMM$IATE 
KN[L$GE CONC]N+ UNIV]SALS WELL AS CONC]N+ S5SE-DATA4 

,RETURN+ N[ TO ! PROBLEM ( A PRIORI KN[L$GE1  
:I* WE LEFT UNSOLV$ :5 WE BEGAN ! CONSID]ATION ( UNIV]SALS1  
WE F9D \RSELVES 9 A POSITION TO DEAL ) IT 9 A MU* MORE 
SATISFACTORY MANN] ?AN WAS POSSIBLE BE=E4 ,LET US REV]T TO ! 
PROPOSITION 'TWO & TWO >E F\R'4 ,IT IS FAIRLY OBVI\S1 9 VIEW ( 
:AT HAS BE5 SAID1 ?AT ?IS PROPOSITION /ATES A RELATION BETWE5 
! UNIV]SAL 'TWO' & ! UNIV]SAL 'F\R'4 ,?IS SUGGE/S A 
PROPOSITION :I* WE %ALL N[ 5DEAVOR TO E/ABLI%3 NAMELY1  
,ALL A PRIORI KN[L$GE DEALS EXCLUSIVELY ) ! 
RELATIONS ( UNIV]SALS4 ,?IS PROPOSITION IS ( GREAT 
IMPORTANCE1 & GOES A LONG WAY T[>DS SOLV+ \R PREVI\S 
DIFFICULTIES CONC]N+ A PRIORI KN[L$GE4 

,! ONLY CASE 9 :I* IT MI<T SEEM1 AT FIR/ SI<T1 AS IF 
\R PROPOSITION W]E UNTRUE1 IS ! CASE 9 :I* AN A 
PRIORI PROPOSITION /ATES ?AT ALL ( ONE CLASS ( P>TICUL>S 
BELONG TO SOME O!R CLASS1 OR 7:AT COMES ! SAME ?+7 ?AT ALL 
P>TICUL>S HAV+ SOME ONE PROP]TY ALSO HAVE SOME O!R4 ,9 ?IS 
CASE IT MI<T SEEM AS ?\< WE W]E DEAL+ ) ! P>TICUL>S 
?AT HAVE ! PROP]TY RA!R ?AN ) ! PROP]TY4 ,! PROPOSITION 
'TWO & TWO >E F\R' IS REALLY A CASE 9 PO9T1 = ?IS MAY BE 
/AT$ 9 ! =M 'ANY TWO & ANY O!R TWO >E F\R'1 OR 'ANY 
COLLECTION =M$ ( TWO TWOS IS A COLLECTION ( F\R'4 ,IF WE CAN 
%[ ?AT SU* /ATEM5TS AS ?IS REALLY DEAL ONLY ) UNIV]SALS1  
\R PROPOSITION MAY BE REG>D$ AS PROV$4 

,ONE WAY ( DISCOV]+ :AT A PROPOSITION DEALS ) IS TO ASK 
\RSELVES :AT WORDS WE MU/ UND]/& -- 9 O!R WORDS1 :AT 
OBJECTS WE MU/ BE ACQUA9T$ ) -- 9 ORD] TO SEE :AT ! 
PROPOSITION MEANS4 ,AS SOON AS WE SEE :AT ! PROPOSITION MEANS1 EV5 
IF WE DO NOT YET KN[ :E!R IT IS TRUE OR FALSE1 IT IS EVID5T ?AT 
WE MU/ HAVE ACQUA9TANCE ) :ATEV] IS REALLY DEALT ) BY ! 
PROPOSITION4 ,BY APPLY+ ?IS TE/1 IT APPE>S ?AT MANY PROPOSITIONS 
:I* MI<T SEEM TO BE CONC]N$ ) P>TICUL>S >E REALLY 
CONC]N$ ONLY ) UNIV]SALS4 ,9 ! SPECIAL CASE ( 'TWO & TWO 
>E F\R'1 EV5 :5 WE 9T]PRET IT AS MEAN+ 'ANY COLLECTION 
=M$ ( TWO TWOS IS A COLLECTION ( F\R'1 IT IS PLA9 ?AT WE CAN 
UND]/& ! PROPOSITION1 I4E4 WE CAN SEE :AT IT IS ?AT 
IT ASS]TS1 AS SOON AS WE KN[ :AT IS MEANT BY 'COLLECTION' & 
'TWO' & 'F\R' 4 ,IT IS QUITE UNNECESS>Y TO KN[ ALL ! C\PLES 9 
! WORLD3 IF IT W]E NECESS>Y1 OBVI\SLY WE C\LD NEV] UND]/& 
! PROPOSITION1 S9CE ! C\PLES >E 9F9ITELY NUM]\S & 
!RE=E CANNOT ALL BE KN[N TO US4 ,?US AL?\< \R G5]AL 
/ATEM5T IMPLIES /ATEM5TS AB\T P>TICUL> C\PLES1  
AS SOON AS WE KN[ ?AT !RE >E SU* P>TICUL> C\PLES1  
YET IT DOES NOT ITSELF ASS]T OR IMPLY ?AT !RE >E SU* P>TICUL> 
C\PLES1 & ?US FAILS TO MAKE ANY /ATEM5T :ATEV] AB\T ACTUAL 
P>TICUL> C\PLE4 ,! /ATEM5T MADE IS AB\T 'C\PLE'1 ! 
UNIV]SAL1 & NOT AB\T ?IS OR ?AT C\PLE4 

,?US ! /ATEM5T 'TWO & TWO >E F\R' DEALS EXCLUSIVELY 
) UNIV]SALS1 & !RE=E MAY BE KN[N BY ANYBODY :O IS 
ACQUA9T$ ) ! UNIV]SALS CONC]N$ & CAN P]CEIVE ! 
RELATION BETWE5 !M :I* ! /ATEM5T ASS]TS4 ,IT MU/ BE TAK5 
AS A FACT1 DISCOV]$ BY REFLECT+ UPON \R KN[L$GE1 ?AT WE HAVE 
! P[] ( SOMETIMES P]CEIV+ SU* RELATIONS BETWE5 UNIV]SALS1  
& !RE=E ( SOMETIMES KN[+ G5]AL A PRIORI 
PROPOSITIONS SU* AS ?OSE ( >I?METIC & LOGIC4 ,! ?+ ?AT 
SEEM$ MY/]I\S1 :5 WE =M]LY CONSID]$ SU* KN[L$GE1 WAS 
?AT IT SEEM$ TO ANTICIPATE & CONTROL EXP]I5CE4 ,?IS1 H[EV]1  
WE CAN N[ SEE TO HAVE BE5 AN ]ROR4 ,NO FACT CONC]N+ 
ANY?+ CAPABLE ( BE+ EXP]I5C$ CAN BE KN[N 9DEP5D5TLY ( 
EXP]I5CE4 ,WE KN[ A PRIORI ?AT TWO ?+S & TWO O!R 
?+S TOGE!R MAKE F\R ?+S1 BUT WE DO NOT KN[ A 
PRIORI ?AT IF ,BR[N & ,JONES >E TWO1 & ,ROB9SON & ,SMI? 
>E TWO1 !N ,BR[N & ,JONES & ,ROB9SON & ,SMI? >E F\R4 ,! 
REASON IS ?AT ?IS PROPOSITION CANNOT BE UND]/OOD AT ALL UNLESS WE 
KN[ ?AT !RE >E SU* PEOPLE AS ,BR[N & ,JONES & ,ROB9SON & 
,SMI?1 & ?IS WE CAN ONLY KN[ BY EXP]I5CE4 ,H5CE1 AL?\< \R 
G5]AL PROPOSITION IS A PRIORI1 ALL ITS APPLICATIONS TO 
ACTUAL P>TICUL>S 9VOLVE EXP]I5CE & !RE=E CONTA9 AN 
EMPIRICAL ELEM5T4 ,9 ?IS WAY :AT SEEM$ MY/]I\S 9 \R A 
PRIORI KN[L$GE IS SE5 TO HAVE BE5 BAS$ UPON AN ]ROR4 

,IT WILL S]VE TO MAKE ! PO9T DE>] IF WE CONTRA/ \R 
G5U9E A PRIORI JUDGM5T ) AN EMPIRICAL G5]ALIZATION1  
SU* AS 'ALL M5 >E MORTALS'4 ,H]E AS BE=E1 WE CAN 
UND]/& :AT ! PROPOSITION MEANS AS SOON AS WE 
UND]/& ! UNIV]SALS 9VOLV$1 NAMELY MAN & 
MORTAL4 ,IT IS OBVI\SLY UNNECESS>Y TO HAVE AN 9DIVIDUAL 
ACQUA9TANCE ) ! :OLE HUMAN RACE 9 ORD] TO UND]/& :AT 
\R PROPOSITION MEANS4 ,?US ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 AN A 
PRIORI G5]AL PROPOSITION & AN EMPIRICAL G5]ALIZATION DOES 
NOT COME 9 ! MEAN+ ( ! PROPOSITION2 IT COMES 9 ! 
NATURE ( ! EVID5CE = IT4 ,9 ! EMPIRICAL CASE1 ! 
EVID5CE CONSI/S 9 ! P>TICUL> 9/ANCES4 ,WE BELIEVE ?AT ALL 
M5 >E MORTAL BECAUSE WE KN[ ?AT !RE >E 9NUM]ABLE 9/ANCES 
( M5 DY+1 & NO 9/ANCES ( !IR LIV+ BEYOND A C]TA9 AGE4 
,WE DO NOT BELIEVE IT BECAUSE WE SEE A CONNECTION BETWE5 ! UNIV]SAL 
MAN & ! UNIV]SAL MORTAL4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT IF 
PHYSIOLOGY CAN PROVE1 ASSUM+ ! G5]AL LAWS ?AT GOV]N LIV+ 
BODIES1 ?AT NO LIV+ ORGANISM CAN LA/ = EV]1 ?AT GIVES A 
CONNECTION BETWE5 MAN & MORTALITY :I* W\LD 
5ABLE US TO ASS]T \R PROPOSITION )\T APPEAL+ TO ! SPECIAL 
EVID5CE ( M5 DY+4 ,BUT ?AT ONLY MEANS ?AT \R 
G5]ALIZATION HAS BE5 SUBSUM$ UND] A WID] G5]ALIZATION1 = 
:I* ! EVID5CE IS /ILL ( ! SAME K9D1 ?\< MORE EXT5SIVE4 
,! PROGRESS ( SCI5CE IS CON/ANTLY PRODUC+ SU* SUBSUMPTIONS1  
& !RE=E GIV+ A CON/ANTLY WID] 9DUCTIVE BASIS = 
SCI5TIFIC G5]ALIZATIONS4 ,BUT AL?\< ?IS GIVES A GREAT] 
DEGREE ( C]TA9TY1 IT DOES NOT GIVE A DIFF]5T 
K9D3 ! ULTIMATE GR\ND REMA9S 9DUCTIVE1 I4E4 D]IV$ 
FROM 9/ANCES1 & NOT AN A PRIORI CONNECTION ( UNIV]SALS 
SU* AS WE HAVE 9 LOGIC & >I?METIC4 

,TWO OPPOSITE PO9TS >E TO BE OBS]V$ CONC]N+ A 
PRIORI G5]AL PROPOSITIONS4 ,! FIR/ IS ?AT1 IF MANY 
P>TICUL> 9/ANCES >E KN[N1 \R G5]AL PROPOSITION MAY BE 
>RIV$ AT 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE BY 9DUCTION1 & ! CONNECTION ( 
UNIV]SALS MAY BE ONLY SUBSEQU5TLY P]CEIV$4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IT IS 
KN[N ?AT IF WE DRAW P]P5DICUL>S TO ! SIDES ( A TRIANGLE FROM 
! OPPOSITE ANGLES1 ALL ?REE P]P5DICUL>S MEET 9 A PO9T4 ,IT 
W\LD BE QUITE POSSIBLE TO BE FIR/ L$ TO ?IS PROPOSITION BY 
ACTUALLY DRAW+ P]P5DICUL>S 9 MANY CASES1 & F9D+ ?AT !Y 
ALWAYS MET 9 A PO9T2 ?IS EXP]I5CE MI<T LEAD US TO LOOK = ! 
G5]AL PRO( & F9D IT4 ,SU* CASES >E COMMON 9 ! EXP]I5CE ( 
EV]Y MA!MATICIAN4 

,! O!R PO9T IS MORE 9T]E/+1 & ( MORE PHILOSOPHICAL 
IMPORTANCE4 ,IT IS1 ?AT WE MAY SOMETIMES KN[ A G5]AL PROPOSITION 
9 CASES :]E WE DO NOT KN[ A S+LE 9/ANCE ( IT4 ,TAKE SU* A 
CASE AS ! FOLL[+3 ,WE KN[ ?AT ANY TWO NUMB]S CAN BE MULTIPLI$ 
TOGE!R1 & WILL GIVE A ?IRD CALL$ !IR PRODUCT4 ,WE 
KN[ ?AT ALL PAIRS ( 9TEG]S ! PRODUCT ( :I* IS LESS ?AN #a 
HAVE BE5 ACTUALLY MULTIPLI$ TOGE!R1 & ! VALUE ( ! PRODUCT 
RECORD$ 9 ! MULTIPLICATION TABLE4 ,BUT WE ALSO KN[ ?AT ! 
NUMB] ( 9TEG]S IS 9F9ITE1 & ?AT ONLY A F9ITE NUMB] ( 
PAIRS ( 9TEG]S EV] HAVE BE5 OR EV] WILL BE ?\<T ( BY HUMAN 
BE+S4 ,H5CE IT FOLL[S ?AT !RE >E PAIRS ( 9TEG]S :I* NEV] 
HAVE BE5 & NEV] WILL BE ?\<T ( BY HUMAN BE+S1 & ?AT ALL 
( !M DEAL ) 9TEG]S ! PRODUCT ( :I* IS OV] #a4 ,H5CE WE 
>RIVE AT ! PROPOSITION3 ',ALL PRODUCTS ( TWO 9TEG]S1 :I* NEV] 
HAVE BE5 & NEV] WILL BE ?\<T ( BY ANY HUMAN BE+1 >E OV] 
#a4' ,H]E IS A G5]AL PROPOSITION ( :I* ! TRU? IS UND5IABLE1  
& YET1 FROM ! V]Y NATURE ( ! CASE1 WE CAN NEV] GIVE AN 
9/ANCE2 BECAUSE ANY TWO NUMB]S WE MAY ?9K ( >E EXCLUD$ BY ! 
T]MS ( ! PROPOSITION4 

,?IS POSSIBILITY1 ( KN[L$GE ( G5]AL PROPOSITIONS ( 
:I* NO 9/ANCE CAN BE GIV51 IS (T5 D5I$1 BECAUSE IT IS NOT 
P]CEIV$ ?AT ! KN[L$GE ( SU* PROPOSITIONS ONLY REQUIRES A 
KN[L$GE ( ! RELATIONS ( UNIV]SALS1 & DOES NOT REQUIRE ANY 
KN[L$GE ( 9/ANCES ( ! UNIV]SALS 9 QUE/ION4 ,YET ! 
KN[L$GE ( SU* G5]AL PROPOSITIONS IS QUITE VITAL TO A GREAT DEAL 
( :AT IS G5]ALLY ADMITT$ TO BE KN[N4 ,= EXAMPLE1 WE SAW1 9 
\R E>LY *APT]S1 ?AT KN[L$GE ( PHYSICAL OBJECTS1 AS OPPOS$ TO 
S5SE-DATA1 IS ONLY OBTA9$ BY AN 9F]5CE1 & ?AT !Y >E NOT 
?+S ) :I* WE >E ACQUA9T$4 ,H5CE WE CAN NEV] KN[ ANY 
PROPOSITION ( ! =M '?IS IS A PHYSICAL OBJECT'1 :]E '?IS' IS 
SOME?+ IMM$IATELY KN[N4 ,IT FOLL[S ?AT ALL \R KN[L$GE 
CONC]N+ PHYSICAL OBJECTS IS SU* ?AT NO ACTUAL 9/ANCE CAN BE 
GIV54 ,WE CAN GIVE 9/ANCES ( ! ASSOCIAT$ S5SE-DATA1 BUT WE 
CANNOT GIVE 9/ANCES ( ! ACTUAL PHYSICAL OBJECTS4 ,H5CE \R 
KN[L$GE AS TO PHYSICAL OBJECTS DEP5DS ?R\<\T UPON ?IS 
POSSIBILITY ( G5]AL KN[L$GE :]E NO 9/ANCE CAN BE GIV54 ,& 
! SAME APPLIES TO \R KN[L$GE ( O!R PEOPLE'S M9DS1 OR ( ANY 
O!R CLASS ( ?+S ( :I* NO 9/ANCE IS KN[N TO US BY 
ACQUA9TANCE4 

,WE MAY N[ TAKE A SURVEY ( ! S\RCES ( \R KN[L$GE1 AS 
!Y HAVE APPE>$ 9 ! C\RSE ( \R ANALYSIS4 ,WE HAVE FIR/ TO 
DI/+UI% KN[L$GE ( ?+S & KN[L$GE ( TRU?S4 ,9 EA* 
!RE >E TWO K9DS1 ONE IMM$IATE & ONE D]IVATIVE4 ,\R IMM$IATE 
KN[L$GE ( ?+S1 :I* WE CALL$ ACQUA9TANCE1 CONSI/S 
( TWO SORTS1 ACCORD+ AS ! ?+S KN[N >E P>TICUL>S OR 
UNIV]SALS4 ,AMONG P>TICUL>S1 WE HAVE ACQUA9TANCE ) S5SE-DATA 
& 7PROBABLY7 ) \RSELVES4 ,AMONG UNIV]SALS1 !RE SEEMS TO BE NO 
PR9CIPLE BY :I* WE CAN DECIDE :I* CAN BE KN[N BY ACQUA9TANCE1  
BUT IT IS CLE> ?AT AMONG ?OSE ?AT CAN BE SO KN[N >E S5SIBLE 
QUALITIES1 RELATIONS ( SPACE & TIME1 SIMIL>ITY1 & C]TA9 
AB/RACT LOGICAL UNIV]SALS4 ,\R D]IVATIVE KN[L$GE ( ?+S1  
:I* WE CALL KN[L$GE BY DESCRIPTION1 ALWAYS 9VOLVES BO? 
ACQUA9TANCE ) SOME?+ & KN[L$GE ( TRU?S4 ,\R IMM$IATE 
KN[L$GE ( TRU?S MAY BE CALL$ 9TUITIVE 
KN[L$GE1 & ! TRU?S SO KN[N MAY BE CALL$ 
SELF-EVID5T TRU?S4 ,AMONG SU* TRU?S >E 9CLUD$ ?OSE 
:I* M]ELY /ATE :AT IS GIV5 9 S5SE1 & ALSO C]TA9 AB/RACT 
LOGICAL & >I?METICAL PR9CIPLES1 & 7?\< ) LESS C]TA9TY7 
SOME E?ICAL PROPOSITIONS4 ,\R D]IVATIVE KN[L$GE ( 
TRU?S CONSI/S ( EV]Y?+ ?AT WE CAN D$UCE FROM SELF-EVID5T 
TRU?S BY ! USE ( SELF-EVID5T PR9CIPLES ( D$UCTION4 

,IF ! ABOVE ACC\NT IS CORRECT1 ALL \R KN[L$GE ( TRU?S 
DEP5DS UPON \R 9TUITIVE KN[L$GE4 ,IT !RE=E BECOMES IMPORTANT 
TO CONSID] ! NATURE & SCOPE ( 9TUITIVE KN[L$GE1 9 MU* ! 
SAME WAY AS1 AT AN E>LI] /AGE1 WE CONSID]$ ! NATURE & SCOPE 
( KN[L$GE BY ACQUA9TANCE4 ,BUT KN[L$GE ( TRU?S RAISES A 
FUR!R PROBLEM1 :I* DOES NOT >ISE 9 REG>D TO KN[L$GE ( 
?+S1 NAMELY ! PROBLEM ( ]ROR4 ,SOME ( \R BELIEFS 
TURN \T TO BE ]RONE\S1 & !RE=E IT BECOMES NECESS>Y TO 
CONSID] H[1 IF AT ALL1 WE CAN DI/+UI% KN[L$GE FROM ]ROR4 
,?IS PROBLEM DOES NOT >ISE ) REG>D TO KN[L$GE BY ACQUA9TANCE1  
=1 :ATEV] MAY BE ! OBJECT ( ACQUA9TANCE1 EV5 9 DREAMS & 
HALLUC9ATIONS1 !RE IS NO ]ROR 9VOLV$ SO LONG AS WE DO NOT GO 
BEYOND ! IMM$IATE OBJECT3 ]ROR CAN ONLY >ISE :5 WE REG>D ! 
IMM$IATE OBJECT1 I4E4 ! S5SE-DATUM1 AS ! M>K ( SOME PHYSICAL 
OBJECT4 ,?US ! PROBLEMS CONNECT$ ) KN[L$GE ( TRU?S >E MORE 
DIFFICULT ?AN ?OSE CONNECT$ ) KN[L$GE ( ?+S4 ,AS ! FIR/ 
( ! PROBLEMS CONNECT$ ) KN[L$GE ( TRU?S1 LET US EXAM9E 
! NATURE & SCOPE ( \R 9TUITIVE JUDGM5TS4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiaa 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bb 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/