,! ,PREV5TIVE ,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION 
,ESSAY BY AN ,AN>*I/ ON ,FASCISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LUIGI ,FABBRI 

,TEXT 3 

,=EWORD 

,9 SPITE ( ALL ! GOOD 9T5TIONS TO ! CONTR>Y :I* ,I BR\<T TO ?IS ESSAY1 ,I HAVE 9 FACT FAIL$1 9 EXAM9+ ! D>K ISSUE ( FASCISM1 TO /& 0ABOVE ! FRAY40 

,MANY A TIME ,I HAVE TRI$ TO SUPPRESS ! PA9 & \TRAGE ?AT /IRR$ MY H&1 BUT IMM$IATELY !REAFT] W\ND$ FEEL+S SURG$ BACK TO (F] ME C\NSEL 9 TUNE ) A DI/URB$ & AGGRAVAT$ /ATE ( M9D4 ,! FACT IS ?AT ,I DO NOT REALLY /& ABOVE ! FRAY4 ,IF ONLY = P]SONAL REASONS1 AS A MATT] ( TEMP]AM5T & CU/OM &1 TO A SLI<T EXT5T - CONF9$ TO ! CLIMATE 9 :I* ,I LIVE - \T ( A PR(ESSIONAL OBLIGATION1 ,I /& SLI<TLY AP>T FROM ! ACTIVE1 MILITANT MOVEM5T1 :I* IS TO SAY ?AT MY 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! BITT] SOCIAL /RUGGLE IS ALL TOO SLI<T & ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY CONF9$ TO MY WRIT+1 EV5 ?\< ,I TOO AM 9 ?IS FI<T ) ALL ( MY HE>T & M9D4 

,= >\ND ?IRTY YE>S N[ ,I HAVE BE5 AN AN>*I/ & REVOLUTION>Y & ,I REG>D MYSELF AS ANO!R OBSCURE SOLDI] 9 ! PROLET>IAN >MY FI<T+ ! OLD WORLD3 & :]EAS ?IS WAS SOME?+ 9 :I* ,I TOOK PRIDE1 :5 =TUNE WAS SMIL+ UPON US & ! WORK+ CLASS LOOK$1 AFT] VICTORY UPON VICTORY1 TO BE ON ! V]GE ( ! ULTIMATE VICTORY1 ,I WAS ALL ! MORE PR\D TO FEEL ?AT ,I WAS ONE ( ITS [N COME ! GRAY & YELL[ H\R ( DISAPPO9TM5T & DEFEAT4 ,& ,I *]I%$ ! HOPE ( FAIRLY IMM95T REV5GE1 S9CE1 :IL/ TROOPS EASILY 5?US$ AB\T ! PROSPECT ( IMM95T EXCITEM5T W]E DISAPPO9T$1 ,I /OOD FIRM 9 MY BELIEF 9 ! 9EVITABLE VICTORY ( AN EGALIT>IAN1 LIB]T>IAN JU/ICE = ALL4 

,MAYBE WE NE$$ ?IS H>% LESSON FROM REALITY4 ,= SOME TIME PA/ TOO MU* DETRITUS HAD BE5 BUILD+ UP ALONG ! WAY1 TOO MANY ?\<TLESS ?+S HAD BE5 SAID & DONE & UNDULY EASY SUCCESSES HAD ATTRACT$ TO \R SIDE 9S9C]E & SELF-SEEK+ P]SONS \T TO TURN \R IDEAL 9TO A CLOAK OR A KIOSK4 ,& UP/>TS EAG] TO USE IT = SELF-ADVANCEM5T4 ,MAYBE IT WAS GOOD LUCK ?AT MADE MANY ( !M LESS K9DLY & LESS FAIR1 OR OV]LY COMPLAC5T & 9DULG5T ( ! ONSET ( ! SORT ( DEG5]ATION ?AT ALWAYS BESETS MOVEM5TS ?AT LOOK TO BE ! /RONGE/ & ON ! V]GE ( SUCCESS4 ,&1 :5 ! /ORM /RUCK1 & ! GALE SWEPT AWAY ! DETRITUS & ALL ! TRIVIA1 IT ALSO SWEPT AWAY ! 9S9C]E SELF-SEEK]S4 ,WE MAY WELL LAM5T ! FACT ?AT ! LI<TN+ ALSO /RUCK ! OLD /URDY1 FRUITFUL TREE ?AT HAD BORNE GOOD CROPS1 BUT ON ! O!R H&1 ! SOIL WILL HAVE BECOME MORE F]TILE UND] ! PL[ ( PA9 & ! :IRLW9D WILL HAVE LEFT ! AIR PUR] & FRE%]4 

,H[EV]1 :IL/ IT IS TRUE ?AT IT IS AN ILL W9D ?AT BL[S NO GOOD1 EVIL IS ALWAYS EVIL & AS SU*1 MU/ BE RESI/$4 ,TO RESI/ IT WE NE$ TO LOOK IT 9 ! FACE & TAKE ! MEASURE ( IT4 ,& ! MODE/ PAGES ?AT FOLL[ MAY PROVE ( S]VICE TO ?AT 5D4 ,!Y MAKE NO CLAIM TO ! PRIZE ( IMP>TIALITY & ! MO/ ,OLYMPIAN S]5ITY1 = ,I TOO AM P>TIPRIS1 COMMITT$ TO ! RANKS 9 :I* ,I M>* & ,I ID5TIFY PR(\NDLY ) ALL ! OPPRESS$1 :ATEV] !IR P>TICUL> POLITICAL BACKGR\ND1 AGA9/ ?OSE :O BEAT1 MURD]1 TOR* & DE/ROY 9 SU* CAVALI] FA%ION & ) SU* IMPUNITY TODAY4 ,BUT1 H[EV] MU* PASSION MAY HAVE PROMPT$ ME TO SPEAK ?US1 ,I HOPE ?AT ,I HAVE NOT DONE ANY 9JURY TO ! TRU?4 

,:AT ,I HAVE WRITT5 H]E IS NOT A HI/ORY ( FASCISM2 ,I HAVE M]ELY MADE ! OCCASIONAL REF]5CE TO C]TA9 SPECIFIC FACTS1 MORE 9 SUPPORT ( MY !SIS ?AN ) ANY REAL N>RATIVE 9T5T4 ,SO LOTS ( MY ASS]TIONS MAY APPE> UNDULY ABSOLUTE & AXIOMATIC4 ,H[EV]1 NOT ONE ( ?OSE ASS]TIONS DOES NOT HAVE PRECISE CORRESPOND+ FACTS1 MANY SPECIFIC FACTS ) :I* ! NEWSPAP]S HAVE BE5 REPLETE = ! PA/ YE> OR SO2 & ,I DO NOT MEAN JU/ ! SUBV]SIVE PRESS4 ,ONE CAN DRAW UP ! H>%E/ & MO/ VIOL5T 9DICTM5T ( FASCISM ON FOOT ( DOCUM5TATION DRAWN FROM ! CONS]VATIVE PAP]S MO/ WELL-DISPOS$ T[>DS FASCISM & FROM ! FASCI/ PRESS PROP]4 

,MOREOV]1 ! FASCI/ PH5OM5ON IS NOT PECULI> TO ,ITALY4 ,IT HAS SURFAC$ 9 EV5 MORE S]I\S =M 9 ,SPA9 & HAS RAIS$ ITS HEAD 9 ,G]MANY1 ,HUNG>Y1 ! ,AM]ICAS & ELSE:]E4 ,NOR W]E P]SECUTION & UNLAWFUL REACTION M\NT$ BY PRIVATE CITIZ5S UNKN[N PRIOR TO ! ,WORLD ,W>4 ,9 C]TA9 RESPECTS1 !Y HAD PREC$5TS 9 ! POGROMS 9 ,RUSSIA & ! LYN*+S 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,:AT IS MORE1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS ALWAYS HAD A SORT ( PRIVATE POLICE 9 ! S]VICE ( ! CAPITALI/S1 ACT+ 9 CAHOOTS ) ! (FICIAL POLICE1 BUT 9DEP5D5TLY ( GOV]NM5T1 9 TR\BL$ TIMES & DUR+ /RIKES4 

,ITALIAN FASCISM HAS ITS [N *>ACT]I/ICS1 MOTLEY ORIG9S1 POSITIONS1 ETC4 ,9 SOME 9/ANCES IT IS AN IMPROVEM5T UPON ITS BRO!RS OR PRECURSORS BEYOND ! M\NTA9S OR ACROSS ! SEAS1 & 9 SOME CASES WORSE ?AN !SE4 ,BUT IT IS NOT 5TIRELY A NOVELTY4 ,FROM A DETAIL$ READ+ ( ,ITALIAN HI/ORY FROM #agie & #a#h#f1 WE MI<T WELL BE ABLE TO TRACE ITS HI/ORICAL ANCE/RY4 ,TAKE1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,SANF$I/I3 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! SECRET SOCIETIES1 !SE SEEM TO HAVE BEGUN AS A PATRIOTIC1 RE=M-M9D$ SECT1 ALBEIT SUI G5]IS2 BUT LAT] !Y TURN$ REACTION>Y & PRO-,AU/RIAN E/ABLI%M5T AGA9/ ! 0R$0 CONSPIRATORS FROM ! ,C>BON>I & ,Y\NG ,ITALY4 

,ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,PAPAL ,/ATES1 9 ,FA5ZA1 ,RAV5NA1 ETC41 ! ,SANF$I/I W>R$ ) ! ,C>BON>I3 BUT ! GOV]NM5T HEAP$ ALL ! BLAME EXCLUSIVELY UPON ! ,C>BON>I4 ,DE ,CA/RO 7,MONDO ,SECRETO1 ,VOL4 ,V,I,I,I7 REC\NTS3 0,AN >M$1 BLOOD?IR/Y RABBLE WR\<T HAVOC & LOOT$ ?R\<\T ! CITY & C\NTRYSIDE ( ,FROS9ONE 9 ! NAME ( DEF5D+ ! ?RONE & HUNT$ D[N LIB]ALS3 & ! GOV]NM5T DISPAT*$ ! LIB]ALS TO ! GALL[S & ACQUITT$ ! BRIG&S40 

,!RE IS NO?+ REALLY NEW UND] ! SUN1 OR SO IT SEEMS6 ,& IF1 9 ! PA/1 ! MO/ VIOL5T CONSPIRACIES AGA9/ FRE$OM & AGA9/ ! PEOPLE PROV$ UNABLE TO F5D (F NEW IDEAS1 PREV5T ! D[NFALL ( OLD 9/ITUTIONS & ! EM]G5CE ( NEW ONES1 !N TODAY TOO1 !Y WILL NOT SUCCE$ & !Y WILL NOT SUCCE$ 9 ! FUTURE4 

,! LIV+ /EP 9TO ! %OES ( ! DEAD1 

,HOPE FOLL[S M\RN+1 

,! >MY IS UNLEA%$ & GOES M>*+ 

,BLI!LY LA%+ \T AT ! VANQUI%$4 

,BOLOGNA1 #ae ,OCTOB] #aiba 

,P4,S4 - ,MORE ?AN TWO MON?S HAVE ELAPS$ S9CE ,I COMPLET$ ?IS ESSAY3 BUT LOTS ( NEW EV5TS HAVE COME TO PASS :I* W\LD REQUIRE A FULL] TREATM5T ( MY SUBJECT1 DISCUSSION ( NEW DEVELOPM5TS1 ETC4 ,S9CE ?AT WAS NOT FEASIBLE1 ,I HAVE RE/RICT$ MYSELF TO ADD+1 AS ,I REVIEW$ ! BY !N PUBLI%$ TEXT1 A FEW L9ES H]E & !RE 79 ! CASE ( ! MORE SIGNIFICANT MATT]S7 & SOME %ORT FOOTNOTES4 7,DECEMB] #a#i#b#a7 

,! ,PREV5TIVE ,C\NT]-REVOLUTION 

,/UDY+ HI/ORICAL HAPP5+S FROM TOO CLOSE A QU>T] OR1 WORSE /ILL1 :ILE !Y >E 9 PROGRESS1 IS H>D] ?AN ONE MI<T IMAG9E4 ,FUR!RMORE1 !RE IS ! DANG] ( FALL+ 9TO S]I\S ]ROR1 BO? BECAUSE PASS+ EMOTIONS WIELD TOO GREAT A SWAY UPON US & BECAUSE ?+S SE5 FROM TOO CLOSE A QU>T] >E ALMO/ AS H>D TO DI/+UI% AS !Y W\LD BE FROM TOO GREAT A DI/ANCE4 

,YET JU/ SU* A MONOGRAPH RELAT+ TO CONTEMPOR>Y DEVELOPM5TS IS MAT]IAL ( USE TO ! FUTURE HI/ORIAN :O WILL HAVE ACCESS1 NOT JU/ TO ! DRY CATALOG ( EV5TS 9 ! NEWSPAP]S1 BUT ! VIEW ( !SE TAK5 BY SOMEONE :O WAS AN ONLOOK] & WAS MORE OR LESS P]SONALLY IMPLICAT$ 9 !M & HE CAN !RE=E >RIVE AT A CLE>] IDEA ( ! EV5TS !MSELVES1 SEE+ !M MORE COMPLETELY & 9 ! R\ND & !REBY >RIV+ AT A RECON/RUCTION ( ! HI/ORICAL PICTURE ( AN 5TIRE P]IOD ?AT COMES AS CLOSE AS POSSIBLE TO ! TRU?4 

,BUT = SU* S\RCE MAT]IALS TO BE TRULY USEFUL1 ?OSE :O SUPPLY !M MU/ /RIVE ON ! ONE H& TO REMA9 AS LEVEL-HEAD$ & OBJECTIVE AS POSSIBLE 9 !IR RELATION ( EV5TS1 &1 ON ! O!R1 (F] COMM5T ON ! EV5TS & SET \T !IR [N ?\<TS & FEEL+S ) COMPLETE HONE/Y1 SO ?AT ! \TSIDE READ] MAY APPRECIATE NOT ONLY ! SKELETAL MAT]IAL EV5T BUT ALSO ! CLIMATE ( OP9ION 9 :I* IT OCCURR$ OR :I* WAS 9SPIR$ BY IT 9 A V>IETY ( CONTEXTS4 

,DESPITE MY BE/ EF=TS1 ,I CANNOT SAY :E!R ,I WILL SUCCE$ 9 BE+ OBJECTIVE & LEVEL-HEAD$ 5\< 9 MY TREATM5T ( A SUBJECT ?AT MOVES ME DEEPLY4 ,I AM C]TA91 ?\<1 ?AT ,I WILL SET \T MY ?9K+ HONE/LY & HOLD+ NO?+ BACK1 CONFID5T AS ,I AM ?AT 9 SO DO+ ,I WILL BE DO+ ! ONLY ?+ ,I CAN ON BEHALF ( AN ,IDEA ?AT ,I *]I% & :I* 9 MY VIEW REPRES5TS ! V]Y CAUSE ( JU/ICE4 

,I4 

,FASCISM IS ! MO/ NATURAL & LEGITIMATE PRODUCT ( ! W>2 ,I WILL GO FUR!R & SAY ?AT IT REPRES5TS ! CONT9UATION AT NATIONAL LEVEL ( ! WORLD W> BEGUN 9 ,JULY #aiad & NOT YET F9I%$ 9 SPITE ( ALL ! P>TIAL OR OV]ALL PEACE TREATIES4 

,! W> ( #a#i#a#d-#a#i#a#h WAS F\<T NOT JU/ ON ! BORD]S BUT ALSO ON ! 9SIDE ( EV]Y NATION4 ,ON EV]Y SIDE ! SO-CALL$ 0SACR$ UNION0 AGA9/ ! 5EMY )\T WAS A LIE AGRE$ UPON1 A LIE ?AT EV]YBODY =MALLY EMBRAC$ EV5 9 ! KN[L$GE ?AT IT WAS A FICTION4 ,/ATE & MILIT>Y CO]CION PRECLUD$ ! ]UPTION ( HO/ILITIES AT HOME & ?US PREV5T$ ! FE> ( WORSE DAMAGE TO FOLL[ 9 ! EV5T ( =EIGN 9VASION2 BUT ! CLASS CONFLICT & FACTIONAL /RIFE & ANIMOSITY WAS ALL ! GREAT] BECAUSE IT WAS UNABLE TO F9D A SUITABLE \TLET4 ,9 REALITY1 9SIDE EV]Y C\NTRY EV]YBODY HAD SOME?+ ?AT HE DESPIS$ MORE PR(\NDLY ?AN ! 5EMY )\T4 

,?AT CONFLICT & ?OSE HO/ILITIES F\ND A ?\S& WAYS ( EXPRESS+ !MSELVES1 ON ! MO/ V>I$ OCCASIONS & MO/ V>I$ CIRCUM/ANCES EV5 :ILE ! W> WAS ON4 ,BUT1 ONCE ! >MI/ICE HAD PUT PAID TO ! W> & ! MILIT>Y CO]CION & ?REAT ( 9VASION CEAS$1 9T]NAL CONFLICTS & HO/ILITIES QUICKLY %[$ !MSELVES AS !Y TRULY W]E & 9 ALL !IR 9T5SITY4 

,& ! W> BETWE5 ! NATIONS HAS NOT 5D$3 ! T]MS & =MS1 ETC4 MAY HAVE *ANG$1 BUT ON ! BORD]S ( ,G]MANY & ,RUSSIA 9 ! ,BALKANS1 9 ,ASIA ,M9OR1 ETC41 ! W> C>RIES ON4 ,ALBEIT ON A DIFF]5T SCALE4 ,:]EAS1 PRIOR TO #a#i#a#h1 ! W> ON ! BORD]S PR$OM9AT$ & ! CIVIL /RIFE )9 EA* C\NTRY REMA9$ LAT5T OR WAS PURSU$ AT A SUBTLE LEVEL1 /OR+ UP RES5TM5TS = ! FUTURE1 ! OPPOSITE IS ! CASE TODAY4 ,IT IS CIVIL W> ?AT MAKES ! GREATE/ FUSS & CLAIMS ! MO/ ATT5TION1 9 ,ITALY AT ANY RATE3 :]EAS ! O!R SORT ( W>1 DORMANT1 ]UPT+ B>ELY P]CEPTIBLY H]E & !RE1 MORE OR LESS SU/A9$ & DRAGG$ \T BY (FICIAL CONGRESSES & DIPLOMATIC VANITIES :]E ! PRETEXTS1 RATIONALES & CAUSES ( FUTURE W>S /ACK UP4 

,FASCISM1 GU]RILLA W>F>E BETWE5 FASCI/S & SOCIALI/S - OR1 TO BE MORE ACCURATE1 BETWE5 ! B\RGEOISIE & ! PROLET>IAT - IS NO?+ BUT ! NATURAL UNLEA%+ & MAT]IAL CONSEQU5CE ( ! CLASS HO/ILITIES HON$ DUR+ ! W> & AGGRAVAT$ BY A NUMB] ( SECOND>Y CIRCUM/ANCES & FACTORS :I* ONLY APPE> - & !N ONLY BRIEFLY - TO HAVE DI/ORT$ ITS *>ACT]1 :I* TRIUMPHS & COMES TO ! =E :5 LEA/ EXPECT$4 

,FASCISM IS A RESPONSE TO ! DEF5SIVE NE$S ( MOD]N SOCIETY'S RUL+ CLASSES4 ,AS SU*1 IT NE$ NOT BE UNDULY EQUAT$ ) ! (FICIAL1 NUMB]$1 MONITOR$ & C>D-C>RY+ MEMB]S ( ! 0,FASCI DI COMBATTIM5TO40 ,! LATT] MAY HAVE PROVID$ ! PH5OM5ON ) A NAME & BLAZ$ A TRAIL = IT & FURNI%$ ITS ORGANIZ$ C5TRAL CORE1 WOV5 ITS RALLY+ COLORS & (F]$ OR TRI$ TO (F] A IDEALI/IC MOTIVE = ! FI<T3 :I* IS TO SAY !Y HAVE DONE A LOT = IT - BUT !Y HAVE NOT DONE EV]Y?+4 ,9 REALITY !Y >E NOT ! :OLE & ALL ( FASCISM3 & OCCASIONALLY IT HAPP5S ?AT FASCISM R5EGES1 9 FACT & CRUELLY IF NOT 9 WORDS1 A NUMB] ( ! PRESUM$ IDEALS & AG5DAS ?AT ! FIR/ FASCI/S BR&I%$ LIKE A FLAG4 

,) ! W>1 !RE EM]G$ ! GREATE/ PROLET>IAN UNANIMITY AGA9/ ! RUL+ CLASS & ?IS L$ TO AN EXTRAORD9>Y DEEP5+ ( ! GULF BETWE5 ! CLASSES1 ) ! ONE REG>D+ ! O!R AS ITS DECL>$ 5EMY4 ,& 9 P>TICUL>1 ! RUL+ CLASS1 SEE+ ITS P[] ?REAT5$1 LO/ ITS HEAD4 ,:AT DI/URB$ IT MO/1 P]HAPS1 WAS ! FEEL+ ?AT IT C\LD NOT DEF5D ITSELF EXCEPT ?R\< REC\RSE TO VIOL5CE & CIVIL W>1 :I*1 9 !ORY & ?R\< ITS LAWS1 IT HAD ALWAYS CONDEMN$3 IT WAS UND]M9+ ! V]Y F\NDATIONS & PR9CIPLES UPON :I* ! B\RGEOISIE HAD BE5 CON/RUCT+ ITS 9/ITUTIONS = UPW>DS ( A C5TURY4 

,! PROLET>IAN M5ACE WELD$ ! RUL+ CLASS1 ( :I* FASCISM TODAY CON/ITUTES A SORT ( MILITIA & RALLY+ PO9T1 9TO A BLOC4 ,& ! RUL+ CLASS IS NOT COMPRIS$ SOLELY ( ! B\RGEOISIE PROP]3 IT COMPRISES & IS MADE UP ALSO ( ! MO/ BACKW>D-LOOK+ /RATA1 ALL ( ! CA/ES ?AT EKE \T A P>ASITIC EXI/5CE UND] ! EGIS ( ! /ATE OR :O MAN ITS RAMIFICATIONS2 ?OSE :O SUPPLY ! GOV]NM5T & ! PROTECT$ 9DU/RIES1 ! POLICE 7GR[N TO MAMMO? PROPORTIONS !SE DAYS71 ! UPP] BUREAUCRACY & JUDICI>Y & >E - ALL ( !M - MORE OR LESS FASCI/IC 9 \TLOOK4 ,ADD TO !SE ! L&[N+ B\RGEOISIE1 :I* IS BACKW>D-LOOK+ BY NATURE & TRADITION1 & ALWAYS HAS ITS BACK TO ! WALL ( PEASANT DEM&S1 :I* 9 ! LONG RUN IT C\LD NOT )/& EXCEPT BY R5\NC+ ALL PR(IT1 :I* IS TO SAY ! V]Y PRIVILEGE ?AT PROP]TY CONF]S4 

,>\ND ! RUL+ CLASS PROP] !RE ALSO CLU/] CLASSES OR SUB-CLASSES & CATEGORIES = :OM ! EXI/+ /ATE ( AFFAIRS ACTUALLY HOLDS \T NO 9VIT+ PROSPECT BUT :I*1 DUE TO !IR WRONG-HEAD$ M9D-SET DELUDE !MSELVES ?AT !Y LIVE1 OR MI<T YET1 BETT] ?AN ! WORK]S ?ANKS TO ! B\NTY ( ! /ATE & ! FAVORS ( O!RS3 ! PETITE B\RGEOISIE1 MANY EMPLOYES & TEA*]S1 C]TA9 PR(ESSIONS & SO ON4 ,! L9EUP IS SWOLL5 FUR!R BY ALL ! W\LD-BE POLITICIANS & J\RNALI/IC HACKS1 ! FLOTSAM & JETSAM LEFT BEH9D BY ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( SEMI-DEMOCRATIC & RADICAL P>TIES & ! LIKE1 ANNOY$ ) ! WORK+ CLASS ?AT WANTS NO?+ TO DO ) !M & !IR QUACK PANACEAS4 

,NATURALLY1 ! OLD P>TIES :I* >E CONS]VATIVE BY DEF9ITION & TRADITION PR(IT FROM ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS & ?IS SPONTANE\SLY G5]AT$ \T & \T CONS]VATIVE BLOC & >E COM+ BACK ) A V5GEANCE4 ,FASCISM IS PRETTY MU* ! /&>D-BE>] TO !M ALL & IS WELL RECEIV$ & C\RT$ EV]Y:]E3 9 ! B>RACKS & 9 ! UNIV]SITY1 AT POLICE HEADQU>T]S & AT ! C\RT-H\SE1 9 ! PLANTS ( HEAVY 9DU/RIES & ! L&[N]S' C\NT+-H\SES4 ,NOR IS !RE ANY %ORTAGE ( MORE OR LESS CAUTI\S & COV]T TRIBUTES EMANAT+ FROM ! MA9/AYS ( SEV]AL P>TIES SU* AS ! REPUBLICAN P>TY OR ! CL]ICAL P>TY1 EV5 ?\< !Y MAY 9 PR9CIPLE BE COMPETITORS 9 ?AT IT HAS ITS MASS FOLL[+4 

,! FASCI/S PROP]1 ! ONES ) ! BADGES ON !IR LAPELS1 >E RELATIVELY FEW 9 NUMB] BUT D]IVE !IR /R5G? FROM ! CLOS$ RANKS1 DIRECT & 9DIRECT AID & POORLY CONCEAL$ COMPLICITY ( ALL ( ! V>I\S CONS]VATIVE =CES 9 SOCIETY4 

,IT IS PRIM>ILY AS ! ORGANIZATION & AG5T ( ! VIOL5T >M$ DEF5SE ( ! RUL+ CLASS AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT1 :I*1 TO !IR M9D1 HAS BECOME UNDULY DEM&+1 UNIT$ & 9TRUSIVE1 ?AT FASCISM REPRES5TS A CONT9UATION ( ! W>4 

,IT W\LD BE TOO SIMPLI/IC TO SAY ?AT ! WORLD W> WAS A SORT ( 9T]NATIONAL W> ON ! PROLET>IAT & AGA9/ REVOLUTION4 ,!RE W]E O!R EQUALLY IMPORTANT FACTORS & MOTIVES BEH9D ! W>2 BUT IT IS A FACT ?AT ONE ( ! ?+S ?AT TRIGG]$ ! CONFLICT 9 ,EUROPE1 ONE ( ! FACTORS :Y NO RUL+ CLASS 9 ANY C\NTRY - NOT 9 ,FRANCE1 NOT 9 ,G]MANY1 NOT 9 ,RUSSIA1 NOT 9 ,AU/RIA1 NOT 9 ,5GL&1 NOT 9 ,ITALY - DID :AT MI<T HAVE BE5 NECESS>Y & :AT IT MI<T HAVE DONE TO AV]T W> - WAS PRECISELY ! HOPE ?AT EA* ( !M HAD ( BE+ SP>$ REVOLUTION1 DECAPITAT+ A WORK+ CLASS ?AT HAD BECOME OV]LY /RONG1 DEFUZ+ POPUL> RESI/ANCE ?R\< BLOOD-LETT+ ON A VA/ SCALE1 CONSOLIDAT+ CR[N$ HEADS & ESPECIALLY ! RULE ( ! BANK+ & 9DU/RIAL PLUTOCRACY4 

,MANY HAVE1 AS ! SAY+ GOES1 PAID ! PRICE ( ?IS3 ONCE ! FLOODGATES W]E OP5$1 ! SURG+ CURR5TS HAVE SWEPT AWAY MANY ( ! CR[N$ HEADS ( ,G]MANY1 ,RUSSIA1 ,AU/RIA1 ETC41 BUT EV]YBODY PLAY$ HIS H& 9 ! HOPE ( EM]G+ AS ! W9N]3 :I* IS TO SAY1 ( DEFEAT+ NOT JU/ ! 5EMY ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! BORD]1 BUT ALSO ! 5EMY )91 ! ORGANIZ$ PROLET>IAT1 SOCIALISM & REVOLUTION4 

,& ,I DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT ,I AM EXAGG]AT+ H]E4 ,AS LONG AGO AS #a#i#a#b1 ,PR(4 ,G4,A4 ,LAISANT FROM ! ,POLYTE*NIQUE 9 ,P>IS WAS D5\NC+ ! PLUTOCRATS' W>-MONG]+1 REPORT+ CONFID5TIAL REM>KS BY A LEAD+ ,P>ISIAN F9ANCI] :O HAD EXPLA9$ TO HIM :Y1 DUR+ ! ,BALKAN W> ?AT YE>1 ,FRANCE'S HI< F9ANCIAL CIRCLES HAD FUND$ ALL ( ! V>I\S W>R+ FACTIONS SIMULTANE\SLY4 ,IT WAS KN[N ?AT ! FLAMES W\LD SPREAD - AS 9DE$ !Y DID - FROM ! ,BALKANS TO ! :OLE ( ,EUROPE & ?IS WAS A CONFLAGRATION ?AT WAS S\<T4 

0,WE0 7! 9=MANT /AT$7 0WI% TO BECOME ! SOV]EIGN >BIT]S ( ! SITUATION4 ,9EVITABLY1 W> 9 ,EUROPE IS GO+ TO BE ! UP%OT ( EV5TS3 BECAUSE WE WI% ?AT & !RE IS NO WAY ?AT WE CAN BE RESI/$4 ,WE SEEK W> & NE$ IT = A V>IETY ( REASONS4 ,! *IEF ONE BE+ ! GA!R+ 5]GY ( ! ORGANIZ$ WORK+ CLASS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,FRANCE & 9 ,G]MANY 444 ,IF ! ADVANCES 9 LABOR ORGANIZATION CONT9UE1 NO?+ WILL BE ABLE TO /OP IT3 & WE %ALL BE CONFRONT$ ) C]TA9 REVOLUTION>Y CATA/ROPHE1 IRREV]SIBLE UNIV]SAL RU9ATION444 ,! W> WILL BE A HUGE BLOOD-BA?1 IT IS TRUE 444 ,BUT ! GREAT 9T]E/S :I* WE REPRES5T CANNOT BE DEF5D$ ) HUMANIT>IAN S5TIM5TALITY4 ,WE %ALL REBUILD UPON ! RU9S4 ,LABOR ORGANIZATION1 ! S\RCE ( ECONOMIC DISORD]1 WILL BE %ATT]$ ! WORLD OV] 444 ,ANYWAY1 WE CANNOT BE *OOSY AB\T \R ME?ODS3 US+ ! ULTIMATE WEAPON ( A ,EUROPEAN W> WE HAVE ! B5EFIT ( C]TA9 VICTORY4 ,WE C>E NOT :O ! LOS]S OR ! W9N]S MAY BE1 =1 9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS1 \R 5EMY IS ! PROLET>IAT1 :I* IS GO+ TO BE DEFEAT$3 & WE %ALL EM]GE AS ! REAL W9N]S40.<#a.> 

,LAISANT MAY WELL HAVE OV]-EGG$ ! PUDD+ SOME:AT1 BUT ! ESS5TIAL IDEA REMA9S3 ! W> WAS NE$$ 9 ORD] TO HALT ! ADVANCES BE+ MADE BY ! PROLET>IAT AT ! EXP5SE ( CAPITALISM4 ,&1 LET ME SAY IT AGA91 CAPITALISM GOT ITS SUMS WRONG3 ! BL[ /RUCK MORE ?AN ITS T>GET & NOT EV]Y RUL+ CLASS 9 EV]Y NATION HAS REASON TO CELEBRATE ! SUCCESS ( ! W>4 ,BUT AS A G5]AL 9T]NATIONAL FACT1 ! PROLET>IAT LOOKS AS IF IT HAS BE5 DEFEAT$ EV]Y:]E - AL?\< !RE >E A FEW L+]+ HOPES = IT & !RE MAY YET BE A *ANCE ( IS =TUNES BE+ REVIV$4 

,AS WE HAVE SAID1 WE >E WAT*+ DEVELOPM5TS FROM RA!R TOO CLOSE QU>T]S3 & P]HAPS :AT LOOKS LIKE A DEFEAT TO US IS M]ELY A SET-BACK1 ! PRELUDE TO A PROLET>IAN VICTORY TO FOLL[4 ,BUT IT IS PO9TLESS TO PLAY AT PROPHECY4 ,AS ?+S /& TODAY1 IT HAS TO BE ACKN[L$G$ ?AT RI<T N[ ?+S >E GO+ RA!R BADLY = ! PROLET>IAT EV]Y:]E4 

,ALL ( ! DEMOCRATIC1 LIB]AL & EGALIT>IAN IDEAS TRUMPET$ DUR+ ! W> HAVE BE5 BANN$4 ,9 ,FRANCE AS 9 ,5GL&1 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AS 9 DI/ANT ,JAPAN1 IT IS ! REACTION ?AT HAS EM]G$ TRIUMPHANT 9 POLITICAL AS WELL AS 9 ECONOMIC T]MS4 ,GOV]NM5TS & ! CAPITALI/S >E /RONG] ?AN BE=E3 &1 9 T]MS ( ITS WELL-BE+ & FRE$OM1 ! PROLET>IAT IS RA!R WORSE (F ?AN 9 #a#i#a#d4 ,! SAME HOLDS TRUE = ! ,YUGOSLAV C\NTRIES1 ,SPA91 ETC4 

,IT W\LD APPE> ?AT1 9 POLITICAL T]MS1 ! C\NTRIES :I* W]E DEFEAT$ MILIT>ILY - ,G]MANY1 ,AU/RIA1 ,HUNG>Y1 ,TURKEY & ,RUSSIA - REPRES5T AN EXCEPTION4 ,( ,HUNG>Y & ,TURKEY1 B$RAGGL$ & AT ! M]CY ( ! VICTORS & ( WORS5+ DOME/IC MILIT>ISM & ) ! ?REAT ( FUR!R W>S HOV]+ OV] !M1 WE %ALL SAY NO?+4 ,G]MANY1 ,AU/RIA & ,RUSSIA NOM9ALLY DO 5JOY FREE REGIMES3 BUT ,AU/RIA IS HEMM$ 9 ON ALL SIDES & N[ HAS NO LIFE ( H] [N3 & ,G]MANY :I* WAS ABLE HOLD 5EMY >MIES AT BAY1 HAD TO SMO!R A REVOLUTION ( H] [N & R$UCE IT TO A TOK5 AFFAIR4 ,9 NONE ( !SE NATIONS1 NO MATT] H[ IT MI<T APPE>1 CAN IT BE SAID ?AT ! PROLET>IAT IS TODAY MORE FREE & EMANCIPAT$ ?AN PRIOR TO ! W> 9 ,EUROPE3 9/EAD1 IT IS 9DIRECTLY 5SLAV$ BY =EIGN CAPITALISM4 

,IT W\LD SEEM ?AT ,RUSSIA IS AN EXCEPTION TO ALL ?IS4 ,BUT AS TIME GOES BY ! MORE DISAPPO9TM5TS ?AT REVOLUTION SEEMS TO HOLD 9 /ORE = US4 ,TRUE1 ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION WAS ON ! V]GE ( UNDO+ & WRECK+ ALL ( 9T]NATIONAL CAPITALISM'S HEGEMONIC S*EMES2 & IT APPE>$ ?AT !RE WAS /ILL ! ?REAT ( RESCUE FROM ?AT QU>T]4 ,BUT ! LIKELIHOOD ( A ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y SWOOP ON ,EUROPE DIM9I%ES ) EV]Y DAY ?AT PASSES4 ,A SELF-/YL$ SOCIALI/ & PROLET>IAN P>TY HOLDS P[] !RE1 ?AT IS TRUE2 BUT ! WORK] & PEASANT PROLET>IAT HAVE ?US F> E>N$ ONLY A *ANGE ( YOKE1 ! REPLACEM5T ( PRIVATE CAPITALISM BY /ATE CAPITALISM & ( CZ>ISM BY A H>%] MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP4 

,UP UNTIL LA/ YE>1 ! MO/ REVOLUTION>Y C\NTRY 9 ,EUROPE1 AFT] ,RUSSIA1 SEEM$ TO BE ,ITALY3 & :IL/ ! /ATE & CAPITALI/ BACKLA% WAS GA9+ ! UPP] H& EV]Y:]E BY ! 5D ( #a#i#b1 ,ITALY WAS LOOK+ LIKE AN EXCEPTION4 

,9 FACT1 ,ITALY WAS BE/ PLAC$ = REVOLUTION BY ! 5D ( ! W>4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 %E EM]G$ FROM ! W> NOT JU/ MILIT>ILY UNDEFEAT$ & ) NO 5EMY >MIES ON H] SOIL1 BUT ALSO LO/ NO T]RITORY & HAD NO W> REP>ATIONS TO PAY & NO =EIGN ?REATS TO PREV5T H] FROM SUIT+ H]SELF AT HOME4 ,BUT ON ! O!R H&1 DUE TO ! 9EPTITUDE ( H] RUL]S & ! CYNICAL BULLY+ ( ! O!R VICTORI\S ,ALLIES1 CAPITALIZ+ UPON ,ITALY'S SC>CE NATURAL RES\RCES TO PLACE H] 9 ! NOOSE ( ! WOR/ USURY1 ,ITALY HAS BE5 TREAT$ ALMO/ AS ONE ( ! VANQUI%$ 9 ! COMITY ( NATIONS3 & H] RUL+ CLASS EM]G$ FROM ! W> SP5T & D[NCA/ 9 ! FACE ( A PROLET>IAT ASS]T+ ITS RI<TS4 

,:]EAS ! O!R VICTORI\S /ATES EM]G$ FROM ! W> /R5G!N$1 ! ,ITALIAN /ATE EM]G$ WEAK5$4 ,& ) ! /ATE1 ( C\RSE1 CAPITALISM'S P[] ) REG>D TO ! WORK]S WAS UND]M9$ & W\LD HAVE COLLAPS$ BUT = SUPPORT FROM AN >M$ =CE ( G5D>MES & SOLDI]S4 ,) EV]Y PASS+ DAY ! P[] ( ! EMPLOY] CLASS SEEM$ TO BE DIM9I%+4 

,H5CE ! UPSURGE BY ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T & ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TIES1 !IR RANKS SWOLL5 BY ! BACKLA% AGA9/ W>1 :I* 9 ,ITALY HAD BE5 F\<T 9 ABSOLUTE DEFIANCE ( ! WI%ES ( ! POPUL> MASSES4 ,?OSE MASSES1 H[EV]1 \<T TO HAVE BE5 BROK5 BY ! W> WAG$ AGA9/ !IR WI%ES4 ,!Y %\LD HAVE LE>N$ ONCE & = ALL ?AT BE+ 9 ! MAJORITY IS NO GU>ANTEE ( SUCCESS & ( NOT HAV+ SOMEONE ELSE'S WI%ES FOI/$ UPON !M4 ,9/EAD1 ! ILLUSION ?AT 9 ORD] TO OV]COME ANY PROBLEMS ONE NE$$ ONLY TO HAVE /R5G? ( NUMB]S P]SI/$4 

,FROM ! BEG9N+ ( #aiai ONW>DS1 !RE WAS A REAL 9TOXICATION4 ,HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S TOOK TO EV]Y PUBLIC SQU>E 9 ,ITALY3 ! SOCIALI/ & REVOLUTION>Y PRESS WAS SNAPP$ UP3 SUBSCRIPTIONS TO SUBV]SIVE NEWSPAP]S REA*$ FIGURES ?AT HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 REG>D$ AS FABUL\S4 ,! PROLET>IAN P>TIES1 ESPECIALLY ! SOCIALI/ P>TY1 & ! TRADES UNIONS W]E BECOM+ HUGE1 MASSIVE4 ,REVOLUTION WAS ON EV]YBODY'S LIPS3 & 9 FACT REVOLUTION HAD ! SUPPORT ( ! MAJORITY & ITS ADV]S>IES W]E GIRD+ UP = IT4 ,! ,NOVEMB] #aiai ELECTIONS1 F\<T ON AN EXTREMI/ PROGRAM1 QUADRUPL$ ! NUMB] ( SOCIALI/ DEPUTIES & SAW ! R\T ( ! W> P>TIES1 C>RI$ ?IS 9TOXICATION TO RAPTUR\S HEI<TS4 

,BUT ! REVOLUTION DID NOT COME & WAS NOT MADE4 ,!RE W]E ONLY POPUL> RALLIES1 LOTS ( RALLIES2 & ALONG ) !M1 DEMON/RATIONS1 M>*ES & C\NTLESS *OREOGRAPH$ P>ADES4 ,IT WAS AS IF ! ,ITALIAN PROLET>IAT WAS EXPECT+ A RE5ACTM5T ( ! MIRACLE ( ,J]I*O3 EXPECT+ ! B\RGEOIS /RON<OLD & ! CAPITALI/ /ATE TO COLLAPSE & COME TUMBL+ D[N AT ! M]E S\ND ( REVOLUTION>Y AN!MS & ! WAV+ ( R$ FLAGS4 ,9 PR9CIPLE1 ! SPECTACLE WAS SPL5DID & IMPRESSIVE3 EV5 ! PRIVILEG$1 ! P[]FUL & ! WEAL?Y W]E TAK5 ) IT & EXPECT$ A COLLAPSE4 ,BUT ?AT COLLAPSE NEV] CAME4 ,AS WAS ONLY NATURAL1 S9CE NOBODY ACTUALLY SET AB\T IT4 

,MOREOV]1 ! 9TOXICATION LA/$ TOO LONG1 AT NE>LY TWO YE>S3 & ! O!R SIDE1 ! ONES :O DAILY FAC$ ! ?REAT ( BE+ \/$ FROM !IR ?RONES & /RIPP$ ( ALL PRIVILEGE1 BEGAN TO WAKE UP TO ! SITUATION1 TO !IR [N /R5G? & ! 5EMY'S WEAKNESSES4 ,!RE HAD BE5 NO %ORTAGE ( OP5+S = ! (T ?REAT5$ REVOLUTION4 ,:Y HAD !Y NOT BE5 SEIZ$8 ,WAS IT BECAUSE ( BAD FAI?1 9EPTITUDE1 WEAKNESS1 OR FE>8 

,ON ?REE P>TICUL> OCCASIONS AMONG SO MANY1 ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ! MON>*Y CAME )9 AN ACE ( BE+ OV]?R[N4 ,& W]E NOT1 SIMPLY BECAUSE !IR ADV]S>IES W]E LACK+ 9 >DOR4 ,! FIR/ OCCASION WAS 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#a#i1 DUR+ ! CO/-(-LIV+ RIOTS ?AT SPREAD LIKE WILDFIRE ACROSS ! :OLE ( ,ITALY1 ABETT$ 9 C]TA9 LOCATIONS BY MILIT>Y P]SONNEL4 ,! ,ROYAL ,GU>DS HAD NOT YET BE5 SET UP1 ! MILITIAS W]E WE>Y FROM BE+ HELD UND] >MS & ! /ATE HAD NO S]I\S =CES TO DEPLOY AGA9/ A QUITE VA/ UPRIS+4 ,! SECOND OCCASION CAME 9 LATE ,JUNE #aib DUR+ ! MILIT>Y REVOLT 9 ,ANCONA ?AT ?REW ! GOV]NM5T 9TO DIS>RAY3 ONE D>+ PU% W\LD HAVE BE5 5\< TO HAVE A REPUBLIC PROCLAIM$ & AT ! TIME A SEGM5T ( ! B\RGEOISIE WAS WELL DISPOS$ T[>DS A REPUBLIC4 ,! ?IRD OCCASION WAS DUR+ ! FACTORY OCCUPATIONS 9 ,AUGU/-,SEPTEMB] #a#i#b1 :I*1 HAD IT SPREAD TO EV]Y O!R TRADE & SECUR$ ! SUPPORT ( PROLET>IAN P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS1 MI<T HAVE SP>K$ ONE ( ! MO/ RADICAL & LEA/ BLOODY REVOLUTIONS IMAG9ABLE4 

,9 ?IS LA/ OCCASION1 ! WORK+ CLASS WAS FULL ( 5?USIASM & WELL >M$4 ,! GOV]NM5T1 NO LESS1 LAT] ADMITT$ ?AT IT HAD NOT HAD AT ! TIME SUFFICI5T RES\RCES TO CAPTURE ! MANY /RON<OLDS :I* ! FACTORIES 9 :I* ! WORK]S HAD DUG 9 HAD BECOME4 

,BUT NO?+ WAS EV] DONE6 

,& ! RESPONSIBILITY = ?AT IS %>$ BY PRETTY MU* EV]YBODY1 ESPECIALLY ! SOCIALI/S :O REPRES5T$ ! /RONGE/ ,ITALIAN REVOLUTION>Y P>TY4 ,9 ,JUNE #aiai !RE WAS NO WILL TO ACT1 LE/ IT PREJUDICE A PRO-,RUSSIAN DEMON/RATION S*$UL$ BY ! SOCIALI/S = ! COM+ #b-#b#a ,JULY1 :I*1 9 ! EV5T1 PROV$ A DAMP SQUIB4 ,DUR+ ! ,ANCONA REVOLT 9 #aib ! COMMUNI/S 9 *>GE ( ! SOCIALI/ P>TY REJECT$ ANY SUGGE/ION ( A REPUBLICAN UPRIS+ BECAUSE ?AT W\LD HAVE RESULT$ 9 A MOD]ATE SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC1 :]EAS !Y WANT$ A COMMUNI/ DICTATOR%IP3 ALL OR NO?+4 ,!Y GOT NO?+6 ,WE KN[ H[ ! FACTORY OCCUPATIONS 5D$3 ) ,GIOLITTI'S TRICK PROMISE ( FACTORY CONTROLS6 ,& ON ?AT OCCASION1 !RE WAS P>TICUL> OPPOSITION TO ! CONT9UATION & EXT5SION ( ! REVOLT FROM ! RE=MI/S ( ! ,CONF$]AZIONE DEL ,LAVORO AFRAID ?AT1 9 ORD] TO W91 ! GOV]NM5T MI<T RESORT TO SAVAGE REPRESSION :I*1 !Y >GU$1 W\LD HAVE PUT PAID TO ANY LABOR & SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,ALAS6 ,IT WAS PLUCK$ \T WORSE & MORE VIOL5TLY - AS WE %ALL SEE - PRECISELY BECAUSE ! C\RAGE TO ACT WAS LACK+ AT ! TIME6 

,! GREATE/ RESPONSIBILITY = ?IS 0SWEET 9ACTIVITY0 LET ME SAY AGA91 BELONGS TO ! SOCIALI/S4 ,BUT SOME ( ! RESPONSIBILITY - M9OR1 ( C\RSE1 9 ACCORDANCE ) !IR LESS] PRES5CE - MU/ ALSO BE LAID AT ! DOOR ( AN>*I/S1 :O HAD REC5TLY ACQUIR$ A REM>KABLE SWAY OV] ! MASSES BUT DID NOT KN[ :AT TO DO ) IT4 ,HAV+ SAID IT A ?\S& TIMES BE=E & HAV+ REIT]AT$ IT AT !IR CONGRESS 9 ,BOLOGNA 9 ,JULY #a#i#b1 !Y KNEW :AT NE$$ DO+4 ,! GOV]NM5T & JUDICI>Y 9DE$ BELIEV$ ?AT ! AN>*I/S HAD PUT 9 ! SPADEWORK = :I* !Y HAD LOBBI$ SO H>D4.<#b.> ,LAT]1 :5 ! BACKLA% CAME1 & ,MALATE/A1 ,BOR<I & O!RS HAD BE5 >RE/$1 AN ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO BR+ 9DICTM5TS 9 RESPECT ( ! SPADEWORK ?AT HAD SUPPOS$LY BE5 DONE3 ! :OLE ( ,ITALY WAS SC\R$ = EVID5CE & HUNDR$S ( SE>*ES & 9T]ROGATIONS W]E C>RI$ \T4 ,NOT A ?+ C\LD !Y F9D3 & ! EXAM9+ MAGI/RATE1 NO LESS1 HAD TO CONC$E ?AT ALL ?AT ! AN>*I/S HAD DONE WAS 444 HOLD RALLIES & PR9T NEWSPAP]S6 

,I AM TALK+1 CLE>LY1 9 BROAD T]MS1 ( ! MOVEM5T AS A :OLE4 ,:I* DOES NOT RULE \T ! POSSIBILITY ?AT1 LOCALITY BY LOCALITY1 9 A V>IETY ( WAYS1 UNSOLICIT$1 REVOLUTION>IES ( V>I\S /RIPES HAD ACT$1 MADE PREP>ATIONS & /RUCK4 ,BUT !RE WAS NO CONC]T$ EF=T1 NO CONCRETE AGREEM5T1 NO PREP>ATIONS ON A WID] SCALE ?AT MI<T SEIZE ! REVOLUTION>Y 9ITIATIVE1 9 SPITE ( ! BAD FAI? & PASSIVE OPPOSITION FROM MORE MOD]ATE SOCIALI/S4 

,! AB&ONM5T ( ! FACTORIES 9 ! WAKE ( ! ,C,G,L-,GIOLITTI AGREEM5TS WAS LIKE ! BEAT+ ( ! RETREAT BY AN >MY ?AT UP TO ?AT PO9T HAD BE5 M>*+ =W>DS4 ,IMM$IATELY A FEEL+ ( DEPRESSION RAN ?R\< ! WORK]S' RANKS1 :]EAS ! GOV]NM5T1 CONV]SELY BEGAN TO BECOME S5SIBLE ( ITS [N /R5G?4 ,H]E & !RE SE>*ES BEGAN TO BE M\NT$ & !N CAME ! >RE/S4 ,B>ELY A MON? AFT] ! FACTORIES W]E AB&ON$ & ! REACTION'S FIR/ BL[ WAS /RUCK1 TO ! DETRIM5T ( ! SMALL] REVOLUTION>Y FACTION1 ! AN>*I/S4 

,BETWE5 #a & #b ,OCTOB]1 ON LAU<ABLE PRETEXTS1.<#c.> !Y >RE/$ ,BOR<I1 SEV]AL ( ! $ITORS ( ADM9I/RATORS ( ,UMANITA ,NOVA 7! ,MILAN-BAS$ AN>*I/ DAILY71 ,MALATE/A & O!R AN>*I/S 9 A V>IETY ( LOCALITIES - SOME?+ ?AT W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 FEASIBLE ?REE MON?S BE=E4 ,!RE WAS ! ODD PROTE/1 ! ODD LOCAL TOK5 /RIKE 9 ,C>R>A1 ! ,VALD>NO & ! ,TUSCAN ,ROMAGNA1 BUT FROM ! LEAD]%IP CAME ! ORD] NOT TO MOVE &1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 ! WORK] MASSES MADE NO MOVE4 ,! SOCIALI/S ASSEMBL$ 9 ,FLOR5CE & TOLD SOMEONE :O APPROA*$ !M LOOK+ = ADVICE & ASSI/ANCE ?AT !RE WAS NO?+ ?AT C\LD BE DONE4 ,! AN>*I/S W]E LEFT TO !IR [N DEVICES4 

,! CONS]VATIVE BACKLA% N[ HAD A FREE H& & IT PRESS$ AHEAD1 SL[LY AT FIR/ BUT !N AT AN ACCEL]AT+ RATE4 

,BUT ! CLASSICAL BACKLA% 9 ! %APE ( /ATES ( SIEGE1 EM]G5CY LAWS1 MASS >RE/S & BANN+ ( ASSOCIATIONS WAS NO LONG] FEASIBLE4 ,! POLICE CRACKD[N MI<T WELL BE 5\< TO DEAL ) ! AN>*I/ & ULTRA-REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITIES3 BUT IT WAS P[]LESS & 9ADEQUATE & MI<T PROVE C\NT]-PRODUCTIVE :]E ! GREAT MASSES ( ! PROLET>IAT W]E CONC]N$4 ,IT WAS TOO MU* & YET NOT 5\<4 

,BUT ! RUL+ CLASS NE$$ TO CAPITALIZE UPON ! MOM5T>Y PAUSE 9 ! PROLET>IAN ONSLAU<T 9 ORD] TO T>GET ! PROLET>IAT 9 AN ONSLAU<T ( ITS [N4 

,! DELUSIONS1 DEPRESSION & DIS>RAY 9 WORK]S' RANKS MI<T BE %ORT-LIV$ & ?OSE MASSES C\LD SPR+ BACK TO LIFE & RECAPTURE LO/ GR\ND & PRESS =W>D AGA94 ,:AT IS MORE1 ! /ATUS QUO HAD BECOME UNT5ABLE3 WORK]S' PAY WAS TOO HI< IF ! BOSSES W]E TO BE LEFT ! DESIR$ M>G9 ( PR(IT3 & ! EMPLOY]S' POSITION AS SU* WAS UNT5ABLE 9 ! FACE ( ! WORK]S1 GIV5 ?AT ! LATT]'S DISRESPECTFUL & 9SUBORD9ATE ATTITUDE WAS 9CREAS+LY LIMIT+ & DIM9I%+ ! =M]'S AU?ORITY &1 TOGE!R ) !IR AU?ORITY1 !IR PRE/IGE & !IR PR(ITS4 

,&1 9 VIEW ( ! CRISIS1 ! WORK]S' O!R GA9S W]E BECOM+ A BURD5 BEYOND ! ABILITY ( ! EMPLOY] CLASS TO BE>1 A H9DRANCE1 AN EAT+ AWAY ( ITS PROP]TY RI<TS ?AT C\LD BE LIK5$ TO A SL[ /RANGULATION4 ,! EI<T H\R DAY1 ! %OP /EW>D COMMISSIONS 9 ! FACTORIES1 ! P>TIAL OR G5]AL /RIKES1 ! PLACEM5T BUREAUX1 COMPULSORY %IFT WORK1 LIMITS SET ON PIECE-WORK1 ! BAN ON W> PRODUCTION1 ! F9ES IMPOS$ = BREA*ES ( AGREEM5TS1 ETC41 ETC41 &1 ALONG ) !M ALL1 ! GOV]NM5T'S LEVIES1 ! CEIL+ SET ON FOOD PRICES & R5TS1 F9ALLY GAVE ! EMPLOY]S ! IMPRESSION ?AT !Y W]E BOSSES NO LONG]4 

,ALL ( :I* WAS EV5 MORE TRUE 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE :]E ! WELL NI< COMPREH5SIVE ORGANIZATION ( ALL ! F>M LABOR]S1 ABETT$ BY ! TAKE-OV] ( COMMON L&S & A :OLE1 D5SE NETWORK ( PRODUCTION & CONSUM] COOP]ATIVES1 PLACEM5T BUREAUX1 ETC41 SO CIRCUMSCRIB$ ! L&LORDS ?AT !Y W]E D5I$ ALL CONTROL & MADE !M AFRAID LE/ !Y MI<T DIE FROM SUFFOCATION4 ,H5CE ! L&LORDS' WRA? & !IR COMPLA9TS ?AT !Y W]E BE+ RU9$4 ,& 9 ACTUAL FACT IT C\LD WELL HAVE SPELL$ ! 5D = !M1 AS L&LORDS3 NOT1 LET US BE CLE>1 ! RU9ATION ( PRODUCTIVITY - :I* WAS GIV5 A TREM5D\S BOO/ N[ ?AT EV]Y LABOR] HAD AN 9T]E/ 9 SQUEEZ+ AS MU* PR(IT AS POSSIBLE FROM HIS LABORS4 ,LET IT BE SAID 9 PASS+ ?AT ?IS WAS NOT1 H[EV]1 7AS LOTS ( SOCIALI/S DELUD$ !MSELVES IT WAS7 A /RIDE T[>DS COLLECTIVE [N]%IP4 ,MORE ?AN ANY?+ ELSE IT WAS A SL[ TRANSF] ( [N]%IP & ! =MATION ( A :OLE NEW PROP]TI$ CLASS :I* 9 TIME W\LD HAVE BECOME A =CE = CONS]VATISM4 

,BUT 9 ! MEAN TIME ! 9JUR$ 9T]E/S W]E SCREAM+1 9CORRIGIBLY1 ?AT :AT WAS HAPP5+ WAS SOCIALISM OR ANTI-SOCIALISM4 ,& ALL ( !SE 9T]E/S COALESC$1 BID+ !IR TIME BE=E MAK+ !IR MOVE AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT & PU%+ IT AS F> BACK AS !Y C\LD MANAGE - 9 ORD] TO WRE/ BACK AS MANY ( ! GA9S & RI<TS IT HAD ?US F> A*IEV$4 ,?IS EF=T ( ! P>T ( ! RUL+ CLASS1 BEGUN A YE> AGO1 IS /ILL 9 PROGRESS & DOES NOT LOOK LIKE F9I%+ JU/ YET4 ,9 ?IS RUL+ CLASS ONSLAU<T1 FASCISM PLAYS ! P>T ( ! \TRID]1 P]=M+ :AT US$ TO BE DESCRIB$ 9 MILIT>Y T]MS AS ! COMM&O FUNCTION 9 ASSAULT BATTALIONS4 ,9 A WAY1 ! FASCI/S C\LD BE DESCRIB$ AS ! B]SAGLI]I ( SOCIAL CONS]VATISM1 ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION'S FREEBOOT]S4 

,! SOLID /R5G? ( FASCISM IS ! SORT ( /R5G? ?AT CORRESPONDS TO A BROAD COALESC5CE ( 9T]E/S - ALL ! 9T]E/S1 AMBITIONS & P[]S UND] ?REAT FROM REVOLUTION1 SOCIALISM & ! PROLET>IAT4 ,9 A S5SE IT WAS JU/ :AT ! CONS]VATIVES NE$$ PRECISELY BECAUSE 7AS WAS /AT$ E>LI]7 ! CLASSIC =MS ( REACTION W]E 9ADEQUATE OR DAMAG+4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! /ATE HAD TO BE ALL[$ TO KEEP UP ! APPE>ANCES ( LEGALITY & LIB]ALISM1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 IT HAD TO BE P>ALYZ$3 SO ?AT1 \TSIDE ! /ATE1 !RE W\LD BE A FREE H& TO ATTACK ! PROLET>IAT ON EV]Y FRONT1 EV5 ! MO/ LAWFUL & MOD]ATE1 BY ANY MEANS NECESS>Y1 9CLUD+ ! MO/ VIOL5T1 HE$LESS ( DEMOCRATIC1 LEGAL OR S5TIM5TAL CONC]NS OR PREJUDICES4 ,9 T]MS ( CONS]VATISM1 FASCISM - FUR!R ABETT$ 7& ?IS HAS P]HAPS BE5 ITS GREATE/ /ROKE ( LUCK71 NOT M]ELY BY CIRCUM/ANCES BUT BY ! V]Y MI/AKES ( ! WORK]S' & SOCIALI/IC P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS - HAS PROVID$ AN \T/&+ ANSW] TO ?IS NE$ ON ! P>T ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,LOTS ( SECTORS1 & NOT M]ELY B\RGEOIS ONES1 HAD BECOME HO/ILE TO ! SOCIALI/-M9D$ PROLET>IAT ON A RANGE ( C\NTS1 GREAT & SMALL1 :I* ULTIMATELY CAME TO SURR\ND ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T ) AN IRRITAT$ CLIMATE1 A SEE?+1 WE>Y PUBLIC OP9ION4 ,! B>B$ REM>KS1 9NU5DO1 9SULTS & VAGUE ?REATS MADE BY WORK+ M5 & WOM5 ON ! /REETS OR ON ! TRAMS & DIRECT$ AT ?OSE :O LOOK$ LIKE - BUT (T5 W]E NOT - A G5TLEMAN OR A G5TLE-WOMAN2 ! BOSSY1 WAT*FUL & VIGILANT AIR ADOPT$ BY WORK]S 9 !IR P]=MANCE ( C]TA9 DUTIES 9 SOCIALI/ PUBLIC ADM9I/RATIONS2 ! MOCK+ ( BELIEFS &S SYMBOLS O!R ?AN OR OPPOS$ TO SOCIALI/ ONES2 ! BLATANT HO/ILITY DISPLAY$ T[>DS /RATA ALREADY KN[N TO HAVE SUPPORT$ ! W>1 /RATA SU* AS /UD5TS1 (FIC]S1 ETC4 - ALL ( !SE ?+S ALI5AT$ BROAD SWA!S ( PUBLIC OP9ION4 

,) ONLY A FEW EXCEPTIONS1 :5 ! LAW 9T]V5$1 SU* ACTIONS1 BEHAVIORS OR DISPLAYS DID NOT GO BEYOND ! M]E TOK5ISM & DID NOT AM\NT TO VIOL5CE AGA9/ P]SON OR PROP]TY4 ,LET ME SAY AGA9 ?AT !RE MAY HAVE BE5 A FEW EXCEPTIONS1 ESPECIALLY 9 MOM5TS ( MOB HY/]IA2 BUT IT WAS NOT !SE EXCEPTIONS ?AT CAUS$ ! GREATE/ ANNOYANCE1 BUT1 RA!R1 ! DRIP1 DRIP ( VAGUE1 IMP]SONAL1 NEBUL\S1 UNFA?OMABLE HO/ILITIES ?AT C\LD NOT BE SQU>$ ) ONE ANO!R - EV]Y S+LE 9CID5T WAS AVOIDABLE - GIV5 LACK ( $UCATION 9 MASSES :O W]E BEYOND ! CONTROL EV5 ( !IR [N LEAD]S & LABOR ORGANIZ]S4 ,NONE!LESS1 IT WAS ! BUILDUP ( !SE ?AT ADD$ TO ! FEEL+ ( MALAISE 9 ALL :O W]E NOT =MALLY P>T ( ! SOCIALI/ RANKS OR DID NOT APPE> TO BE SO4 

,NEXT CAME ! MO/ S]I\S CAUSES1 ESPECIALLY ! V]Y FREQU5T PUBLIC S]VICE /RIKES ( :I* V]Y MANY WORK]S EV5TUALLY TIR$4 ,MY [N VIEW IS ?AT PUBLIC S]VICES WORK]S TOO HAVE ! RI<T TO /RIKE1 BE IT ECONOMIC OR POLITICAL1 = ! SIMPLE REASON ?AT ! FIR/ FRE$OM IS FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO DO :AT HE WILL ) HIS LABOR P[]1 TO DEPLOY IT OR NOT TO DEPLOY IT AS HE SEES FIT4 ,BUT FROM ! VANTAGE PO9T ( CLASS 9T]E/ & ! 9T]E/ ( ! REVOLUTION - = ! SAKE ( :I* WE %\LD TRY TO BUILD AS BROAD A CONS5SUS AS POSSIBLE1 R$UC+ ! NUMB] ( P]SONS HO/ILE TO IT - ! WORK]S !MSELVES %\LD IMPOSE A LIMIT UPON ! USE ( ?IS D\BLE-$G$ SWORD1 :I* CAN BE HI<LY EFFECTIVE AT C]TA9 TIMES & 9 C]TA9 CIRCUM/ANCES1 BUT BY ITS V]Y NATURE1 T5DS TO ALI5ATE PUBLIC OP9ION & LIMIT SUPPORT = ! MOVEM5T1 NOT JU/ AMONG ! RUL+ CLASSES1 BUT 9 EV]Y CLASS4 

,?AT ! WORK+ CLASS ( A CITY %\LD D[N TOOLS BY WAY ( A PROTE/1 OV] SOME GRAVE TRESPASS AGA9/ PUBLIC FRE$OMS1 OV] SOME UNJU/IFI$ \TRAGE1 OV] SOME S]I\S TRESPASS AGA9/ ! RI<T ( ORGANIZATION1 ETC41 WAS P]FECTLY REASONABLE & UND]/&ABLE4 ,?US1 = ! RAILWAY WORK]S TO BR+ S]VICES TO A HALT1 9 ORD] TO PREV5T %IPM5T ( W> MAT]IALS = USE BY ! ,5T5TE AGA9/ ,RUSSIA1 OR TO H9D] ! BR++ 9 ( POLICE OR TROOP RE9=CEM5TS TO A CITY 9 REVOLT WAS :OLLY UND]/&ABLE FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( ! WORK]S & ! REVOLUTION4 ,I APPRECIATE ! DISRUPTION ?AT SU* MEASURES MAY HAVE CAUS$ & ! \TRAGE FELT BY ADV]S>IES & CONS]VATIVES & ! RIGORS ( ! LAW :I* PROTECT PRIVILEGE & ! /ATUS QUO2 BUT A REVOLUTION>Y1 A SOCIALI/1 AN AN>*I/ C\LD SC>CELY DISAPPROVE & ANY HONE/1 5LI<T5$ OPPON5T MU/ HAVE APPRECIAT$ ! LOGIC BEH9D !SE ?+S4 

,! MO/ IRRITAT+ ?+1 ?\<1 & IT CREAT$ UPSET AMONG WORK]S !MSELVES1 WAS C]TA9 G5]AL /RIKES DECL>$ ON V>I\S1 TRIVIAL PRETEXTS1 SIMPLY = ! PURPOSE ( MAK+ EV]YBODY S5SIBLE ( ! P[] ( A S+LE P>TY4 ,! WE>ISOME ?+ WAS ! UNEXPECT$ /OPPAGE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT PUBLIC S]VICES1 = ! SAKE ( PETTY SECTIONAL 9T]E/S OR ON O!R1 EV5 MORE RIDICUL\S PRETEXTS1 9 ORD] TO HOLD A RALLY1 SOME COMMEMORATIVE EV5T 444 OR BECAUSE SOMEONE HAD TRODD5 ON ! TOES ( SOME LEAD+ ORGANIZ]6 ,I AM NOT EXAGG]AT+6 ,C]TA9 TRAM DISPUTES1 /OPPAGES 9 ! LOCAL PO/S & TELEGRAPHS S]VICES1 ETC4 W]E UTT]LY UNJU/IFI$4 ,SOMETIMES TRA9S W]E HALT$ BECAUSE !Y W]E C>RY+ 9SIGNIFICANT C>GOES ( W> MAT]IALS1 :I* W]E BE+ C>RI$ AWAY FROM ! BORD]1 OR BECAUSE !RE W]E1 AT MO/1 EI<T OR T5 C>AB9I]I SIMPLY ON ! MOVE FROM ONE PLACE TO ANO!R = NO P>TICUL> PURPOSE4 ,I WILL NOT SECOND GUESS ! EXCESSIVE ZEAL ( !SE TRAM-WORK]S OR RAILWAYM51 :O W]E C]TA9LY PROMPT$ BY ! NOBLE/ 9T5TIONS4 ,BUT ?IS WAS AK9 TO SETT+ ! HAY L(T ABLAZE JU/ TO GET A LI<T = ONE'S PIPE6 ,!RE WAS NO PROPORTIONALITY BETWE5 CAUSE & EFFECT3 & ?IS LACK ( PROPORTIONALITY GAVE AN 9CALCULABLE BOO/ TO HO/ILITY T[>DS ! LABOR MOVEM5T4.<#d.> 

,SOME?+ ELSE ?AT EV5TUALLY WORE MANY PEOPLE \T WAS ! RA% ( PUBLIC RALLIES4 ,AFT] ! W>-TIME CON/RA9TS & RE/RICTIONS1 A C]TA9 PROLIF]ATION WAS TO BE EXPECT$3 ?IS WAS ONE WAY = ! TOIL+ MASSES TO BREA! FREE1 MANIFE/ !IR [N FEEL+S & ASPIRATIONS1 GET TOGE!R & GAUGE !IR /R5G?4 ,BUT1 AFT] A FEW MON?S HAD GONE BY1 IT %\LD HAVE PET]$ \T OR AT LEA/ EAS$ (F & GIV5 WAY TO GOOD HUSB&RY & LAY+ ! GR\NDWORK = EFFICACI\S ACTION4 ,AS ,I HAVE ALREADY SAID1 ?IS WAS NOT ! CASE3 9/EAD1 ! MORE TIME PASS$1 ! MORE RALLIES W]E HELD2 & ! MORE RALLIES W]E HELD1 ! MORE 9CONCLUSIVE !Y BECAME1 EV5 AS !Y FUEL$ ! IRRITATION ( ! OPPOSITION & ESPECIALLY DROVE ! SECURITY =CES 7C>AB9I]I1 ,ROYAL ,GU>DS & ,PUBLIC ,SECURITY AG5TS7 9TO AN IRREPRESSIBLE FURY1 ! LATT] BE+ CON/ANTLY ON DUTY1 DAY & NI<T1 )\T A BREAK1 DEPLOY$ HI!R & ?I!R.<#e.> & CONT9UALLY T>GET$ BY ! MOBS = !IR CONTEMPT & 9SULT1 TO BOOT4 

,?IS LATT] FACT IS A LOGICAL CONSEQU5CE ( ! UNPALATABLE ROLE P]=M$ BY ! SECURITY =CES 9 POLITICAL UPHEAVALS4 ,ESPECIALLY :5 SU* UPHEAVALS DISPLAY ! FEATURES ( REVOLUTION1 ! SECURITY =CES >E !RE TO REPRESS !M & CAN SC>CELY EXPECT KISSES & SMILES FROM ! MOB AGA9/ :I* !Y >E DEPLOY$4 ,FUR!RMORE1 N9E T5?S ( CLA%ES BETWE5 ! MOB & ! SECURITY =CES >E DUE TO ! LATT]'S EXCESSES & BECAUSE !Y /RUCK ! FIR/ BL[S4 ,?AT SAID1 WE %\LD NOT MAKE ANY BONES AB\T ! FACT ?AT 9 ! PO/W> P]IOD REVOLUTION>IES LACK$ ANY ( ! REQUISITE S5SE ( UND]/&+ :]E SU* CLA%ES W]E CONC]N$4 

,9 P>TICUL>1 TWO ?+S %\LD BE KEPT 9 M9D3 ?AT MANY ( ! C>AB9I]I W]E C>AB9I]I BECAUSE ( ! W> & HAVE NOT ALL AS YET ACQUIR$ A TYPICALLY PRETORIAN ESPRIT DE CORPS & ?AT ! REC5TLY E/ABLI%$ ,ROYAL ,GU>DS1 MADE UP L>GELY ( PROLET>IANS1 W]E NOT YET :OLLY & 5TIRELY RELIABLE AS F> AS ! RUL+ CLASSES W]E CONC]N$4 

,& ?AT ! WORK]S ASSAULT$1 CLUBB$ OR %OT BY ! SECURITY =CES1 TRI$ TO DEF5D !MSELVES4 ,UND]/&ABLY4 ,RATIONAL ?\<T IS \T ( ! QUE/ION 9 ! HEAT ( ! CONFLICT1 :5 ONE IS BE+ BEAT5 UP OR HURT4 ,BUT1 BESIDES !SE EXCEPTIONAL 9/ANCES1 ?AT A SY/EMATIC IF FUTILE EF=T %\LD BE M\NT$ BY WORD ( M\?1 9 WRIT+1 BY (F5SIVE OR 9SULT+ BEHAVIOR1 TO PROVOKE ! L[] RANKS ( ! SECURITY =CES :I* AT LEA/ HAVE ! EXCUSE ?AT !Y DO NOT KN[ :AT !Y >E DO+ & >E ACT+ UND] ORD]S1 :ILE CIVILIZ$ & EV5 OV]LY POLITE & C\RTE\S DISCUSSIONS >E RES]V$ = ! 9SPECTORS1 POLICE *IEFS1 PREFECTS & M9I/]S :O >E V]Y DIFF]5T & MU* MORE T]RIFY+LY RESPONSIBLE = ! SECURITY =CES' DISPLAYS & MISCONDUCT1 ?AT - FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y PO9T ( VIEW - WAS 9SANELY UNREASONABLE4 

,SU* CONDUCT ON ! P>T ( REVOLUTION>IES P>TLY EXPLA9S :Y ! SECURITY =CES TODAY /& F\R SQU>E ALONGSIDE & COLLUDE ) ! FASCI/S1 EV5 TO ! EXT5T ( BE+ DISMISSIVE ( ORD]S FROM POLICE *IEFS & M9I/]IAL CIRCUL>S3 0,! FASCI/S >E \R FRI5DS & /& BY US & %AKE \R H&S 7,I WAS TOLD BY ONE GR\P ( ,ROYAL ,GU>DS 9 :OSE COMPANY ,I HAPP5$ TO F9D MYSELF AFT] ,I WAS >RE/$ = A FEW H\RS7 & Y\ W\LD HAVE US TURN ON !M1 = ! SAKE ( Y\ :O CALL US ROYAL BRUTES & SO MI/REAT US BY WORD & DE$8 ,Y\ MU/ BE CRAZY6 ,WE >E READY TO DO ANY?+ AGA9/ Y\ & \R SUP]IORS CAN GO TO HELL IF !Y TELL US TO TURN ON ! FASCI/S60 ,!SE W]E !IR ACTUAL WORDS1 TO :I* ,I C\LD ONLY RESPOND ) VAGUE REM>KS4 ,YET1 9 MY HE>T ( HE>TS1 ,I C\LD NOT F9D FAULT ) !M4 

,:I* EXPLA9S H[ ! EXCESSIVE NUMB] ( RALLIES HELD (T5 CLOS$ ) BLOODY SKIRMI%ES ) ! SECURITY =CES1 TO NO EFFECT O!R ?AN TO PRODUCE A LONG S]IES ( PROLET>IAN CORPSES4 ,BETWE5 ,APRIL #aiai & ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#b1 ,ITALY SAW UPW>DS ( #ad DEADLY CLA%ES1 L>GE & SMALL1 ) A TOLL ( MORE ?AN #cb DEAD ON ! WORK]S' SIDE4 ,& EV]Y KILL+ WAS GREET$ BY A FLEET+ ]UPTION ( \TRAGE ON ! P>T ( ! MASSES2 BUT 9 EV]Y 9/ANCE ?IS WAS FOLL[$ BY 9CREAS$ DISAPPO9TM5T1 A GR[+ S5SE ( MALAISE & WE>9ESS1 GREAT] HESITANCY & 9CREAS$ LACK ( CONFID5CE 9 !IR [N /R5G?4 ,SO ?AT1 COM+ AFT] ! RETREAT REPRES5T$ BY ! AB&ONM5T ( ! FACTORIES1 ! TOIL+ MASSES LO/ ! WILL TO FI<T AT ! FIR/ SIGN ( 9CREAS$ RESI/ANCE FROM ! GOV]NM5T4 

,N[ ! V]Y FACTS ?AT HELP$ DEMORALIZ$ & WE>Y ! LABOR+ MASSES1 HAD IRRITAT$1 BOL/]$1 /IFF5$ & CLOS$ ! RANKS ( !IR 5EMY4 ,MOREOV]1 A SEGM5T ( ! MASSES HAD LO/ SOME?+ ( ITS FI<T+ SPIRIT AFT] SECUR+ COMP>ATIVE WELL-BE+3 CONT5T ) ?IS1 :I* MADE IT DESIR\S ( CALM4 ,NOT REALIZ+ ?AT ?AT V]Y DEGREE ( WELL-BE+ HAD BE5 ATTA9$ BY D9T ( E>LI] EX]TIONS & ?AT ?AT WELL-BE+ WAS FAT$ TO BE :ITTL$ AWAY & TO VANI% JU/ AS SOON AS ! EX]TIONS ?R\< IT HAD BE5 A*IEV$ MI<T 5D6 

,I,I4 

,! MU* PREA*$ & YE>N$ = REVOLUTION HAD FAIL$ TO >RIVE1 9 SPITE ( ALL ! FAVORABLE OP5+S3 & 9 A S5SE IT C\LD BE >GU$ ?AT IT WAS NOT WANT$4 ,BUT ! FACT ?AT IT HAD HOV]$ LIKE A ?REAT = NE>LY TWO YE>S WAS 5\< TO TRIGG] C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,?US !RE WAS A C\NT]-REVOLUTION )\T !RE EV] HAV+ BE5 A REVOLUTION1 A REAL PREV5TIVE C\NT]-REVOLUTION PROP]1 ( :I* FASCISM HAS BE5 ! MO/ ACTIVE & IMPRESSIVE FACTOR4 

,! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! PROLET>IAT & ! B\RGEOISIE1 A /RUGGLE ?AT WAS ONE ( ! DET]M9+ FACTORS 9 ! WORLD W> & ONE FACET ( IT1 & :I* MI<T HAVE HAD CONSEQU5CES FAVORABLE TO ! PROLET>IAT 9 ,ITALY1 9/EAD C>RI$ OV] ! AFT]MA? ( ! W> ITSELF TO ! DETRIM5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! B\RGEOISIE :I* HAD NOT MANAG$ TO WEAK5 ! PROLET>IAT ?R\< ! 9DIRECT WEAPON ( W> - & HAD 9/EAD A*IEV$ ! OPPOSITE EFFECT1 DUE TO PECULI>ITIES ( ! ,ITALIAN SITUATION - R5EW$ ITS PL$GE TO SUCCE$ ?IS TIME ?R\< ! ?REE-PRONG$ CONC]T$ ACTIVITY ( ILLEGAL FASCI/ VIOL5CE1 LAWFUL GOV]NM5T REPRESSION & ECONOMIC PRESSURES D]IV+ FROM UNEMPLOYM5T1 P>TLY 9EVITABLE BUT ALSO 9 P>T DELIB]ATELY CONTRIV$ AS A MEANS ( TI<T5+ ! NOOSE ON ! WORK]S4 

,BE=E ALL ( ! REACTION>Y FACTORS :I* ,I HAVE M5TION$ HELP$ AF=D IT SCOPE TO EXP& & A FAVORABLE ATMOSPH]E1 FASCISM WAS A WRET*$1 DISMAL ?+2 T9Y SCATT]$ GR\PS H]E & !RE >\ND ! P59SULA1 ) NO FOLL[+ ( ANY CONSEQU5CE & 9 BAD ODOR ) ! RUL+ CLASS ITSELF4 ,! NEWSPAP] :I* HAD RAIS$1 HELP$ & ORGANIZ$ !M NO LONG] 5JOY$ ! SORT ( CIRCULATION IT HAD DUR+ ITS W>-MONG]+ DAYS & HAD NOT YET A*IEV$ ! CIRCULATION ?AT IT W\LD ?R\< ITS EXPANSION 9 ! WAKE ( FASCI/ SUCCESSES4 ,AT ?AT PO9T1 FASCI/ P]SONNEL W]E DRAWN MO/LY FROM /UD5TS & EX->MY (FIC]S1 A FEW PR(ESSIONALS & ?AT SEGM5T ( ! SO-CALL$ 09T]V5TIONI/0 ELEM5T FROM #aiad ON :I*1 HAV+ UNDULY DI/+UI%$ ITSELF = ITS 5?USIASM = MILIT>ISM & ! GOV]NM5T :ILE ! W> WAS ON OR HAV+ BECOME TOO HO/ILE TO ! OLD] P>TIES FROM :I* IT HAD P>T$ COMPANY OV] ! W> - ! SOCIALI/S1 SYNDICALI/S1 AN>*I/S & REPUBLICANS - WAS LEFT AS A DISPLAC$ P]SON 9 PUBLIC LIFE1 FROM :I* IT REFUS$ TO )DRAW AT ANY PRICE4 

,?IS LATT] ELEM5T1 A T9Y M9ORITY )9 A M9ORITY1 WAS FASCISM'S REAL AU?OR & ORGANIZ]3 & ! BE/ EQUIPP$ TO BE SU*4 ,NE>LY ALL ( ITS MEMB]S HAD BE5 J\RNALI/S1 ORGANIZ]S1 PUBLIC SPEAK]S & 9FLU5TIAL MEMB]S ( ! V>I\S PROLET>IAN BODIES & ORGANIZATIONS2 !Y W]E CONV]SANT ) ! TE*NIQUES ( ORGANIZATION1 ! RHETORICAL LANGUAGE ?AT /IRS ! IMAG9ATION & R\SES RES5TM5TS1 CR[D PSY*OLOGY & RABBLE-R\S+1 AS WELL AS ! %ORTCOM+S & WEAKNESSES ( ]/:ILE COMRADES :O HAD S9CE BECOME ADV]S>IES4 ,& FUR!RMORE !Y W]E DRIV5 BY HATR$ = ! LATT]1 A HATR$ F$ BY F\R YE>S ( CONTEMPT & MORTIFICATION2 & ?IS HATR$ 9VE/$ !IR EF=TS ) ! SORT ( FIRE & >DOR NE$$ = ! FRAY1 & :I* O!R PEOPLE DRAW FROM BELIEF 9 A HI<] IDEAL4 

,9 SPITE ( !IR AV]SION T[>DS ! SOCIALI/ MASSES :I* SEEM$ TO HAVE WON OR BE5 ON ! BR9K ( VICTORY1 ALL !SE FOLK W]E MALCONT5TS ) GRUDGES AGA9/ ! E/ABLI%M5T & ! B\RGEOISIE1 ( :OM !Y READILY SPOKE ILL4 ,NOT ONLY DID =M] SUBV]SIVES IMPORT 9TO FASCISM HABITUAL OLD ATTITUDES & OLD M9D-SETS1 BUT ALL ! O!RS TOO1 ) MORE OR LESS HONE/Y1 LOOK$ ASKANCE AT A GOV]NM5T ?AT WAS 5?RON$1 VICTORI\S YET 9DIFF]5T1 UPON ! SUCCESSFUL \TCOME ( A LONG W>1 )\T LIFT+ A F+] TO PR(IT FROM IT & 9DE$ FRITT]+ IT AWAY AT HOME & ABROAD ) ITS 9EPT & SLAVI% POLICY2 & AT ! SAME TIME !Y HAD NO?+ BUT CONTEMPT & 5VY = ! REC5T W> PR(ITE]S :O HAD MADE !IR =TUNES FROM ! W> )\T CONTRIBUT+ OR RISK+ ANY?+ & :O W]E N[ RUNN+ SC>$ FROM ! SPECT] ( ,BOL%EVISM LOOM+ M5AC+LY 9 ! ,EA/4 

,?IS DISCONT5T1 ?\<1 DID NOT BR+ !M CLOS] TO ! WORK]S BECAUSE !IRS WAS A DISCONT5T ) A DIFF]5T ROOT1 ONE ?AT WAS ESS5TIALLY B\RGEOIS & PETIT B\RGEOIS &1 9 A FEW 9/ANCES1 >I/OCRATIC &1 9 EV]Y 9/ANCE ANTI-SOCIALI/4 ,ANTI-SOCIALISM WAS PROCLAIM$ AS A PATRIOTIC NECESSITY IF ! AU?ORITY ( ! /ATE WAS TO BE RE/OR$1 ! /ATE BE+ REG>D$ AS ! LIV+ EMBODIM5T ( ! NATION4 ,MANY S9C]E FASCI/S W]E 9 REALITY M]ELY NATIONALI/S4 ,!Y HAD NO S5SE ( FRE$OM2 & ?AT IS :Y FASCISM'S 9ITIAL QUASI-REPUBLICAN V5E] RA!R QUICKLY FAD$ & WORE (F1 ONCE IT HAD S]V$ AS A BULLY & VIRTUAL R$EEM] = ! PUSILLANIM\S GOV]NM5T :51 ON P>LIAM5T>Y GR\NDS1 ! LATT] SEEM$ TO WANT TO HAMP] C]TA9 UNLAWFUL ME?ODS ( RESCU+ CAPITALISM4 

,BUT UP A PO9T FASCISM SEEM$ RELATIVELY 9DEP5D5T1 AS LONG AS ! FASCI/S W]E FEW 9 NUMB] & ! SOCIALI/S P[]FUL & ON ! RISE4 ,IT HAD ITS C5TRAL & /RONGE/ NUCLEUS 9 ,MILAN1 ) RAMIFICATIONS PETTY MU* EV]Y:]E1 BUT NO:]E WAS IT PREPOND]ANT - & ?IS WAS V]Y F> FROM ! CASE 9 ,BOLOGNA1 :]E1 AFT] A :ILE1 IT GREW /RONG1 SO MU* SO ?AT IT WAS FROM !RE ?AT IT BEGAN TO SPREAD ?R\<\T ,ITALY AS A VIOL5T CO]CIVE =CE4 ,I CANNOT RECALL :O ! FASCI/ WAS :O WROTE1 9 A POLEMICAL >GUM5T1 ?AT :]EAS IT IS TRUE ?AT FASCISM WAS BORN 9 ,MILAN ITS CRADLE HAS BE5 ,BOLOGNA1 BUT HE GOT ?AT RI<T4 

,FASCISM BECAME /RONG 9 ,BOLOGNA BE=E ANY:]E ELSE1 BO? BECAUSE IT WAS !RE ?AT CIRCUM/ANCES & ! MI/AKES ( SOCIALI/S HELP$ IT MO/1 & BECAUSE ! ,BOLOGNA FASCI/S W]E ! FIR/1 9 SPITE ( ! UNRE/RA9$ & PSEUDO-SUBV]SIVE LANGUAGE ( !IR NEWSPAP]1 TO E/ABLI% A RELATION%IP ( COLLABORATION & AID ) ?AT CONS]VATIVE =CE P> EXCELL5CE - ! POLICE - EFFECTIVELY RUL+ \T ANY NOTION ( POLITICAL OPPOSITION4 ,9 ?OSE E>LY MON?S FROM ,OCTOB] .<#a#i#b.> ONW>DS1 FASCISM F\ND ! ,BOLOGNA POLICE TO BE ITS MO/ VISIBLE ALLY1 (FICIAL ALLY AT ?AT1 & 5JOY$ OP5 PROTECTION FROM ! *IEF ( POLICE & ! B>ELY DISGUIS$ PROTECTION ( ! PREFECT4.<#f.> ,PUBLIC ,SECURITY 9SPECTORS W\LD /ROLL ALONG ! ,CORSO >M 9 >M ) FASCI/ LEAD]S1 ,ROYAL ,GU>DS & FASCI/S W\LD PATROL TOGE!R & AT POLICE HEADQU>T]S ! FASCI/S F\ND A HOME FROM HOME & POLICE (FIC]S & ,ROYAL ,GU>DS /OOD GU>D \TSIDE ! ,FASCIO HEADQU>T]S4 ,I HAVE BE5 ASSUR$ ?AT ON MORE ?AN ONE OCCASION ALSO ! FASCI/S US$ POLICE & >MY TRUCKS TO REPL5I% & TRANSPORT !IR WEAPONS4 

,( ! MILIT>Y AU?ORITIES PROP] ,I WILL SAY NO?+4 ,!Y1 ( C\RSE1 >E RA!R MORE CAUTI\S2 BUT IT IS KN[N ?AT NE>LY EV]Y (FIC] IS A FASCI/ & ?AT ! ,>MY ,G5]AL ,/AFF ITSELF IS NO /RANG] TO FASCISM4 ,MANY NEWSPAP]S HAVE SPOK5 ( ! RESPONSIBILITY ( M9I/] ,BONOMI1 DUR+ HIS TIME AS M9I/] ( ,W>1 9 ORGANIZ+ & >M+ ! FASCI/S4 ,IT WAS ON HIS 9/RUCTIONS ?AT 9 #aib ,COLONEL ,A4,R4 ROAM$ BACKW>DS & =W>DS ?R\< ,ITALY LAY+ ! GR\NDWORK = ! ANTI-SOCIALI/ BACKLA%4 ,9 HIS REPORT1 :I* WAS PUBLI%$1 ! COLONEL >GU$ = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A MILITIA ( IDEALI/S MADE UP ( ! MO/ PR(ICI5T1 C\RAGE\S1 /RONGE/ & MO/ AGGRESSIVE P]SONS :I* C\LD1 ALONG ) ! POLICE & >MY1 M\NT JO9T RESI/ANCE & POLITICAL OP]ATIONS4.<#g.> ,TO WIT1 ! MILITIA ( FASCI/ IRREGUL>S4 

,9 SOME PLACES1 MILIT>Y COOP]ATION ) ! FASCI/S BECAME1 AS IT DID 9 ,TRIE/E1 AS BLATANT AS C\LD BE1 UNTIL ! FASCI/S W]E BE+ ISSU$ 9 BROAD DAYLI<T ) >MS & BOMBS = USE 9 !IR PUNITIVE EXP$ITIONS4.<#h.> ,& 9 ! PROV9CES ( ,MOD5A & ,GROSSETO1 !RE W]E EV5 9/ANCES ( JO9T FASCI/-C>AB9I]I EXP$ITIONS COMM&$ BY A ,PUBLIC ,SECURITY 9SPECTOR4 ,REMEMB] H[ ! SOCIALI/ DEPUTY ,V5TAVOLI WAS =C$ TO LEAP FROM ! W9D[ AS A JO9T =CE ( FASCI/S & C>AB9I]I BUR/ ANGRILY 9TO HIS ROOM6 

,BUT1 TO RETURN TO ,BOLOGNA AS ! CRADLE ( FASCISM4 ,LET ME SAY ?AT NONE ( !SE FACTORS W\LD HAVE BE5 5\< TO UND]M9E SOCIALI/ POSITIONS & BUILD UP FASCI/ MI<T1 BUT = A FEW =TUIT\S CIRCUM/ANCES &1 ABOVE ALL1 C]TA9 MORE S]I\S MI/AKES ON ! P>T ( SOCIALI/S4 ,! SKIRMI%ES 9 ! SQU>E 9 ,BOLOGNA ON #b ,SEPTEMB] #aib & ! BLOODY CLA%ES ON #ad ,OCTOB] :5 A MOB M\NT$ A DEMON/RATION \TSIDE ! PRISON 9 SOLID>ITY ) POLITICAL VICTIMS NEXT TO ! ,ROYAL ,GU>D B>RACKS.<#i.> FAIL$ TO UND]M9E ! SOCIALI/S' PREPOND]ANCE4 ,?AT BEGAN TO CRUMBLE ON ! NI<T ( #d ,NOVEMB]1 :51 AFT] A FEW FASCI/S TURN$ UP AT ! DOOR & HALLWAY ( ! ,CAM]A ,CONF$]ALE DEL ,LAVORO BEHAV+ 9 AN AGGRESSIVE & ?REAT5+ MANN]1 ITS !N SECRET>Y1 ! P>LAM5T>IAN ,BUCCO1 ?\< SURR\ND$ BY A NUMB] ( >M$ Y\?S1 C\LD NOT ?9K ( ANY?+ BETT] ?AN MAK+ A CALL TO ! PRO-FASCI/ POLICE HEADQU>T]S ASK+ = ASSI/ANCE6 ,! POLICE >RIV$ 9 SOME /R5G?1 ONLY TO >RE/ ! SOCIALI/S & MAKE DEPUTY ,BUCCO AN EV5 GREAT] LAU<+-/OCK 444 ,:]EUPON ! =TRESS HAD FALL53 9 A S5SE ! FASCI/S GA9$ UNIMP$$ ACCESS TO IT4 

,HAD ! SOCIALI/S BE5 A LITTLE MORE PRUD5T ?AT EV5+ - ,I AM TOLD ?AT AT ALMO/ MIDNI<T ! DOORS ( ! ,CAM]A DEL ,LAVORO WAS /ILL OP51 = NO GOOD REASON1 ALMO/ 9VIT+ ! 5EMY TO B>GE 9 - & AT ! SAME TIME1 IF ACTUALLY ATTACK$1 HAD VIGOR\SLY DEF5D$ !MSELVES ) !IR RES\RCES1 NOT EXCLUD+ PUN*ES1 !N P]HAPS ! ,BOLOGNA ,CAM]A DEL ,LAVORO MI<T HAVE BE5 9VAD$ AT ?AT PO9T RA!R ?AN ?REE MON?S LAT]1 BUT IT W\LD PROBABLY HAVE BE5 ! FIR/ & LA/ TIME 9 ,ITALY4 ,IT W\LD HAVE BE5 OV]RUN1 NOT BY FASCI/S1 BUT BY ! SECURITY =CES2 :I*1 HAV+ SEIZ$ ! 9ITIATIVE1 W\LD HAVE /RIPP$ ! GOV]NM5T ( ! MASK ( NON-EXI/5T NEUTRALITY1 ! DISGRACEFUL 5SU+ F>CE R5D]$ IMPOSSIBLE & FASCISM /RIPP$ ( ITS LEAD+ ROLE 9 ANTI-SOCIALI/ OP]ATIONS4 ,HAD ! BACKLA% COME1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 /ATE-RUN2 & ! /RUGGLE W\LD HAVE RETA9$ ITS TRADITIONAL *>ACT] AS A CLA% BETWE5 SUBJECTS & GOV]NM5T1 )\T ANY DEVIATION 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! S5SELESS1 SAVAGE & PO9TLESS FACTIONAL GU]RILLA W> ?AT FOLL[$4 

,BUT !RE IS NO PO9T 9 SPECULAT+ ON ! BASIS ( H9DSI<T4 ,! FACT REMA9S ?AT ?AT PA9FUL YET LAU<ABLE EPISODE AL]T$ ! POLITICAL AU?ORITIES & ! FASCI/S ?AT ! :OLE MU* TRUMPET$ REVOLUTION>Y PREP>ATIONS1 ( :I* ,BUCCO & O!RS W]E FOND ( BRAGG+ AB\T1 WAS ONLY A BLUFF & ?AT ! SOCIALI/ >MY1 ALREADY BEAT+ A RETREAT ON ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL SC5ES1 HAD NOT JU/ DEF]R$ ITS ONSLAU<T BUT HAD FAIL$ EV5 TO EXPLOIT ITS NUM]ICAL ADVANTAGE1 :I* WAS 9DISPUTABLE1 TO DEF5D ITSELF ?R\< ITS [N DIRECT ACTION4 ,HAD IT RESI/$ ! FIR/ FASCI/ ATTACKS PROMPTLY ) ! REQUISITE VIGOR & VIOL5CE & ! NECESS>Y COMMITM5T1 FASCISM W\LD HAVE BE5 /ILL-BORN4 ,9/EAD1 ONCE ! PROLET>IAN OPT$ 9/EAD TO APPEAL PASSIVELY TO ! LAW1 EV5 ?AT WEAK TR5* WAS DEMOLI%$ BY ! 5EMY FROM MANY SIDES1 S9CE - GIV5 ?AT ! SOCIALI/S PROV$ TO BE ! WEAK] - ! POLICE & SECURITY =CES NO LONG] HAD ANY SCRUPLES AB\T %[+ !MSELVES ALLI$ ) ! FASCI/S 9 ! LI<T ( DAY2 & ! CONC]T$ ONSLAU<T BY ILLEGAL & LAWFUL =CES1 TO :I* ! JUDICI>Y W\LD %ORTLY BE ADD$1 BEGAN4 

,NOR WAS SUCCESS 9 ! ADM9I/RATIVE ELECTIONS 9 LATE ,OCTOB] & E>LY ,NOVEMB] #a#i#b1 9 :I* ! SOCIALI/S TRIUMPH$1 CAPTUR+ CONTROL ( NE>LY #c1 T[N%IPS 5\< TO /OP IT4 ,?AT TOO WAS YET ANO!R SPUR TO ! RUL+ CLASSES TO 5C\RAGE ! FASCI/S ALONG ! BACK ROADS ( ILLEGALITY4 ,9ITIALLY RELUCTANT1 CAPITALISM & ! GOV]NM5T - ?OSE 9 GOV]NM5T1 BY :I* IS MEANT1 IF NOT ?IS OR ?AT M9I/] P]SONALLY !N DEF9ITELY ! HI<] CIVIL S]VICE1 ! PREFECTS1 ! *IEFS ( POLICE1 ETC4 - REALIZ$ ?AT FASCISM WAS A USEFUL WEAPON & SOON 5SUR$ ?AT IT WAS GIV5 EV]Y ASSI/ANCE 9 T]MS ( FUND+ & >MS1 TURN+ A BL9D EYE TO ITS BREA*ES ( ! LAW &1 :]E NECESS>Y1 COV]+ ITS BACK ?R\< 9T]V5TION BY >M$ =CES :I*1 ON ! PRETEXT ( RE/OR+ ORD]1 W\LD RU% TO ! AID ( ! FASCI/S :]EV] ! LATT] W]E BEG9N+ TO TAKE A BEAT+S 9/EAD ( DOL+ ONE \T4 

,EV5TS 9 ,BOLOGNA ON #ba ,NOVEMB] #aib ACCEL]AT$ ?IS PROCESS ( BACKLA%4 

,!RE WAS A PALPABLE FEEL+ 9 ! AIR ?AT SOME?+ S]I\S WAS 9 ! (F+4 ,EV5 DUR+ ELECTION RALLIES1 IT WAS REALIZ$ ?AT ! EXTREMI/ SOCIALI/S' DOGG$ COMMITM5T TO =MALITY & ELECTIONS W\LD SECURE !M VICTORY1 BUT TO NO AVAIL4 ,! PROGRAM SET \T 9 ,BOLOGNA WAS EXTRAVAGANT & IMPRACTICABLE1 GIV5 ?AT ! CLIMATE & ATMOSPH]E ?R\<\T ,ITALY HAD ALT]$ GREATLY3 IT WAS A REAL H\SE ( C>DS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! ,BOLOGNA B\RGEOISIE1 NO LONG] FE>FUL ( ! SOCIALI/S & ! WORK]S1 W\LD GIVE NO MORE GR\ND4 ,= UPW>DS ( A MON? !RE HAD BE5 NO /RIKES & ! ODD ATTEMPT AT ONE HAD SEEM$ /RA9$ & 9EFFECTUAL4 ,DUR+ ! ELECTION CAMPAIGN1 ONE RADICAL SPEAK] 7:O LAT] BECAME A FASCI/7 ASSUR$ ME ?AT AT ONE RALLY HE HAD BLUNTLY DECL>$ ?AT IF ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E TO CAPTURE ! CITY C\NCIL1 !IR ADM9I/RATION W\LD BE PREV5T$ FROM WORK+4 

,9 ! WAKE ( !IR SUCCESS 9 ! ELECTIONS :I* HAD GIV5 A :OPP+ MAJORITY TO ! EXTREMI/ SOCIALI/S1 ! LATT] W]E RA!R PREOCCUPI$ ) ! 9VE/ITURE C]EMONY4 ,DO+ )\T IT1 DO+ )\T ! DISPLAY ( !IR R$ FLAG AT ! VICTORY RALLY W\LD SEEM ! EASY OPTION TODAY2 BACK !N IT W\LD HAVE LOOK$ LIKE C[>DICE & 9 EV]YBODY'S EYES W\LD HAVE BE5 ! FIR/ RETREAT FROM ! BOMBA/IC PROGRAM ON ! BASIS ( :I* !Y HAD WON4 ,BUT ?AT WAS PRECISELY :AT ! FASCI/S WANT$2 !Y W]E EAG] TO DRIVE ! CR[D ( WORK]S FROM ! SQU>ES & HAVE ?AT R$ FLAG DIP 9 A SIGNAL ( SURR5D]4 ,:AT WAS ! SOLUTION TO ?IS DILEMMA8 

,SOME SOCIALI/S :O W]E 9 *>GE AT ! TIME DESC5D$ TO UNSEEMLY NEGOTIATIONS ) ! POLICE AU?ORITIES1 & MAY WELL HAVE PROMIS$ MORE ?AN !IR FOLL[]S W\LD HAVE DELIV]$2 BUT BY ! EVE ( #ba ,NOVEMB]1 ! DAY :5 ! 9AUGURATION WAS DUE TO TAKE PLACE1 IT WAS LOOK+ AS IF ?+S MI<T PASS (F SMOO?LY1 :5 A PR9T$ NOTICE WAS SPOTT$ AT POLICE HEADQU>T]S & ON /REET CORN]S2 9 IT ! FASCI/S PR$ICT$ A BIG FI<T ! FOLL[+ DAY1 CAUTION+ WOM5 & *ILDR5 TO KEEP WELL CLE> ( ! CITY C5T] & (F ! MA9 ?OR\<F>ES4 ,BY ?AT TIME !RE WAS NO WAY ?AT ! SOCIALI/S C\LD )DRAW HONORABLY & ( C\RSE ! MORE HOT-HEAD$ ( !M 7:O MI<T WELL HAVE BE5 ! MO/ RECKLESS ONES AS WELL1 JUDG+ BY ! RESULTS AT ANY RATE7 ?\<T ( IMPROVIS+ SOME SORT ( DEF5SES AGA9/ ! ?REAT5$ POT5TIAL ATTACKS4 ,N[ ONLY A MIRACLE C\LD HAVE AV]T$ TRAG$Y4 

,BUT NO MIRACLE WAS =?COM+3 QUITE ! OPPOSITE6 ,! NEXT DAY1 AFT] ! C]EMONY HAD BEGUN PEACEABLY 9 ! CITY HALL1 NO SOON] HAD ! NEWLY APPO9T$ MAYOR & SOME R$ FLAGS APPE>$ ON ! BALCONY OV]LOOK+ ! SQU>E ?AT ! FIR/ REVOLV] %OTS W]E FIR$ 9 !IR DIRECTION4 ,TRAG$Y FOLL[$ IMM$IATELY4 ,ANYBODY :O WAS >M$1 9CLUD+ ! SECURITY =CES1 BEGAN TO %OOT MADLY2 SOME BOMBS W]E ?R[N & 9SIDE ! ,CITY ,HALL1 AMID ! BULLETS FLY+ 9 ?R\< ! W9D[S & %ATT]+ ! GLASS & PICTURES1 !RE WAS SCREAM+ & ! MO/ FRI<TFUL CONFUSION4 ,SOME PEOPLE LO/ !IR HEADS 5TIRELY 7IT SEEMS UNLIKELY ?AT ?IS WAS PREM$ITAT$1 ?AT BE+ ACCEPTABLE ONLY 9 AN ACT ( PRIVATE & P]SONAL V5GEANCE7 AS TRAG$Y FOLL[$ UPON TRAG$Y4 ,%OTS W]E FIR$ AT ! M9ORITY B5*ES1 HITT+ ?OSE :OSE PHYSICAL CONDITION PREV5T$ !M FROM MOV+ AS QUICKLY AS ! RE/ & FROM TAK+ COV]1 ?R[+ !MSELVES TO ! FLOOR & LOOK+ TO !IR DEF5SES4 ,:OEV] FIR$ JU/ !N AT ! LAWY] ,GIORDANI NOT M]ELY LEFT ONE MAN DEAD BUT PLUNG$ A FAMILY 9TO DESOLATION2 HE 9FLICT$ AN IRREP>ABLE1 CRUEL1 DISA/R\S LOSS UPON ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY4 

,I %ALL NOT DWELL UPON ?IS 9CID5T1 :I* CAN BE RECON/RUCT$ ONLY ! BASIS ( V>I\S NEWSPAP] REPORTS & REG>D+ :I* ! C\RT AU?ORITIES HAVE YET TO COMPLETE !IR 9QUIRIES4.<#a.> ,TRUE1 LEAV+ !IR ORIG9S TO ONE SIDE1 EV5TS C\LD NOT HAVE GONE WORSE = ! SOCIALI/S2 EV5 BL9D FATE ALLI$ ITSELF AGA9/ !M & ) ! FASCI/S4 ,BUT1 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL P]SONAL RESPONSIBILITIES = ! M9OR EPISODES REF]R$ TO1 ANYONE WANT+ TO DELIV] A V]DICT ON ! OV]ALL G5]AL RESPONSIBILITY = :AT HAPP5$ ON #ba ,NOVEMB] CANNOT BUT *ALK IT UP TO ! FASCI/S & ! POLICE AU?ORITIES1 !IR ESS5TIAL ACCOMPLICE4 ,IF 9 FACT FASCISM HAD NOT /EPP$ 9 ?AT DAY ) !IR >M$ DISRUPTION ( A LAWFUL SOCIALI/ DEMON/RATION & ANN\NC$ ?AT 9T]V5TION ) DETAIL$ & PROVOCATIVE ?REATS1 NO TRAG$Y W\LD HAVE OCCURR$4 

,BUT 9 POLITICS1 ! W9N] IS 9 ! RI<T1 EV5 IF HE IS WRONG3 & :OEV] LEAVES ! FIELD COMES (F WORSE4 ,! SOCIALI/S W]E NOT /RONG 5\< TO DEF5D !MSELVES NOR TO CL+ TO !IR 9CONTROV]TIBLE MOTIVES = RESI/+2 A SUCCESSION ( SU* CIRCUM/ANCES SAPP$ !IR SPIRITS4 ,BY :I* PO9T IT WAS NO LONG] A CASE ( /RIK+ A BL[ AGA9/ !M2 ?AT BL[ HAD BE5 /RUCK MU*1 MU* E>LI]4 ,! FACT IS ?AT #ba ,NOVEMB] WAS A FASCI/ VICTORY2 ! FACT ?AT ! FASCI/S W]E RESPONSIBLE = ?OSE EV5TS DOES NOT DIM9I% !IR VICTORY AT ALL4 ,9DE$1 IT 5HANCES IT4 ,9 ! REAL WORLD1 BE+ WRONG BUT W9N+ IS TANTAM\NT TO A D\BLE SUCCESS4 ,MAYBE IT WAS ?AT ?AT GAVE ! PUBLIC A GREAT] IMPRESSION ( FASCI/ /R5G? & SOCIALI/ WEAKNESS4 

,:AT CAME NEXT WAS NATURAL & :AT ALWAYS HAPP5S 9 SU* CASES4 ,FASCISM1 A NEGLIGIBLE =CE BE=E ,SEPTEMB]1 SWOLL5 SOME:AT AFT] ! FIR/ WEAKNESSES ( SOCIALISM1 TURN$ 9TO A GIANT 9 ! WAKE ( #ba ,NOVEMB]4 ,ITS RANKS GREW AT AN 9DESCRIBABLE RATE4 ,ALL ( ! C[>DS :O UP UNTIL ! DAY BE=E HAD C\RT$ ! SOCIALI/S & S\<T TO JO9 !M1 SUDD5LY BECAME !IR ADV]S>IES & SWIT*$ SYMPA?IES TO ! FASCI/S4.<#a#a.> ,! V]Y PEOPLE :O E>LI] HAD BE5 CALL+ = SOCIALI/ COOP]ATION & CRITICIZ+ ! SOCIALI/S = !IR LACK ( D>+ & = NOT WANT+ TO TAKE P[]1 ETC41 SCREAM$ 0LIB]ATION FROM ! R$ TYRANNY40 ,9 P>TICUL>1 C]TA9 RUBB]-SP9$ SECTORS1 :ITE COLL> WORK]S1 J\RNALI/S & M9OR PR(ESSIONALS MADE A CYNICAL & BRAZ5 VOLTE-FACE4 

,?IS ( C\RSE L$ TO AN UNLEA%+ ( EV]Y SORT ( P]SONAL RES5TM5T1 OLD & NEW1 PR(ESSIONAL & COMM]CIAL RIVALRIES & JEAL\SIES4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ALL ( ! 9T]E/S DAMAG$ BY LONG-TIME CITY ADM9I/RATION :I* C\LD ACCOMMODATE MANY 9T]E/S BUT NOT ALL ( !M1 CAME TO ! SURFACE AGA94 ,! %ORTCOM+S1 9JU/ICES & BIAS ( ! SOCIALI/ ADM9I/RATION1 ! PRETTY MU* BRAZ5 BULLY+ ?AT CANNOT BE SEP>AT$ FROM ANY EX]CISE ( P[] CAME HOME TO ROO/ & F$ ! ANTI-SOCIALI/ TIDE4 ,! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ONE P>TY TURN$ 9TO A WIT* HUNT DESIGN$ TO DEMOLI% ITS /&+ & SNAT* AWAY ITS HOLD ON PUBLIC (FICE1 9 ! C\RTS1 9 ! HOSPITAL ADM9I/RATIONS & 9 $UCATION4 ,BY !N ! TORR5T WAS RUNN+ \T ( CONTROL1 BEYOND ! WILDE/ HOPES ( ORGANIZ$ FASCISM4 

,9 ,BOLOGNA :]E SOCIALISM WAS ALMO/ 5TIRELY SYNONYM\S ) ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 ! DEFEAT ( SOCIALISM REPRES5T$ A DEFEAT = ! WORK+ CLASS2 & ?IS HAD NATIONAL IMPLICATIONS1 PRECISELY BECAUSE IT WAS HAPP5+ 9 ! HE>T ( ! ,EMILIA :]E ! PROLET>IAT IS BETT] & MORE SOLIDLY ORGANIZ$ 9 ! T[NS &1 EV5 MORE SO1 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,NO SOON] HAD ! ANTI-PROLET>IAN BACKLA% SPREAD TO ! PROV9CES1 FOCUS+ ON ,F]R>A1 ,MOD5A1 ,REGGIO ,EMILIA1 ETC41 ?AN ! EXAMPLE WAS AP$ ELSE:]E - ESPECIALLY 9 ,TUSCANY1 ! ,V5ETO & ,PUGLIA1 ETC4 - & BY !N ! R\T ( SOCIALISM & ! WORK]S REALLY WAS NO LONG] AN ,EMILIAN PH5OM5ON1 BUT AN ,ITALIAN ONE4 

,AS ,I WAS SAY+1 9 ! WAKE ( ! A=ESAID EV5TS 9 ,BOLOGNA1 FASCISM'S RANKS EXP&$ TREM5D\SLY )9 JU/ A FEW DAYS4 ,A NUMB] ( PEOPLE DEFECT$ TO IT :O HAD PREVI\SLY HAD RES]VATIONS AB\T IT & ! ODD WORK]S' ORGANIZATION UNEXPECT$LY DEFECT$2 PR(ESSIONALS1 ESPECIALLY LAWY]S :O 9 ! PA/ HAD C\RT$ ! SOCIALI/S BUT :O N[ S5S$ ! *ANCE ( BETT] POLITICAL =TUNES ) FASCISM ALSO CROSS$ OV]4 

,ESPECIALLY AFT] ! TRAGIC 5D ( ,D',ANNUNZIO'S V5TURE 9 ,FIUME1 :5 HIS LEGION>IES W]E LEFT BY ! FASCI/S TO FACE ! GOV]NM5T ON !IR [N1 OR (F]$ ! COLD COM=T ( JU/ A FEW *E]S & SOME PLATONIC RESOLUTION - RESULT+ 9 A COMPLETE RIFT & ILL-DISGUIS$ HO/ILITY BETWE5 ! TWO FACTIONS 2 ONCE IT BECAME KN[N ?AT ! FASCI/S HAD NO DESIRE TO CAUSE ! GOV]NM5T S]I\S EMB>RASSM5T & W]E DROPP+ ANY VE/IGE ( !IR OLD ANTI-MON>*ISM1 ! CONS]VATIVES SIMPLY FLOOD$ 9TO ! FASCI/ RANKS4 ,DESPITE ! REPUBLICAN LEAN+S /ILL PR(ESS$ BY ! ODD FASCI/ LEAD]1 FASCISM 9CREAS+LY BECAME A =CE SUPPORTIVE NOT ONLY ( CAPITALISM'S ECONOMIC & MILIT>Y 9/ITUTIONS & ( NATIONALISM1 BUT ALSO ( ! MON>*Y AS AN 9/ITUTION4 

,IT WAS 9 ,TRIE/E ?AT FASCISM S]V$ ESPECIALLY AS AN 9/RUM5T ( ! MON>*I/ GOV]NM5T RA!R ?AN AS A CLASS 9/RUM5T1 OP]AT+ AS AN \T & \T OCCUPY+ =CE MANN+ 5EMY T]RITORY4 ,! TALK WAS ( ! LIB]ATION ( ,TRIE/E :]EAS REALLY IT WAS JU/ A CONQUE/4 ,WE KN[ ?AT 9 ECONOMIC T]MS ?IS 0LIB]ATION0 SPELL$ RU9ATION = ,TRIE/E2 BUT IT IS TRUE ?AT1 9 POLITICAL T]MS1 NOBODY 9 ,TRIE/E W\LD HAVE WANT$ TO /AY UND] ,AU/RIAN RULE1 ASIDE FROM ! PR(ESSIONAL PRO-,AU/RIANS4 ,:O C\LD D5Y1 ?\<1 ?AT N[1 ) ! W> AT AN 5D1 POLITICALLY TOO1 ,TRIE/E MI<T BE A LITTLE BETT] (F 9 A F$]ATION ) REPUBLICAN ,AU/RIA1 (F]+ ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES %E N[ LACKS1 & RELI%+ H] ECONOMICALLY PRIVILEG$ POSITION AS ! ONLY \TLET TO HE SEA ( A HUGE T]RITORY8 

,NOT)/&+ ?AT1 ,TRIE/E ASK$ NO?+ BETT] ?AN TO BE LEFT 9 PEACE TO LIVE AS BE/ %E C\LD 9 ! NEW K+DOM4 ,A G5U9ELY FRAT]NAL POLICY MI<T HAVE PREV5T$ ! EM]G5CE ( ANY SEP>ATI/ NOTIONS1 9 :I* EV5 ! LOCAL ,SLAVS 7NE>LY ALL ( !M WORK]S7 HAD NO DIRECT 9T]E/4 ,9/EAD1 ,TRIE/E WAS GR\ND D[N = TWO YE>S & MORE UND] A MILIT>Y GOV]NM5T RA!R RELIANT UPON ! OLD /ALW>TS ( ! ,H\SE ( ,AU/RIA2 & ! 0LIB]AT$ T]RITORIES0 5DUR$ ! D\BLE DAMAGE FROM ! OLD ,AU/RIAN REPRESSIVE LAWS & ! ,ITALIAN GOV]NM5T'S >BITR>Y PRACTICES4 ,ABOVE ALL1 AN ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO FALSIFY & G]RYM&] ! SITUATION = ELECTORAL PURPOSES4 ,!RE WAS A FE> ?AT ! FIR/ EV] ELECTIONS = DEPUTIES FROM ,TRIE/E MI<T RETURN TO ! ,*AMB] MO/LY SOCIALI/ REPRES5TATIVES 9 ! CITY & ,SLAVS 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE 7GIV5 ! PROLET>IAN MAJORITY & ! RESULTS ( E>LI] ELECTIONS71 :I* W\LD C]TA9LY HAVE BE5 ! CASE UND] A COMP>ATIVELY FREE SY/EM4 

,AN EF=T WAS MADE TO =E/ALL ?IS AT ALL CO/S4 ,& S9CE GOV]NM5T ACTION ALONE W\LD NOT BE 5\<1 & S9CE1 IF ! 9T5TION WAS TO PROCE$ ) ELECTIONS ?AT LOOK$ FREE1 ALL SEMBLANCE ( MILIT>Y OCCUPATION HAD TO BE REMOV$1 FASCISM WAS 5C\RAG$ 9 ,TRIE/E AS A REAL 9/RUM5T ( GOV]NM5T4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY MO/ ( !SE FASCI/S W]E DRAFT$ 9 FROM \TSIDE OR HAD FLOOD$ 9 DUR+ ! OCCUPATION3 ONCE UPON A TIME !Y W\LD HAVE BE5 DESCRIB$ AS 0CAMP-FOLL[]S40 

,& 9 ,TRIE/E FASCISM HAS DONE :AT IT C\LD1 JU/ AS IT HAS ELSE:]E1 TOR*+ ! ,CAM]A DEL ,LAVORO SEV]AL TIMES ALONG ) ! $ITORIAL & PR9T+ (FICES ( ! SOCIALI/ DAILY NEWSPAP]1 COOP]ATIVES & BOOK%OPS2 DOL+ \T BE>+S1 %OOT+S & 5=C+ T]ROR4 ,JU/ AS IT DID 9 ,POLA & 9 ,MONFALCONE1 ETC4 ,!N1 \T 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE & ) ! BLATANT CONNIVANCE ( ! >MY1 IT HAS M\NT$ REAL 0BEATS10 HUNT+ D[N ,SLAVS1 DE/ROY+ 5TIRE VILLAGES1 =C+ ! 9HABITANTS TO FLEE 9TO ! HILLS OR 5D UP BEH9D B>S4 

,& SO1 JU/ AS ,ROME WANT$1 ! 0WI%ES ( ! >EA0 EM]G$ FROM ! ELECTIONS3 & ,TRIE/E MANAG$ TO RETURN A MAJORITY MADE UP ( PATRIOTIC-FASCI/ DEPUTIES6 

,! L&[N]S ( ,EMILIA W]E QUICK TO REALIZE1 FROM ?AT ,OCTOB] OR ,NOVEMB]1 ?AT FASCISM C\LD BE ( S]VICE TO !M AS A CATAPULT DEPLOY$ AGA9/ ! SOLID WALLS ( ! PEASANT ORGANIZATION ?AT WAS /RANGL+ !M2 ?IS 9 SPITE ( ! V]BAL HO/ILITIES EXPRESS$ T[>DS !M 9 SOME FASCI/ NEWSPAP]S4 ,)9 A FEW MON?S IT WAS ALMO/ UNIV]SALLY ! CASE ?AT ! FASCI/ *APT]S 9 ! C\NTRY DI/RICTS ( ! ,EMILIA1 ! ,V5ETO & ,PUGLIA W]E MADE UP ( LACKEYS ( ! ,AGR>IAN ,LEAGUE4 ,FASCISM'S MAKE-UP HAD BY !N *ANG$ REM>KABLY FROM :AT IT HAD BE5 PRIOR TO ,OCTOB]2 & /UD5T P]SONNEL NO LONG] ACC\NT$ = ! GREAT] P>T ( ! MEMB]%IP4 ,&1 H]E & !RE1 POSITIONS ( LEAD]%IP AMONG ! FASCI/S W]E *ANG+ H&S TOO4 

,9 ! CITIES TOO1 ! MEMB]%IP HAD CEAS$ TO BE :AT IT HAD BE5 SOME TIME E>LI]4 ,AS F> AS ! MO/ DIS9T]E/$ MAJORITY ( ! LATT] IS CONC]N$1 !Y DESPIS$ ! SOCIALI/S P>TLY \T ( CLASS 9/9CT1 P>TLY \T ( RES5TM5T ( ! WORK]S :OM !Y SAW AS HAV+ OV]TAK5 !M1 & P>TLY \T ( IGNORANCE 7! FACT IS ?AT H>DLY ANY ( !M KNEW :AT SOCIALI/S W]E OR :AT !Y WANT$ & !Y DREW NO DI/9CTION BETWE5 SOCIALISM & AN>*ISM1 RE=MISM & BOL%EVISM1 TRADE UNIONISM & COMMUNISM1 CR$IT+ !M ) ! MO/ EXTRAVAGANT NOTIONS & F>-FET*$ AIMS73 BUT !Y W]E ALL MOTIVAT$ BY ?AT NO D\BT HALF-UND]/OOD1 VAGUE BUT S9C]ELY HELD PATRIOTIC \TLOOK4 ,OV] TIME1 H[EV]1 !SE BECAME A M9ORITY AS NEW ELEM5TS FLOOD$ 91 RECRUITS ATTRACT$ BY SUCCESS1 REAL ELEV5? H\R CONV]TS TO FASCISM2 & ?IS C]TA9LY WAS NOT LIKELY TO DO ANY?+ = ! 5?USIASM ( ! =M]4 ,MORE ?AN ONE ( !M LO/ HIS FIRE & A NUMB] ( O!RS DROPP$ \T4 

,AS FASCISM'S PROSPECTS BRI<T5$1 IT ALSO ATTRACT$ MORE UNSCRUPUL\S ELEM5TS :O W]E \T = ! MA9 *ANCE4 ,9 ! BIG CITIES1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,TUSCANY1 ! DREGS1 ! ROOTLESS & ! PREJUDIC$ TURN$ TO FASCISM2 ! CRUELTY & SAVAG]Y ( C]TA9 PUNITIVE EXP$ITIONS M\NT$ 9 ?AT REGION CAN BE CR$IT$ TO !SE4 ,(T5 FASCI/S FELT ! NE$ TO DI/ANCE !MSELVES FROM RESPONSIBILITY = UNDULY COMPROMIS+ ACTS & TO DIS[N M5 & DE$S MORE OR LESS >BITR>ILY PASS+ !MSELVES (F AS FASCI/4 ,BUT AS ,I HAVE SAID BE=E1 FASCISM BY !N MEANT A :OLE SY/EM1 A :OLE MOVEM5T ?AT TRANSC5D$ & OV]SPILL$ ! P>AMET]S ( C>D-C>RY+1 REGI/]$ FASCI/S4 ,& ! RUL+ CLASS1 ( :I* IT IS ! LACKEY1 MAKES NO DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! TWO & BE/[S ITS 9DULG5CE & AID MO/ CYNICALLY UPON !M ALL4 

,ONE NE$ ONLY READ ! PRESS1 NOT ! ADMITT$LY FASCI/ PRESS1 = :I* ?IS W\LD BE ONLY NATURAL1 BUT ! O!R NEWSPAP]S MO/ ( :I*1 ! BIG BE/-SELL]S & MO/ WIDELY DI/RIBUT$ ONES ?AT PURPORT TO BE 9DEP5D5T ( ! P>TIES1 P]HAPS BECAUSE !Y WANT TO BE FREE TO S]VE :I*EV] ONE SUITS !M BE/ AT ANY GIV5 MOM5T4 ,!RE IS SC>CELY ANY BRAGG+ 9 ! $ITORIALS - ) !IR (T5 HYPOCRITICAL %AM CALLS = CALM & CONDEMNATIONS ( VIOL5CE - AB\T CLASS OR CA/E SOLID>ITY ) FASCISM1 BUT 9 !IR POLEMICAL PIECES & ABOVE ALL !IR REPORTAGE1 :]E EV]Y FASCI/ \TRAGE IS DESCRIB$ 9 APOLOGETIC & T5D5TI\S T]MS1 PROVOK+ & 9CIT+ FUR!R /RIFE1 ANY C>E = TRU?FULNESS & CONCEPTION ( FAIRNESS IS ES*EW$1 AGA9 TO ! B5EFIT ( ! FASCI/S & TO ! DETRIM5T ( ! SOCIALI/S & ! WORK]S4 

,! SAME CAN BE SAID = ! P>TIZAN%IP ( ! C\RTS4 ,NO ACT ( VIOL5CE1 :E!R TRU?FUL OR PHONY1 S]I\S OR SLI<T HAS EV] BE5 *>G$ AGA9/ SOCIALI/S OR SUBV]SIVES 9 G5]AL BUT NUM]\S >RE/S W]E MADE & ! ACCUS$ /ILL LANGUI% 9 PRISON1 REG>DLESS ( GUILT OR 9NOC5CE4 ,NO ONE BO!RS AB\T !IR TRIALS1 ! PREP>ATION ( :I* NEV] 5DS2 :AT MATT]S IS ?AT ! ALLEG$ (F5D]S %\LD REMA9 9 JAIL4 ,BUT 9 ! CASE ( ! FASCI/S1 ! SC5E ON ! ,GRAN ,VIA IS RE5ACT$3 ?OSE >RE/$ ALMO/ ALWAYS HAVE ! *>GES DROPP$ PRIOR TO TRIAL1 ESPECIALLY :]E ! CRIMES >E MO/ S]I\S - >SON OR HOMICIDE4 ,9 REC5T TIMES FASCI/S HAVE BE5 >RE/$ MORE (T52 BUT 9 ITS DEAL+S ) !M ! 9QUIRY IS UNIV]SALLY SOLICIT\S & WELL-9T5TION$4 ,9 V]Y R>E & EXCEPTIONAL 9/ANCES1 NO ONE IS EV] CONVICT$ ( FASCI/ CRIMES C>RY+ S]I\S S5T5CES2.<#a#b.> ONLY :]E ! *>GES >E M9OR >E >RE/S MADE & TRIALS HELD4 

,SO1 9 EXCEPTIONAL 9/ANCES1 :5 ! REAL CULPRITS >E S5T = TRIAL1 !Y >E ALWAYS TRIUMPHANTLY ACQUITT$4 ,TAKE ! TYPICAL CASE ( ?OSE :O KILL$ ,9V]SETTI 9 ,MILAN4 ,! FASCI/S HAD BUR/ 9 UPON A SOCIALI/ CLUB 9 ,M>* #a#i#b#a1 %OOT+ & KILL+ ONE ( ?OSE PRES5T4 ,SOME >RE/S W]E MADE2 !Y W]E BR\<T TO TRIAL & ACQUITT$ TO A MAN4 ,ONE SUSPECT :O HAD GONE ON ! RUN WAS S5T5C$ TO A FEW YE>S 9 PRISON4 ,AFT] A %ORT :ILE1 ! FUGITIVE WAS DETA9$1 RE-TRI$ & 444 HE TOO WAS ACQUITT$6 ,& 9 ,TUR9 FASCI/S :O MI/AK5LY KILL$ AN 9DU/RIALI/1 HAV+ MI/AK5 HIM = A SUBV]SIVE1 W]E ACQUITT$4 ,& !RE HAS BE5 A :OLE1 5DLESS SUCCESSION ( SU* ACQUITTALS4 ,TO MY KN[L$GE1 NONE ( !M HAS EV] BE5 CONVICT$4 

,I PLACE ALL ( ?IS ON RECORD )\T REGRET OR LAM5TATION4 ,I AM NOT A BELIEV] 9 ! FAIRNESS ( ! 0JU/ICE SY/EM10 NOR 9 ! EFFICACY ( ! P5ALTIES PRESCRIB$ UND] ! LAW4 ,DEEP D[N1 ,I F9D EV]Y?+ SET \T ABOVE TO BE V]Y NATURAL2 & IF ,I HAVE HI<LI<T$ IT1 IT WAS M]ELY ! BETT] TO REGI/] ! LOV+ RELATION%IP BETWE5 FASCISM & ! RUL+ CLASSES2 TO %[ ?AT FASCISM IS NOT A SEP>ATE PH5OM5ON DISCREET FROM ALL ! O!R 9JU/ICES 9 SOCIETY1 BUT IS A DIRECT CONSEQU5CE & EMANATION ( !SE2 ?AT 9 FACT IT IS ! CURR5T POLITICAL & ECONOMIC SY/EM ?AT REALLY BE>S ! RESPONSIBILITY = ! CIVIL W> LAUN*$ BY FASCISM4 

,9 PO9T ( FACT1 ! LATT]'S RESPONSIBILITY IS RA!R GREAT] ?AN ?AT ( ! FASCI/S1 CONSID]$ ON !IR [N2 & ?IS RESPONSIBILITY ( ! SY/EM IS ALL ! MORE GRAVE & CRIM9AL 9 ?AT ! FASCI/ GU]RILLA W>1 :IL/ IT H>MS PEOPLE BECAUSE ( ITS TOOL ( BLOOD%$1 PA9 & DEVA/ATION1 %>P5+ ! CLASS /RUGGLE & 9JECTS ADD$ HATR$ 9TO IT1 IS 5TIRELY USELESS = ! PURPOSES ( SOCIAL CONS]VATION & NATIONAL RECOV]Y ?AT SOME ( ! BL9DE/ REACTION>IES HOLD \T AS A PROMISE4 

,FASCISM IS NOT SO MU* USELESS AS H>MFUL1 JU/ AS A CAUSE IS H>M$ BY ANY DISPROPORTIONATE MEANS ! CO/S ( :I* \TWEI< ! B5EFITS4 ,BUT IT W\LD BE NAIVETY ITSELF = REVOLUTION>IES TO ASK CAPITALISM & ! /ATE TO T>GET FASCISM ) REPRESSIVE MEASURES ?AT MI<T O!RWISE PRODUCE FUR!R H>MFUL EFFECTS4 ,MOREOV]1 ANY REPRESSION ?AT GOES BEYOND LEGITIMATE SELF-DEF5SE1 ANY GOV]NM5T BACKLA% BAS$ UPON JAILS & H&CUFFS1 ALWAYS HAS A CRIM9AL IMPACT ( ITS [N4 ,& REVOLUTION>IES CANNOT & %\LD NOT BE CALL+ = >RE/S & CONVICTIONS1 H&CUFFS & JAIL T]MS4 

,9 REALITY1 REVOLUTION>IES1 SOCIALI/S1 WORK]S WILL SEE AN 5D ( GOV]NM5T & CAPITALI/ CONNIVANCE ) FASCISM ONLY ONCE !Y SUMMON UP !IR [N CAPACITY = RESI/ANCE1 NOT SPORADICALLY & FITFULLY1 NOT PRETTY MU* AS 9DIVIDUALS OR GR\PS OR 9 ANY UNDULY LOCALIZ$ WAY1 BUT ACROSS ! BO>D4 ,:5 IT COMES TO DEM&+ A RI<T1 !RE IS ONLY ONE ?+ ?AT ! WORK]S C\LD ASK =3 ?AT !Y BE GIV5 EQUAL TREATM5T1 & BE LEFT FREE TO DEF5D !MSELVES EV]Y TIME ?AT !Y >E ATTACK$2 & DEF5D !MSELVES US+ ! SAME RES\RCES AS ! FASCI/S1 TO WIT1 !IR [N ORGANIZATIONS1 !IR [N MEET+S1 !IR [N FLAGS1 !IR [N BELIEFS1 !IR [N LIVES4 ,!Y W\LD BE 5TITL$ TO ASK ?AT ! POLICE & ! C\RTS NOT R$UCE !M TO ! CONDITION ( SOMEBODY :OSE >MS >E TI$ :IL/ O!RS GIVE HIM A SAVAGE BEAT+4 ,OR LET ! CAPITALI/ /ATE CA/ ASIDE ALL HYPOCRISY & /OP PLAY+ TWO P>TS 9 ! F>CE & TAKE DIRECT RESPONSIBILITY = ! REPRESSION ( WORK]S4 

,BUT !SE >E PO9TLESS DEM&S1 UNLESS BACK$ BY REAL =CE1 BO? MORAL & MAT]IAL2 & CAN ONLY BE PRESS$ BY WAY ( A TOK5 DEMON/RATION ( ONE'S RI<TS & = PROPAG&A PURPOSES4 ,9 PO9T ( FACT1 ,ITALIAN JAILS >E FILL$ ) WORK]S & ! HEAVIE/ S5T5CES RA9 D[N ON WORK]S :O MADE ! MI/AKE 9 CLA%ES ( US+ VIOL5CE TO DEF5D !MSELVES FROM ! FASCI/S4 ,MOREOV]1 WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 ! GOV]NM5T'S /ANCE AS SOON AS ! SPONTANE\S 9ITIATIVE ( ! PEOPLE CAME UP ) ! IDEA ( =M+ PROLET>IAN DEF5SE UNITS :I* W]E DUBB$ ! 0,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO40 ,\TSIDE ( ,ROME :]E1 = CONTEXTUAL REASONS1 REPRESSION IS A MORE DIFFICULT UND]TAK+ & :]E1 = DOME/IC & =EIGN POLICY REASONS1 ! GOV]NM5T NE$S TO KEEP UP APPE>ANCES & !RE=E PREV5T FASCISM'S RESORT+ TO ! VIOL5T ME?ODS EMPLOY$ 9 ! ,EMILIA1 ! ,V5ETO & ,TUSCANY1 ! M]E IDEA ( SETT+ UP 0,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO0 *APT]S HAS BE5 PREEMPTIVELY /AMP$ \T 9 ! MO/ VIGOR\S FA%ION - ?R\< BANS1 ?REATS1 RAIDS & >RE/S4 

,TO TELL ! TRU?1 ONLY 9 ,ROME .<AT ! TIME ( WRIT+.> WAS !RE A REAL1 PROP] REGUL> UNIT ( ! 0,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO10 ALBEIT ?AT !RE HAVE BE5 REPORTS ( SEV]AL ATTEMPTS 7?US F> ATTEMPTS ONLY7 TO SET *APT]S UP ELSE:]E 9 ,ITALY4 ,BUT IT LOOKS LIKE IT MI<T BE A GOOD IDEA TO =M !M PRETTY MU* EV]Y:]E4 ,! FASCI/S !MSELVES1 SOME:AT HAMP]$ 9 ! ACTIVITIES :I* !Y HAVE NEV] AB&ON$ 9 ! WAKE ( ! LAU<ABLE 0PEACE COMPACT0 9 ,ROME - !Y HAVE C>RI$ ON ) ! BEAT+S & ! DE/RUCTION - CAME UP ) ! ALIBI ?AT !Y W]E NOT DO+ ?IS TO SOCIALI/S BUT RA!R ONLY TO COMMUNI/S & TO ! 0,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO0 :O W]E NOT P>TIES TO ! PEACE COMPACT4.<#a#c.> ,( C\RSE1 EV]YBODY1 :E!R !Y FIT ! BILL OR NOT1 BECOMES SU* - EV5 ! MO/ RE=MI/ ( SOCIALI/S MO/ 9IMICAL TO VIOL5CE1 AS WELL AS ! LEA/ P>TISAN COOP]ATIVES & LEISURE CLUBS6 ,BUT WE %ALL LET ?AT RE/ 444 

,! GOV]NM5T'S 5DEAVORS 9 ?IS S5SE DES]VE A SPECIAL M5TION4 ,EV]Y SO (T51 EV5 9 ! MO/ F> FLUNG VILLAGES1 !RE >E REPORTS ( MASS >RE/S ( SUPPOS$ 0,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO40 ,9 FACT1 UND] ?AT PRETEXT1 !Y 9DULGE 9 ! >RE/ ( GA!R+S1 PLA9 GET-TOGE!RS ( ! USUAL SOCIAL1 AN>*I/ OR M]ELY LABOR CIRCLES2 & *>GES >E PREF]R$ ( PLOTT+ AGA9/ ! SECURITY ( ! /ATE4 ,!N1 AFT] A FEW MON?S HAVE PASS$1 ! *>GES MELT AWAY2 BUT ! MON?S ?AT 9NOC5T PEOPLE HAVE S]V$ 9 JAIL CANNOT BE SO EASILY WIP$ AWAY & 9 ! MEANTIME1 9 A NUMB] ( T[NS1 ! AU?ORITIES HAVE US$ ?IS PRETEXT TO SUCCESSFULLY ?W>T ANY OPPOSITION TO ! GOV]NM5T1 NO MATT] H[ LAW-ABID+4 ,?IS PROC$URE IS D\BLY ILLEGAL1 UNFAIR & 9IQUIT\S3 #a1 BECAUSE 9 FACT ! *>GE ( ,>DITI ACTIVITY IS 9 ALMO/ EV]Y 9/ANCE A COMPLETE CONCOCTION & #b1 BECAUSE IF !RE WAS ANY TRU? TO IT1 IT W\LD NOT AM\NT TO AN (F5SE1 9 ?AT !RE IS NO LAW =BIDD+ PEOPLE FROM B&+ TOGE!R TO DEF5D !MSELVES AGA9/ ATTACKS FROM ANY QU>T]4 ,! NAME BY :I* AN ASSOCIATION IS KN[N IS NOT 5\< TO R5D] IT ILLEGAL2 IT MU/ 9 FACT TAKE ! ROAD ( ILLEGALITY ?R\< SPECIFIC ACTIONS & ME?ODS4 

,SOME MAY PROTE/ ?AT ! >DITI ASSOCIATION IS ALONG MILIT>Y L9ES2 NO MORE SO1 WE REPLY ?AN ! EX-S]VICE ASSOCIATIONS1 ! Y\NG PIONE]S & LOTS ( GYMNA/IC1 T>GET %OOT+ & SPORTS SOCIETIES4 ,AS LONG AS WE HAVE DONE NO?+ ILLEGAL1 AS LONG AS !Y DO NOT GO >M$ ?R\< ! /REETS1 !SE REMA9 )9 ! B\ND>IES ( ! LAW & >E 5TITL$ TO ! SAME FRE$OM ( ASSOCIATION AS EV]Y O!R CITIZ54 ,IF !Y W]E \TSIDE ! LAW1 !N OBVI\SLY NO SU* ASSOCIATION1 NO MATT] H[ WELL ORGANIZ$1 W\LD HAVE BE5 TOL]AT$ 9 ! V]Y CAPITAL ( ! ,K+DOM4 ,& ,I %ALL REFRA9 FROM MAK+ ANY COMP>ISON ) ! 0,FASCI DI COMBATTIM5TO10 :I* >E \T & \T MILIT>Y UNITS ) !IR [N CADRES & (FIC]S1 TRAMP+ ?R\< ! CITIES 9 MILIT>Y ORD]1 V]Y (T5 ) WEAPONS ACROSS !IR BACKS1 M>%AL$ & DRAWN UP = ALL TO SEE1 9 TRUCKS OR ON FOOT1 PRIOR TO SETT+ (F ON !IR PUNITIVE EXP$ITIONS TO BEAT1 DE/ROY1 TOR* & MURD]4.<#a#d.> 

,ACCORD+ TO ! POLICE & ! C\RTS !SE FASCI/ ORGANIZATIONS >E P]FECTLY LEGAL6 ,REMEMB] ! 9CID5T :]EBY ! ,CAM]A ,CONF$]ALE DEL ,LAVORO 9 ,BOLOGNA WAS TOR*$ 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#b#a1 \T ( ! BLUE1 )\T ANY PROVOCATION GIV5 BY ! SOCIALI/S1 AT A TIME :5 ! CITY WAS P]FECTLY CALM4 ,TWICE ! FASCI/S1 9 MILIT>Y >RAY1 >M$ ) REVOLV]S1 H& GR5ADES OR 9C5DI>IES & CANS ( PETROL OR B5Z9E1 ATTACK$ ! CONF$]AL BUILD+1 BROKE D[N ! DOORS1 BURN$ & SMA%$ EV]Y?+ !Y C\LD & F]RI$ EV]Y?+ !Y WANT$ AWAY BY TRUCK4 ,!SE FASCI/S HAD SET (F FROM ! FASCIO PREMISES & RETURN$ !RE AFT] !IR EX]TIONS ALONG ) ! SOCIALI/ DEPUTY ,GROSSI :OM !Y HAD DISCOV]$ AT ! ,CAM]A EL ,LAVORO3 & HAD =CIBLY C>RI$ HIM AWAY 9 ORD] TO 444 ,SUBJECT HIM TO QUE/ION+4 ,!RE W]E JUDICIAL 9VE/IGATIONS & COMPLA9TS MADE1 ETC41 BUT ! UP%OT WAS ?AT NO ONE WAS EV] BR\<T TO BOOK = ALL !SE TRIFLES4 

,YET ! DE$S ,I HAVE SET \T ABOVE W]E PLA9LY REPORT$1 9DE$ ) DETAILS & EXCUSES APL5TY1 9 ! LOCAL MON>*I/ & PRO-FASCI/ NEWSPAP]S3 & !Y HAPP5$ UND] ! V]Y EYES ( HUGE POLICE1 C>AB9I]I1 ,ROYAL ,GU>D & CON/ABUL>Y =CES :O W\LD1 AFT] SOME 9ITIAL %AM OPPOSITION1 LET ?+S PROCE$ & MADE WAY = ! FASCI/ PROCESSION ) ITS 0W> TROPHIES0 OR1 SO TO SPEAK1 /OL5 GOODS1 ON ! PUNITIVE EXP$ITION'S RETURN4 ,& ! ASSOCIATION ?AT OR*E/RAT$ ?IS FEAT & O!R RA!R WORSE FEATS1 IS P]FECTLY LEGAL6 ,9/EAD1 *APT]S ( ! 0,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO0 >E BROK5 UP & ITS MEMB]S >RE/$ = (F5SES AGA9/ ! SECURITY ( ! /ATE - OR IS ! /ATE FASCISM1 P]HAPS8 - M]ELY = !IR 9T5TION TO (F] O!R ?AN PASSIVE RESI/ANCE TO FASCI/ VIOL5CE4.<#a#e.> 

,GIV5 ! SITUATION & ! POLICE'S CLASS FUNCTION1 A POLICE CRACKD[N :]E1 AS HAPP5$ 9 ,VIT]BO & ,S>ZANA1 SOME VIOL5CE 7ALBEIT 9 SELF-DEF5SE7 WAS M\NT$ BY ! ,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO OR ALLEG$ ,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO MI<T JU/ BE UND]/&ABLE - EV5 ?\< IT W\LD BE UNFAIR & P>TISAN4 ,BUT NO6 !RE WAS WORSE TO FOLL[3 NO CRITICAL EV5TS HAVE OCCURR$1 NOR >E !SE ,>DITI = REAL4 ,FREE CITIZ5S W]E QUITE SIMPLY >RE/$ JU/ BECAUSE1 ON ACC\NT ( !IR POLITICAL BELIEFS1 IT IS SUSPECT$ ?AT !Y MAY BE GA!R+ ) ! 9T5TION ( E/ABLI%+ 0,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO40.<#a#f.> ,&1 NE$LESS TO SAY1 ! >RE/S >E 5DORS$ BY ! B5*6 

,ALL ( :I* IS SIMPLY FUR!R PRO( ( ! COMPLICITY1 9DE$ MAJOR RESPONSIBILITY ( ! EXI/+ POLITICAL SY/EM = ! P]PETUATION ( ! CIVIL GU]RILLA W>F>E1 :I* IS UND\BT$LY DAMAG+ TO ! T>GET$ PROLET>IAN CLASSES BUT NO LESS H>MFUL TO ! RUL+ CLASSES !MSELVES & G5]ALLY TO ECONOMIC & POLITICAL CONDITIONS 9 ,ITALY AS A :OLE4 ,A H\SEHOLD] SETT+ HIS [N HOME ALI<T ,I ORD] TO GET HIS [N BACK ON OR RID HIMSELF ( BO!RSOME T5ANTS C\LD SC>CELY BE ANY MORE UNREASONABLE & H>E-BRA9$6 

,TRUE1 ! SPONTANE\S =MATION ( ! 0,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO0 \TSIDE ( ! P>TIES & P]HAPS \TSIDE ( ! SUBV]SIVE P>TIES !MSELVES HAS BE5 LOOK$ AT ASKANCE - MANY SOCIALI/S OPPOS+ IT = OPPORTUNI/IC REASONS & ! COMMUNI/S \T ( SECT>IAN RIVALRY - IS A REASSUR+ SIGN ?AT ! SPIRIT ( RESI/ANCE IS TAK+ %APE 9 ! LABOR+ MASSES4 ,BUT TOO MU* ( ! GOOD MORAL IMPACT ( ,>DITISMO IS NEUTRALIZ$ BY A CONTR>Y & MORE REC5T PH5OM5ON NOT DETECT$ DUR+ ! E>LY DAYS ( FASCISM2 ! SWIT* TO ! FASCI/S MADE BY MORE & MORE WORK]S1 ALBEIT FEW 9 NUMB] COMP>$ ) ! MASSES AS A :OLE4 

,! REASONS :Y ! FASCI/S >E />T+ TO MAKE HEADWAY AMONG ! WORK]S >E SEV]AL4 ,WE >E NOT REF]R+1 ( C\RSE1 TO ?OSE :O W]E TAK5 ON AS M]C5>IES AT SO MU* P] DAY SIMPLY BECAUSE ! PAY WAS GOOD & ! WORK SLI<T4 ,!Y DO NOT MATT]3 !Y >E ! SAME POOR WITLESS & 9F]IOR CREATURES :O YE/]DAY S]V$ AS /RIKE-BREAK]S & FROM :OSE RANKS ! RUL+ CLASS DRAWS ITS H5*M5 & HIR$ GOONS4 ,BASICALLY1 !Y >E SUP]FLU\S CIPH]S & NO?+ MORE4 ,ON ! FR+ES ( ! PROLET>IAT !RE IS ALWAYS ?IS SECTOR1 ! MO/ WRET*$ ONE1 :I* ! GOV]NM5T & ! B\RGEOISIE >E ABLE TO WIELD AS ! BL9D 9/RUM5T ( !IR RULE4 ,I DO NOT BELIEVE1 EI!R1 ?AT FASCISM HAS MU* USE = !SE ELEM5TS2 !Y [E IT NO LOYALTY1 WILL DES]T IT AT ! FIR/ OPPORTUNITY1 AT ! FIR/ B5D 9 ! ROAD1 ! FIR/ SET-BACK4 

,BUT FASCISM HAS ALSO DRAWN O!R WORK]S :O >E NOT M]ELY OP5 TO ! HI<E/ BIDD] & = SALE4 ,TO BE SURE1 ! GR[? 9 UNEMPLOYM5T IS ONE FACTOR 9 ?IS2 & !RE >E ?OSE :O ?\<T TO F9D WORK1 & (T5 DID1 ON ! BASIS ( BE+ FASCI/S OR MEMB]S ( FASCISM'S SO-CALL$ AUTONOM\S LEAGUES :I*1 LIKE ! R$ LEAGUES1 HOLD \T ! PROMISE ( JOB PLACEM5TS1 WAGE PROTECTION41 ETC4 ,SOME 9DU/RIALI/S & EMPLOY]S HAVE COME TO AN >RANGEM5T ) ! ,FASCIO TO GIVE PREF]5CE TO WORK]S RECOMM5D$ BY ! LATT]3 :I* GOES A LONG WAY T[>DS EXPLA9+ H[ ! NEW /YLE PLACEM5T BUREAUX CAN /ILL ATTRACT SOME ( !IR CLI5TELE FROM AMONG ! EV] SWELL+ RANKS ( ! UNEMPLOY$4 

,9 TRADE UNION T]MS1 IT DOES NOT DO TO OV]/ATE ! IMPORTANCE ( !SE SO-CALL$ AUTONOM\S LABOR UNIONS :I* >E 9 FACT HIT*$ TO FASCISM4 ,VOLUNTE] MEMB]S >E /ILL 9 ! M9ORITY1 A M9ORITY ?AT ON ITS [N C\LD NEV] CON/ITUTE AN EFFECTIVE COLLECTIVE =CE4 ,MO/ ( ! MEMB]%IP IS RECRUIT$ =CIBLY1 BY MEANS ( ?REATS1 >SON1 BEAT+S1 BULLY+ BY ! BOSSES & A ?\S& O!R CO]CIVE MEASURES4.<#a#g.> ,YET ! FACT ?AT EV5 A FEW WORK]S HAVE SWIT*$ TO ! FASCI/S ( !IR [N VOLITION IS DES]V+ ( SOME SCRUT9Y4 

,PA9FUL ?\< IT MAY BE TO ADMIT1 9 SOME WORK]S CLASS CONSCI\SNESS & A S5SE ( DIGNITY >E SO UND]-DEVELOP$ ?AT !Y CANNOT UND]/& ! HUMILIATION 9 ! BOSSES GIV+ PREF]5TIAL TREATM5T TO ! MEMB]S ( FASCI/ UNIONS OR PEOPLE RECOMM5D$ BY !M1 OR1 IF !Y DO UND]/& ?AT1 LACK ! /R5G? TO TURN D[N WORK (F]$ ON ?OSE GR\NDS & 9 ?OSE CONDITIONS4 ,BUT ?IS IS NOT !IR FAULT4 ,! FAULT LIES ) ! MIS*IEV\S $UCATION ACCORD$ ! LABOR+ MASSES1 ESPECIALLY 9 C]TA9 DI/RICTS :]E SOCIALI/ IS SYNONYM\S ) UNIONI/ & SOCIALISM CONSI/S 5TIRELY ( ORGANIZ+ 9 ORD] TO GET BETT] WAGES1 TO WORK 9 BETT] CONDITIONS & TO CA/ ONE'S VOTE = ! P>LIAM5T>IAN ?AT SPEAKS UP = ! UNION'S RI<TS OR = ! T[N C\NCIL ?AT H&S \T MORE WORK TO ! TRADES COOP]ATIVE4 ,NOT ?AT ?AT IS NOT AN ADVANCE ON ! LACK ( CONSCI\SNESS 9 ! SLAVI%1 />V+ DISORGANIZ$ ( SIXTY YE>S BACK4 ,ACCU/OM$ TO LOOK+ NO F>!R ?AN ?IS1 IT IS ONLY NATURAL ?AT WORK]S %\LD NOT C>E UNDULY AB\T :AT COLOR ! UNION OR ! EMPLOYM5T BUREAU MI<T DISPLAY JU/ AS LONG AS ! B5EFITS !Y PROMISE >E ! SAME4 ,& WE MAY BE ?ANKFUL ?AT ?IS IS A COMP>ATIVELY T9Y PH5OM5ON4 

,! OV]:ELM+LY MAT]IALI/IC & ALL TOO UN-IDEALI/IC $UCATION ?AT SOCIALISM HAS (F]$ ! PROLET>IAT1 ESPECIALLY OV] ! PA/ ?IRTY YE>S1 HAS BE5 YET ANO!R FACTOR 9 ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,9T]NATIONAL 9 #aiad & ( ! 7WE CAN ONLY HOPE TRANSI5T7 DEFEAT ( ! ,ITALIAN PROLET>IAT 9 #aiba 7HOPEFULLY IT WILL HAVE ITS REV5GE74 ,!RE WE F9D ! ROOT CAUSES ( ! MEAG] WORK+ CLASS RESI/ANCE TO ! CAPITALI/ ONSLAU<T1 & ( ! READ9ESS ON ! P>T ( SOME WORK]S TO ACCEPT WORK & SEEK EMPLOYM5T ?R\< AG5CIES ?AT !Y KN[1 DEEP D[N1 >E !IR 5EMIES4 ,OV]LY US$ TO ! NOTION ( SECUR+ IMM$IATE GA9S ) M9IMAL EF=T1 !Y LACK$ ?AT SPIRIT ( SACRIFICE & LOVE ( DANG] )\T :I* IT IS H>D TO EM]GE VICTORI\S FROM ! T\<E/ BATTLES4 ,9 ?IS REG>D ! OLDE/ WORK]S :OSE TRA9+ 9 SOCIALISM DATES FROM BE=E #a#i1 :5 !RE WAS /ILL SOME L+]+ VE/IGE ( ! ,MAZZ9IAN SPIRIT 9 SOCIALI/ PREA*+1 OR1 FAIL+ ?AT1 AT A TIME :5 GOV]NM5T H>ASSM5T & ! LACK ( SUCCESS HAD A SALUT>Y1 *>ACT]-BUILD+ & $UCATIONAL IMPACT1 SU* WORK]S1 9 SPITE ( !IR YE>S1 >E /ILL ! BE/ TROOP]S1 NO MATT] :I* SOCIALI/ S*OOL OR FACTION !Y MAY FOLL[4 

,! UTILIT>IAN PRACTICE ( TRADES ORGANIZATION1 BUREAUCRACY & ! FACT ?AT PROPAG&A & RECRUITM5T HAVE ALSO BECOME /OCKS-9-TRADE 7& TRADES ?AT >E NOT AS EASY & UNDEM&+ AS ?OSE :O HAVE NEV] PLI$ !M MAY IMAG9E67 - ALL ( ?IS HAS DRAWN 9TO SOCIALISM & 9TO ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T A NUMB] ( HACKS :O HAVE BR\<T DISCR$IT UPON !IR FUNCTION & ! IDEAS !Y PR(ESS 9 ! EYES ( ! MASSES4 ,F9D+ ?IS TO !IR ADVANTAGE1 ! MASSES ACCEPT$ UNION LEAD]S BUT WAS NOT ALWAYS FOND ( !M4 ,& :IL/ !RE >E SOME :O W]E A REAL BOON TO ! WELL-BE+ & $UCATION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 !RE WAS ALSO NO %ORTAGE1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 ( ! O!R SORT :O PRETTY MU* LOOK$ AFT] !IR [N 9T]E/S1 FEA!R$ !IR [N NE/ LIKE REAL NEW-/YLE P>I% PRIE/S1 ?R[+ ! WEI<T ( !IR AU?ORITY AB\T 9 SU* A WAY AS TO CREATE A LOT ( RES5TM5T1 SIMM]+ GRUDGES & A S5SE ( ILL-DEF9$ 9TOL]ANCE ?AT 9 NORMAL TIMES W5T UNREM>K$ & MATT]$ LITTLE1 BUT :I*1 COME ! FIR/ /ORM CL\DS1 PIL$ UP & TILT$ ! SCALES4 

,AMONG O!R ?+S1 ! SY/EM ( F9ES IMPOS$ ON ?OSE D]ELICT ( !IR OBLIGATIONS TO ! ORGANIZATION1 :O AB&ON$ IT & W]E !N =C$ TO REJO91 ETC41 G5]ATES A LOT ( GRUDGES :I* L+] 9 ! M9D EV5 AFT] IT LOOKS AS IF EV]Y?+ HAS MOV$ ON4 ,!N1 :5 D\BTS LAT] APPE>$ REG>D+ :]E ! MONEY 5D$ UP1 ?+S TOOK A MORE S]I\S TURN4 ,9 ! ,EMILIA ESPECIALLY1 ?IS CROPP$ UP 9 RELATION TO ! SO-CALL$ 0LEVIES0 :]EBY LOTS ( LEAGUE MEMB]S W]E >RE/$1 ) ! ODD ONE RETALIAT+ BY MOV+ ON FROM JAIL TO ,MONTECITORIO & A P>LIAM5T>Y SEAT4 ,! B\RGEOIS PRESS'S CAMPAIGN SURR\ND+ ?IS HAS BE5 AS NONS5SICAL AS IT HAS S5SATIONAL4 ,WORK]S' RI<TS TO SET AN 5TRANCE FEE = ADMISSION TO !IR ASSOCIATIONS & A F9E = ?OSE :O BREA* !IR UND]TAK+S1 CANNOT BE QU]I$1 LEGALLY OR MORALLY2 MU* LESS !IR 5TITLEM5T TO REQUIRE1 9 AGREEM5TS BETWE5 WORK]S & EMPLOY]S1 ?AT ! LATT] PAY C]TA9 DAMAGES = FAIL+ TO HONOR !IR COMMITM5TS OR BREA*+ SIGN$ AGREEM5TS4 

,BUT :]EAS ALL ( ?IS IS LEGALLY VALID & CANNOT BE DISMISS$ AS IMMORAL1 LIKE ANY AFFAIR 9 :I* MONEY IS AT /AKE1 IT CAN BECOME TICKLI% & DANG]\S BECAUSE IT CAN EASILY LEAD TO ABUSES1 P]SONAL V5DETTAS1 EXPLOSIONS ( RES5TM5T & UNSCRUPUL\S CONDUCT - & !RE=E TO DISCORD1 PETTY WRANGL+ & SQUABBL+4 ,9 MO/ 9/ANCES F9ES OR 0LEVIES0 >E ALLOCAT$ = PUBLIC PURPOSES1 DONAT$ TO GOOD WORKS1 HOMES1 S*OL>%IPS1 %ELT]S = PAUP]S1 ETC41 & SOMETIMES ?IS IS DONE ?R\< ! GOOD (FICES ( PUBLIC (FICIALS1 9SPECTORS OR PREFECTS4 ,BUT IT TAKES ONLY ONE OR TWO CASES :]E ?+S >E H&L$ DIFF]5TLY & :]E LEGITIMATE 9T]E/S >E WRONGLY 9FR+$1 9 :I* !RE HAS BE5 SOME DI%ONE/ DEAL+1 :]E SOMEBODY POCKETS SU* DONATIONS 7IT CANNOT BE RUL$ \T ?AT ?IS HAS HAPP5$1 BECAUSE !RE IS ALWAYS SOME *ANCE ( ITS HAPP5+72 & LO & BEHOLD EV]Y O!R 9/ANCE IS OV]%AD[$ BY D\BT & DISCR$IT1 & !N FRE% GR\NDS >E CREAT$ = DISCONT5T & DISCORD 9 ! WORK]S' RANKS4 ,& A CLIMATE1 AN ATMOSPH]E IS CREAT$ :]E ! PROLET>IAT'S 5EMIES REAP ! B5EFITS4 

,ANO!R DEG5]ATIVE FACTOR IS ! ANTI-LIB]T>IAN >RANGEM5T :]EBY ORGANIZATION IS MADE M&ATORY1 & (T5 IT IS A CASE ( ONE ORGANIZATION H&L+ ALL ( ! WORK 9 A GIV5 SECTOR TO ! EXCLUSION ( ALL O!R ORGANIZATIONS1 :]EBY ONE HAS TO BELONG OR GO )\T WORK1 SUFF] A BOYCOTT OR SOMETIMES WORSE4 ,9 MANY PLACES ?IS HAS GIV5 RISE TO ! UNCOMPROMIS+ SLOGANS ?AT HE :O IS NOT ORGANIZ$ IS A BLACKLEG6 ,AN>*I/S HAVE ALWAYS /R5U\SLY OPPOS$ ?IS PHONY & DANG]\S UND]/&+ ( ORGANIZATION4 ,/RICTLY SPEAK+1 0BLACKLEG0 REF]S ONLY TO SOMEONE :O REPORTS = WORK DUR+ A /RIKE & DISPUTE &1 BY EXT5SION1 TO SOMEBODY :O WORKS AT LESS ?AN ! RATE & 9 BREA* ( AGREEM5TS SIGN$ BETWE5 ! WORK]S & ! EMPLOY]S4 ,BUT ORGANIZATION CANNOT BE O!R ?AN FREE2 ITS :OLE EFFICACY D]IVES FROM ITS BE+ VOLUNT>Y1 ITS BE+ AN EX]CISE 9 & DEMON/RATION ( 9DIVIDUAL WILLS B&+ TOGE!R TO =M ONE COLLECTIVE WILL4 ,! MOM5T ORGANIZATION CEASES TO BE VOLUNT>Y & BECOMES COMPULSORY IT LOSES ?REE QU>T]S ( ! ADVANTAGES IT (F]S & ACQUIRES A HO/ ( %ORTCOM+S & SE$S ( DEG5]ATION4 

,9 LOTS ( PLACES FASCI/ VIOL5CE HAS BE5 ! LITMUS PAP] EXPOS+ ! H>M DONE BY COMPULSORY ORGANIZATION1 BUT = :I* C]TA9 WORK] ELEM5TS W\LD NEV] HAVE DEFECT$ TO ! FASCI/S4 ,LEFT TO !IR [N DEVICES1 !Y W\LD EI!R HAVE JO9$ ! ORGANIZATION LAT] ( !IR [N VOLITION & ?R\< CONVICTION1 OR REMA9$ UNMOV$2 NO WAY W\LD !Y HAVE TURN$ 9TO 5EMIES4 ,CONV]SELY1 ?OSE :O US$ TO BE UNMOV$ MAY TODAY BE DRIV5 BY FASCISM 9TO ORGANIZATION & 9TO ! >MS ( SUBV]SIVES1 AS 9DE$ HAS ?US F> BE5 HAPP5+ ) ?OSE HI!RTO UNMOV$ BY SOCIALI/ PROPAG&A4 ,EV5TS HAVE %[N JU/ H[ CORRECT W]E ! DECL>ATIONS MADE AT ! ,JULY #aib ,AN>*I/ ,CONGRESS 9 ,BOLOGNA :I*1 ON ! BASIS ?AT EV]YONE HAS ! RI<T TO WORK & ?AT ORGANIZATIONS %\LD BE ! >M ( ! GR[+ CONSCI\SNESS ( ! WORK]S RA!R ?AN IMPOS$ BY =CE1 TOOK EXCEPTION TO ! SY/EM ( M&ATORY ORGANIZATION1 A TRESPASS AGA9/ FRE$OM :I* ONLY R$\NDS TO ! DETRIM5T ( ! ORGANIZATIONS !MSELVES1 9 ?AT IT DIVE/S !M ( ANY IDEALI/IC CONT5T & SPIRIT ( /RUGGLE & REPRES5TS ! SE$ ( DE/RUCTION 9 !IR V]Y HE>T4 

0,! 9EVITABLE HAS COME TO PASS0 - ,]RICO ,MALATE/A REIT]AT$1.<#a#h.> NOT+ ?AT = SOME WORK]S FASCISM WAS1 AT FIR/ SI<T1 A LIB]ATION1 EV5 ?\< !Y SOON F\ND !MSELVES WORSE (F - 0BECAUSE M&ATORY RECRUITM5T 9TO AN ORGANIZATION IS NOT ONLY A TRESPASS AGA9/ A SACROSANCT PR9CIPLE ( FRE$OM1 BUT 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! ORGANIZATION ! SE$S ( DISSOLUTION & DEA?1 BECAUSE ! ORGANIZATIONS FILL$ ) HO/ILE P]SONS1 POT5TIAL TRAITORS &1 ON ! O!R H&1 :5 MEMB]S CAN BE RECRUIT$ BY =CE1 ORGANIZ]S' 9C5TIVE TO M\NT PROPAG&A & TO ATTEMPT TO P]SUADE DISAPPE>$40 

,9 %ORT1 ! PREVAL5CE ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN M9D-SET TURN$ ! LEAGUES1 ! F$]ATIONS1 ! C5TRAL BUREAUX1 ETC41 9TO SO MANY M9I-GOV]NM5TS1 L>GE & SMALL1 ) ALL ( ! CONCOMITANT DEFECTS1 & ABOLI%$ O!RS' 9C5TIVE TO OPPOSE & REBEL AGA9/ !M4 ,:I*1 9 C]TA9 LABOR CIRCLES1 PAV$ ! WAY = ! SPREAD ( FASCISM4 

,I,I,I4 

,I WANT NO MISUND]/&+S4 ,! MI/AKES MADE BY WORK]S & SOCIALI/S EXPLA9 :Y FASCISM WAS ABLE TO EXP& EV5 9TO C]TA9 >EAS :I* BY !IR V]Y NATURE \<T TO HAVE BE5 UNWELCOM+4 ,!Y >E NOT1 QUITE1 A JU/IFICATION ( FASCISM P] SE2 FASCISM REMA9S A DISEASE ( ! SOCIAL SY/EM1 BECAUSE ! LATT]'S WEAKNESS SMOO!D ITS PASSAGE1 BECAUSE HUMAN ]ROR & P>TY MISCALCULATIONS PREV5T$ ! MO/ BATT]$ SECTORS FROM BE+ ABLE TO M\NT S]I\S RESI/ANCE TO IT & FROM /AMP+ IT \T4 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 ,T,B REMA9S A GRIEV\S BLI<T UPON HUMAN SOCIETY :I* NE$S TO TREAT IT & TO TRY TO OV]COME1 RESCU+ AS MANY VICTIMS AS POSSIBLE1 ?R\< ! WORK ( ! HYGI5I/ :O1 BY RESE>*+ ! REASONS = ITS SPREAD1 D5\NCES ITS P]NICI\S PRACTICES1 UNSANIT>Y HABITS1 QUE/IONABLE BEHAVIOR & H>MFUL SURR\ND+S ?AT PR$ISPOSE ORGANISMS TO H>BOR ! DISEASE & SPREAD IT ?R\< !IR NEI<BORS4 ,NO QUE/ION AB\T IT2 IT TAKES A *ANGE 9 ! SURR\ND+S1 A *ANGE 9 SOCIAL CONDITIONS1 A *ANGE 9 H>MFUL PRACTICES1 BEHAVIOR & HABITS TO PREV5T & FI<T ! DISEASE AT S\RCE2 BUT1 ONCE ! DISEASE HAS BEGUN TO SPREAD1 IT ALSO NE$S TO BE REEXAM9$ & COMBAT$ ) EV]Y !RAPEUTIC & (T5 SURGICAL RES\RCE :]ESOEV] IT MANIFE/S ITSELF4 

,FASCISM IS EFFECTIVELY A DISEASE1 A FEV] C\RS+ ?R\< ! BODY ( SOCIETY & ONE ?AT WE MU/ TRY TO CURE4 ,I HAVE HI<LI<T$ A FEW ( ! FACTORS ?AT HAVE HELP$ IT SPREAD1 BUT IT %\LD NOT BE =GOTT5 ?AT WE >E DEAL+ H]E ) A G5]AL PA?OLOGICAL EFFECT1 ! ORIG9S ( :I* CAN BE TRAC$ TO ! W>4 ,)\T ?AT1 ! MI/AKES & %ORTCOM+S ( ! PROLET>IAN & SOCIAL MOVEM5T W\LD HAVE HAD DAMAG+ CONSEQU5CES ( A DIFF]5T SORT1 BUT ASSUR$LY NOT FASCISM4 ,GIV5 ! W>1 GIV5 ?AT ! ONLY REAL PREV5TIVE REM$Y AGA9/ IT - REVOLUTION - WAS NOT =?COM+1 FASCISM OR SOME?+ ( ! SORT WAS 9EVITABLE4 ,! FASCI/S1 & ?OSE ( !IR LEAD]S :O HONE/LY BELIEVE ?AT !Y >E 9 *>GE ( ! MOVEM5T1 >E 9 FACT M]ELY AG5TS ( A PH5OM5ON ?AT IS /RONG] ?AN !M & BY :I* !Y >E DRAGG$ ALONG4 

,?IS WAS REALIZ$ ?IS :5 AN ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO ADJU/ ! %IP'S TILL] & MU/] ! :]E)AL TO SET A DIFF]5T C\RSE4 ,A WA/E ( TIME6 

,I SAID E>LI] ?AT FASCISM IS A CONSCI\S MANIFE/ATION ( ! RUL+ CLASS'S 9T]E/S2 BUT LET ME AM5D ?AT4 ,IT IS P>TLY ?AT1 ESPECIALLY = C]TA9 P]SONNEL :O HOLD ! RE9S ( FASCISM & TRY TO CONTROL IT1 /E] IT1 DRIVE IT BEYOND OR KEEP IT )9 C]TA9 B\ND>IES1 AS ! 9T]E/S1 POLITICAL CONV5I5CES & OPPORTUNITIES ( ! MOM5T1 ETC4 MAY RECOMM5D4 ,BUT :IL/ HOLDS TRUE1 9 P>T AT LEA/1 :]E ! LEAD]S >E CONC]N$1 IT NO LONG] APPLIES TO ! FASCI/ MASSES4 

,EV] S9CE FASCISM EM]G$ TRIUMPHANT 9 ! AUTUMN ( #aib FROM ITS FIR/ BATTLES 9 ! ,EMILIA & ! WIDE SPECTRUM ( =CES & 9T]E/S :OSE PRACTICE IT IS TO SIDE ) ! /RONGE/ RU%$ TO SWELL ITS RANKS OR /& ALONGSIDE IT1 FASCISM HAS OV]COME ! MASSES' WEAKNESS = ACT+ ON IMPULSE & 9CREAS+LY ACTS (F ITS [N BAT & AT ! 9/IGATION ( OBSCURE ELEM5TS & UNSPEAKABLE 9T]E/S :O ALWAYS DEVISE SOME WAY ( TAK+ COV] BEH9D L>GE NUMB]S4 ,:I* IS TO SAY ?AT FASCISM HAS LO/ ! ADVANTAGE ( SMALL GR\PS ( BE+ ABLE TO OP]ATE FREELY & ACTUALLY DO ONLY :AT !SE WANT & PURSUE !IR [N AIMS4 ,N[ !RE >E LOTS ( ?+S PRESCRIB$ & DESIR$ BY ! FASCI/ LEAD]%IP :I* ! FASCI/ MASSES DO NOT C>E =1 DO NOT WANT & WILL NOT DO2 9DE$1 ON OCCASION1 !Y DO ! V]Y OPPOSITE4 

,:AT WILL COME TO PASS %\LD FASCISM CONT9UE ?R\< %E] 9]TIA & ITS LAPSE 9TO EV] GREAT] VIOL5CE ACCEL]ATE1 UNLESS O!R FACTORS & ELEM5TS NOT SUCCE$ 9 %UNT+ IT 9TO 
A SID+ OR HALT+ & DEFEAT+ IT FIR/1 IS AN UNKN[N QUANTITY4 ,)\T D\BT1 IT W\LD 5D UP FALL+ AP>T2 BUT H[ MU* DE/RUCTION WILL IT HAVE LEFT 9 ITS WAKE BY !N8 ,!RE IS ALWAYS A *ANCE ?AT IT MAY1 AFT] GLIMPS+ ! ABYSS T[>DS :I* IT IS RU%+1 BE ABLE TO MU/] ! /R5G? TO /OP 9 ITS TRACKS2 BUT UNTIL SU* TIME AS ?AT LIKELIHOOD APPE>S1 WE CANNOT TELL :5CE IT MAY COME4 

,V]Y RECOGNITION ( ! HATR$ BY :I* IT S5SES IT IS 9CREAS+LY SURR\ND$1 :IL/ ! SYMPA?Y ( ! RUL+ CLASS ?AT MAKES USE ( IT ( HELPS IT %R9KS OR BECOMES MORE CIRCUMSPECT IS MAK+ FASCISM MORE VICI\S4 ,IT IS CAU<T UP 9 A VICI\S CIRCLE2 ITS VIOL5CE FANS ! HATR$ >\ND IT BUT AGGRESSIVE VIOL5CE PREEMPTS & PREV5TS ! 5EMY'S HATR$ FROM EXPLOD+4 ,= H[ LONG8 

,SU* BL9K]$ & ALMO/ DEM5T$ EXASP]ATION1 ! RESULT1 P]HAPS1 ( ! UNC]TA9TY BY :I* !Y >E BEG9N+ TO BE BESET1 IS DISC]NIBLE 9 MANY FASCI/S2 SOME >E G5U9ELY BEG9N+ TO D\BT ! RI<TE\SNESS ( !IR [N CAUSE & O!RS >E />T+ TO SUSPECT ?AT !Y MAY NOT ALWAYS HAVE ! UPP] H&4 ,ESPECIALLY 9 >EAS :]E FASCISM HAS OBTA9$ ALL IT CAN1 NO LONG] KN[S :AT TO DO NEXT OR H[ TO /OP1 P>TLY BECAUSE :AT IT HAS OBTA9$ IS FAT$ TO BE FLEET+1 :I* IS :Y FASCI/ VIOL5CE IS LOOK+ 9CREAS+LY T>GETLESS2 & VIOL5CE = VIOL5CE'S SAKE1 :I* A*IEVES NO?+1 NE$LESSLY IRRITATES ! 5EMY & 9DE$ TR\BLES ITS SELF-SEEK+ ACCOMPLICES4 

,ONE FRI5D ( M9E1 A UNIV]SITY /UD5T1 ID5TIFI$ AS AN AN>*I/1 WAS ONE DAY SURR\ND$ BY EI<T TO T5 PEOPLE1 GIV5 A BEAT+ & !N DRAGG$ ?R\< ! MA9 CITY /REETS TO ! PREMISES ( ! ,FASCIO AS ! UNSEE+ EYES ( ! POLICE LOOK$ ON4 ,ON >RIVAL !RE1 ! VICTIM ( ! ASSAULT ASK$ :Y HE HAD BE5 GIV5 SU* C\RTE\S SPECIAL TREATM5T1 BUT NOBODY C\LD ANSW] HIM4 ,HE /AT$ ?AT HE WAS AN AN>*I/1 & !Y TOOK HIM TO TASK = ! AN>*I/S BE+ ALLIES ( ! SOCIALI/S4 ,HE WAS 9SULT$1 ?REAT5$ & SE>*$2 BUT :51 9 SPITE ( ?IS1 HE TRI$ TO REASON ) !M CALMLY & W5T TO SPEAK TO SAY H[ ABSURD & PO9TLESS ?IS ALL WAS1 EV5 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! FASCI/S1 !Y CUT HIM (F ) UNSEEMLY %\T+4 

0,WE WANT NO DISCUSSION4 ,WE'RE AT ! 5D ( \R TE!R60 WAS ! MO/ SOLID >GUM5T !Y C\LD COME UP )4 ,&1 RA!R ?AN EXPOSE !MSELVES TO ! DANG]S ( DEBAT+ ) !IR VICTIM1 !Y OPT$ TO SET HIM FREE6 

,MAYBE IT WAS ! KN[L$GE ?AT !Y W]E 9 ! WRONG ?AT MO/ IRRITAT$ SO MANY ( !M4 ,EV5 ?\< !Y LET !MSELVES BE C>RI$ AWAY = A MOM5T1 !Y QUICKLY DESI/$4 ,!Y EI!R SAY NO?+1 RANT & RAVE OR RESORT TO BEAT+S6 

,! FASCI/ UPHEAVAL REM9DS ME ( ! DISORD]LY & MURD]\S GE/URES ( A DR[N+ MAN1 BEAT+ ! WAT] NE> HIM & LIABLE TO DR[N EV5 A W\LD-BE RESCU]4 ,9 SU* CASES1 ! BL9D 9/9CT = SELF-PRES]VATION N9E TIMES \T ( T5 TURNS 9TO DANG] ( DEA?4 ,! RUL+ CLASS REFUSES TO GO TO ITS GRAVE & MAY WELL NOT P]I% - OR AT ANY RATE ! TEMPOR>Y REVOLUTION>Y 9CAPACITY ( ! PROLET>IAT GIVES IT REASONS TO ?9K SO - BUT FE> ( DEA? & ! BL9D 9/9CT = SURVIVAL HAVE ?R[N IT 9TO SU* A P>OXYSM1 ( :I* FASCISM IS ! MANIFE/ATION1 AS TO R5D] ALL ITS ACTIONS IRRATIONAL & TANTAM\NT TO SUICIDE BY PROXY4 

,= 9/ANCE1 FASCI/S (T5 TALK AB\T RE/OR+ ! AU?ORITY ( ! /ATE4 ,& 9 FACT ! /ATE1 ! POLITICAL & MILIT>Y GOV]NM5T1 IS ! MO/ /ABLE ORGANIZATION ( B\RGEOIS /R5G?1 ! CITADEL ?AT BE/ DEF5DS & PRES]VES ! E/ABLI%$ ORD] ( ?+S4 ,:I* IS :Y ALL ( ! EX]TIONS ( REVOLUTION>IES >E GE>$ TO UND]M9+ ! /ATE1 ITS WEAK5+1 :ITTL+ AWAY AT ITS AU?ORITY & DEMOLI%+ IT4 ,YET FASCISM TODAY IT ITSELF ]OD+ ! AU?ORITY ( ! /ATE BY DIVE/+ IT ( ITS MO/ JEAL\SLY GU>D$ FUNCTION1 ! FUNCTION ( >M$ VIOL5CE1 REPRESSION1 CONTROL & RE/RA9T UPON ! FRE$OM ( ITS CITIZ5S4 ,US+ PHRASEOLOGY BORR[$ FROM SYNDICALISM1 ! FASCI/S EMPTY ! /ATE ( MEAN+ BUT = IT !Y SUB/ITUTE ONLY ! UN/ABLE & CONTRADICTORY :IMS ( 9DIVIDUALS1 UNORGANIZ$ GR\PS1 BL9D 9T]E/S & IMPULSIVE WILLS B\ND TOGE!R NOT BY SOME UNIFY+ IDEA BUT BY HATE1 BY A S+LE YE>N+ = DE/RUCTION4 ,!IR ACTIVITIES >E AN>*IC 9 ! WOR/ TRADITIONAL S5SE ( ! WORD1 9 ! S5SE ( DISORD] - ! V]Y OPPOSITE1 ( C\RSE1 ( :AT ! WORD AN>*Y HAS BE5 UND]/OOD TO SIGNIFY1 S9CE ,PR\DHON'S DAY1 BY ?AT CURR5T ( SOCIALISM ( :I* ,I MYSELF AM AN ADH]5T1 ACCORD+ TO :I* ! ONLY G5U9E ORD] IS AN>*Y4 

,! DEAF5+ BR\HAHA ) :I* FASCISM HAS SURR\ND$ ITSELF & ! :IRLW9D ?AT IT HAS UNLEA%$ B>ELY DISGUISE ITS ORGANIC WEAKNESS1 ! VACUUM ( IDEAS UPON :I* IT RE/S & UPON :I* IT BUILDS ITS H\SE ( S&4.<#a#i.> ,ITS LEAD]S HAVE (T5 BE5 COMPELL$ TO DEVISE SOME SORT ( PROGRAM = IT1 BUT HAVE NOT SUCCE$$4 ,!Y EI!R /ACK$ UP EMPTY RHETORICAL PHRASES1 VAGUE PHRASEOLOGY BORR[$ FROM ! WIDE/ SPECTRUM ( P>TIES2 YET AS SOON AS !Y SET AB\T DO+ ANY?+ CONCRETE1 SPECIFY+ A GIV5 POLITICAL & SOCIAL OBJECTIVE1 DISCORD PROMPTLY ]UPTS 9 ! RANKS2 & ! HUGE GAP BETWE5 ! GOALS ( ! MANY DIFF]+ FACTIONS )9 COME TO LI<T4 ,! EF=TS MADE BY SOME TO TURN FASCISM 9TO A PROP] P>TY RUNS UP AGA9/ RELUCTANCE & OPPOSITION EV5 FROM SEV]AL AMONG ! LEAD]%IP1 SOME ( :OM >E AGRE$ ?AT FASCISM CANNOT BE A P>TY1 BUT ONLY A RALLY+ PO9T = DIFF]5T 9T]E/S B5T UPON A*IEV+ A GIV5 COMMON AIM4 

,:AT ?AT COMMON AIM MAY BE IS NOT >TICULAT$ V]Y CLE>LY4 ,!RE IS TALK ( RESCU+ ! NATION FROM ,BOL%EVIK CATA/ROPHE2 BUT 9 ESS5CE1 !IR DIFF]5CES CAN ONLY BE SET ASIDE IF !Y >E RECONCIL$ 9 ! ONLY FEASIBLE AIM1 ( HAMP]+ ! RISE ( ! PROLET>IAT1 BEHEAD+ ITS POLITICAL P[] & SMA% ITS GR[+ /R5G? 9 ! ECONOMIC SPH]E4 ,ON ?IS !Y >E ALL ( ONE M9D2 ! C>D-C>RY+ FASCI/S & ?OSE :O >E FASCI/ SYMPA?IZ]S & HAVE FASCI/ LEAN+S2 ! L&[N]S FROM ! ,PO VALLEY1 ! ,V5ETO & ,PUGLIA & ! E/ATE-[N]S ( ,SICILY2 ! P>ASITES FROM ! BIG BANKS & /OCK EX*ANGES & ! 9DU/RIALI/S 9 NE$ ( /ATE PROTECTION2 ! EMBITT]$ & UNEMPLOY$ POLITICOS & UNPR9CIPL$ J\RNALI/S2 ! L&LORDS IT*+ TO HIKE UP R5TS & ! %>KS DET]M9$ NOT TO C\< UP !IR W>-TIME SUP]-PR(ITS & :O >E RUNN+ SC>$ FROM TAX BILLS2 ?OSE :O >E FRI<T5$ BY REVOLUTION & ?OSE :O SEE EV5 RE=MISM AS SMOKE BL[N 9 !IR EYES4 ,ALL ( !M >E UNIT$ BY A %>$ AV]SION1 NO MATT] H[ DIFF]5T !IR POLITICAL PROGRAMS MAY HAVE BE5 9 ! PA/ - RADICALS1 FREEMASONS1 DEMOCRATS1 LIB]ALS1 CONS]VATIVES1 =M] SYNDICALI/S1 EX-AN>*I/S1 ALONG ) A SWA! ( ! RI<T /RET*+ AS F> AS ! CL]ICAL SYMPA?IZ] ,PAOLO ,CAPPA & A SWA! ( ! LEFT /RET*+ AS F> AS ! FASCI/-LEAN+ =M] ROYAL M9I/] & REPUBLICAN ,UBALDO ,COM&9I4.<#b.> 

,SU* A CONS5SUS AMONG SU* DIV]SE & OPPOS+ FACTIONS CANNOT C\NT5ANCE ! IMPOSSIBLE1 TO WIT1 A %>$ PRACTICAL PROGRAM ( RECON/RUCTION1 BUT ALL[S ONLY A NEGATIVE PURPOSE3 AN ANTI-PROLET>IAN PURPOSE4 ,! FASCI/S DO NOT WANT TO HE> ?IS BE+ SAID & ?REAT5 TO BEAT UP ANYONE :O GIVES ! GAME AWAY4 ,:I* DOES NOT PREV5T IT FROM BE+ ! REAL1 LIV+ REALITY & = ! PA/ YE> OR SO ! DAILY PRESS HAS MADE IT ITS BUS9ESS TO FURNI% S\ND & TELL+ PRO( ( ?IS4 

,NOT ONLY ?AT1 BUT ! RECORD %[S ?AT !RE IS NO MOVEM5T LESS IDEALI/IC & MORE PREOCCUPI$ ) MAT]IAL SUCCESS ?AN FASCISM2 IT IS OBSESS$ BY ITS [N MAT]IAL 9T]E/S & ! MAT]IAL 9T]E/S ( ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,FASCISM HAS ! 5TIRE WORK+ CLASS 9 ITS SI<TS ) ITS MO/ SPECTACUL> ACTS ( VIOL5CE & V&ALISM1 NO MATT] :O MAY >GUE ! OPPOSITE2 & ! WORK+ CLASS IS BE+ T>GET$ PRECISELY BECAUSE IT POSES A ?REAT TO CAPITALI/ PR(ITS & TRESPASSES AGA9/ ! 9T]E/S ( %OPKEEP]S & EMPLOY]S 9 ?AT1 TO DATE1 IT HAS REPRES5T$ AN ]OSION OR 9FR+EM5T ( PROPRIET>Y RI<TS4 ,FASCISM IS RA!R UNMOV$ BY ANY?+ ELSE4 

,:5 ! FASCI/S EMB>K$ UPON !IR (F5SIVE 9 ! AUTUMN ( #a#i#b1 ! FIR/ 9/ITUTIONS IT MO/ RABIDLY T>GET$ W]E NOT ! SOCIALI/ CLUBS1 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY BRAN*ES1 BUT ! CAM]E DEL LAVORO & ! COOP]ATIVES1 MO/ ( !M UND] SOCIALI/ LEAD]%IP1 BUT ALSO 9CLUD+ WORK]S ( DIFF]5T P]SUASIONS & ! NONALIGN$4 ,FROM ! WORD GO1 :AT WAS UND] ATTACK WAS NOT BOL%EVISM BUT ! PROLET>IAT AS A :OLE4 

,! 0,BOL%EVIK SPECT]0 :I* FASCISM TRI$ TO CITE AS ITS JU/IFICATION WAS1 SO TO SPEAK1 EXORCIZ$ ONCE FASCISM PUT 9 AN APPE>ANCE4 ,9DE$1 9DIRECTLY1 FASCISM HELP$ REBUILD ! CR$IBILITY ( ! RE=MI/ FACTION )9 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY2 BUT 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T AS A :OLE1 ,BOL%EVISM OR REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNISM WAS ALREADY ON ! WANE BY ?AT ,OCTOB]4 ,FASCISM IS RA!R TOO BOA/FUL ( HAV+ BR\<T ! SOCIALI/S TO !IR S5SES2 BUT ! LATT] HAD BEGUN TO DO ?AT !MSELVES SOME:AT E>LI]4 ,! SOCIALI/ CONGRESS 9 ,LIVORNO 9 ,JANU>Y #aiba SANCTION$ & WAS AN OBVI\S SIGNAL ( SOME?+ ?AT HAD AT LEA/ ?REE MON?S 9 ! MAK+2 & ! M]ITS OR1 SO TO SPEAK1 DEM]ITS 7AS ,I SEE IT1 IT WAS CULPABLE7 BELONG1 NOT TO FASCISM1 BUT TO ! H>D CORE ( SOCIALI/ & CONF$]ATION RE=MI/S4 

,ACTIVI/ FASCISM S]V$1 BUT ALSO EXPLOIT$ ! B\RGEOISIE'S FE> ( BOL%EVISM1 BUT IT WAS ALSO PRIM>ILY ! 9/RUM5T & CREATURE ( CAPITALISM'S SALVATION FROM ! PROLET>IAT1 FROM ! GREATE/ HO!ADS TO ! GREATE/ MOD]ATES4 ,9 FACT1 9 EV]Y LOCALITY1 9 EV]Y REGION1 ! FASCI/S' GREATE/ VIOL5CE WAS NOT RES]V$ = !IR ASSAULT UPON A C]TA9 POLITICAL FACTION1 ! V]Y ONE ?AT W]E >GU+ WAS A M5ACE TO ! C\NTRY1 TO ! FA!RL&1 ETC4 ,AT ! TIME !Y TOO W]E CLAIM+ TO BE KE5 TO *AMPION ! FRE$OM ( ! PROLET>IAT & ! =TUNES ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,BUT !N1 ACCORD+ TO ! FASCI/S1 ,ITALY & ! PROLET>IAT FAC$ A DIFF]5T 5EMY 9 EV]Y DI/RICT2 ! V]Y P>TY OR ORGANIZATION ?AT 5JOY$ ! WIDE/ SUPPORT & L>GE/ MEMB]%IP AMONG ! PROLET>IAT 9 ?AT P>TICUL> LOCATION4 

,9 PLACES LIKE ,REGGIO & ,MOD5A1 :]E ! RE=MI/ ORGANIZATIONS W]E 9 ! ASC5DANCY1 !SE BECAME ! T>GETS2 9 ,BOLOGNA & ,F]R>A1 ! T>GETS W]E ! UNIT$ MAXIMALI/ ORGANIZATIONS2 9 ,TREVISO1 IT WAS ! REPUBLICAN ORGANIZATIONS2 9 ! ,B]GAMO DI/RICT IT WAS ,CA?OLIC ORGANIZATIONS1 9 ,C>R>A & ! ,VALD>NO1 AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS2 9 ,PIAC5ZA1 ,SE/RI & ,P>MA1 IT WAS ! TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS1 NOT EXCLUD+ ?OSE ?AT HAD E>LI] BE5 SUPPORT]S ( ! W> & %[N PRO-,D',ANNUNZIO LEAN+S2 9 ,TUR91 IT WAS ! COMMUNI/ ORGANIZATIONS2 & 9 SOME >EAS1 SU* AS ,PADUA1 EV5 ! COOP]ATIVES BELONG+ TO APOLITICAL ELEM5TS & RUN BY SUPPORT]S ( LAW & ORD] W]E T>GET$4 ,!IR DE/RUCTIVE FR5ZY MADE NO DI/9CTION BETWE5 !SE V>I\S BODIES2 LEAGUES OR CAM]E DEL LAVORO1 PLACEM5T BUREAUX OR F$]ATIONS1 LIBR>IES OR NEWSPAP]S1 CONSUM] COOP]ATIVES OR PRODUCTION COOP]ATIVES1 WORK]S' MUTUAL SOCIETIES OR LEISURE CIRCLES1 CAFES1 9NS OR PRIVATE HOMES4 ,JU/ AS LONG AS !Y BELONG$ TO ! WORK]S4 

,9 ALL ( !SE CONFLICTS & C\NTLESS ATTACKS C\NTLESS PROLET>IANS HAVE LO/ !IR LIVES2 & ?OSE WRAPP$ 9 FUN]AL %R\DS & LAID TO RE/ 9 ! MUTE E>? HAVE ALSO BE5 DRAWN FROM EV]Y P]SUASION & \TLOOK1 ,CA?OLICS AS WELL AS AN>*I/S1 REPUBLICANS AS WELL AS SOCIALI/S1 COMMUNI/S AS WELL AS RE=MI/S1 OR NONP>TIZAN WORK]S4 ,! ONLY REASON :Y !Y W]E T>GET$ BY MURD]\S REVOLV]S WAS BECAUSE !Y W]E WORK]S1 TOIL]S4 ,:AT MORE TELL+ EVID5CE C\LD !RE BE ?AT ! FASCI/S' GU]RILLA W> IS NOT WAG$ AGA9/ ?IS OR ?AT SPECIFIC P>TY BUT AGA9/ ! WORK+ CLASS AS A CLASS8 ,! AIM IS TO DISMANTLE ITS /RON<OLDS EV]Y:]E1 ! FOCUS ( ! PROLET>IAT'S RESI/ANCE TO CAPITALISM & ! 9T5TION IS TO CUT D[N ANYONE :O SUCCESSFULLY DEF5DS ! WORK]S & E>NS !IR TRU/1 NO MATT] :AT COLORS !Y MAY FLY4 

,! PRETEXTS CIT$ BY ! FASCI/S >E ( NO SIGNIFICANCE1 S9CE !Y V>Y FROM PLACE TO PLACE4 ,9 ,BOLOGNA & ! ,REGGIANO !Y TALK AB\T R\T+ ! C[>DLY SOCIALI/S :O DID NOT KN[ H[ OR REFUS$ TO MAKE ! REVOLUTION4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 9 ,C>R>A & 9 ! ,VALD>NO1 !Y BOA/ ?AT ! TIME HAS COME TO PUT PAID TO ! AN>*I/S :O ?REAT5 FUR!R UPHEAVALS & ?W>T !IR GRADUAL ADVANCE4 ,9 ,TUR9 & ,FLOR5CE !Y RAIL AGA9/ ! ,RUSSIAN COMMUNI/ MY? & 9 ,ROME & ,MILAN !Y B]ATE ,NITTIAN RE=MISM4 ,& SO IT GOES1 IGNOR+ ! M9ORITY FACTIONS 9 EV]Y LOCALITY :O1 PRECISELY BECAUSE !Y >E ! M9ORITY - BE !Y SOCIALI/S1 AN>*I/S1 REPUBLICANS OR ,CA?OLICS - HAVE NO?+ BUT !IR IDEAS TO (F] & REPRES5T NO H>D & FA/1 CONV5I5T PROLET>IAN 9T]E/ TO HIT \T AT4 

,I MU/ CONFESS ?AT ,I AM NOT M9D$ TO GO 9TO A DETAIL$ & ME?ODICAL DISCUSSION ( FASCI/ VIOL5CE1 >SON ATTACKS & DE/RUCTION1 BEAT+S & KILL+S4 ,?AT W\LD REQUIRE ( US A C]TA9 S]5ITY SU* AS ONLY DI/ANCE 9 SPACE OR TIME C\LD AF=D4 ,BUT EV]Y DEVELOPM5T SO EXAC]BATES ?+S ?AT ANY G5]AL SCRUT9Y & RELATIVELY LEVEL-HEAD$ DISCUSSION IS R5D]$ IMPOSSIBLE4 ,MOREOV]1 ,I HAVE NOT TAK5 UP MY P5 TO WRITE A SOCIAL HI/ORY & (F] AN \TL9E ( DEVELOPM5TS4 ,! LATT] >E FAMILI> TO US ALL1 BE+ CURR5T2 & ,I %ALL CONF9E MYSELF TO EXAM9+ !M 9 ! LI<T ( MY IDEAS1 9VE/IGAT+ OR DISCUSS+ MOVEM5TS & (F]+ VIEWS ?AT NATURALLY MI<T WELL BE WRONG BUT >E HONE/LY HELD 9 ?AT ,I HOLD !M 7UNTIL SU* TIME AS ,I AM %[N DIFF]5TLY7 TO BE FAIR & 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! TRU?4 

,FASCISM'S APOLOGI/S SAY ?AT ?IS VIOL5CE ON ! P>T ( FASCISM IS A RESPONSE TO WORK] & SUBV]SIVE VIOL5CE1 A SORT ( BACKLA%1 A CONSEQU5CE4 ,?IS IS UNTRUE4 ,O!RWISE1 H[ >E WE TO EXPLA9 ! EXTRAORD9>Y FASCI/ VIOL5CE 9 >EAS >\ND ,ITALY - SU* AS ! ,REGGIANO1 ! ,CAS5T9O1 ,P]UGIA & ,ORVIETO - :I* HAD ALWAYS BE5 QUIET1 & :]E POLITICAL & SOCIAL FRICTIONS HAD ALWAYS WORK$ !MSELVES \T ) SC>CELY ANY VIOL5CE ( NOTE4 ,& 9 ! CASE ( REGIONS :]E PROLET>IAN VIOL5CE HAS BE5 A FACTOR1 ?REE REM>KS NE$ TO BE MADE3 #a1 ,?AT ! DAY TO DAY FASCI/ VIOL5CE DOES NOT WIPE \T PA/ SOCIALI/ VIOL5CE1 BUT M]ELY ADDS TO IT1 NE$LESSLY HEAP+ CALAMITY UPON CALAMITY & DE/ROY+ ! BE/ ( IT1 :I* WAS C]TA9LY NOT ITS VIOL5CE4 #b1 ,?AT ! 9/ANCES ( VIOL5CE CR$IT$ TO ! WORK]S W]E 9F9ITELY LESS NUM]\S1 R>] & ABOVE ALL LESS S]I\S1 & 9 ALMO/ EV]Y 9/ANCE TRIGG]$ BY O!R ACTS ( 9JU/ICE & BULLY+4 #c1 ,?AT PROLET>IAN VIOL5CE HAS ALMO/ ALWAYS BE5 IMPULSIVE1 IMPROVIZATIONAL1 EMOTIONAL & OCCASIONAL & HAS NEV] DISPLAY$ ! ME?ODICAL & COOLLY PREM$ITAT$ *>ACT] ( FASCI/ VIOL5CE4 

,= RHETORICAL PURPOSES1 !Y TROT \T ! OLD TALES ( BOYCOTTS :I* NEV] TOOK ANYBODY'S LIFE4 ,& REMEMB] ?AT ! BOYCOTT1 A DECISION ON ! P>T ( SPECIFIC 9DIVIDUALS TO )HOLD !IR LABORS1 IS NOT AN ACT ( VIOL5CE BUT A REFUSAL PROHIBIT$ & PROSCRIB$ BY NO LAW4 ,IT CAN BE APPLI$ UNFAIRLY & AM\NTS TO DAMAG+ ACTION IF APPLI$ AGA9/ ONE'S WORKMATES = ! PURPOSE ( CURTAIL+ !IR FRE$OM TO ORGANIZE OR :ATEV]2 BUT ANY COMP>ISON ) ! BEAT+ OR %OOT+ ( A UNION LEAD] OR ! TOR*+ ( HIS HOME & FURNITURE1 IS SPECTACUL>LY RIDICUL\S4 ,C]TA9 BULLY+ WAYS1 LACK ( $UCATION & LACK ( TACT ON ! P>T ( ! WORK]S >E C]TA9LY TO BE DEPLOR$ & SELF-DEFEAT+2 BUT ! BLAME = ?AT LIES *IEFLY ) ! UNHAPPY SOCIAL CONDITIONS 9 :I* ?OSE WORK]S HAVE BE5 LIV+4 ,& :IL/ SOME ( IT MAY BE PUT D[N TO ! SORT ( RABBLE R\S+ VIOL5T PREA*+ B]EFT ( ANY IDEALISM :I* WAS RIFE 9 C]TA9 DI/RICTS PRIOR TO ! W>1 ! FASCI/S >E SC>CELY 9 A POSITION TO DEPLORE IT1 BECAUSE !Y 9DULGE 9 ! V]Y SAME RABBLE R\S+1 ALBEIT 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION2 BUT ALSO BECAUSE A NUMB] ( ?OSE :O >E FASCI/ LEAD]S TODAY W]E ! V]Y PEOPLE :O W]E S*OOL+ ! MASSES 9 MAT]IALISM & BULLY+ 9 C]TA9 >EAS1 SU* AS ! ,F]R>A DI/RICT1 & A FEW YE>S AGO IT WAS !Y :O W]E P$DL+ ! MO/ WITLESS SUBV]SION & DISPLAY+ ! V]Y SAME PECCADILLOES = :I* !Y >RAIGN TODAY'S UNIONI/S 7SOMETIMES )\T GOOD REASON74 

,TRUE1 9 ! HI/ORY ( POPUL> MOVEM5TS !RE HAS BE5 NO %ORTAGE ( ]UPTIONS ( VIOL5CE & ( SAVAG]Y 9DE$ ON ! P>T ( ! ANGRY PLEBS3 & SOME SU* EPISODES HAVE BE5 TRULY HORRIFIC4.<#b#a.> ,BUT !SE CAME 9 EXCEPTIONAL MOM5TS ( EXASP]ATION1 UND] ! SPUR ( HUNG] OR FURY1 AS ! RESULT ( GREAT PROVOCATION2 BUT !Y W]E NEI!R PREM$ITAT$ NOR ORD]$ BY RESPONSIBLE P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS4 ,!SE HAVE ALWAYS 9CLUD$ 9/ANCES ( UNEXPECT$ SLAU<T] BY MOBS DRIV5 BY DESP]ATION OR COLLECTIVE 9SANITY1 AFT] A L5G?Y P]IOD ( DESPOND5CY OR HUMILIATION4 ,:5 A REVOLT WAS HEAD$ BY ! LEAD]%IP ( A P>TY ( RESPONSIBLE BODIES1 ! LATT] NE>LY ALWAYS US$ TO MANAGE TO AV]T ACTS ( PO9TLESS VIOL5CE & CRUELTY4 ,9 ANY CASE1 EXCESSES BY PROLET>IANS HAVE ALWAYS BE5 V]Y R>E2 CUMULATIVELY1 OV] ! PA/ TW5TY OR ?IRTY YE>S 9 ,ITALY1 !Y DO NOT ADD UP TO AS MU* AS ONE ?IRD ( ?OSE C>RI$ \T BY ! FASCI/S 9 ONE YE>4 ,& OV] ?OSE TW5TY OR ?IRTY YE>S H[ MU* MORE COMMONPLACE W]E MASSACRES DIRECT$ AT ! WORK]S8 

,O!R1 MORE M9OR ACTS ( VIOL5CE MAY HAVE HAPP5$ MORE FREQU5TLY2 ! ODD SKIRMI% ) /RIKE-BREAK]S1 SCUFFLES ) POLICE1 ! ODD HAYL(T PUT TO ! TOR*1 ! OCCASIONAL /ON+ 9CID5T1 ! OCCASIONAL 9JURY 9FLICT$1 ETC4 >E ! SORT ( ?+S ?AT HAPP5$ & :I* WILL PROBABLY HAPP5 AGA94 ,BUT1 ASIDE FROM ! FACT ?AT ANYONE RESPONSIBLE = SU* ?+S RUNS ! S]I\S RISK ( >RE/ & SUB/ANTIAL JAIL S5T5CES - !Y C\LD NOT & CANNOT AT ALL EXPECT ! SORT ( 9DULG5CE DEMON/RAT$ T[>DS FASCI/S - >E ! FASCI/ ASSAULTS & BEAT+S & %OOT+S1 >SON ATTACKS1 DE/RUCTION & COLD-BLOOD$LY PLANN$ & PREM$ITAT$ KILL+S NOT MORE S]I\S MATT]S8 

,& SO1 TODAY1 & ?IS WAS 9EVITABLE1 9 SELF-DEF5SE1 \T ( FE> ( ATTACK1 9 RETALIATION 9 ! WAKE ( REPEAT$ PROVOCATION OR \T ( A LU/ = REV5GE ON ! P>T ( ! 9SULT$ & BEAT51 SOME WORK]S HAVE *OS5 TO IMITATE ! FASCI/S & REPAY !M 9 K9D1 9 SPITE ( ADVICE TO ! CONTR>Y FROM !IR LEAD]S4 ,BUT !Y GO 9TO BATTLE ) 9ADEQUATE RES\RCES & ?OSE :O TAKE IT UPON !MSELVES SO TO DO ALWAYS BRAVE GREAT DANG]S1 :AT ) ! GUNS ( ! FASCI/S1 ! GUNS ( ! C>AB9I]I & ! ?REAT ( MANY LONG YE>S 9 JAIL4 

,! FASCI/ PRESS RAISES A /9K %\LD FASCI/S BE KILL$ 9 !IR GU]RILLA W>F>E & = SOME TIME N[ ! NUMB]S ( ! FASCI/ FALL5 HAVE BE5 RIS+ CONSID]ABLY4 ,?AT ! FASCI/S %\LD BE WORRI$ IS UND]/&ABLE & ONLY HUMAN2 BUT1 IF !Y HAD ! CAPACITY = LEVEL-HEAD+ REASON+1 ! FASCI/S W\LD REALIZE ?AT ! FACTS ?AT !Y >E LAM5T+ >E RA!R TO BE EXPECT$ & >E ! LOGICAL CONSEQU5CE ( !IR MODE ( OP]ATION4 

,ABOVE ALL WE W\LD DO WELL TO /RESS ?AT1 NO MATT] H[ SEV]E ! FASCI/S' LOSSES1 !IR NUMB]S FALL F> %ORT ( ! NUMB]S ( WORK] VICTIMS1 EV5 IF WE TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ONLY ! P]IOD BETWE5 ,OCTOB] #aib & ! PRES5T4 ,DRAW+ UP A BALANCE %EET ,I F9D RA!R REPUGNANT1 = ! AM\NT ( BLOOD SPILL$ 9 ONE PLACE OR ANO!R IS NO GUIDE TO :I* SIDE IS 9 ! RI<T OR 9 ! WRONG4 ,NOR DO ,I WANT TO APPE> TO BE EXPLOIT+ ! DEAD = POLEMICAL PURPOSES4 ,BUT IT IS MY BELIEF ?AT SU* /ATI/ICS HAVE ALREADY BE5 DRAWN UP BY O!RS4 ,?AT IF ! PUBLIC IS MORE AW>E ( ! FASCI/ CASUALTIES ?AN ( ! WORK] CASUALTIES1 9 SPITE ( ! LATT]'S F> \TNUMB]+ ! =M]1 ?IS CAN BE PUT D[N TO ! J\RNALI/IC PLOY :]EBY EV]Y DEAD FASCI/ TRIGG]S 5DLESS PROTE/S ) SUBV]SIVES BE+ TRI$ & >RE/$ TO AS GREAT A FANF>E AS J\RNALI/S CAN MANAGE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 :5 ! VICTIMS >E ON ! WORK]S' SIDE OR 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y RANKS1 !N 7AS LONG AS !Y >E NOT ,V,I,PS1 DEPUTIES1 ETC47 ! PAP]S GIVE !M ONLY A FEW L9ES1 SAY+ AS LITTLE AS POSSIBLE & SOMETIMES TRY+ TO DRAW A VEIL OV] ! FASCI/S' RESPONSIBILITY BY PUTT+ ! DEA?S D[N TO MISADV5TURE1 ACCID5T1 BAD LUCK1 P]SONS UNKN[N1 OR 444 ! VICTIMS !MSELVES6 

,EV5 SO1 IT HAS TO BE ACKN[L$G$ ?AT ! FASCI/ LOSSES HAVE BE5 9CREAS+1 ESPECIALLY S9CE ,APRIL #a#i#b#a4 ,& ! EXPLANATION = ?AT IS A SIMPLE ONE4 

,! HATR$ ?AT ! FASCI/S HAVE BE5 PLANT+ ?R\< ! DAILY BEAT+S & ! WRECK+ ( ORGANIZATIONAL PREMISES1 >SON ATTACKS & DE/RUCTION ( COOP]ATIVES1 !IR 9FR+EM5T ( ALL FRE$OM ( ASSEMBLY1 SPEE* & FRE$OM ( ! PRESS1 MAK+ LIFE DIFFICULT OR IMPOSSIBLE = P>TIES & ASSOCIATIONS 9 C]TA9 DI/RICTS1 EV5 PREV5T+ ! WORK]S' USUAL EV5+ LEISURE ACTIVITIES1 ATTACK+ !M 9 ! CAFES OR 9NS OR =C+ !M TO GO HOME = A TIME1 BUR/+ 9TO PRIVATE HOMES1 ETC41 ?IS HATR$ IS ON ! 9CREASE EV]Y DAY & !RE IS NO COMP>ATIVELY PLA9 & H>MLESS \TLET = IT1 OP5 & ABOVE BO>D4 ,RETALIATION 9 K9D IS \T AS F> AS WORK]S >E CONC]N$1 BECAUSE C]TA9 =MS ( REPRISAL W\LD REQUIRE A DEGREE ( IMPUNITY1 ?AT FRE$OM ( MOVEM5T1 SELF-DEF5SE & FRE$OM ( ATTACK ?AT ! FASCI/S 5JOY ?ANKS TO ! CONNIVANCE OR TOL]ANCE =?COM+ FROM ! SECURITY =CES4 

,FUR!RMORE1 ! WORK]S HAVE REALIZ$ ?AT ! FASCI/S RUN ! SAME RISK :E!R !Y RESORT TO BEAT+S OR REVOLV]4 ,9 ANY EV5T1 ! FASCI/S PREF] ! EXTREME REACTION & EV5 ! SLI<TE/ GE/URE ( RESI/ANCE C>RIES ! SAME DANG] ( DEA?4 ,! FASCI/S ALSO KN[ ?AT ANY DEF5D+ !MSELVES ) VIOL5CE WILL 9EVITABLY BE >RE/$4 ,!N AGA91 ! WORK]S DO NOT HAVE ! COMMUNICATIONS1 ! TRANSPORTATION REQUIR$ = RAPID ASSEMBLY2 & 9 MO/ 9/ANCES ATTACKS ON !M COME \T ( ! BLUE OR :5 !Y >E WALK+ ! /REETS ON !IR [N OR :5 !Y >E PEACEABLY GA!R$ TOGE!R = ! MO/ V>I$ PURPOSES4 ,! WORK]S1 :O ALL HAVE !IR JOBS TO GO TO & :O NE$ ?OSE JOBS1 CANNOT LEAVE P]MAN5T DEF5SE TEAMS 9 POSITION4 ,& ! DE/RUCTION EI!R COMES BY DAY1 :5 ALL ! WORK]S >E AWAY AT WORK1 OR LATE AT NI<T1 :5 !Y >E ALL 9 !IR B$S4 

,IT %\LD BE ADD$ ?AT ! WORK]S1 EV5 IF !Y C\LD1 W\LD NEV] CONS5T TO C]TA9 =MS ( RETALIATION ?AT >E ODDS ) !IR SPIRITUAL $UCATION1 TO ! CULTIVATION ( :I* !Y HAVE BE5 S*OOL$ BY EV]Y?+ CONNECT$ ) !IR ASSOCIATIONS1 !IR PRESS1 ETC4 ,9 ?IS REG>D ! UN$UCAT$ WORK]S >E RA!R MORE CIVILIZ$ ?AN ! DADDY'S BOY UNIV]SITY & HI< S*OOL /UD5TS4 ,NOR %\LD WE OV]LOOK ANO!R FACTOR3 ?AT ! PROLET>IAT'S REPRES5TATIVE POLITICAL & ECONOMIC BODIES1 !IR SO-CALL$ 0LEAD]S10 P>TLY BECAUSE !Y REG>D IT AS FUTILE1 LOBBY AGA9/ & DISAPPROVE ANY SORT ( P]SONAL OR COLLECTIVE RETALIATION & IF ANY %\LD BE C>RI$ \T1 !Y DIS[N IT4 ,!Y RECOMM5D PATI5CE P5D+ AN OV]ALL RESPONSE & 9SI/ ?AT ISOLAT$ ACTIONS CAN BE DAMAG+1 ?AT LOCAL V5DETTAS >E NOT WOR? PURSU+1 ETC4 ETC4 

,BUT NONE ( ?IS DAMP D[N HATR$S2 & EV5 ?\< MANY W]E CONV9C$ BY IT1 NOT EV]YBODY WAS & ! IMPATI5T1 ! HOT-HEAD$ & ! EXASP]AT$ W]E NOT P]SUAD$4 ,9 ! 5D1 VIEWS W]E POISON$ BY ! HATR$ & SOME ?\<T TO !MSELVES 0,I MAY BE DO+ H>M1 BUT ,I WANT MY REV5GE4 ,I WANT TO LA% \T40 

,?IS IS ONLY HUMAN NATURE1 :I* C>RIES MORE WEI<T ?AN ANY !ORY OR ME?ODOLOGY4 

,SOME1 DRIV5 BY !IR PASSIONS & DESP]ATION1 :5 ! NUMB]S W]E PRETTY MU* EQUAL OR :5 /R5G? ( NUMB]S WAS ON !IR SIDE & :]E P>TISAN 9T]V5TION BY ! SECURITY =CES SEEM$ LEA/ LIKELY DID :AT !Y C\LD TO TAKE ON :OMEV] /RAY$ 9TO !IR SI<TS4 ,?OSE SECURITY =CES - & ?IS CANNOT BE SAID TOO (T5 - :5 IT DID NOT DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY PLAY 9TO !IR H&S1 /OOD IDLY BY 9 ! FACE ( FASCI/ VIOL5CE & ONLY /EPP$ 9 :5 ! DAMAGE WAS DONE2 & ON A NUMB] ( OCCASIONS1 ACT+ ON ORD]S RECEIV$1 !Y EV5 TRI$ TO ?W>T ! ODD ACT ( DE/RUCTION OR FASCI/ BULLY+1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! L>G] CITIES :5 ! WID] PUBLIC WAS LOOK+ ON & IF !Y /EPP$ 9 TO RESCUE SOMEONE FROM DANG]1 IT WAS ONLY AFT] ! VICTIMS HAD HAD ! GOOD S5SE PASSIVELY TO 5DURE ! ONSLAU<T4 ,ANYBODY MAK+ ANY S]I\S EF=TS TO DEF5D HIMSELF & USE VIOL5CE 9 LEGITIMATE SELF-DEF5SE SOON F\ND ?AT ! SECURITY =CES W\LD WADE 9 ON ! SIDE ( ! FASCI/S & AGA9/ ! VICTIMS4 ,?AT :I*1 9 ! FASCI/S' CASE1 HAS BE5 5DORS$1 ABETT$1 TOL]AT$ OR B5EVOL5TLY CONTA9$1 IS VIOL5TLY1 SAVAGELY REPRESS$ 9 ! CASE ( SUBV]SIVES4 

,GIV5 ?AT SITUATION1 IT IS 9EVITABLE ?AT1 9 9/ANCES :]E IT ]UPT$1 ! HATE SO ABUNDANTLY G5]AT$ F\ND EXTREME EXPRESSION ?R\< *ILDI% GUILE & S\<T TO HIDE ITS FACE & (T5 LA%$ \T 9 A BL9DLY 9COH]5T MANN]4 ,S9CE RESI/ANCE & OP5 DEF5SE >E CURTAIL$ & WELL NI< IMPOSSIBLE1 ! PEOPLE'S HATR$ ALSO V5T$ ITSELF ?R\< ! ]UPTION ( SO-CALL$ 0AMBU%ES0 UPON :I* ! NEWSPAP]S DWELL ) SU* A WEAL? ( DETAIL1 *ALK+ !M UP TO COMMUNI/S OR AN>*I/S OR TO ! ,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO1 :]EAS !Y HAVE ALL BE5 NONP>TIZAN 9 *>ACT]4 ,IT IS1 MOREOV]1 NOTEWOR?Y ?AT ! P>TISAN PRESS V]Y (T5 DESCRIBES AS 0AMBU%ES0 \T & \T CLA%ES ON OP5 GR\ND1 LEGITIMATE BUT UNEXPECT$ DEF5SIVE ACTS BY WORK]S COM+ UND] ATTACK & FAC$ ) ! />KE/ *OICE ( LA%+ \T LE/ !Y BE ASSAULT$4 ,! TALK ( 0AMBU%0 HAS EV5 EXT5D$ TO COV] ! CASE ( ! ODD FASCI/ :O1 HAV+ =C$ HIS WAY 9TO A PRIVATE HOME1 AFT] BREAK+ D[N ! DOOR1 MET HIS DEA? )9 AT ! H&S ( RESID5TS DESP]ATELY DEF5D+ !MSELVES6 

,EV5 9 ! H]OIC TIMES ( ! ,RISORGIM5TO1 !RE WAS A CUDGEL POLICY4 ,9 ?OSE DAYS IT WAS A POLICY EMPLOY$ BY ! ,AU/RIANS AGA9/ ! PATRIOTS & REVOLUTION>IES ( ! TIMES4 ,:I* IS :Y ,ITALIANS US$ TO JO9 ) ,G>IBALDI 9 S++ BA/ONE ,T$ESCO L',ITALIA NON DOMA 7,! ,G]MAN CUDGEL WILL NOT TAME ,ITALY74 ,! SC5ES ( BEAT+S DOL$ \T 9 ,MILAN W]E (T5 LAM5T$3 & ! COMMON FOLK ( ,MILAN HAD !IR REV5GE1 /RIK+ BACK1 AS BE/ !Y C\LD & UND] COV] ( NI<T1 AGA9/ SOME ( ! LEAD+ BEAT]S1 BE !Y POLICE OR PRO-,AU/RIANS4 ,:]EUPON1 ( C\RSE1 ! ,VI5NA NEWSPAP]S OR ! PRESS 9 ,VI5NA'S HIRE W\LD SCREAM BLUE MURD] & AMBU%1 JU/ AS ! CONS]VATIVE PRESS DOES 9 RELATION TO SIMIL> 9/ANCES TODAY4 

,9 WEI<+ UP ! VIOL5CE ( ! TWO SIDES 9VOLV$ 9 ?IS GU]RILLA W>F>E1 ! GREATE/ MI/AKE W\LD BE TO CONSID] ONLY ! BLOODY 5C\NT]S :I* HAVE CLAIM$ ! ODD VICTIM4 ,AL?\< ! LATT] MAY BE MANY1 !Y REPRES5T EXCEPTIONS TO ! RULE4 ,! WOR/ VIOL5CE1 ! TYPE ?AT LEAVES ! WOR/ LEGACY ( RES5TM5T BEH9D IT1 IS ! DAY TO DAY SORT ?AT KILLS1 NOT ONE OR TWO OR ?REE PEOPLE1 BUT RA!R ?REAT5S AN 5TIRE CLASS1 ! USE ( ! CUDGEL (F5D+ ! HUMAN DIGNITY :I* MANY *]I% MORE ?AN LIFE ITSELF1.<#b#b.> DE/ROY+ ?R\< ITS DE/RUCTION ( A WORK]S' BODY OR COOP]ATIVE ! ECONOMIC /&+ OR WELL-BE+ ( AN 5TIRE GR\P1 TRAMPL+ ! MO/ BASIC ELEM5TS ( EV]YBODY'S FRE$OM1 BANI%+ ALL SECURITY & /RIK+ T]ROR1 NOT 9TO A FEW MORE OR LESS RESPONSIBLE FIGURES1 BUT 9TO :OLE POPULATIONS1 9TO MEMB]S ( ! WORK+ CLASS OR FOLK :O REFUSE TO JO9 ! ,FASCIO1.<#b#c.> EV5 %\LD !SE BE POLITICALLY 9ACTIVE1 9DIFF]5T OR NAIVE4 ,& ?IS SORT ( VIOL5CE1 ) ITS LESS LE?AL1 LESS BLOODY AFT]MA?1 SURFACES DAILY JU/ AB\T EV]Y:]E & IS ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY ! H&IWORK ( ! FASCI/S4 ,9 C]TA9 DI/RICTS IT HAS BECOME SO RUN-(-!-MILL ?AT IT IS NO LONG] ! SUBJECT ( COMPLA9T OR COMM5T & IS NOT EV5 M5TION$ BY ! SUBV]SIVE PRESS4 

,IF WE ADD SU* VIOL5CE TO ! O!R SORT1 TO ! MORE MURD]\S VIOL5CE UPON :I* ! PRESS IS MORE 9CL9$ TO CONC5TRATE1 !N ANY COMP>ISON BETWE5 FASCI/ VIOL5CE & WORK] VIOL5CE BECOME IMPOSSIBLE2 IT IS LIKE TRY+ TO COMP>E ! VIOL5CE ( ! ,AU/RIAN 9VASION ( ! ,V5ETO ) ! VIOL5CE ( ! ALMO/ B5IGN 0,R$ ,WEEK0 9 ! ,M>*ES & ,ROMAGNA 9 #a#i#a#d6 

,& F9ALLY LET IT BE SAID1 EV5 ) REG>D TO ! ODD1 EXCEPTIONAL ACT ( PROLET>IAN VIOL5CE :I* WAS AN UNW>RANT$ RESPONSE TO ! PETTY CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT MO/ NE>LY PROMPT$ IT1 ?AT PRIOR TO ! BEG9N+ ( ! FASCI/ VIOL5CE ! WORK+ CLASS1 AS A CLASS1 CONDUCT$ ITS /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/ CLASS & GOV]NM5T 9 AN IMP]SONAL WAY1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+ AT ANY RATE4 

,! FASCI/S W]E C]TA9LY NOT LOV$1 BUT NOR W]E !Y HAT$2 NO ONE ?\<T TO D5Y !M !IR RI<TS TO ORGANIZE1 ASSEMBLY OR C>RY \T !IR PROPAG&A2 NOBODY EV] DISRUPT$ !IR MEET+S1 IF WE EXCEPT ! SORT ( HECKL+ & >GUM5TS :I* >E 9EVITABLE 9 ! RUN-UP TO ELECTIONS1 AS 9DE$ HAD ALSO BE5 ! CASE PRIOR TO ! W>4 ,O!R SORTS ( VIOL5CE1 TRIGG]$ BY O!R CIRCUM/ANCES1 !RE MAY WELL HAVE BE52 BUT C]TA9LY PRIOR TO FASCISM'S BEG9N+ TO SET ! EXAMPLE1 C]TA9 SORTS ( VIOL5CE ( :I* ! FASCI/S >E COMPLA9+ TODAY NEV] TOOK PLACE & W]E NOT EV5 CONTEMPLAT$4 

,9 A WAY1 EV5 ! TURBUL5T YE>S ( ! PROLET>IAT ON ! M>* 9 #a#i#a#i-#a#i#b1 :I* IS (T5 CIT$ BY WAY ( A JU/IFICATION = FASCISM1 SET ! PATT]N1 ALBEIT ?AT ! ACTS ( VIOL5CE W]E /ILL FEW & F> BETWE51 BUT IT DISPLAY$ ! PRECISE FEATURES ( TODAY'S FASCISM1 ! SAME 9TOL]ANCE OR CONNIVANCE ON ! P>T ( ! /ATE AU?ORITIES4 ,I HAVE /AT$ ALREADY ?AT FASCISM BECAME /RONG & EM]G$ 9TO ADUL?OOD 9 ! ,BOLOGNA DI/RICT 9 ! AUTUMN ( #a#i#b2 BUT ITS BIR? C]TIFICATE DATES FROM ! ATTACK UPON & P>TIAL DE/RUCTION ( ,AVANTI6 9 ,MILAN 9 ,APRIL #a#i#a#i4 ,?AT CRIM9AL1 FRE$OM-KILL+ ACT1 = :I* !RE WAS NO PREC$5T1 WAS C]TA9LY NOT A W>RANT = ! TODAY'S FASCI/ 9T5TIONS1 9VALID ?\< !SE MAY BE6 ,& ! FREQU5TLY CIT$ UNRUL9ESS ( ! PROLET>IAT HAD B>ELY BEGUN :51 9 ,NOVEMB] ?AT SAME YE>1 AN ATTEMPT WAS MADE AT GUNPO9T TO =CE A HO/ILE AUDI5CE 9 ,LODI TO GRANT A HE>+ TO NATIONALI/ SPEAK]S6 

,NEI!R TODAY NOR YE/]DAY NOR EV]1 NOT EV5 :5 !Y ATTACK NOR DEF5D+ !MSELVES1 ! WORK]S HAVE NOT US$ & DO NOT USE VIOL5CE & HAVE NOT VISIT$ & DO NOT VISIT DE/RUCTION & >SON UPON ?OSE ?+S1 ?OSE ACC\NTREM5TS :I* >E ! SYMBOLS 9 ?IS WORLD ( CIVILIZATION1 WORK1 PROGRESS & ?\<T4 ,EV5 :]E ITS OPPRESSORS & EXPLOIT]S >E CONC]N$1 ! PROLET>IAT HAS ALWAYS RESPECT$ ! FRE$OM IT WAS DEM&+ = ITSELF4 ,IT NEV] OCCURR$ TO IT - & ?IS MAY HAVE BE5 A MI/AKE - TO DE/ROY ?OSE D5S ( ?IEVES ! ,/OCK ,EX*ANGE & ! ,BANKS4 ,IT HAS NEV] DREAM$ ( ATTACK+ & TOR*+ ! PREMISES ( ! ,L&LORD ,LEAGUE1 ! ,9DU/RIAL ,SOCIETIES OR ! ,*AMB]S ( ,COMM]CE2 & :]E IT IS 9 ! M9ORITY1 IT HAS NEV] ?\<T TO BR[BEAT CITY ADM9I/RATIONS 9TO RESIGN+2 NOR HAS IT PUT NEWSPAP]S1 PRESSES & BOOK%OPS TO ! TOR*4 

,ON OCCASION ! NAMELESS MOB HAS SET CU/OMS H\SES & PRISONS ABLAZE1 BUT !SE >E H>DLY SYMBOLS ( LE>N+ & BEAUTY6 ,BUT ?OSE :O HAVE SP5T A C5TURY S++ PEANS TO ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,BA/ILLE HAVE CA/ ! FIR/ /ONES4 ,! WORK]S HAVE ON EV]Y C\NT %[N !MSELVES TO BE MORE HUMANE1 MORE CIVILIZ$ & 9F9ITELY LESS B>B>\S ?AN !IR MA/]S 444 

,TYPICAL ( ?OSE :O /& = ! CRUMBL+ CIVILIZATION ( TODAY - ! PEOPLE :O = FIVE YE>S COOLLY RAIL$ AGA9/ ,TEUTONIC B>B>ISM - IS ! ACCESSORY ?AT !Y HAVE DISPLAY$ EV] S9CE ! GOV]NM5T WAS EMB>RASS$ 9TO BANN+ !M FROM TRAMP+ ?R\< /REET & SQU>E ) REVOLV]S DRAWN3 ! BLUDGEON1 ! ANCI5T WEAPON ( ,CA91 HI!RTO FAVOR$ BY ! ,CROAT DEVOTEES ( ! ,AU/RIAN MON>*Y4 ,! TREA*]\S1 %ORT1 IRON- OR SOMETIMES LEAD-L9$ CUDGEL1 N>R[ AT ! GRIP & BROAD5+ AT ! TIP & FA/5$ BY A /RAP AT ! WRI/6.<#b#d.> ,& ! SYMBOLS DAZZL+ ! EYES ( FASCI/S >E EAGLES ) !IR TALONS1 DAGG]S1 SKULL & CROSSBONES & ! LECTOR'S FASCES1 ONCE UPON A TIME A SYMBOL ( ! REPUBLIC BUT TODAY REVIV$ AS ! REPULSIVE SYMBOL ( ! CONSUL>1 DICTATORIAL & IMP]IAL POLICE4 

,OH1 NO6 ,I AM NO ,BOL%EVIK &1 9 ALL LIKELIHOOD1 IF ,I W]E 9 ,RUSSIA1 ,R$ ,GU>DS W\LD TOSS ME 9TO PRISON = ! CRIME ( LOV+ FRE$OM TOO MU*4 ,BUT 9 ,ITALY1 ,I W\LD PREF] ! ORI5TAL SYMBOLS ( LIFE & LABOR - ! SICKLE & ! HAMM] - TO ! ,ROMAN & M$IEVAL SYMBOLS ( TORTURE & DEA?4 

,?IS TIDE ( B>B>\S SAVAG]Y1 ! SUB/ANCE & ESS5CE ( :I* IS DE/RUCTIVE VIOL5CE1 IS *IPP+ AWAY AT ANY HOPE ( R5OVAT+ OR REBUILD+ ,ITALY'S WEAL?4 

,SMALL WOND]4 ,I HAVE SAID ?AT !RE IS A GU]RILLA W> BE+ WAG$ BY ! RUL+ CLASS AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT2 BUT IT MI<T EQUALLY BE DESCRIB$ AS A W> ( ! NON-WORK] AGA9/ ! WORK]4 ,TO :AT 5D8 ,ALAS6 TO RESCUE & DEF5D ! HOMEL&1 !Y SAY2 & !Y DRA91 DECIMATE & EXHAU/ ! ONLY S\RCE ( WEAL? ?AT ! ,ITALIAN NATION POSSESSES1 D5Y+ H] COAL1 ADEQUATE SUPPLIES ( IRON & O!R ESS5TIAL MAT]IALS4 ,ALL ?AT ,ITALY HAS IF %E IS TO RECOV] FROM BE+ BL$ & /RIPP$ B>E BY ! W>1 IS ! LABORS ( H] WORK]S1 ! REL5TLESS PA9/AK+ EX]TIONS AT HOME & ABROAD :I*1 PRIOR TO ! S5SELESS ,LIBYAN W> .<#a#i#a#a.> HAD AT LA/ MANAG$ TO REPAIR ALL ! LEAKS OP5$ UP BY ! REGIME'S E>LI] CRIM9AL V5TURES & ! CRAZY EXTRAVAGANZAS ( ?OSE 9 GOV]NM5T4 

,WAY BACK !N ,ITALIAN PAP] MONEY WAS LIKE GOLD DU/2 & H[ OLD ,LUTTAZZI BRAGG$ AB\T ?AT6 ,ONLY ! WORK ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS ( ,ITALY HAD RE/OR$ ! C\NTRY TO ITS FULL ECONOMIC EFFICI5CY & FULL CR$IT2 IF SO MU* ( ! SOIL ( ,ITALY PRODUCES 5ORM\SLY MORE ?AN BACK :5 IT WAS LEFT 5TIRELY TO ! EMPLOY]S TO FRET AB\T PRODUCTIVITY1 ?IS IS D[N TO PROLET>IAN LABORS & ! HEI<T5$ CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PEASANT LABOR+ CLASS & ! /IMULUS & DIRECT EF=TS ( !IR TRADES ORGANIZATIONS4 ,BUT ! WORK]S ADD$ TO ! VALUE ( !IR NATIVE SOIL PRECISELY AS !Y W]E GR[+ 9 POLITICAL & MORAL MATURITY1 & ONLY BECAUSE !Y HAD MOV$ ON FROM ! /ATE ( BRUTALIZATION1 HUNG] & SLAVI%NESS 9 :I* !Y HAD BE5 WALL[+ = SOME TIME4 ,ANYBODY TRY+ TO BR+ ! WORK+ CLASS BACK UND] PACK-SADDLE & YOKE & H]D IT BACK 9TO ! PA/ AT GUNPO9T & ) CUDGEL1 IS COMMITT+ ! MO/ MON/R\S MURD] ( HIS HOMEL&4 

,ANYBODY :O BELIEVES ?AT ! WORK]S1 R\T$ BY EMPLOY]S' VIOL5CE1 LAWFUL & O!RWISE1 BEAT51 BULLI$1 9TIMIDAT$ & />V$1 CAN GO ON PRODUC+ LIKE BE=E IS LIV+ 9 DREAML&4 ,! PRESSURES & ! ?REATS BR\<T TO BE> UPON !M CANNOT HELP BUT UNN]VE !M & PRODUCTIVITY IS GO+ TO BE R$UC$ EV5 FUR!R4 ,! CURR5T CRISIS WILL !RE=E SIMPLY BE EXAC]BAT$4 ,FASCISM1 IF IT SUCCE$S 9 BREAK+ D[N ! PROLET>IAT'S RESI/ANCE & ORGANIZATION1 WILL ESS5TIALLY HAVE KILL$ ! GOOSE ?AT LAID ! GOLD5 EGGS & EXHAU/$ ! GREATE/ & MO/ ABUNDANT F\NTA9 ( WEAL? 9 ,ITALY4 

,WE CAN ALL RECALL H[1 A YE> AGO1 BY WAY ( BLAM+ ! CRISIS ON WORK] UNRE/1 /RIKES1 ! ?REAT ( REVOLUTION1 ETC41 ! ACADEMIC ECONOMI/S & ! HIR$ PHILOSOPH]S HELD ! SOCIALI/S1 AN>*I/S & RE/LESS WORK]S TO BLAME = ,ITALY'S POOR CR$IT ABROAD1 DISA/R\S TRADE BALANCES & ! FALL+ VALUE ( ,ITALIAN CURR5CY4 ,YET1 = UPW>DS ( TWELVE MON?S1 ,ITALY HAS SE5 SC>CELY ANY /RIKES1 WORK] UNRE/ OR DISORD]2 0ORD]0 HAS REGA9$ ! UPP] H&2 OR RA!R ! DISORD]S ( ! RUN-UP TO REVOLUTION HAVE GIV5 WAY TO ! DISORD]S ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,BE ?AT AS IT MAY1 ! UP%OT IS ! SAME3 EV5 WORSE6 

,I DO NOT WI% TO BE SO SIMPLI/IC AS TO HOLD FASCISM SOLELY RESPONSIBLE = ! WORS5+ ( ! ,ITALIAN SITUATION :I* IS ALSO ATTRIBUTABLE TO MANY O!R1 BROAD] & MORE COMPLEX FACTORS BUT IT CANNOT BE >GU$ ?AT FASCISM IS NOT A FACTOR & ?AT ITS VIOL5CE HAS IMPROV$ ! /ILL DECL9+ =TUNES ( ! HOMEL& BY ONE IOTA4 

,NOR CAN IT BE >GU$ ?AT FASCISM HAS 9 ANY WAY REVIV$ ! WOR? ( ! PATRIOTIC IDEAL AT HOME OR - AS IT 9T5D$ TO DO - REAP$ ! B5EFITS B\<T BY VICTORY 9 ! REC5T W>4 ,TO TELL ! TRU?1 FASCISM !SE DAYS IS NOT OV]LY BO!R$ AB\T !SE ?+S4 ,A YE> AGO IT LOOK$ AS IF !SE PATRIOTIC AIMS W]E ! MA9 9SPIRATION BEH9D ITS ACTIVITIES2 BUT N[ FASCISM IS RA!R LESS />RY-EY$4 ,& R>ELY DOES IT WA/E ITS TIME M\NT+ ! ODD1 VAGUELY PATRIOTIC PUBLIC DEMON/RATION2 & EV5 !N SEIZES UPON ?IS AS A PRETEXT = RETURN+ TO ITS [N SPECIAL ANTI-PROLET>IAN VOCATION4 

,?IS WAS SE5 9 ,SEPTEMB] #aiba 9 ! COMMEMORATIONS ( ,DANTE & ON HIS C5T5>Y2 FASCISM QUICKLY SUCCE$$ 9 *ILL+ ANY 9CIPI5T 5?USIASM 9 ! PEOPLE = :AT C\LD HAVE BE5 A SPL5DIDLY SUCCESSFUL APO!OSIS ( ! ,ITALIAN SPIRIT2 :I* MI<T HAVE SIGNAL$ NEW SPIRITUAL HEI<TS 9 ! MASSES :O >E 9 NO WAY 9S5SIBLE (1 BL9D OR DEAF TO ! SUGGE/IONS ( POETRY OR ! SPL5DORS ( >T OR ! RADIANCE ( BEAUTY4 ,NOT A BIT ( IT6 ,FASCISM TOOK OV] ,DANTE OR RA!R A PHONY REPRES5TATION ( HIM2 & EV5 GRAFT$ !IR [N PUNITIVE EXP$ITIONS ON TO DEMON/RATIONS HELD 9 HIS NAME6 ,FASCI/ GANGS FROM ! ,F]R>A DI/RICT & FROM ,BOLOGNA M\NT$ A SORT ( MILIT>Y M>* ON ,RAV5NA2 5 R\TE1 ) FASCI/ DEPUTIES LEAD+ !M ON BO? LEGS ( ! J\RNEY1 ACTS ( VIOL5CE & DE/RUCTION W]E M\NT$ AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT1 & 9 ! HALL[$ 0CITY ( SIL5CE0 ?AT SURR\NDS ,DANTE'S ,TOMB1 ! MO/ OBSC5E F>CE WAS 5ACT$4 ,WORK]S :O HAD FAIL$ TO D(F !IR CAPS AS !SE BRAVOS ( CIVIL W> PASS$ BY1 & SC>CELY ONE ( ! PR\D M5 ( ! PEOPLE FROM ! ,ROMAGNA UTT]$ A WORD AB\T RESI/ANCE - ! FACT IS ?AT AN ATTEMPT WAS MADE DELIB]ATELY TO PROVOKE SU* A RESPONSE - W]E BEAT5 & REPRISALS W]E C>RI$ \T BE=E ! V]Y COMPLAC5T GAZE ( ! AU?ORITIES2 AS USUAL1 IT WAS WORK]S :O W]E BE+ BEAT5 & IT WAS SOCIALI/ CLUBS1 UNIONS & WORK]S' COOP]ATIVES ?AT W]E BE+ T>GET$ = DE/RUCTION4.<#b#e.> 

,?US DID ! CELEBRATIONS M>K+ ,DANTE'S C5T5>Y GET UND] WAY AT ! HEI<T ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 9 ! HE>T ( ,ITALY6 ,HAD !Y EV5 ! M]E/ GRASP ( !IR C\NTRY'S HI/ORY ! WOM5-FOLK ( ! ,ROMAGNA :O B>R$ !IR DOORS & W9D[S AS ! FASCI/S PASS$ BY & :O SUMMON$ !IR M5-FOLK 9DOORS 9 T]ROR MU/ HAVE ?\<T ?AT !Y W]E BACK 9 ! DAYS ( ! ,HUNS & ! ,GO?S4 ,& ! MO/ IGNORANT AMONG !M1 ! ONES 9 SORE/ NE$ ( $UCAT+ AB\T !IR HOMEL&1 MAY WELL HAVE CURS$ ?IS ,DANTE ( :OM !Y KNEW NO?+ BUT 9 :OSE NAME !Y W]E BE+ GREET$ BY !SE HATE-FILL$ CRIES & RAIS$ CUDGELS6 ,SO MU* = ! S]VICE R5D]$ BY FASCISM TO ! G5U9E & MO/ UNBLEMI%$ GLORIES ( !IR HOMEL&3 & SMALL WOND] ?AT1 9 ! WAKE ( ?AT1 ! PEOPLE'S HE>TS W]E CLOS$ FA/ & ?AT !RE WAS NO PO9T 9VOK+ ! GREAT NAME ( ,DANTE1 :I* W\LD BE GREET$ BY SOME?+ BETWE5 COLDNESS & G5]AL 9DIFF]5CE ON ! P>T ( ! ,ITALIAN MASSES4 

,CONFRONT$ ) ?AT SORT ( AN EXAMPLE ( :AT ,ITALIAN GREATNESS REALLY IS & 9 FACE ( ?AT MORAL OBSCURANTISM :]EBY ?AT :I* IS MO/ SUBLIME IS PR(AN$ & DEGRAD$1 &1 \T ( HATR$1 DRAGOON$ 9TO ! S]VICE ( ! MO/ SMALL-M9D$ & VULG> 9T]E/S1 ONE WOND]S :AT 0FA!RL&0 & 0PATRIOTISM0 MEAN TO ?OSE :O1 9 ! NAME ( ?AT HOMEL&1 DISGRACE ,ITALY 9 ! EYES ( ! \TSIDE WORLD & AT HOME TURN H] 9TO A SYNONYM = BULLY+1 BR[-BEAT+ & SLAVI%NESS ,BUT !N1 HAVE !Y ANY RI<T TO SPEAK ( FA!RL& :5 9 FACT !Y HAVE %[N !MSELVES TO BE ITS WOR/ MORAL & MAT]IAL 5EMIES8 

,P]HAPS1 AS ,]RICO ,MALATE/A WROTE 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#b#a1 0IT WAS A MI/AKE = PROLET>IANS1 REVOLUTION>IES1 SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S TO HAVE ALL[$ ! CONS]VATIVES & ! BASE 9/RUM5TS ( ! B\RGEOISIE TO1 9 A WAY1 CLAIM A MONOPOLY ON ! CRY ,LONG LIVE ,ITALY6 !REBY SUGGE/+ TO ! SIMPLE-M9D$ ?AT O!R PEOPLE WI%$ ILL TO ! C\NTRY 9 :I* !Y W]E LIV+40 ,9 O!R WORDS1 MAYBE IT WAS A MI/AKE TO LEAVE A MONOPOLY ON PATRIOTIC FEEL+ 7:I* IS1 PROP]LY UND]/OOD1 A FEEL+ %>$ BY ALL7 TO ! T9Y M9ORITY REPRES5T$ BY ! RUL+ CLASSES4 ,:E!R OR NOT IT WAS A MI/AKE1 TIME WILL TELL2 & ,I AM NOT CONC]N$ H]E ) RESOLV+ ! MATT] :I* IS \TSIDE ( MY REMIT4 ,9 ANY EV5T1 :5 SOME?+ O!R ?AN A LIT]>Y PO/URE1 ANTI-PATRIOTISM WAS NEV] ANY?+ MORE ?AN A BACKLA% AGA9/ DEG5]ATE *AUV9I/1 NATIONALI/ & IMP]IALI/IC =MS ( PATRIOTISM2 :I* HAS EV5TUALLY COME TO REPRES5T 9 A C\NTRY :AT BL9D SELFI%NESS DOES 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,NO D\BT AB\T IT4 ,IF1 9DE$ ! FASCI/S >E 9 ! RI<T 9 DO+ :AT !Y DO 9 ORD] TO BR+ HONOR TO ,ITALY1 :O C\LD FAIL TO BE AN ANTI-PATRIOT8 

,9 REALITY ! FASCI/S HAVE ?US F> CONDUCT$ ! R\<E/1 MO/ EFFECTIVE & 9SIDI\S ANTI-PATRIOTIC PROPAG&A AMONG ! ,ITALIAN PEOPLE1 ! IMPACT ( :I* WILL NOT SO READILY BE WIP$ \T BY O!RS NOR ]ADICAT$ V]Y QUICKLY4 ,& ,I CANNOT HELP ?9K+ ?AT ?AT AMONG ! CURR5T FASCI/ LEAD]%IP !RE IS MORE ?AN ONE1 & ?IS MAY WELL APPLY TO !M ALL1 :O 9 TURN ( ! C5TURY ,ITALY MADE A PR(ESSION \T ( ANTI-PATRIOTISM & 9DE$ W]E ! MO/ AGGRESSIVE PIONE]S ( ANTI-PATRIOTISM PROP]1 AS DEVIS$ & POPUL>IZ$ BY ,GU/AVE ,H]VE ) ALL HIS CU/OM>Y EXAGG]ATIONS & UNILAT]ALISM4 ,IT MI<T BE SAID ?AT ALL ?AT !Y >E DO+ N[1 ACTUALLY1 IS M\NT+ ! SAME OLD PROPAG&A UND] DIFF]5T COLORS & TO GREAT] EFFECT6 ,BUT ! 9T]NATIONALISM & COSMOPOLITANISM ( ! SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S1 :I* PR$AT$ ,H]VE1 C>RI$ & RETA9 A QUITE DIFF]5T IDEAL2 !IR IDEAS W]E & >E1 DEEP D[N1 M]ELY ! DEVELOPM5T & CONT9UATION ( ! COSMOPOLITAN & HUMANE SPIRIT ?AT 9SPIRES MANY ( ! WRIT+S ( ,MAZZ9I & ,CATTANEO & :I* PROMPT$ ONE ( ,G(FR$O,MAMELI'S BEAUTIFUL AN!MS4.<#b#f.> 

,9 REALITY1 FASCISM IS RA!R MORE ALI5 ?AN SOCIALI/ 9T]NATIONALISM TO ! ,ITALIAN M9D1 & TO ?AT BROAD1 HUMANE IDEALISM ?AT REA*ES BACK TO ! SPL5DID LIT]>Y & PHILOSOPHICAL BLOSSOM+ 9 LATE #a#h?& E>LY #a#i?C5TURY ,ITALY & BEYOND IT TO ! TRADITIONS ( ! ,R5AISSANCE & ! FREE CITIES4 ,JU/ AS 9 PRACTICE & 9 ITS BRUTAL DE$S FASCI/ ACTIVITY IS RA!R REM9ISC5T ( ! 0,TEUTON CUDGEL0 & 9 FACT HAS NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! H]OISM ( ! ,B&I]AS1 ,SCIESA OR ,PISACANE1.<#b#g.> SO ! IDEAL WELLSPR+S ( ! SORT ( PATRIOTISM !Y DISPLAY >E A F> CRY FROM ! EPIC A*IEVEM5TS ( PA/ G5]ATIONS ( FOLL[]S ( ,MAZZ9I & ,G>IBALDI & MORE CLOSELY RESEMBLE ! %ABBY1 %AD[Y1 AGGRESSIVE NATIONALISM ?AT DUR+ ! 0SPL5DID W>0 WAS COMMONLY DESCRIB$ AS ,TEUTONIC4 ,BUT ?IS IS NOT ! PLACE NOR ! TIME = A DISCUSSION ( PATRIOTISM & 9T]NATIONALISM4 ,MY ?\<TS ON ! TOPIC >E ! SAME1 UNIV]SALLY KN[N ?\<TS AS ! AN>*I/ /R& ( SOCIALI/ 9T]NATIONALISM4 ,H[EV] ,I WANT TO DEMON/RATE H]E H[ ! FASCI/S EFFECTIVELY TRAMPLE UPON & CONTRADICT ANY PR9CIPLE ( IDEALISM1 EV5 ONE DIFF]5T FROM & (T5 9 CONFLICT ) SOCIALI/ OR AN>*I/ IDEALS4 ,C>RY+ OV] ! EFFECTS ON ! W> 9 ?IS REG>D ALSO1 FASCISM HAS DONE 5\< 9 ONE YE> TO EXAC]BATE ONE ?\S&-FOLD ! PROLET>IAT'S ALI5ATION FROM ITS [N C\NTRY2 MEAN+ ?AT IT HAS & 9CREAS+LY WILL PRODUCE RESULTS DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ TO :AT ITS FLATT]S CLAIM = IT4 

,TO BE P]SUAD$ ?AT ?IS IS ! CASE1 ONE NE$ ONLY HAVE A LITTLE CONTACT & %>E SLI<TLY 9 ! LIFE ( ! PEOPLE1 AS IT REALLY IS1 WORK+ & LIV+ ON FOOT ( ITS LABORS ALONE4 ,IF ONE V5TURES JU/ A LITTLE BEYOND ! CAFES 9 ! CITY C5T]S & ! VILLAGE *EMI/ %OPS1 :]E POLITICS IS ! /UFF ( ! IDL]S & ALL ?OSE :O DO NOT WORK1 IF ONE W&]S \T ( ! C5T] & 9TO ! SUBURBS1 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE1 IF ONE /EPS 9TO HOMES1 LITTLE WORK%OPS OR LABORATORIES & FACTORIES1 Y\ WILL DISCOV] EV]Y:]E ?AT ! BELIEF IS WIDELY HELD & DEEPLY +RA9$1 & \TW>D %[ SUGGE/S ?AT FASCI/S >E ! 0TRUE/ & GREATE/0 PATRIOTS & ?AT PATRIOTISM !RE=E CONSI/S ( BEAT+ UP WORK]S 9 ORD] TO =CE !M TO R5\NCE !IR BELIEFS OR QUIT !IR ORGANIZATIONS1 ( TOR*+ & DE/ROY+ ! CAM]E DEL LAVORO1 ?W>T+ SOCIALI/ PROPAG&A & P]SECUT+ ! BE/ KN[N & MO/ ACTIVE SOCIALI/S & SNAT*+ AWAY FROM WORK]S ALL ( ! PAY & WORK+ IMPROVEM5TS ?AT !Y HAVE WON ?R\< FIFTY YE>S ( /RUGGLE1 SACRIFICE & PATI5T EF=T4 

,! USE ?AT FASCI/S MAKE ( ! NATIONAL FLAG IS DES]V+ ( REFLECTION ON ! P>T1 NOT ( SUBV]SIVES :O MI<T1 AT BE/1 BE 9T]E/$ 9 IT AS A PROPAG&A WEAPON AGA9/ ! E/ABLI%M5T1 BUT ( HONE/ FOLK FROM ! OPPOS+ CAMP4 

,:IL/ ! TRICOLOR IS ! SYMBOL ( ! FA!RL& & FLIES AT ! HEAD ( MILIT>Y REGIM5TS1 FROM ! W9D[S ( PUBLIC BUILD+S & IS ! (FICIAL EMBLEM ( ! MON>*I/ GOV]NM5T 7:I* REQUIRES ( SOCIALI/ T[N%IPS ?AT !Y TOO DISPLAY IT ON COMMEMORATIVE OCCASIONS71 IT IS ALSO ! (FICIAL EMBLEM ( ! FASCI/S1 ONE ?AT ! PROLET>IANS HAVE SE5 FL[N BY ! ADVANCE P>TY & ON ! PUNITIVE EXP$ITION LORRIES :5 ! LATT] DESC5D ON C]TA9 DI/RICTS TO WRECK WORK] PREMISES1 PUBLIC PLACES & PRIVATE HOMES4 ,= ! PA/ YE>1 IT HAS BE5 TRAIL$1 ?R\< ! SQU>ES1 & ! CITY & RURAL /REETS1 9 ! WAKE ( GANGS BR&I%+ REVOLV]S & CUDGELS1 & :I* T]RORIZE :OLE POPULATIONS & HAVE 9TIMIDAT$ EV51 OR 9DE$ PRIM>ILY1 ! LEA/ SUBV]SIVE-M9D$ SEGM5T ( ! POPULATION :I* IS MO/ DEEPLY ATTA*$ TO ! OLDE/ & BE/ LOV$ TRADITIONS ( QUIET EXI/5CE4 ,9 %ORT1 ! SYMBOL ( ! FA!RL& HAS TURN$ 9TO ! BADGE ( >SON ATTACKS ON CAM]E DEL LAVORO & COOP]ATIVES1 ! SYMBOL ( ! /RONG'S BULLY+ ( ! WEAK1 ! >M$ ( ! DEF5SELESS1 ! RI* ( ! POOR1 ?OSE 9 GOV]NM5T 7OR !IR PROTEGES7 ( !IR SUBJECTS4 

,?IS C\LD BE A S\RCE ( DISPLEASURE TO HONE/ PATRIOTS1 :O C\LD SAY ?AT ?IS IS ALL %[ )\T SUB/ANCE4 ,H[EV] !Y MU/ AGREE ?AT APPE>ANCES CAN ONLY /RET* SO F> BE=E1 AS 9 ! PRES5T 9/ANCE1 !Y BL5D 9TO ! MO/ SPECTACUL> & MO/ RECURR5T ACTIONS & ?AT SU* APPE>ANCES CAN 9 EFFECT NO LONG] BE SEP>AT$ FROM !M BUT RA!R TAKE ON ALL !IR 9TR9SIC VALUE4 

,9 C]TA9 RURAL SOCIALI/ T[N%IPS :]E FASCISM HAS IMPOS$ ITSELF & :]E A SORT ( /ATE ( SIEGE OBTA9S - 9 C]TA9 PLACES 9 ! ,F]R>A DI/RICT ! IMPRESSION IS ( A MILIT>Y OCCUPATION1 9 ?AT ! FASCI/ GANGS M\NT$ PATROLS LIKE REGUL> TROOPS - !RE WAS A TR5D = ! TRICOLOR TO BECOME OBLIGATORY4 ,FOLK W]E /OPP$ ON ! /REETS & A TRICOLOR COCKADE =C$ ON !M2 HOMES W]E T\R$ ) BUNDLES ( TRICOLOR FLAGS1 ) EV]Y FAMILY =C$ TO PUT ONE ON DISPLAY4 ,& SO AN 5TIRE DI/RICT WAS TRICOLOR & WON OV] TO PATRIOTISM6 ,KN[N SOCIALI/ OR SUBV]SIVE B&SM5 OR MUSICIANS W]E EV5 REQUIR$ TO T\R ! T[N P]=M+ PATRIOTIC TUNES 444 ,LET EV]Y S5SIBLE P]SON JUDGE = HIMSELF IF ?IS IS DO+ PATRIOTISM A S]VICE6 ,EV]Y:]E ?AT IT MANAGES TO GA9 ! UPP] H&1 FASCISM CONDUCTS ITSELF LIKE A VICTORI\S >MY 9 A VANQUI%$ C\NTRY4 ,N[ IT MAY COME TO PASS ?AT ! 9HABITANTS ( ! OCCUPI$ T]RITORIES SUFF] ! RULE ( ! \TSID]1 ADAPT TO IT & MAKE AN \TW>D %[ ( GO+ OV] TO ! VICTORS2 BUT ?AT 9 !IR HE>TS !Y NURTURE K9D FEEL+S T[>DS !M & ABOVE ALL ?AT !Y EMBRACE !IR IDEAS IS A PLA9 NONS5SE6 

,N[ ?AT ! NATIONAL FLAG HAS BECOME ! FASCI/S' FLAG1 ! MORE !Y TRY TO FOI/ UPON EV]YBODY & ! MORE !Y BEAT UP 9 ! /REETS ?OSE :O FAIL TO D(F !IR CAPS AS IT PASSES BY1 ! MORE HO/ILITY !RE IS BUILD+ UP >\ND ?AT SYMBOL1 EV5 AMONG NON-SUBV]SIVES1 & EV5 \TSIDE ( ! RANKS ( ! WORK]S & AMONG ALL :O HAVE ANY S5SE ( HUMAN DIGNITY1 SCORN ANY VULG> BULLYBOY TACTICS & WI% TO ?9K = !MSELVES & ACT 9 ACCORDANCE ) !IR [N PRACTICES & OP9IONS4.<#b#h.> ,= ONE CAN H>BOR PATRIOTIC FEEL+S )\T FEEL+ ! NE$ TO WRAP ONESELF 9 ANY TRICOLOR FLAG1 ESPECIALLY IF ! LATT] IS BR&I%$ BY A FACTION & SALUT+ IT IS TURN$ 9TO AN OBLIGATION & A PRETEXT = CO]CION6 

,IT C\LD BE REM>K$ ?AT ?IS GR[+ IDOLATRY ( PATRIOTIC SYMBOLS1 IF HE>TFELT1 IS A AN 9DICATOR ( GREAT] DECAD5CE4 ,9 ?IS MANN]1 9 HE>TS & M9DS1 ! SYMBOL REPLACES ! ?+ SYMBOLIZ$1 ! COLD LETT] REPLACES ! IDEA & LIV+ FAI? YIELDS TO SUP]/ITION4 ,?IS HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! CASE ) RELIGIONS AS !IR /> WANES4 ,WORK]S1 SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S ALL HAVE SYMBOLS & FLAGS ( !IR [N ! V]Y APPE>ANCE ( :I* PROVOKE !M TO GAIETY & 5?USIASM4 ,BUT E/ MODUS 9 REBUS6 .<!RE IS A MEASURE 9 ALL ?+S6.> ,A WORK]1 OR A SOCIALI/ OR AN AN>*I/ :O IS SE5 TO D(F HIS CAP - OR1 WORSE /ILL1 WANTS O!RS TO D(F !IRS - 9 ! PRES5CE ( A R$ OR BLACK FLAG1 W\LD BE A LAU<+ /OCK & W\LD BE REG>D$ AS A FOOL6 ,:I* MAY BE A FUR!R 9DICATION ( WORK+ CLASS SUP]IORITY2 OR RA!R1 IT IS A SIGN ?AT ! SOCIALI/ IDEA IS /ILL 9 ITS ASC5DANT /AGE :5 IT CAN BE EXT]NALLY REPRES5T$ BY SOME SYMBOL1 ALBEIT ?AT ! IDEA PREVAILS )9 & ACTS AS ! DIRECT 9SPIRATION2 & REFUSES TO GIVE UP ITS PLACE TO SYMBOLS OR BE REPLAC$ BY !M 9 ANY WAY4 

,9 %ORT1 NO MATT] ! ANGLE OR VIEWPO9T FROM :I* ! MATT] IS CONSID]$1 FASCISM DOES ! POORE/ S]VICE TO ! CAUSE ( ! 0FA!RL&40 ,ONE NE$ ONLY SEE H[1 9 C]TA9 ORD9>Y S*OOLS1 BOYS1 9 PLACES :]E FASCISM IS 9 *>GE1 GET SU* DELI<T FROM HUNT+ D[N TRICOLOR RIBBONS 9 ORD] TO BURN & DE/ROY !M AS FASCI/ SYMBOLS6 ,& ?IS EV5 PRIOR TO ! FASCI/ TAKE-OV]4 ,& ?IS IS SOME?+ ?AT HAPP5S UNPROMPT$ & 9 SPITE ( ! TEA*]S' VIGILANCE4 ,?OSE S*OOLBOYS HAVE BECOME SOME:AT FASCI/S 9 REV]SE1 PRECISELY BECAUSE ( AN 9/9CTIVE BACKLA% AGA9/ FASCISM2 BUT :AT SORT ( 0PATRIOTIC0 $UCATION ?IS SPR+S FROM1 EV]Y ONE CAN DECIDE = HIMSELF6 

,H]E ,I WILL P]MIT MYSELF A BRIEF ASIDE4 ,A LITTLE LAD ( B>ELY #h YE>S OLD1 A PRIM>Y #b CLASS PUPIL1 ! SON ( WORK]S ) NO 9T]E/ 9 POLITICS & !RE=E C]TA9LY NOT PUT UP TO IT BY !M1 WAS ONE DAY /&+ S++ A FOLK SONG TO ! AIR ( ! FASCI/ AN!M S>ANNOISOCIALI/I - A ROV9>L',ITALIA 7,& ! SOCIALI/S WILL BE ! RU9ATION ( ,ITALY74 ,/>TL$ BY ?IS1 ,I ASK$ HIM2 - ,Y\'RE A FASCI/1 !N8 - ,NO1 ,I AM A SOCIALI/4 - ,& :Y DO Y\ WANT TO SEE ,ITALY RU9$8 - ,BECAUSE ,ITALY IS A GOOD FASCI/4 7,! WORDS W]E SPOK5 9 ! RA!R MORE EXPRESSIVE ,BOLOGNA DIALECT1 BUT ,I DO NOT KN[ H[ TO CONVEY ?IS74 ,ALAS6 ,9 HIS LITTLE HEAD ! LAD HAD MI/AK5 ,ITALY = SOME FEMALE DEVOTEE ( ! ,FASCIO1 :I* IS :Y HE WANT$ TO SEE H] 0RU9$06 

,! REAL ,ITALY1 ! ,ITALY ?AT WORKS & /UDIES1 CAN BE V]Y GRATEFUL TO ! FASCI/S = ! REPUTATION !Y HAVE CREAT$ 9 ! EYES ( H] CITIZ5S ( ! FUTURE6 

,I,V4 

,EV5 AS ,I WAS />T+ ?IS F9AL SECTION ( MY MODE/ ESSAY1 ,ITALY WAS PR(\NDLY UPSET BY ! D\BLE TRAG$Y 9 ,MOLA DI ,B>I1 :]E ! SOCIALI/ DEPUTY ,DI ,VAGNO WAS MURD]$ BY FASCI/S & 9 ,MOD5A :]E SECURITY =CES UNEXPECT$LY OP5$ FIRE 9 ! MO/ SAVAGE MANN] ON A FASCI/ DEMON/RATION1 KILL+ SEV5 Y\NG PEOPLE & S]I\SLY W\ND+ A FUR!R TW5TY FIVE1 9CLUD+ A FASCI/ DEPUTY4 

,SU* 9CID5TS :I* TR\BLE ! M9DS ( ANYBODY :O IS HONE/LY & 5?USIA/ICALLY 9VOLV$ 9 POLITICAL /RUGGLES1 9 ?AT !Y T\* ! V]Y DEP?S ( \R S\L1 COMPLICATE ! SITUATION EV5 MORE4 ,!RE IS SOME?+ 9 !M ?AT IS ESPECIALLY WORRY+ = ! RUL+ CLASSES :O %\LD UND]/& ?AT ONE CANNOT UPSET ! BALANCE ( CIVIL SOCIETY ) IMPUNITY4 ,:IL/ REVOLUTION>IES HAVE PAID DE>LY = ! 9T5TION1 ! M]E 9T5TION ( UPSETT+ A BALANCE ?AT /RIKES !M AS UNFAIR1 SO TOO ! RUL+ CLASSES FEEL & 9TUITIVELY UND]/& ?AT !Y >E ON %AKY GR\ND H]E4 

,FIR/ !RE IS ! FACT ?AT !Y1 & ?R\< !M ! GOV]NM5T1 CANNOT CONTA9 FASCI/ VIOL5CE )9 ! P>AMET]S :I* !IR [N 9T]E/S WILL ALL[2 !N !RE IS ! ADD$ FACT ?AT :5 IT COMES TO PROTECT+ ! FASCI/S1 ! SECURITY =CES >E UNEASY AT BE+ REQUIR$ TO GO ! EXTRA MILE & DEFY ! ORD]S FROM PREFECTS & M9I/]S1 &1 AS 9 ,MOD5A - ALBEIT QUITE EXCEPTIONALLY - EMPLOY+ ! MO/ UNW>RANT$ VIOL5CE AGA9/ !M 91 AGA91 AN UNDISCIPL9$ FA%ION4 ,?IS %\LD GIVE ! RUL+ CLASS A LITTLE PAUSE = ?\<T4 ,= ITS IS ITS WEAPONS ?AT >E 9FLICT+ ! 9JURIES & ITS [N SUPPORTS :I* >E %[+ SIGNS ( CRACK+4 

,:]E WILL ?IS LEAD8 ,OR RA!R1 :]E MU/ IT LEAD 9EVITABLY IF ?+S C>RY ON AS !Y HAVE SO F> & IF !Y %\LD C>RY ON BE=E \R V]Y EYES8 

,AGA9 ! IDEA HAS BE5 V5TILAT$ ( TURN+ FASCISM 9TO A POLITICAL P>TY4 ,BUT IT HAS TO BE ONE ?+ OR ! O!R3 EI!R FASCISM ABIDES BY ITS SPECIFIC POLITICAL & SOCIAL PROGRAM1 :]EUPON IT WILL BE AB&ON$ BY V]Y MANY :O FOLL[ IT ONLY \T (F5SIVE OR DEF5SIVE NE$S ) RELATION TO ! PROLET>IAT1 BUT :OSE [N IDEAS DIFF] WIDELY FROM ONE ANO!R2 OR UND] ! NEW DESIGNATION ( P>TY1 IT WILL C>RY ON BE+ :AT IT N[ IS1 ! OR*E/RATION ( ANTI-PROLET>IAN VIOL5CE1 9 :I* CASE ! SITUATION IS NOT GO+ TO *ANGE & WILL C>RY ON AS AT PRES5T4 ,9 ! FIR/ EV5TUALITY1 !RE IS NO?+ = IT BUT WAIT & SEE :AT ?AT PROGRAM TURNS \T TO BE2 9 ! SECOND1 EV]YBODY KN[S :AT ! PROGRAM IS & ! FASCI/S DELI<T 9 S++ IT AT EV]Y OPPORTUNITY3 0BOOTS1 BOOTS1 BOOTS & BOOTS GALORE40 

,SOME ( ! BE/ KN[N FASCI/S W\LD BE 9 FAVOR ( DROPP+ ! EMPHASIS ON VIOL5CE1 BEAT+S1 >SON1 ETC4 ,I AM NOT QU]Y+ ! S9C]ITY ( !IR 9T5TIONS AL?\< !Y MAKE A %[ ( PEACEABLE 9T5T ONLY :5 FASCI/S >E ON ! RECEIV+ 5D1 OR :5 !Y DO SOME?+ UNDULY GROSS2 & %ELVE IT ! NEXT DAY4 ,BUT ,I BELIEVE ALL ! SAME ?AT MORE ?AN ONE ( !M MAY HONE/LY WI% TO SEE AN ABRUPT AB\T TURN1 BO? BECAUSE VIOL5CE IS PROV+ 9CREAS+LY 9CAPABLE ( S]I\SLY TAM+ ! PROLET>IAT1 & BECAUSE ! USE ( VIOL5CE MU/ HAVE WORN \T & NAUSEAT$ SOME ( ITS PRACTITION]S1 ESPECIALLY ! ONES ?AT KID !MSELVES ?AT !Y >E DRIV5 BY IDEALISM4 

,BUT ?AT SORT ( FASCI/ RE=MI/ WILL NOT F9D IT EASY TO GET ! G5IE BACK 9 ! BOTTLE4 ,BY N[ !RE IS A NUMB] ( 9T]E/S LOOK+ TO FASCI/ VIOL5CE TO GET !M BACK ON !IR FEET & !Y DO NOT WANT TO SEE IT 5D$4 ,! BL9D & DEM5T$ HOPE ( SCATT]+ ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATION1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 HAS NOT BE5 AB&ON$ BY V]Y MANY ( ! MO/ OBTUSE & BACKW>D LOOK+ L&[N]S4 ,ANYWAY1 ! USE ( VIOL5CE HAS CREAT$ A SORT ( FASCI/ PR(ESSIONALISM ?AT MEANS TO CONT9UE2 & AN \T & \T FASCI/ MOB1 ?\< NEGLIGIBLE 9 EA* DI/RICT1 IS A CONSID]ABLE PRES5CE 9 ,ITALY AS A :OLE &1 LIKE ALL MOBS1 ONCE ITS P5T UP 5]GIES >E UNLEA%$1 IT IS NOT EASILY BR\<T TO HEEL4 ,& AMONG ! FASCI/S WE F9D ! SAME PH5OM5ON AS AMONG ! SOCIALI/S2 :]EAS SOME C\NSEL MOD]ATION1 O!RS MAKE A BIG NOISE \T ( SIMPLE RIVALRY ) ! =M] & 9 ORD] TO SUPPLANT !M 9 POSITIONS ( PRIVILEGE4 

,?OSE FASCI/S :O >E KE5 TO RETURN TO ! ORBIT ( NORMAL LIV+ COMPLA9 ( ! HATR$ BY :I* !Y >E SURR\ND$1 AB\T H[ !Y >E VILIFI$1 ! VIOL5CE VISIT$ UPON !M H]E & !RE BY ?OSE :O CANNOT /& TO BE PROVOK$1 FEEL ! OV]:ELM+ URGE TO BE AV5G$ = SOME (F5SE1 OR :O >E SIMPLY DRIV5 BY NAK$ FE>1 EXASP]ATION OR AN 9/9CT ( PREEMPTIVE ATTACK4 ,!Y >E AFRAID ?AT IF !Y REFRA9 FROM !IR VIOL5CE ! VIOL5CE ( !IR ADV]S>IES WILL BE UNLEA%$ AT !M4 ,& ?IS IS C]TA9LY NOT AN EXAGG]AT$ FE>3 !RE IS EV]Y LIKELIHOOD ?AT = A TIME !RE WILL BE A FLURRY ( REPRISALS H]E & !RE4 ,BUT IF ! FASCI/S W]E TO VOLUNT>ILY CA/ AWAY !IR CUDGELS1 IF ! FASCI/ BACKLA% C\LD /EEL ITSELF TO /OP ( ITS [N VOLITION1 :ILE IT IS /ILL 9 A /RONG POSITION1 !N ASSUR$LY ! VIOL5CE US$ AGA9/ !M W\LD BE M9OR1 MORE SPORADIC & FITFUL & W\LD CEASE E>LI] ?AN IF FASCISM WAS TO WAIT UNTIL IT IS WEAK] & ON ! V]GE ( DEFEAT BE=E DESI/+ 9 ITS MURD]\S H&IWORK4 

,BUT 9 FACT :AT MAKES MO/ FASCI/S RELUCTANT TO SET ASIDE !IR VIOL5T DE/RUCTION ( ?+S & ( PEOPLE IS NOT SO MU* FE> ( OPPOSITION VIOL5CE P] SE AS SOME?+ ELSE ?AT WILL 9EVITABLY COME TO PASS4 ,FASCISM WILL LOSE ALL ( ITS DISMAL PRE/IGE & ALL ITS /R5G? AS SOON AS IT GIVES UP ON VIOL5CE4 ,MANY FASCI/S KN[ ?IS1 !IR SPONSORS & PROTECTORS KN[ IT & ALL :O HAVE F\ND$ !IR P]SONAL POLITICAL =TUNES ON FASCISM S5SE IT4 ,IT IS ! REASON :Y SOME1 :O BY N[ HAVE C>V$ \T A LITTLE NI*E = !MSELVES & HOPE TO SALVAGE IT BY GO+ OV] ! SIDE1 >E CA/+ AB\T !M 9 SE>* ( ANO!R CRUT* TO LEAN ON 9 ! NE> FUTURE4 ,:I* IS :Y O!RS :O [E !IR [N POSITIONS TO ! EX]CISE ( VIOL5CE & KN[ ?AT !Y WILL LOSE !M ONCE ?AT COMES TO AN 5D1 >E NOT WILL+ AT ANY PRICE TO GIVE UP ! WEAPON ?AT HAS BECOME 9DISP5SABLE TO !M4 

,AUTOMATICALLY1 ONCE !RE IS NO MORE VIOL5CE TO PREV5T IT1 ! R$ FLAGS & R$ SC>VES WILL REEM]GE & AGA9 WE %ALL HE> ! ,9T]NATIONALE & ! ,9NODEI,LAVORATORI & ,B&I]A ,ROSSA BE+ SUNG1 :]E TODAY ! V]Y ATTEMPT W\LD DRAW D[N PUNITIVE EXP$ITIONS4 ,SCATT]$ ORGANIZATIONS WILL RE=M1 ! CAM]E DEL LAVORO WILL BLOOM AGA92 & IF !Y HAVE SOMEH[ SURVIV$ ! BATT]+1 ONCE ! CURR5T PRESSURE EASES (F1 !Y WILL B\NCE BACK ) R5EW$ /R5G?4 ,?OSE WORK]S :O1 9 A GIV5 DI/RICT1 HAVE B[$ TO ! FASCI/S \T ( OPPORTUNISM OR FE>1 WILL SOON] OR LAT] DES]T !M & RETURN TO !IR =M] LOYALTIES4 ,FASCISM WILL EMPTY LIKE AN OV]TURN$ W9E-SK9 & WILL REV]T TO BE+ ! T9Y M9ORITY MOVEM5T IT WAS 9 E>LY #a#i#a#i1 EXCEPT ?AT !RE WILL BE ! MEMORY ( ! VIOL5CE IT HAS P]PETRAT$1 :I* IS DEF9ITELY NOT LIKELY TO OP5 DOORS = IT 9 ! FUTURE4 ,I C\LD BE WRONG2 BUT ?AT IS H[ ?+S /&1 AS ,I SEE !M4 ,IT /RIKES ME ?AT NO CLOSE OBS]V] ( ! EFFECTS ( FASCISM ON ! BROAD] MASSES ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ! POPUL> M9D & PUBLIC OP9ION 9 G5]AL C\LD DISPUTE ?IS4 

,NOT ?AT ?IS W\LD BE A BAD ?+6 ,QUITE ! OPPOSITE4 ,MOREOV]1 EV5 IF ?+S F9I% UP ?IS WAY1 & ?IS IS ! BRI<TE/ HYPO!SIS1 FASCISM WILL HAVE LEFT BEH9D A LEGACY ( TOO MU* HATR$ & RES5TM5T1 & WILL HAVE SET TOO BAD AN EXAMPLE = FUTURE /RUGGLES & ?OSE /RUGGLES WILL C]TA9LY NOT PROCE$ 9 A LEVEL-HEAD$ WAY & 9 A SPIRIT ( TOL]ANCE4 ,! RUL+ CLASSES WILL REALIZE ?IS1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE EMPLOY]S P]SONALLY UNDULY ID5TIFI$ ) FASCISM4 ,V]Y LIKELY1 ! PROLET>IANS WILL =GET FASCISM P] SE & WILL =GET ! NAMES ( SO MANY OPPORTUNI/ FASCI/S1 LEAD]S OR MEMB]S1 ETC4 ,BUT :5 ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 A P>TICUL> DI/RICT IS ABLE TO BR+ ! PROLET>IANS & ! EMPLOY]S 9TO CONFRONTATION AGA91 ID5TIFICATION ( ! LATT] AS =M] FASCI/S CANNOT HELP BUT MAKE ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ !M ALL ! R\<] & MORE HO/ILE4 ,9 %ORT1 ONCE ! PRESSURES BR\<T TO BE> BY FASCISM ?R\< VIOL5CE HAS CEAS$1 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T WILL RE-LAUN* ITSELF ) R5EW$ VIGOR2 & ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION WILL BE KNOCK+ AT ! DOOR AGA94 

,!RE IS NO *ANCE ( ! FASCI/S' & ! RUL+ CLASS'S BE+ BL9D TO ALL ?IS2 ,:I* IS :Y ,I WAS V]Y SKEPTICAL AB\T ! CALLS = PEACE & ! HOPES ( MOD]AT+ CONFLICTS & CALLS TO HALT TO ! CIVIL W>F>E ) :I* ! NEWSPAP]S W]E AWA% 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#b#a4 ,ITS V]Y WEI<T HAS DRAGG$ FASCISM D[N A ROAD ( ITS [N *OOS+1 A SLIPP]Y SLOPE4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT IT IS DOOM$ TO REMA9 VIOL5T \T ( ! NE$ TO SURVIVE2 BECAUSE1 ON ! DAY IT GIVES UP ON VIOL5CE1 IT WILL HAVE CEAS$ TO EXI/4 ,?IS1 ITS SPIRIT ( SELF-PRES]VATION1 IS ! REASON :Y ! FIR/ ATTEMPT TO >RANGE A PEACE BETWE5 SOCIALI/S & FASCI/S1 A ATTEMPT M\NT$ BY P>LIAM5T>IANS UND] ! SUP]VISION ( ! ,SPEAK] ( ! ,H\SE1 F\ND]$ COMPLETELY1 9 SPITE ( ! S9C]ITY OR O!RWISE ( ! CONTRACT+ P>TIES4 

,NO:]E WAS ?AT PEACE TREATY 5=C$4 ,9 SOME DI/RICTS :]E ! FASCI/S HELD SWAY ABSOLUTELY1 IT WAS BLATANTLY REJECT$ RI<T FROM ! \TSET4 ,ELSE:]E1 ! FASCI/S D5\NC$ IT ON ! FIR/1 SLIMME/ PRETEXT4 ,?IS DESPITE ! SOCIALI/S' HAV+ WELCOM$ IT W>MLY & HAV+ %[N ! GOOD WILL TO PUT IT 9TO EFFECT4 ,BUT ?IS WAS ONLY NATURAL6 ,?AT TREATY MAY HAVE BE5 EMB>RASS+ TO ! SOCIALI/S AS F> AS !IR DIGNITY WAS CONC]N$2 BUT IT WAS TILT$ 9 !IR FAVOR1 SIMPLY BECAUSE ! SOCIALI/S W]E NOT GIV+ ANY?+ AWAY ?AT WAS NOT ALREADY P>T ( !IR COMMON PRACTICE & P>T ( !IR PROGRAM4 ,A RETURN TO LEGALITY8 ,BUT IT CO/ ! SOCIALI/S NO EF=T AT ALL TO MAKE ?AT RETURN6 ,?AT MAY WELL HAVE BE5 !IR MO/ HE>TFELT WI% FOLL[+ ! LUR* TO ! RI<T AT ! ,LIVORNO CONGRESS4 ,AS = ! 7BY !N7 FEW :O HAD PLAC$ !MSELVES \TSIDE ! LAW1 !RE WAS NO NE$ = ! FASCI/S TO PUT !M 9 !IR PLACE2 ! C>AB9I]I & JUDICI>Y W]E 5\< = ?AT4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! FASCI/S CAME AWAY FROM ! PEACE AGREEM5T EFFECTIVELY EXON]AT$ & EV5 5HANC$ AS A =CE 9 POLITICS4 ,= !M A RETURN TO ABID+ BY ! LAW BORD]$ ON A RETURN TO OBLIVION2 A TURN+ AWAY FROM VIOL5CE WAS A TURN+ AWAY FROM !IR PR9CIPLE IF NOT !IR V]Y RAISON D'ETRE4 ,& !Y DID NOT TURN AWAY FROM IT6 ,SO1 IF FASCISM REALLY DOES BECOME A POLITICAL P>TY ON A P> ) ALL ! O!RS1 )9 ! COMPASS ( ! LEGALLY CON/ITUT$ 9/ITUTIONS - LIKE ?OSE :O1 \T ( PREF]5CE OR NECESSITY EFFECTIVELY >E1 EV5 ?\< !Y MI<T PREF] NOT TO BE & MI<T BE 9CL9$ TO /EP \TSIDE ( !M - & IF IT IS TO RELY = ITS SURVIVAL UPON ITS [N ORGANIZATION1 J\RNALISM1 ! PROPAGATION ( ITS IDEAS1 ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION1 ELECTIONS1 P>LIAM5T1 ETC41 IT MAY WELL SUBSI/ & GO BY ! SAME NAME AS IT DOES TODAY BUT IT WILL BE A SUB/ANTIALLY DIFF]5T PH5OM5ON1 MADE UP ( A V>IETY ( ELEM5TS4 ,:AT ! T]M FASCISM SIGNIFIES TODAY W\LD NO LONG] EXI/2 ,& ,I D\BT IF 9 ! LONG RUN ! SURVIVORS W\LD WANT TO CL+ TO EV5 ! NAME4 ,& H[ MANY PEOPLE W\LD BE EAG] NOT TO HAVE BE5 FASCI/S !N6 ,H[ MANY ( !M W\LD D5Y IT6 ,EV5 N[ !RE >E A FEW :O >E />T+ TO D5Y IT1 TO HOLD !IR H&S UP1 & 9 ! FASCI/ PRESS !RE IS NO %ORTAGE ( REPROA*ES MADE ( !M & REM9D]S ( PA/ FEATS 9 :I* !Y HAD A H&1 ETC4 

,AT ! 5D ( ,DECEMB] #a#i#b#a1 BY :I* TIME !SE NOTES HAD ALREADY GONE TO PRESS1 ! ,NATIONAL ,FASCI/ ,P>TY PUBLI%$ ITS PROGRAM1 HAV+ BE5 F\ND$ AT ! /ORMY ,ROME CONGRESS E>LY ! PREVI\S MON?4 ,IT W\LD TAKE TOO LONG TO GO 9TO A DETAIL$ EXAM9ATION ( IT & ?AT W\LD BE BEYOND ! SPACE AVAILABLE 9 ?IS ESSAY4 

,! PROGRAM HAS BE5 WRITT5 9 SU* A WAY AS TO ALL[ FASCISM TO REMA9 :AT IT IS1 DE/RUCTIVE & VIOL5T1 = AS LONG AS ?IS SUITS IT1 BUT ALL[+ IT ! OPTION TO /EP BACK 9SIDE ! LAW AS SOON AS IT F9DS ?IS TO ITS ADVANTAGE4 ,! ONLY PLA9LY PROCLAIM$ AIM IS C\NT]-REVOLUTION AT ANY PRICE1 BY ANY MEANS1 NOT EXCLUD+ VIOL5CE1 9 ORD] TO 5SURE SURVIVAL ( /ATE & CAPITALI/ RULE4 

,9 ITS PROGRAM FASCISM SETS \T ITS ASPIRATION TO GOV]N ,ITALY1 TO 9/ALL A /RONG SOV]EIGN /ATE TO REVIVE & PROTECT ! SOCIAL FUNCTION ( PRIVATE [N]%IP4 ,SO IT IS A PROGRAM ( /RUGGLE NOT JU/ AGA9/ REVOLUTION BUT ALSO AGA9/ SOCIALISM & AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT :I* /RIVES = EQUALITY & FRE$OM1 LIB]ATION FROM WAGE SLAV]Y & AN 5D ( ! EXPLOITATION ( ITS LABOR1 BY ANY R\TE4 ,9 %ORT1 IT IS AN EXPLICIT AFFIRMATION ( ! AIM IMPLICIT - ,I BELIEVE ?AT ,I HAVE DEMON/RAT$ ?IS SUFFICI5TLY - 9 FASCISM'S 5TIRE RECORD FROM AUTUMN #aib ONW>DS4 

,! REMA9D] ( ! PROGRAM1 ! PRACTICALITIES ) REG>D TO DOME/IC & =EIGN POLICY1 ! >MY & NAVY1 $UCATION1 ! JUDICI>Y1 SOCIAL LEGISLATION1 ETC4 IS 9=M$ BY ! ABOVE M5TION$ PR9CIPLES & IS NOT DISSIMIL> TO ! NATIONALI/S' PROGRAM4 ,APROPOS ( ! POLITICAL =M ( ! /ATE1 )\T NAM+ IT1 FASCISM IMPLICITLY EMBRACES ! ,MON>*Y 09S(> AS NATIONAL VALUES F9D EXPRESSION & CURATOR%IP !RE903 MEAN+1 EFFECTIVELY1 ! CURATOR%IP ( MILIT>ISM & CAPITALISM4 ,TO PUT ?IS O!RWISE - ! ?REAT IS IMPLICIT BUT V]Y CLE> - IT MAY BE REPLAC$ BY SOME DIFF]5T POLITICAL =MULA BY A PRONUNCIAMI5TO OR C\P D'ETAT4 

,:E!R OR NOT ?IS PROGRAM BR+S SUCCESS TO ?IS P>TY :I* [ES ITS ORIG9S & NAME TO FASCISM1 \T & \T FASCISM AS WE KN[ IT TODAY - :I* CONSI/S ( SY/EMATICALLY DE/ROY+ & SMA%+ ! PROLET>IAT'S POLITICAL & ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS BY ONE MEANS OR ANO!R1 ESPECIALLY BY VIOL5T1 BULLY+ MEANS - ! FASCISM :I* IS PECULI>LY DE> TO ! RUL+ CLASSES1 :I* FE$S UPON !IR AID & PROTECTION1 ! FASCISM UPON :I* ! 9DU/RIALI/S & L&[N]S DEP5D TO PUT PRESSURE ON ! WORK]S & PEASANTS TO ACCEPT L[] WAGES & ADDITIONAL WORK1 ! FASCISM ?AT IS PRETTY MU* AN UMBRELLA = ! P>ASITICAL & MILIT>I/IC CLASSES ) !IR DREAMS ( /ATES ( SIEGE & MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IPS1 9 %ORT1 ! FASCISM ( CUDGEL1 REVOLV] & >SON1 ! ONE ?AT HOPES TO SURM\NT ! CRISIS G5]AT$ BY ! W> ?R\< A PREV5TIVE C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 ?AT FASCISM IS NOT GO+ TO WALK AWAY FROM VIOL5CE & WILL C>RY ON BE+ :AT IT IS1 UNLESS IT IS DEFEAT$ BY A GREAT] =CE4 ,IT HAS BECOME AN ORGANISM &1 AS SU*1 CANNOT C\NT5ANCE SUICIDE1 NO MATT] ! RELATIVE LOGICALITY ( ITS SITUATION & ! PO9TLESSNESS ( ITS ACTIONS 9 OV]ALL POLITICAL & SOCIAL T]MS4 

,9 SAY+ ?IS1 ,I AM KEEP+ 9 M9D :AT ,I >GU$ E>LI] & MORE ?AN ONCE2 !RE IS MORE TO FASCISM ?AN JU/ :AT IS TO BE F\ND 9 ! REGUL>1 C>D-C>RY+ FASCI DI COMBATTIM5TO4 ,! C>D-C>RI]S1 AFFILIATES & HIREL+S >E SURR\ND$ BY A :OLE GAMUT ( SYMPA?IZ]S1 HONOR>Y FASCI/S & FASCI/ ACTIVI/S \T !RE AMONG ! %OPKEEP]S1 T\TS1 BAILIFFS & L& AG5TS1 PROP]TY-[N]S1 EMPLOYES1 J\RNALI/S1 ETC41 MAK+ UP A MASS ?AT SUPPORTS (FICIAL FASCI/ 9ITIATIVES BUT OCCASIONALLY ACT (F !IR [N BAT2 & IT IS NOT UNCOMMON = ?IS M>G9AL FASCISM1 :I* ! (FICIAL FASCI/S CANNOT DIS[N TOO MU* LE/ !Y EMASCULATE !MSELVES1 TO BE RESPONSIBLE = ! ODD ACT ( VIOL5CE1 BRUTALITY & DE/RUCTION RA!R ?AN ! MORE SPECTACUL> ONES4 ,SOMETIMES1 :5 ?+S TAKE TOO S]I\S A TURN1 !Y >E TIMIDLY & =MALLY DIS[N$2 BUT PEOPLE >E NOT TAK5 91 & RI<TLY SO1 BECAUSE ?OSE DIS[N$ >E ! V]Y PEOPLE :O DID 0WELL0 ON O!R OCCASIONS &1 LIKE ALL ! O!RS1 !Y >E COV]$ BY ! OM]TA NOT JU/ ( FASCI/ (FICIALDOM1 :I* IS ONLY TO BE EXPECT$1 BUT ALSO BY ! RUL+ CLASSES 5 BLOC4 

,FASCISM REPRES5TS ONE ( ! LIVELIE/ P>ADOXES ( /ATE & B\RGEOIS RULE4 ,! LATT] SURVIVES BECAUSE IT S]VES MANY PRIVATE 9T]E/S1 BUT AT ! EXP5SE ( ! G5]AL 9T]E/1 & NOT JU/ ( ! PROLET>IAT2 IT MANAGES TEMPOR>ILY TO F5D (F DISA/] = ! REGIME1 BUT IS LAY+ ! GR\NDWORK = A MORE CALAMIT\S & CATA/ROPHIC DISA/] TO FOLL[4 

,IT IS ! EQUIVAL5T ( ! ?\S&S ( DELAY+ TACTICS TO :I* A =M]LY BOOM+ BUT N[ DECL9+ COMM]CIAL COMPANY RESORTS 9 ORD] TO /AVE (F BANKRUPTCY2 LOANS1 FRE% BORR[+ AT USURI\S RATES1 PROMISSORY NOTE AFT] PROMISSORY NOTE1 RI<T UP TO ! CRIM9AL =MS ( EMBEZZLEM5T1 MISAPPROPRIATION & MALFEASANCE4 ,! CATA/ROPHE ?US F5D$ (F = A FEW MON?S OR EV5 A FEW YE>S RETURNS BUT IT COMES BACK 9 5ORM\SLY MORE E>?-%ATT]+ =M4 ,:AT C\LD HAVE BE5 A /RAI<T=W>D BANKRUPTCY1 SETTL$ BY MEANS ( AN HONORABLE >RANGEM5T A LONG TIME AGO1 TURNS 9TO A FRAUDUL5T & DI%ONORABLE BANKRUPTCY1 TRAIL+ A WAKE ( GREAT] OR LESS] (F5SES & NOT UNCOMMONLY 5D+ 9 BLOODY TRAG$Y4 

,I HAVE /AT$ :Y ,I ?9K ?AT FASCISM IS TURN+ ITS BACK ON LAWLESSNESS & VIOL5CE4 ,BUT IF IT DOES ?IS SUCCESSFULLY & MANAGES NOT TO B\NCE BACK UND] SOME O!R NAME1 SO MU* ! BETT]6 ,9 :I* CASE NO ONE W\LD BE MORE PLEAS$ ?AN ,I W\LD TO BE CA/ AS ! FALSE PROPHET 444 

,BUT IF ?+S GO AS ,I ANTICIPATE1 :]E WILL ?AT LEAD US8 

,SOME LOOK TO VIGOR\S 9T]V5TION BY ! /ATE4 ,& 9 FACT IF B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM'S !ORETICAL /ATE1 L(TI] ?AN P>TIES & CLASSES1 IMP>TIAL & 5D[$ ) ! MO/ DELICATE PRECISION 9/RUM5TS = WEI<+ UP RI<TS & WRONGS1 & >M$ ) A /R5G? BL9D & DEAF TO ALL \TSIDE APPEALS & ANSW]ABLE ONLY TO ITSELF W]E REALITY1 !N ?AT IDEAL /ATE MI<T V]Y WELL PULL ! FASCI/ MOVEM5T UP %ORT1 R$UCE IT TO IMPOT5CE & U%] BACK 9SIDE ! P>AMET]S ( ! LAW & COMMON JU/ICE4 

,BUT DOES ?AT IDEAL /ATE EXI/8 ,NOT BY A LONG %OT6 ,DEMOCRACY HAS BE5 *AS+ ITS %AD[ = OV] A HUNDR$ YE>S & DEVIS$ ALL SORTS ( %APES = IT2 BUT1 NO MATT] :AT ! =M1 ! /ATE HAS REMA9$ ! *AMPION ( ! 9T]E/S ( ONE CLASS AGA9/ ANO!R1 ! SUPPORT] & ALLY ( ! RUL+ CLASS AGA9/ ! OPPRESS$ CLASSES4 ,FASCISM 9 ,ITALY HAS BE5 AN OBVI\S 9/ANCE ( ?IS2 LAY+ ! DEMOCRATIC VIEW ( ! /ATE TO RE/ ONCE & = ALL4 

,H[EV]1 IT IS NOT ! CASE ?AT ! /ATE IS1 AS ! ,M>XI/S >GUE1 M]ELY ! B\RGEOISIE'S BO>D ( DIRECTORS1 SUBORD9ATE TO IT 9 EV]Y?+ & FAT$ TO P]I% ) IT4 ,! /ATE1 H[EV]1 C\LD \TLIVE ! B\RGEOISIE & CONJURE UP A NEW RUL+ CLASS4 ,! /ATE IS ALSO1 9 & ( ITSELF1 A S\RCE ( ECONOMIC AS WELL AS POLITICAL PRIVILEGE & ! V>I\S CA/ES ?AT MAKE IT UP AM\NT TO A CLASS GOOD & PROP]2 A CLASS )9 A CLASS4 ,BUT ! /ATE IS 9CONCEIVABLE 9 ! ABS5CE ( A RUL+ CLASS2 & 9CONCEIVABLE ALSO AS A G5U9E REPRES5TATIVE ( ! :OLE SOCIETY 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,DEP5D+ ON ! WAY ! GOV]NM5T IS MADE UP & ORGANIZ$1 IT MAY ALSO COME 9TO CONFLICT ) ONE OR O!R SEGM5T ( ! ECONOMICALLY PRIVILEG$ CLASS2 BUT IT MAY NOT TAKE ON ! 5TIRE RUL+ CLASS1 HONE/LY & EFFECTIVELY W$D+ ITSELF TO ! CAUSE ( A JU/ICE ?AT TRANSC5DS CLASS1 BECAUSE IT IS NOT 9 ITS 9T]E/S SO TO DO1 MU* LESS COME TO ! DEF5SE ( ! DOM9AT$ CLASS1 NO MATT] H[ 9HUMANELY TORM5T$ ! LATT] MAY BE4 

,9 FACT ! /ATE HAS QUITE DIFF]5T S5SIBILITIES &1 CIT+ ALL ( ! AB/RACT PR9CIPLES ( MORALITY & JU/ICE1 IT /EPS 9 ONLY :5 !SE >E OR APPE> TO HAVE BE5 BREA*$ TO ! DETRIM5T ( ITS [N MEMB]S OR SATELLITES & TO ! DETRIM5T ( ?OSE BLESS$ ) WEAL? & P[]2 IT /IRS ITSELF :5 ! CASUALTIES >E DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY P>T & P>CEL ( ITS POLITICAL & REPRES5TATIVE MA*9]Y1 EV5 %\LD !Y HAPP5 TO BE SOCIALI/S2 IT /IRS IF VIOL5CE IS DEPLOY$ SO MALADROITLY AS TO /ORE UP GREAT] WOES & DANG]S = IT4 ,\TSIDE ( !SE EV5TUALITIES1 IT KN[S NO?+ & NOTICES NO?+4 ,! HUNDR$S ( NAMELESS1 OBSCURE VICTIMS C\NT = NO?+2 TRESPASSES AGA9/ ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y FRE$OMS - NOT EV5 ! FRE$OM TO HOLD A RALLY OR A MEET+1 BUT M]ELY TO S+ AN AN!M OR WE> A RIBBON 9 ONE'S BUTTON-HOLE - MAY TAKE PLACE ?R\<\T ,ITALY ON A GR& SCALE1 AS LONG AS IT IS ! PROLET>IAT ?AT SUFF]S2 ! /ATE KN[S NO?+ ( !SE & CAN DO NO?+ = US6 

,! FACT IS ?AT FASCISM1 PLAC+ ITSELF ?R\< ITS VIOL5CE BEYOND ! PALE ( ! COMMON LAW & TAK+ ! /ATE'S [N DUTIES ( REPRESSION & REACTION UPON ITS [N %\LD]S1 IS USURP+ ! /ATE ITSELF4 ,\T ( ESPRIT DE CORPS & ,I MI<T EV5 SAY PR(ESSIONAL PRIDE1 ! /ATE MI<T BE TEMPT$ TO IMPOSE SOME LIMITS UPON FASCI/ PRESUMPTION4 ,BUT H[ IS IT TO A*IEVE ?IS :5 FASCISM 5JOYS ! :OLE-HE>T$ SYMPA?Y ( ! RUL+ CLASSES FROM :OSE RANKS !Y RECRUIT ! TALL POPPIES ( ! CIVIL S]VICE1 ! POLICE1 ! JUDICI>Y & >MY1 :OSE TASK IT W\LD BE TO APPLY A BRAKE TO ! EXCESSES & MOD]ATE ! TANTRUMS ( ?IS PRODIGAL1 DEL9QU5T (FSPR+8 ,EV5 W]E IT WILL+ TO CALL IT TO ORD]1 H[ CAN IT MANAGE ?IS & W\LD IT BE WILL+ TO H>M IT8 

,:5 A FACTION BREA*ES ! /ATE'S LAWS1 EMBRACES VIOL5CE AS A ME?OD & EMPLOYS IT ACCORD+ TO ITS :IMS1 OV] & ABOVE & 9 DEFIANCE ( ! LAW1 IT IS 9 A /ATE ( REBELLION4 ,! /ATE HAS ! :]E)AL TO /E] IT BACK TO NORMALITY2 ! VIOL5T1 >M$ & CONTEMPTU\S VIOL5CE ?AT IT M]ITS1 ?AT DR[NS IT 9 BLOOD1 IF NE$ BE4 ,BUT 9 ORD] TO DO ?AT IT NE$S TO HAVE AN 9T]E/ 9 SO DO+ & SU* A T]RIBLE UND]TAK+ MU/ HOLD \T ! PROMISE ( A REW>D ?AT \TWEI<S ! EXP5DITURE4 ,N[1 9S(> AS FASCISM USURPS ! /ATE & RELEGATES IT TO A SECOND>Y POSITION1 ! /ATE MI<T BE 9DUC$ TO GET RID ( IT2 BUT O!R1 /RONG] 9T]E/S & D>K DANG]S WILL DET] IT FROM TAK+ ON A =CE :I*1 :IL/ IT MAY WELL BE A COMPETITOR & DISRESPECTFUL1 IS YET NOT ITS 5EMY1 NOT AN OPPON5T ( ITS 9/ITUTIONS BUT RA!R SEEKS TO RE9=CE !M 7ALBEIT BY MEANS ?AT RUN ! RISK ( COMPROMIS+ !M7 &1 ABOVE ALL1 *AMPIONS ! SAME SOCIAL 9T]E/S1 ! SAME CLASS PRIVILEGES OV] :I* ! /ATE ITSELF M\NTS GU>D4 ,FASCISM IS AN ALLY ( ! /ATE1 AN IRKSOME1 DEM&+1 9CONV5I5T1 EMB>RASS+ & 9SUBORD9ATE ALLY - ALL ( !SE ?+S - BUT AN ALLY NONE!LESS4 ,H[ C\LD ! /ATE GIVE S]I\S ?\<T TO DE/ROY+ IT8 

,! /ATE HAS FREQU5TLY SNUFF$ \T REVOLTS AGA9/ IT 9 BLOODBA?S2 & ! <A/LIE/ BUT*]Y HAS 9 FACT BE5 ! H&IWORK ( ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC /ATES1 FROM #a<i ONW>DS AT ANY RATE4 ,BUT ?AT HAPP5$ ONLY :5 ! /ATE'S 9T]E/S CO9CID$ ) ! 9T]E/S ( ! ECONOMICALLY RUL+ CLASS2 9 ,FRANCE 9 ,JUNE #ahdh & ,MAY #a#h#g#a1 9 ,G]MANY 9 #a#i#a#i1 ETC4 ,:5 !Y DID NOT1 ! /ATE ALWAYS PREF]R$ TO ACCOMMODATE ITSELF TO ! RUL+ CLASS1 OR CAV$ 9 & AGRE$ TO TRANS=M ITSELF 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! LATT]'S WI%ES4 ,SAME ?+ TODAY4 ,! /ATE1 FEEL+ QUITE P[]FUL1 W\LD C]TA9LY NOT HAVE HESITAT$ BE=E SNUFF+ \T PROLET>IAN UNRE/ 9 BLOOD%$4 ,BUT :AT IT W\LD UNC]EMONI\SLY DO TO ! DETRIM5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 IT ABSOLUTELY REFUSES TO DO TO ! DETRIM5T ( ITS [N CLASS1 ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 

,WE HAVE ALREADY /AT$ ?AT IT HAS NO 9T]E/ 9 SO DO+2 & EV5 IF IT WAS WILL+1 9 ?OSE CONDITIONS IT MI<T NOT HAVE ! /R5G? = IT BECAUSE IT C\LD NOT BE SURE ?AT IT W\LD BE ABLE TO CALL UPON ITS [N 9/RUM5TS :I* >E ALL MORE OR LESS FASCI/IC 9 !IR LEAN+S1 />T+ ) ! >MY ,G5]AL ,/AFF & 9CLUD+ MANY ( ! (FIC]S FROM ALL ! S]VICES & ! RANK & FILE ( ! POLICE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 LET US REIT]ATE ?AT FASCISM HAS ALL ( ! GRE$IE/ & MO/ REACTION>Y FACTIONS ( CAPITALISM L9$ UP BEH9D IT2 ?R\< FASCISM1 !SE BLACKMAIL ! GOV]NM5T2 EI!R ! LATT] /OPS PUTT+ OB/ACLES 9 ! WAY ( ! FASCI/ BACKLA% & 9DE$ />TS TO BACK IT ) AN ANTI-PROLET>IAN POLICY PROTECTIVE ( ! PROP]TY MONOPOLY1 OR ! GOV]NM5T WILL F9D ITS [N F\NDATIONS ATTACK$1 REG>DLESS ( ! DYNA/Y ITSELF4 ,SOME HOLD \T ! ?REAT ( A REPUBLIC 7AN ANTI-DEMOCRATIC1 MILIT>Y REPUBLIC1 ?AT IS7 & O!RS FLOAT ! IDEA ( A PALACE C\P 9 ! 9T]E/S ( SOME O!R BRAN* ( ! RUL+ H\SE4 

,9 %ORT1 9 NO WAY & FROM NO ANGLE DOES IT S]VE ! PURPOSES ( ! /ATE - EI!R POSITIVELY OR NEGATIVELY - TO CONFRONT ! FASCI/S ) VIOL5CE4 ,TO TELL ! TRU?1 !RE IS ONE POT5TIAL SITUATION 9 :I* IT MI<T2 IF CAPITALISM & ! MAJORITY ( ! RUL+ CLASS W]E TO SEE A RE=MISM R$OL5T ( SOCIALISM BUT POS+ NO ?REAT TO ! RI<TS ( PROP]TY AS A LIKELI] RESCUE PACKAGE2 AGREE+ TO SOME SORT ( AN ACCOMMODATION ) SOME ( ! MORE 9TELLIG5T & AT ! SAME TIME MORE 444 PETIT-B\RGEOIS 444 WORK] SECTORS2 &1 ABOVE ALL1 BY REA*+ COALITION GOV]NM5T >RANGEM5TS ) ! P>LIAM5T>Y1 POLITICAL SOCIALI/S :O POSE A LESS] ?REAT TO ! PROP]TY-[N]S' PORTFOLIOS4 ,!RE IS A B\RGEOIS M9ORITY & A SOCIALI/ M9ORITY :O *]I% ?IS DREAM1 :I* MI<T HAVE BE5 UND]/&ABLE & 9DE$ FEASIBLE PRIOR TO ! W>1 BUT :I*1 GIV5 ! TREM5D\S CURR5T & ESCALAT+ CRISIS1 W\LD BE FOLL[$ BY ! <A/LIE/ DISAPPO9TM5T4 ,H[EV]1 SU* M9ORITIES >E BAS$ EXCLUSIVELY 9 P>LIAM5T & 9 J\RNALI/IC CIRCLES & HAVE NO GREAT FOLL[+ 9 ! C\NTRY1 NOT AMONG ! WORK]S NOR AMONG ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,B>R+ FREAK DEVELOPM5TS1 ,I BELIEVE ?AT !Y >E FAT$ TO COME TO NO?+2 & IF !IR COLLABORATIONI/ AIMS W]E TO BE PUT TO ! TE/1 ,I ?9K IT W\LD M]ELY EXPOSE ! NONS5SICALITY ( !M1 !REBY OP5+ ! EYES ( ! LA/ REMA9+ BL9D4 

,!RE >E SOME :O W\LD HAVE EXPECTATIONS ( ! RESULTS ( SOCIALI/ COLLABORATIONISM 79 ! S5SE ( BR++ ! REIGN ( ! FASCI/ CUDGEL TO AN 5D71 %\LD ?AT COLLABORATION BR+ ! SOCIALI/S TO P[] 9 ! MID/ ( B\RGEOIS MON>*I/ RULE4 ,:I* MI<T WELL HELP BR+ CL>ITY TO ! SITUATION 9 ?AT WE %\LD SEE SOME:AT MORE CLE>LY IF ! GOV]NM5T IS P[]LESS AGA9/ FASCISM1 OR IS ITS ACCOMPLICE 7,I HAPP5 TO BELIEVE BO? ?+S SIMULTANE\SLY72 & IT W\LD1 ?R\< EXP]I5CE1 PUT PAID TO ?AT DREAM4 ,UNLESS SU* AN EV5TUALITY1 :I* UND\BT$LY FRI<T5S ! MILIT>Y & MO/ P>ASITICAL CA/ES1 IMM$IATELY TRIGG]S A C\P D'ETAT OR MILIT>Y PRONUNCIAMI5TO1 AN ANTI-CON/ITUTIONAL1 REACTION>Y & ANTI-P>LIAM5T>Y VIOL5T CLOS+ ( ! RANKS >\ND FASCISM & MILIT>ISM - :I* W\LD DRIVE ! SITUATION EI!R 9 ! DIRECTION ( AN ABSOLUTI/ BACKLA% OR T[>DS REVOLUTION - SOCIALI/ MEMB]%IP ( ! GOV]NM5T W\LD WEAK5 FASCISM1 & MI<T WELL =CE IT TO LAY D[N ! CUDGEL & RE/RA9 ITSELF2 BUT 444 IT W\LD BE ! RU9ATION ( SOCIALISM4 

,SOCIALISM 9 P[] W\LD !N HAVE ON ITS SIDE1 ALONG ) ! MON>*I/ REGIME1 ! MORE QUIETI/IC & ACCOMMODAT+ SECTORS ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! POLICE & ! JUDICI>Y :I* C\LD BE C\NT$ UPON TO TURN !IR FACES T[>DS ! NEW SUN = ! SAKE ( !IR 9T]E/S & \T ( ! HABIT ( /&+ ALONGSIDE ?OSE 9 *>GE2 IT W\LD !RE=E HAVE ! :]E)AL TO APPLY ! BRAKES TO FASCISM :I* W\LD AUTOMATICALLY BE DES]T$ BY ALL :O HAD DEFECT$ TO IT \T ( OPPORTUNISM4 ,BUT ON ! O!R H& IT W\LD NO LONG] BE 0SOCIALISM02 IT W\LD HAVE A DUTY TO DEF5D PRIVATE PROP]TY & ! /ATE & MORE & MORE NOTICEABLY HAVE TO L9E UP AGA9/ ! MASSES :OSE 9T]E/S >E AT ODDS ) ! /ATE & ! PROP]TY-[N]S2 NOT W\LD IT BE ABLE1 BECAUSE ( ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL CRISIS ?AT IS RACK+ ! WORLD & :I* IS NOT AB\T TO /OP JU/ YET1 TO 9TRODUCE ! RE=MS B5EFIT+ ! PROLET>IAT ?AT MI<T HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE PRIOR TO ! W>4 ,9 A WORD1 IT W\LD BE DIS[N$1 DISCR$IT$ & DEVOID ( CONT5T4 ,9 PO9T ( FACT IT W\LD REPRES5T FASCISM'S TRUE/ & GREATE/ VICTORY6 

,NOT TO M5TION ?AT ONCE ! ILLUSION HAD FAD$ & ! CLASS /RUGGLE BECOME MORE PO9T$ AGA91 ASSUM+ ?AT IT W\LD HAVE EAS$ (F A LITTLE1 & ONCE SOCIALISM 9 GOV]NM5T1 ITS USEFULNESS SP5T1 HAS BE5 TOSS$ ON ! SCRAP-HEAP1 ONCE ! PRESSURES FROM ! TOIL+ MASSES RETURN TO ?REAT5 ! RUL+ CLASSES1 ! LATT] CAN ALWAYS REA* TO !IR >S5AL AGA9 & DRAW \T ! FASCI/ WEAPON /[$ AWAY BY DECISION ( ! GOV]NM5T RA!R ?AN DISMANTL$ BY ! DIRECT ACTION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,& WE'LL BE BACK :]E WE />T$6 

,LEAV+ FASCISM TO ONE SIDE1 !RE WILL BE A REPEAT ( :AT HAPP5$ ON A LESS] SCALE 9 ,FRANCE 9 #ahdh 9 ! WAKE ( ! REPUBLICAN-SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION ?AT ,FEBRU>Y4 ,! SOCIALI/S1 5T]+ GOV]NM5T ALONGSIDE ! RADICAL B\RGEOISIE1 TOOK ONLY A FEW MON?S TO DISCR$IT !MSELVES & TO DISCR$IT ! REVOLUTION4 ,& ONE F9E DAY1 AFT] ! BLOODBA? ?AT ,JUNE1 :I* ! SOCIALI/S 9 GOV]NM5T PROV$ UNABLE TO AV]T1 ! PROLET>IAT WOKE UP TO F9D ITSELF UND] ! ROD ( ,CAVAIGNAC'S MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP1 ONLY TO W9D UP A %ORT :ILE LAT] UND] ! IMP]IAL-,CA?OLIC SCEPT] ( ,NAPOLEON ! ,LITTLE4 

,! FASCI/S NEWSPAP]S EXPLOIT$ ! ,MOD5A SLAU<T] 9 ORD] TO SCREAM GOV]NM5T P]SECUTION & D5\NCE ! GOV]NM5T AS WORK+ H& 9 GLOVE ) ! SOCIALI/S1 & SO ON4 ,BUT ?IS IS RABBLE-R\S+ TALK DESIGN$1 ALBEIT UNSUCCESSFULLY1 TO DISGUISE ! TRU?4 ,! ONE-(F 9CID5T 9 ,MOD5A1 LIKE ! E>LI] 9CID5T 9 ,S>ZANA & :ATEV] O!RS MAY YET COME TO PASS1 IS QUITE EXCEPTIONAL & ! PRODUCT ( ! IMBALANCE BETWE5 ! =CES WORK+ ON ! GOV]NM5T2 BETWE5 ITS COV]T DALLIANCE ) FASCISM & ITS NE$ TO SAVE APPE>ANCES2 & IS1 !RE=E1 ! \TCOME ( ! 9EVITABLE CONFUSION ( P[]S1 ! DIFF]+ 9T]PRETATION ( ORD]S1 & ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( SECUR+ FROM UNEASY POLICE =CES RI<T ACROSS ,ITALY ! SORT ( MEASUR$ BACK+ = ITS SUNDRY PURPOSES ?AT ALL[S ! GOV]NM5T TO BACK ! RUL+ CLASSES )\T ! L[] CLASSES BE+ TOO %>PLY REM9D$ ( ITS COMPLICITY1 SO ?AT !SE MAY C>RY ON DELUD+ !MSELVES ?AT IT IS ON !IR SIDE OR1 AT ! LEA/1 IMP>TIAL4 

,! SAVAGE MASSACRE 9 ,MOD5A1 DRAW+ A MISLEAD+ VEIL OV] ! FACTS ( /ATE CONNIVANCE & HELP+ TO BL9D ! POPULACE TO ! PRECIPICE T[>DS :I* ! GOV]NM5T1 ! FASCI/S & ! RUL+ CLASS >E H]D+ IT1 HAS C]TA9LY S]V$ FASCISM'S 9T]E/S RA!R MORE ?AN ! MO/ SUCCESSFUL ( ITS PUNITIVE EXP$ITIONS4 

,FASCI/ VIOL5CE C\LD C]TA9LY HAVE BE5 SUCCESSFULLY & DEF9ITIVELY REPRESS$ BY ! /ATE1 HAD ! LATT] HAD 9T]E/ 9 SO DO+ OR HAD IT DESIR$ TO DO SO2 BUT ?AT W\LD HAVE BE5 A T\* PREMATURE4 ,9ITIALLY1 A YE> AGO1 A FEW 9NOCU\S POLICE MEASURES W\LD HAVE BE5 5\< TO SNUFF IT \T )\T ANY NE$ = BLOOD%$ OR TRESPASS AGA9/ ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y CIVIL RI<TS3 ONLY A T5? ( ! POLICE MEASURES TAK5 SUBSEQU5TLY1 :I* HAVE ( C\RSE1 REMA9$ A DEAD LETT]4 ,( C\RSE IT IS UND]/&ABLE ?AT ! SORT ( EF=T NE$$ TO SMO!R OR SQUA% A NEW-BORN SNAKE IS SC>CELY GO+ TO BE UP TO ! KILL+ TASK ONCE IT HAS GR[N 9TO A FULLY-GR[N BOA OR RATTLESNAKE6 ,BUT1 AS WE HAVE SAID1 ! /ATE C\LD NOT BR+ ITSELF TO KILL (F FASCISM :I* RA!R S]VES ITS PURPOSES 9 P>ALYZ+ & T]RORIZ+ A PROLET>IAT :I* 9SPIR$ RA!R DIFF]5T WORRIES & POS$ A GRAV] ?REAT TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! RUL+ CLASSES & !RE=E TO ITS [N4 

,SO AL?\< ! /ATE C\LD1 IF IT SO WI%$1 DUMP FASCISM TODAY1 ?R\< REC\RSE TO PROLET>IAN /R5G?1 BY >M+ ! PROLET>IAT = ITS [N DEF5SE OR SIMPLY ALL[+ ! LATT] A FREE H& TO >M & DEF5D !MSELVES AGA9/ FASCISM1 )\T HAV+ TO WORRY AB\T ! GOV]NM5T'S CREEP+ UP BEH9D !M1 OR FRET AB\T BE+ >RE/$1 TRI$ & (T5 KILL$ BY ! LATT]'S G5D>MES4 ,BUT ( C\RSE ! /ATE IS NOT AB\T EV] TO DO ANY SU* ?+ & WILL GIVE IT ! SAME WIDE B]? AS IT W\LD ANY 5ORM\S DANG]1 BECAUSE1 ONCE BUILT UP1 >M$ & SET 9 MOTION1 ! /R5G? ( ! PROLET>IAT1 WE CAN ANTICIPATE1 W\LD NOT /OP HALFWAY & W\LD C]TA9LY NOT CONF9E ITSELF TO M]E CIRCUM/ANTIAL DEF5SIVE WORK BUT W\LD GO ON ! (F5SIVE & W9D UP OV]?R[+ ! REGIME4 

,ANO!R MEANS ( GETT+ RID ( FASCISM1 %\LD ! LATT] BECOME IRKSOME1 HAS COMM5D$ ITSELF TO ! GOV]NM5T3 NOT BY FI<T+ IT BUT RA!R BY EXORCIZ+ IT1 \TDO+ IT 9 T]MS ( VIOL5CE DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT1 AGA9/ SOCIALISM & AGA9/ FRE$OM2 ?AT IS1 BY IMPLEM5T+ SU* AN ANTI-WORK] BACKLA% DRESS$ UP 9 LEGAL G>B AS TO R5D] FASCISM'S UNLAWFUL VIOL5CE QUITE R$UNDANT4 ,:I* W\LD ( C\RSE MEAN DROPP+ ANY PRET5SE ( P>LIAM5T>Y1 LIB]ALISM1 DEMOCRACY1 ETC4 ,! TRU? ( ! MATT] IS ?AT ?IS W\LD SIMPLY ADD UP TO 444 FASCISM 9 GOV]NM5T6 

,!RE >E MANY POT5TIAL MEANS TO ?IS 5D3 MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP1 /ATE ( SIEGE1 RULE BY DECREE1 9 %ORT ALL ( ! MEASURES ?AT ! RUL+ CLASSES HAVE US$ D[N ?R\< ! AGES 9 ORD] TO MAKE ! TRANSITION FROM ONE =M ( LEGALITY TO ! NEXT4 ,9 ?IS WAY AN ABSOLUTE GOV]NM5T MI<T BE REE/ABLI%$1 OR A REGIME AK9 TO ?AT1 LIKE ! ONE !Y >E PRES5TLY TRY+ TO SET UP 9 ,HUNG>Y4 ,IF NE$ BE1 IT MI<T TACK ON1 AS ! ,LAT9 EXPRESSION ?AT ,I HAVE SE5 QUOT$ 9 A FASCI/ NEWSPAP] HAS IT1 USQUE AD EFFUSIONEM SANGU9IS 7UP TO & 9CLUD+ ! SPILL+ ( BLOOD74 ,ITS FRI5D1 FASCISM1 %\LD NOT BE DR[N$ 9 BLOOD2 BUT ITS SOCIALI/ 5EMY :I* SO PIG-HEAD$LY P]SI/S 9 REFUS+ TO GIVE UP & WI!R AWAY SPONTANE\SLY1 CAN ALWAYS BE DR[N$ 9 BLOOD6 

,LET IT NOT BE SAID ?AT ,I AM EXAGG]AT+ H]E OR LOOK+ TOO MU* ON ! BLEAK SIDE4 ,SU* ?+S >E NOT /AT$ OP5LY & ! 0HEAVYWEI<T0 NEWSPAP]S >E RELUCTANT TO DECL>E !M4 ,BUT ! PROV9CIAL PRESS1 SOME ( IT AT ANY RATE1 HAS NO SU* 9HIBITIONS & PLA9LY & ) COMPLETE HONE/Y 7OR1 IF ONE PREF]S1 CYNICISM7 SPECULATES AB\T !M4 ,C]TA9 NEWSPAP]S 9 ! ,EMILIA1 KN[N PLAT=MS = ! ,AGR>IAN ,LEAGUE1 >GUE ?IS V]Y PO9T )\T OV]LY VEIL$ LANGUAGE2 ?AT ! ONLY WAY TO BANI% ! EVILS ( FASCISM IS TO LEGALIZE & MAKE GOV]NM5T POLICY ( :AT ! FASCI/S HAVE A*IEV$ 9 MANY DI/RICTS US+ UNLAWFUL MEANS2 NAMELY1 ! DISSOLUTION ( WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS & SUBV]SIVE P>TIES1 OR !IR COMPLETE P>ALYZES1 A BAN ON SUBV]SIVE RALLIES & M>*ES1 DEMON/RATIONS & SONGS1 A BAN ON /RIKES1 DISMISSAL ( ALL SOCIALI/ DI/RICT C\NCILS1 ! CLOSURE ( ALL COOP]ATIVES & ALL ( ! UNBROK5 NONALIGN$ CONSUM] AG5CIES1 ELIM9ATION ( ! ANTI-MON>*I/ & LABOR PRESS &1 F9ALLY1 5=C$ RESID5CE ORD]S ON ALL :OSE PRES5CE MI<T GIVE 5C\RAGEM5T TO PROLET>IAN RESI/ANCE4 

,9 ,ROME1 ) MY V]Y [N E>S1 ,I HE>D ONE DEPUTY1 :OSE /ATUS ,I KNEW FROM HE>+ HIM REF]R$ TO AS 0ONOREVOLE0 BUT :OSE NAME ,I DID NOT QUITE CAT*1 SAY+ TO ! P]SON SITT+ NEXT TO HIM ON ! TRAM1 JU/ AFT] ! 9CID5TS 9 ,S>ZANA1 ?AT AS F> AS HE WAS CONC]N$ !Y C\LD DISB& ! FASCI/S TOO AS LONG AS !Y DISB&$ ! P>TIES & ! CAM]E DEL LAVORO2 & ?IS W\LD MEAN A 0BLOODBA?0 = ! PEOPLE6 

,& !RE IS NO %ORTAGE ( PEOPLE ) ! C\RAGE TO =MULATE SU* BLUNTLY REACTION>Y ASPIRATIONS OR AF=D !M A PSEUDO-SCI5TIFIC OR PSEUDO-PHILOSOPHICAL F\NDATION4 ,= 9/ANCE1 !RE IS ! ONE-TIME SOCIALI/ REPUBLICAN TURN$ CONS]VATIVE MON>*I/1 ,GIUSEPPE ,R5SI1 :O HAS WRITT5 A BOOK 7OR RA!R GA!R$ SEV]AL ( HIS ESSAYS 9TO BOOK =M7 :I* C\LD EASILY HAVE BE5 5TITL$ 0,PHILOSOPHY ( ,FASCISM40.<#b#i.> ,I AM NOT FAMILI> ) ! AU?OR NOR CAN ,I PRON\NCE UPON HIS S9C]ITY2 BUT C]TA9LY HIS BOOK HAS ! R+ ( S9C]ITY AB\T IT2 & HE ALSO REC\NTS V]Y MANY ?+S MORTIFY+ TO PROLET>IANS & SUBV]SIVES1 BUT ABOVE ALL HE HAS ! M]IT ( PLA9-SPEAK+1 AVOID+ CIRCUMLOCUTION & ( SEE+ HIS PREMISES ?R\< TO :AT HE W\LD REG>D AS !IR NECESS>Y LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS1 :I* MI<T BE SUMM$ UP BY ,BIRRO'S =MULA1 AS IMMORTALIZ$ BY ,GIU/I3 0,?IS IS ! MAXIM - %ORT & TRUE3 PRISON & GALL[S1 PRISON & GALL[S40 

,?AT BOOK1 WRITT5 PRIOR TO ,M>* #a#i#b1 OP5S ) ! PREMISE ?AT ! WORK]1 9S(> AS HE WORKS1 MU/ ALWAYS BE ANSW]ABLE TO O!RS1 & MU/ BE SOMEBODY'S SLAVE & ?AT ,>I/OTLE 9DE$ WAS P]FECTLY CORRECT 9 >GU+ ?AT SLAV]Y WAS A TIMELESS NECESSITY4 ,R5SI ACCEPTS ?AT ! *OICE IS BETWE5 REACTION OR REVOLUTION & C&IDLY PLUMPS = REACTION ) ALL ( ITS IMPLICIT TRESPASSES AGA9/ DEMOCRACY1 FRE$OM ( SPEE* & FRE$OM ( ! PRESS & FRE$OM G5]ALLY4 ,HE TALKS ) IRRITATION ( PRIMITIVE ,*RI/IANITY & ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION & ALL BUT LAM5TS ! FACT ?AT ! ,ROMAN EMP]ORS & ,FR5* K+S LACK$ ! VIGOR TO NIP ?OSE TWO MOVEM5TS 9 ! BUD2 HE ALSO REJECTS ! NOTIONS ( A CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY OR REPUBLIC & SEES ! MON>*Y AS ! BULW>K ( SOCIETY'S SALVATION4 ,& HE W\LD LIKE TO SEE GOV]NM5T BECOME MORE ABSOLUTE1 MORE OLIG>*IC1 PRETTY MU* ALONG ! L9ES ( ! ,V5ETIAN ,REPUBLIC1 ) ITS ,DOGE1 ITS ,C\NCIL ( ,T5 & ITS /ATE ,9QUISITORS4 

,R5SI CITES 0! AU?ORITY PR9CIPLE CAPABLE ( IMPLEM5T+ :AT ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* WAS ABLE TO IMPLEM5T 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 ! SUBJUGATION ( FRE$OM1 ! TAM+ ( M9DS1 ! SIL5C+ ( DEBATE & ! RE/ORATION ( ORD]40 ,DEPLOR+ ! PO9TLESS B\RGEOIS HYPOCRISY 7N[ AP$ BY A NUMB] ( FASCI/S AS WELL7 ( MAK+ DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 V>I\S P>TS ( ! PROLET>IAT OR BETWE5 ! LATT] & ITS LEAD]S1 ETC41 HE CALLS OP5LY = ! B\RGEOIS1 CONS]VATIVE WORLD1 FROM NON-,BOL%EVI/IC ,CA?OLICS ?R\< TO NON-REPUBLICAN RE=MI/S1 TO B& TOGE!R AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT1 AS A MASS & AS A CLASS1 C\NT]+ ALL ! PR9CIPLES ( FRE$OM ) ! PR9CIPLES ( >I/OCRATIC AU?ORITY4 ,FUR!R1 HE RECOMM5DS ?AT RELIGION %\LD NOT BE UND]-E/IMAT$ BECAUSE1 AS ,POLYBIUS HAD IT1 0IT W\LD BE RA% & UNREASONABLE TO BANI% C]TA9 VIEWS ( ! ,GODS & ! PUNI%M5TS ( HELL S9CE ! MULTITUDE IS FICKLE & BRIMM+ ) ILLICIT AMBITIONS & ! ONLY ?+ LEFT TO KEEP ! LID ON IS LURK+ T]RORS & TRAGIC DREAMS40 

,AGA9 ACCORD+ TO ,R5SI1 !RE IS ONE WAY ( /&+ UP TO RIS+ TIDE ( IDEAS2 BUT1 LE/ RESI/ANCE BE R5D]$ PO9TLESS1 IT MU/ BE1 NOT 9T]MITT5T & WEAK1 BUT M\NT$ ) DET]M9ATION & CONSI/5CY4 ,&1 9 ORD] TO EXPLA9 HIMSELF HE CITES ?IS QUOTATION FROM ,/5DHAL3 0,ONE MU/ S5D T5 ?\S& TO ! GALL[S1 OR NONE2 ,/ ,B>?OLOMEW'S EVE DE/ROY$ ,PROTE/ANTISM 9 ,FRANCE40 ,:AT ELSE IS !RE TO SAY8 ,= AN 9SI<T 9TO ! FASCI/ PROGRAM ONE NE$ ONLY LOOK AT ! ,MA*IAVELLIAN QUOTATION PLAC$ ON ! FLY-LEAF ( HIS BOOK TO 9DICATE ITS SUBJECT MATT]3 ! ONLY WAY TO UNITE A DIVID$ CITY IS TO SLAU<T] ! LEAD+ TR\BLE-MAK]S4.<#c.> 

,?IS SORT ( 0GOV]NM5TAL FASCISM0 C\LD 9 FACT DO AWAY ) ! CURR5T LAWLESS FASCISM :I* CONS]VATIVES F9D (F5SIVE ON ! BASIS ?AT IT IS NONE TOO RELIABLE1 C>RIES WORRY+ IMPLICATIONS & IS RA!R TOO REM9ISC5T ( ! APPROA* ( ! NOTORI\S ,BONNOT ,GANG4 ,! FASCI/ RANKS CONTA9S NOT JU/ A FEW ( ! =M] APOLOGI/S = ?OSE TRAGIC B&ITS & ?AT WELL-KN[N ,P>ISIAN 9DIVIDUALI/ T]RORI/2 !RE WAS EV5 A FASCI/ DEPUTY :O REC5TLY COMM5T$ ?AT FASCISM IS ! ,BONNOT ME?OD ADAPT$ = ! PURPOSES ( NATION-REBUILD+ OR SOME?+ ( ! SORT4 ,! /ATE'S OP5LY ANTI-PROLET>IAN BACKLA% W\LD MAKE FASCISM R$UNDANT AS F> AS ! PROP]TI$ CLASS IS CONC]N$2 & FASCISM W\LD !N WI!R AWAY FROM LACK ( PURPOSE & LACK ( SU/5ANCE4 ,!REBY RIDD+ ! RUL+ CLASS FROM A TR\BLESOME SLAVE :I* IRKS PRECISELY BECAUSE 9CREAS+LY IT POSES AS ! MA/]4 

,( C\RSE1 ?IS W\LD NOT SPELL ! DEF9ITIVE EXT9CTION ( SOCIALISM1 REVOLUTION1 AN>*Y OR ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,A ,/ ,B>?OLOMEW'S ,EVE T>GET+ ! SOCIALI/S 7& ! ODD FASCI/ HAS US$ ?OSE V]Y WORDS7 W\LD TAKE AT LEA/ ?IRTY YE>S TO M\NT & IT W\LD NOT BE FEASIBLE TO 5=CE IT SUFFICI5TLY2 :I* MEANS ?AT IT W\LD BE A PO9TLESS BLOOD-LETT+4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! ,FR5* ,HUGU5OTS W]E ALWAYS A M9ORITY1 A M9ORITY ( SEIGNEURS & >I/OCRATS1 9 :OSE ABS5CE ! WORLD C\LD PROCE$ ON ITS WAY4 ,BUT ! WORK]S >E ! LIFE BLOOD ( SOCIETY2 EV5 ?\< ! CURR5T CRISIS1 UNEMPLOYM5T1 ETC41 MAY R$UCE ! VALUE ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 IT REMA9S VITAL TO ! OV]ALL LIFE ( ! C\NTRY ALL ! SAME4 ,! :ITE T]ROR'S UTOPIA MAY WELL TRIGG] LOTS ( DISA/]S & GRIEF1 & MAY DR5* A PAGE ( HI/ORY 9 BLOOD & MAKE ! PA? ( CIVILIZATION MORE >DU\S & CO/ ! PROLET>IAT LOTS ( LIVES & MANY TE>S1 BUT1 = ALL ?AT1 IT REMA9S ULTIMATELY AN IMPOSSIBLE UTOPIA4 

,! REVOLUTION>Y UTOPIA1 BY CONTRA/1 ALWAYS WORKS ?R\< ONE A*IEVEM5T T[>DS A BROAD] & MORE 5DUR+ A*IEVEM5T2 TRUE1 ?IS IS A RELATIVE A*IEVEM5T DIFF]+ FROM ?AT DREAM$ UP BY ! F\ND]S ( IDEOLOGIES1 BUT 9CREAS+LY IT BROAD5S ITS FOO?OLD 9 TIME & SPACE4 ,R5SI1 9 ! BOOK M5TION$ ABOVE1 SEEKS SOLACE 9 SORT+ ?R\< ! HI/ORICAL RECORD1 9 AN ATTEMPT TO %[ ?AT EV]Y REVOLUTION 9SPIR$ BY ! IDEA ( FRE$OM & EQUALITY HAS SPAWN$ FRE% TYRANNIES & FUR!R 9EQUALITIES & FROM ?IS HE D$UCES ?AT ! IDEA IS BANKRUPT4 ,BUT ! FACT ?AT HUMANITY REL5TLESSLY TURNS BACK TO IT1 9 SPITE ( SETBACKS1 9 SPITE ( P>TIAL REV]SALS & PAUSES2 & ?AT ?\<T & ACTION LEAP FROM REVOLUTION TO REVOLUTION1 NOT M]ELY EXTRACT+ SOME ADDITIONAL FRE$OM & EQUALITY EV]Y TIME1 BUT EXT5D+ !SE RI<TS TO AN EV]-SWELL+ NUMB] ( 9DIVIDUALS 9 EV]Y L& & 9 AN EV]-GR[+ NUMB] ( C\NTRIES1 FROM LONELY LITTLE ,GREECE ALL ?OSE C5TURIES AGO TO ! VA/ CONT95TS AS A :OLE - ALL ( ?IS %[S ?AT ! PA? ( CIVILIZATION LEADS T[>DS SOCIALISM & AN>*ISM2 T[>DS 9CREAS+ EQUALITY & 9CREAS+ FRE$OM = ALL4 

,! LAWLESS REACTION ( ! FASCI/S & ! LAWFUL REACTION ( ! /ATE MAY1 ?\<1 /& 9 = ONE ANO!R ON OCCASION1 OR1 AS IS HAPP5+ N[1 MAY AMALGAMATE2 BUT NEI!R ONE HAS NOR CAN EV] PRODUCE ANY?+ O!R ?AN ! BITT] & /]ILE \TCOME ( R5D]+ ! REVOLUTION & ! TRANSITION FROM ONE SOCIETY TO ANO!R1 FROM ONE CIVILIZATION TO ANO!R ALL ! R\<]1 MORE PA9FUL1 MORE DAMAG+ TO ! VICTORS & ! VANQUI%$ & MORE FRAU<T ) HATR$4 

,! TORR5T ( HATR$ BE+ HAT*$ BY :ITE T]RORISM IS C]TA9LY WORRISOME1 ) ITS EXASP]AT+ SL[ DRIP ( PROVOCATIONS1 VIOL5CE AGA9/ ! P]SON & AGA9/ PROP]TY & ITS LACK ( ANY S5SE ( K9DNESS OR FAIRNESS4 ,IT WILL BE> ! PRIM>Y RESPONSIBILITY = ! R$ T]RORISM ?AT IT WILL PROBABLY TRIGG] - & ?IS WILL COME1 EV5 %\LD LAWLESS T]RORISM BE REPLAC$ BY ! LAWFUL V>IETY - UNLESS ! BRAKES CAN BE APPLI$ 9 TIME1 UNLESS1 BETWE5 ! CESSATION ( ITS [N VIOL5CE & ! RESURFAC+ ( RIVAL =CES1 5\< TIME 9T]V5ES = ! HEAL+ ( SO MANY W\NDS1 ! FAD+ ( SO MANY MEMORIES & ! EVAPORATION ( SO MANY HATR$S4 

,I HAVE SAID IT BE=E & LET ME SAY IT AGA9 - FASCISM C\LD ONLY LI<T5 ! HATR$ IT HAS CREAT$ ON SU* A WIDE SCALE & ) SU* PR(USION1 IF IT W]E1 UNSOLICIT$1 TO CALL A HALT TO ITS WORK ( DE/RUCTION & VIOL5CE & !N ONLY ON CONDITION ?AT IT W]E NOT TO WAIT BE=E SO DO+ UNTIL ! DAY :5 IT IS COMPELL$ TO DO SO BY =CE1 NAMELY1 UNTIL ! DAY :5 IT IS R\T$ ONCE & = ALL4 ,BY !N IT W\LD BE TOO LATE4 

,I DO NOT KN[ IF FASCISM1 & ) IT ! RUL+ CLASSES1 >E GO+ TO HAVE ! /R5G? TO SUCCE$ 9 ?IS & HALT !IR SLIDE D[N ! BY N[ WELL NI< %E] SLOPE2 NOR DO ,I KN[ IF !Y MAY YET BE 9 TIME TO DO SO4 ,I YE>N = BO?1 NOT JU/ \T ( A L(TI] FEEL+ ( HUMANITY BUT BECAUSE IT IS MY HE>TFELT CONVICTION ?AT ! HATR$ S[N BY FASCISM & BY ANY REACTION AT ALL DOES NO FAVORS TO ! CLASSES :I* PROVOKE IT NOR TO ! CLASSES 9 :I* IT IS 9/ILL$4 ,! REVOLUTION1 9 :I* HATR$ MAY PLAY TOO GREAT A P>T1 W\LD EM]GE POISON$ BY AU?ORIT>IANISM & 9JU/ICE & W\LD PROVE TO BE ! MO/ FLAW$ ( REVOLUTIONS2 HATR$ W\LD TRIGG] EVILS H>MFUL TO ALL1 ?OSE :O W]E DEFEAT$ BY IT AS MU* AS ! O!RS :O MI<T EM]GE FROM IT AS ! VICTORS4 

,SOME ?IRTY YE>S AGO1 APROPOS ( REVOLUTION & HATR$ 9 ! REVOLUTION1 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A /AT$3 0,MAT]IAL REBELLION WILL ASSUR$LY COME ALONG & IT MAY S]VE TO DELIV] ! /AB 9 ! BACK1 ! F9AL PU% ?AT WILL BR+ D[N ! PRES5T SY/EM2 BUT UNLESS C\NT]$ BY REVOLUTION>IES ACT+ ON BEHALF ( AN IDEAL & :O >E 9SPIR$ & GUID$ BY LOVE = !IR FELL[-M51 = ALL M51 SU* A REVOLUTION WILL EAT ITSELF4 ,HATR$ DOES NOT BR+ =? LOVE & HATR$ MAKES ! WORLD OV]4 ,! REVOLUTION ( HATR$ W\LD BE A COMPLETE FAILURE & W\LD LEAD ON TO FRE% TYRANNY :I* MI<T WELL DESCRIBE ITSELF AS AN>*I/1 JU/ AS ?OSE 9 GOV]NM5T TODAY /YLE !MSELVES LIB]ALS1 BUT ?AT WILL NOT MAKE IT ANY LESS ( A TYRANNY OR /OP IT FROM HAV+ ! SAME EFFECTS AS ANY O!R TYRANNY40.<#c#a.> 

,:AT ?OSE EFFECTS >E IS OBVI\S TODAY FROM ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION4 ,! UNPREC$5T$ SAVAGE CZ>I/ REPRESSION1 TAK5 TO UNLIKELY EXTREMES DUR+ ! W>1 & ITS BLOODY REPRESSION ( ALL SUBV]SIVES1 ! 9DIVIDUAL HANG+S AS WELL AS ! MASSIVE MASSACRES1 ! POGROMS1 ! EXT]M9ATION ( :OLE VILLAGES1 ! POLICE FROM ! ,?IRD ,SECTION & ! 0,BLACK ,HUNDR$S0 7MU* ! SAME AS \R [N FASCI/S7 - LET ,R5SI NOTE ?IS WELL IF HE IS A BELIEV] 9 ! EFFICACY ( SAVAGE REPRESSION - AVAIL$ NO?+ 9 T]MS ( SAV+ ! RUL+ CA/ES & CLASSES :I* HAVE BE5 DEPOS$1 DISPOSSESS$ & DE/ROY$4 ,BUT ABSOLUTISM'S BRUTAL & REACTION>Y VIOL5CE G5]AT$ SU* A SEA ( HATR$ ?AT ! POISON HAS 9VAD$ ! REVOLUTION2 & AS YET WE CANNOT TELL IF ITS ROBU/ CON/ITUTION WILL ULTIMATELY GET ! BETT] ( ! POISON\S IMPACT ,MALATE/A ANTICIPAT$ W\LD BESET ANY REVOLUTION UNDULY 9TOXICAT$ ) HATR$2 ESPECIALLY ! UNHAPPY RULE ( A DICTATOR%IP ?AT ?REAT5S TO /RIP ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION ( ANY ELEM5T ( FRE$OM & EQUALITY4 

,BOL%EVISM1 9 ! S5SE ( ABSOLUTE CIVIL & MILIT>Y AU?ORITY1 ! P[] ( ! MAIL$ FI/ AW>D$ TO A S+LE CLASS1 OR TO A S+LE P>TY OR TO ! H&FUL :O LEAD A P>TY - ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT BE+ A MEAN+LESS EXPRESSION ?AT MAY AS WELL SIGNIFY DICTATOR%IP OV] ! PROLET>IAT - W\LD C]TA9LY BE AN EVIL1 ! DIRE/ EXPRESSION ( ! WORK+ CLASS REVOLUTION2 BUT MU* MORE LIKELY1 ! E/ABLI%$ RUL+ CLASSES >E SPIRITUALLY & MAT]IALLY PAV+ ITS PA? TO SUCCESS4 ,! ,ROYAL ,GU>DS & ! FASCI/S ( TODAY MAY WELL GIVE WAY TO FUTURE ,R$ ,GU>DS & FUTURE R$ FASCI/S4.<#c#b.> 

,9 TODAY'S ,RUSSIA1 MANY ( ! AG5TS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y POLICE >E ! V]Y SAME PEOPLE :O S]V$ 9 ! OLD CZ>I/ POLICE =CE6 

,FASCISM1 ! UN:OLESOME FRUIT ( ! W> & ! P>TLY 9/9CTIVE1 P>TLY DELIB]ATE EXPRESSION ( ! SPIRIT ( SELF-PRES]VATION ( ! EXI/+ POLITICAL & ECONOMIC REGIME1 WILL C]TA9LY NOT GO ON =EV]4 ,SOON] OR LAT] IT WILL COME TO AN 5D4 

,IT MAY WELL BE ?AT FASCISM WILL MEET ITS 5D ?R\< SOME PROCESS ( 9T]NAL DISSOLUTION1 :I* IT HAS AVOID$ = ! PRES5T BUT ! SYMPTOMS ( :I* COME TO ! SURFACE FROM TIME TO TIME4 ,IT MAY BE ?AT C]TA9 ( ITS LEAD]S1 HAV+ 0MADE IT0 MAY COME TO REALIZE ?AT BY /RA9+ ON ! LEA% TOO MU* IT MI<T COME TO GRIEF & ?AT !Y MI<T LOSE EV]Y?+ ?AT !Y HAVE GA9$2 & ?US APPLY ! BRAKES !MSELVES & BR+ ! MOVEM5T TO HEEL4 ,JU/ AS IT IS NOT BEYOND ! B\NDS ( POSSIBILITY ?AT ! MORE AW>E & ?\<TFUL SECTOR ( FASCISM MAY DECIDE TO *ANGE TACK & %UNT ITS REMA9+ SUPPORT]S AWAY FROM ! TRACKS ( VIOL5CE4 ,F9ALLY !RE C\LD BE A SORT ( PROCESS :]EBY !Y >E SWALL[$ UP BY E/ABLI%$ POLITICAL & SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS 
:]EBY ! LATT] MAY />T SUCCESSFULLY TO CLAW BACK ?OSE ( !IR FUNCTIONS :I* HAVE BE5 USURP$ BY FASCISM4 

,I HAVE ALREADY LOOK$ AT A NUMB] ( !SE POSSIBILITIES2 & ,I CANNOT RULE IT \T ?AT1 = ONE ( MANY REASONS1 :I* MAY WELL BE DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE ,I HAVE FLOAT$1 ! FASCI/ PH5OM5ON ) ITS PRES5T FEATURES MAY UNEXPECT$LY & %ORTLY GR9D TO A HALT OR DISAPPE>4 ,IT MAY WELL HAPP5 444 AL?\< IT IS H>D TO CR$IT6 

,EV5TS MAY WELL MAKE A NONS5SE ( MY SKEPTICISM ON ?IS C\NT2 AT :I* ,I W\LD BE ONLY TOO HAPPY4 ,BUT ! OPPOSITE MI<T ALSO COME TO PASS2 ?AT FASCISM1 N[ ?AT IT HAS SPRUNG TO LIFE1 WILL NOT P]I% SO EASILY & WILL NOT DIE A NATURAL DEA?4 ,IT MAY BE ! CASE ?AT ! SPECTRUM ( 9T]E/S CREAT$ >\ND IT MAY /ABILIZE & COALESCE2 ?AT ! ORGAN MAY CL+ TO ITS FUNCTION & !REBY F9D SOME NEW RAISON D'ETRE & FRE% SU/5ANCE4 

,IT MAY BE ?AT FASCISM1 ALBEIT MOD]AT+ C]TA9 ( ITS MO/ IRKSOME FEATURES :I* >E (F5SIVE TO HUMANE FEEL+S1 MAY SURVIVE & CONSOLIDATE AS AN 9/RUM5T = VIOL5T COMPULSION1 SOME SWORD ( ,DAMOCLES TO DANGLE CON/ANTLY OV] ! HEADS ( ! WORK+ CLASSES1 SO ?AT ! LATT] CAN NEV] BE FULLY AT EASE ANY:]E1 EV5 )9 ! P>AMET]S ( ! LAW & =EV] FE>FUL ( ITS RI<TS BE+ VIOLAT$ BY SOME UN=ESE5 & >BITR>Y VIOL5CE4 

,9 :I* CASE1 = ! WORK+ CLASS & = ALL ?OSE :O HAVE EMBRAC$ ITS CAUSE1 = ALL :O SEE ! PROLET>IAT'S LIB]ATION FROM WAGE SLAV]Y AS A PRE-REQUISITE TO GREAT] JU/ICE1 GREAT] WELL-BE+ & GREAT] FRE$OM = ALL1 ! ONLY OPTION IS TO KILL (F FASCISM1 TO MAKE ITS ]ADICATION A T>GET1 )\T RETREAT+ 9TO SOME ,MUSLIM-LIKE PATI5CE1 )\T TRU/+ FATALI/ICALLY TO FATE1 TO NATURAL EVOLUTION1 ! PROCESS ( DECOMPOSITION1 ! LAWS ( ECONOMICS & O!R K9DR$ EXPRESSIONS ?R\< :I* M5 DISGUISE !IR LAZ9ESS & !IR RELUCTANCE TO MAKE ! REQUISITE EF=T ( WILL4 

,KILL+ (F FASCISM1 ( C\RSE1 IS NOT AN EXCUSE = SLAU<T]+ FASCI/ P]SONNEL4 ,(T5 ! VIOL5CE DEPLOY$ AGA9/ ! LATT] M]ELY FE$S IT RA!R ?AN KILL+ IT (F4 ,?AT ?OSE ATTACK$ BY ! FASCI/S AT SPECIFIC TIMES & 9 SPECIFIC PLACES %\LD DEF5D !MSELVES H[EV] !Y CAN & MAY IS ONLY NATURAL & UNAVOIDABLE4 ,?IS IS NOT A BAD ?+1 BUT EV5 IF IT W]E A BAD ?+1 IT W\LD MAKE NO DIFF]5CE4 ,H[EV]1 EMB>K+ UPON A MAT]IAL /RUGGLE AGA9/ FASCISM AS AN ORGANISM 9 ITSELF1 SEE+ NO O!R 5EMY BUT ?IS1 W\LD BE A DISMAL AFFAIR2 IT W\LD BE LIKE /RIPP+ ! BRAN*ES FROM A POISON\S TREE :IL/ LEAV+ ! TRUNK 9TACT1 LIKE /RIK+ (F SOME T5TACLES 9/EAD ( /RIK+ AT ! OCTOPUS'S HEAD4 ,IT MAY BE POSSIBLE TO 9FLICT A FEW P>TIAL DEFEATS ON FASCISM ?IS WAY & TO CLAIM FASCI/ LIVES2 BUT IT WILL ONLY S]VE TO MAKE ! FI<T ALL ! MORE BITT] & MI<T WELL BOL/] FASCISM & HELP TO MAKE IT AN EV5 /URDI] ORGANISM4 

,! FI<T AGA9/ FASCISM CAN ONLY BE WAG$ EFFECTIVELY IF IT IS /RICK5 ?R\< ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS ( :I* IT IS AN \TGR[? & FROM :I* IT DRAWS SU/5ANCE4 ,MOREOV]1 REVOLUTION>IES AIM+ TO BR+ D[N ,CAPITALISM & ! ,/ATE1 IF !Y W]E TO ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE DRAWN \T BY FASCISM LIKE A LI<TN+ BOLT DIV]T$ BY ! LI<TN+ ROD1 & TO DEVOTE ALL ( !IR EF=TS & EXHAU/ !MSELVES ON ! FI<T AGA9/ FASCISM ALONE1 W\LD BE PLAY+ 9TO ! H&S ( ! V]Y 9/ITUTIONS ?AT !Y W\LD LIKE TO SEE DEMOLI%$4 ,US+ ! FASCI/S AS A BOOGEYMAN1 ! CAPITALI/IC /ATE W\LD NOT ONLY SUCCE$ 9 PROTECT+ ITSELF & LIV+ A EASI] LIFE1 BUT W\LD ALSO SUCCE$ 9 P]SUAD+ A SEGM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT TO WORK 9 COOP]ATION ) IT & TO TAKE ITS P>T4 ,EV5 TODAY1 :IL/ ON ! ONE H& CAPITALISM USES FASCISM TO BLACKMAIL ! /ATE1 ! /ATE ITSELF USES FASCISM TO BLACKMAIL ! PROLET>IAT1 GIV+ \T ! MESSAGE3 0,GIVE UP ON Y\R DREAMS ( POLITICAL & ECONOMIC EXPROPRIATION & ORD] Y\R LEAD]S TO COOP]ATE ) ME 9 /R5G!N+ ! 9/ITUTIONS ( /ATE1 OR ,I WILL /& BY AS Y\ >E BEAT5 & KILL$ BY ! FASCI/S &1 IF !Y >E NOT UP TO ! TASK1 ,I WILL L5D !M A HELP+ H& MYSELF60 

,AS LONG AS ! PROLET>IAT IS ACCU/OM$ TO VIEW+ FASCISM AS ITS SPECIAL 5EMY1 AGA9/ :OM IT HAS A SPECIAL FI<T1 ! GOV]NM5T'S BLACKMAIL PLOY CAN ALWAYS SUCCE$2 & = AS LONG AS ?AT BLACKMAIL DOES ITS JOB1 ! GOV]NM5T HAS AN 9T]E/ 9 ! CONT9U$ SURVIVAL ( FASCISM 7:I* IS MORE OR LESS DISPOS$ TO FOLL[ ITS 9/RUCTIONS74 

,AS ,I HAVE SAID BE=E1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 FASCISM IS ID5TIFI$ ) ! EMPLOY]S2 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE ( ! ,PO VALLEY ! FASCI/S >E L&[N]S1 BAILIFFS1 F>M /EW>DS1 ! REMNANTS ( ! OLD NOBILITY1 ETC4 ,BUT ELSE:]E1 AS 9 S\!RN ,ITALY & 9 ,SICILY1 :]E LAWLESS & ORGANIZ$ EMPLOY] VIOL5CE WAS ALREADY A FEATURE1 ESPECIALLY 9 CONNECTION ) ELECTIONS - 9 NEWSPAP] >TICLES & BOOKS1 OR?ODOX OR QUASI-OR?ODOX WRIT]S SU* AS ,OIETTI1 ,PREZZOL9I1 ,SALVEM9I1 ETC41 HAVE TOLD ! TALE ( :AT WAS DONE 9 #aiae - A RAG-BAG ( ?UGS1 CUDGEL-WIELD]S FROM ,PUGLIA1 ,MAFIOSI FROM ,SICILY1 ETC41 SIMPLY DONN$ ! FASCI/ EMBLEM & !REBY ATTRACT$ FRE% RECRUITS :O HAD 9ITIALLY BE5 CONT5T TO MAKE USE ( !M BUT DISDA9$ TO =MALLY JO9 !IR RANKS4 ,9 ! ,S\?1 SU* GR\PS1 HAV+ GONE OV] TO ! FASCI/S \T ( CONV5I5CE >E ! MO/ IMPORTANT /ALW>TS ( GOV]NM5T POLICY &1 ) ! CRACK ( !IR :IPS & REVOLV]S1 ! REAL1 ELECTORAL >*ITECTS ( ! P>LIAM5T>Y MAJORITY 9 ! GOV]NM5T'S S]VICE4 

,ALL ( :I* BE>S \T :AT ,I HAVE ALREADY /AT$1 ?AT FASCISM IS ONE BRAN* SPR\T+ FROM ! GREAT /ATE-CAPITALI/IC TRUNK1 OR AN (F%OOT !RE(4 ,TO FI<T FASCISM :ILE LEAV+ ITS P]5NIAL SIRE UNMOLE/$ & 9DE$ DELUD+ ONESELF ?AT ! LATT] WILL DEF5D US AGA9/ IT1 IS TO 5SURE ?AT BO? >E ON \R BACKS1 & MORE BURD5SOME & OPPRESSIVE ) EV]Y DAY ?AT PASSES4 ,FASCISM CAN BE KILL$ (F1 AS LONG AS ! DEF5SIVE ACTION TAK5 AGA9/ IT AS ! CIRCUM/ANCES REQUIRE IS NOT DIVORC$ FROM ! ATTACK ON ITS TW9 S\RCES - ! PRIVILEGE ( P[] & ! PRIVILEGE ( WEAL?4 ,BUT IT NE$S TO BE KILL$ (F & ! PROLET>IAT MU/ SUCCE$ 9 BR++ ?IS (F DIRECTLY ) ITS [N RES\RCES1 BECAUSE IF FASCISM W]E M]ELY TO QUIET5 D[N OR SWALL[$ UP BY EXI/+ 9/ITUTIONS1 IT C\LD ALWAYS OR AT LEA/ MORE READILY RESURFACE4 ,! B\RGEOISIE HAS LE>N$ H[ TO PUT ?IS WEAPON TO USE2 & IF ! PROLET>IAT FAILS TO DE/ROY ITS WILL TO DO SO1 BY MEANS ( A PRACTICAL DEMON/RATION ?AT IT KN[S H[ TO DA% IT FROM B\RGEOIS H&S1 ! LATT] MAY - EV5 IF !Y SET IT ASIDE = ! MOM5T - PICK IT UP AGA9 AT ! FIR/ OPPORTUNITY4 

,!RE >E SEV]AL MEANS ?AT ! PROLET>IAT C\LD USE TO DA% ! FASCI/ WEAPON FROM ! GRASP ( CAPITALISM & CONS]VATIVE CABALS2 & IT IS NO P>T ( MY TASK TO SPELL !M \T & RECOMM5D !M H]E4 ,IF EV]1 SU* A MATT] %\LD BE DEALT ) SEP>ATELY4 ,BUT1 AS ,I SEE IT1 ALL ME?ODS1 EV5 ! MO/ LAW-ABID+ & PEACEABLE1 MAY BE EFFECTIVE1 AS LONG AS !Y MEET ?IS S+LE REQUIREM5T3 ?AT PROLET>IAN 5]GIES >E NOT SQU&]$ ON P>TIAL1 LOCAL OR FACTIONAL UND]TAK+S2 & ?AT1 9/EAD1 ACTIONS >E M\NT$ AS SIMULTANE\SLY AS POSSIBLE1 NOT JU/ ACROSS ! NATION1 BUT ALSO ) ! 9VOLVEM5T ( ALL & ANY ORGANIZ$ & EV5 UN-ORGANIZ$ =CES1 OR AT ANY RATE ( ALL ( ! =CES ORGANIZ$ 9 TRADES & P>TY ASSOCIATIONS1 FROM ALL ! PROLET>IAN FACTIONS1 RANG+ FROM ! F> RI<T TO ! F> LEFT4 

,?IS DOES NOT REQUIRE ANY BLOCS1 UNIT$ FRONTS OR O!R >TIFICIAL & CONTRIV$ =MATIONS4 ,:AT IS REQUIR$ IS MORAL UNITY & %>$ 9T5T4 ,WE ALREADY HAVE FASCISM TO ?ANK = P>T ( ?AT UNITY1 ?ANKS TO ITS VIOL5CE2 ! RE/ %\LD BE SUPPLI$ BY ! /R5G? ( DET]M9ATION & SPIRIT ( SACRIFICE ( ALL M5 ( FAI?4 

,FASCISM IS UND\BT$LY A SC\RGE AS F> AS ! WORK+ CLASS IS CONC]N$3 & AS F> AS REVOLUTION>IES >E CONC]N$ IT IS AN ADV]S>Y1 AN 5EMY4 ,BUT EV5 ! 5EMY DES]VES HIS DUE & !RE IS SOME?+ ?AT WE CAN LE>N FROM HIM4 ,I HAVE ALREADY SAID 9 ! C\RSE ( ?IS MODE/ ESSAY H[ FASCISM DRAWS ITS /R5G? FROM MOTLEY ELEM5TS2 IT EMBRACES A LITTLE ( EV]Y?+4 ,BUT !RE IS SOME?+ ?AT %\LD NOT BE OV]LOOK$3 ?AT NEI!R ! MAT]IAL1 MORAL & F9ANCIAL ASSI/ANCE FROM 9DU/RIAL & L&[N] CAPITALISM1 NOR ! CONNIVANCE ( ! SECURITY =CES1 NOR ! BACK+ FROM ALL ! SLAVI% WOR%IP]S ( SUCCESS W\LD HAVE BE5 5\< TO MAKE FASCISM /RONG2 9DE$1 ALL ( !SE W\LD HAVE BE5 MISS+ HAD !RE NOT BE51 AT ! \TSET1 A CORE ( 9DIVIDUALS EQUIPP$ ) /R5G? ( DET]M9ATION & SPIRIT ( SACRIFICE :O1 AT RISK TO !MSELVES1 L$ ! WAY BY BREAK+ ! ICY 9DIFF]5CE ( !IR FRI5DS & ! HO/ILE RECKLESSNESS ( ! 5EMY2 HAD !RE NOT BE5 SOME 9N] MORAL =CE - :E!R IT WAS HATE OR LOVE - TO PLUNGE !M 9TO ! FRAY1 C>ELESS EV5 ( !IR [N LIVES4 ,& IT DID CO/ SOME ( !M !IR LIVES4 ,?OSE FEW1 :O /IRR$ ! MANY1 SET 9 MOTION ! :OLE 5T]PRISE ?AT N[ SEEMS SO /RONG2 & !Y W]E AS OBSCURE AS C\LD BE4 ,WE MAY DEPLORE & REGRET !IR ILL-MADE SACRIFICE AS MU* AS WE PLEASE & ! EF=T ?AT O!RS HAVE EXPLOIT$ 9 ORD] TO GET AHEAD OR L9E !IR [N POCKETS OR PURSUE !IR [N SELFI% AMBITION2 BUT WE CANNOT BUT BE PLUNG$ 9TO ?\<T & DI/URB$ BY ! TRAGIC WAY 9 :I* !Y MET !IR 5DS4 ,:IL/ A FEW P]I%$ SIMPLY BY ACCID5T1 )\T HAV+ HAD ! SLI<TE/ 9T5TION ( GIV+ !IR ALL1 & 9DE$ CONFID5T ?AT ( !IR IMPUNITY1 QUITE A FEW FELL AS VOLUNTE] SOLDI]S1 CONSCI\S ( ! RISK !Y RAN & W]E WILL+ TO RUN4 ,WE HAVE SAID PL5TY ALREADY AB\T !IR AIMS2 WE HAVE NO MORE 9T]E/ 9 ?OSE H]E2 WE >E M]ELY REGI/]+ ?AT FROM !IR D>+ SPRANG FASCISM'S SUCCESS & ?AT ?AT ?AT SUCCESSES W\LD HAVE BE5 MEAN+LESS )\T !IR WILL+ SACRIFICE ( SELF4 

,!REAFT]1 EV]Y?+ HELP$ FE$ FASCISM & TO TURN IT 9TO AN ORGANISM MORE OR LESS P]NICI\S ( & P>ASITICAL UPON SOCIETY2 BUT IT W\LD NEV] HAVE REA*$ ADUL?OOD BUT = ?AT 9ITIAL CREATIVE COM+ TOGE!R ( WILLS1 JU/ AS NO LIV+ ORGANISM C\LD EXI/ BUT = ?AT FIR/ UNSE5 EGG'S HAV+ BE5 F]TILIZ$ 9 ! MO!R'S WOMB4 ,! HUMAN WILL1 PRETTY MU* DET]M9$ BY O!R NATURAL & SOCIAL FACTORS1 9 TURN BECOME SIRE TO FUR!R DEVELOPM5TS2 & !RE IS AN 9/ANT1 A FLEET+ MOM5T P]HAPS1 :5 ! VOLUNT>Y 9T]V5TION ( 9DIVIDUALS /E]S ! C\RSE ( EV5TS 9 ONE DIRECTION OR ANO!R4 ,FASCISM'S ORIG9AL CORE GR\P MANAG$ TO SEIZE ! FLEET+ MOM5T1 TO BR+ ITS [N D>+ & SPIRIT ( 5T]PRISE TO BE> UPON EV5TS & !REBY OP5$ ! WAY TO SUCCESS4 

,:I* SUCCESS1 & ,I CAN NEV] EMPHASIZE ?IS 5\<1 W\LD NOT HAVE HAPP5$ BUT = ! FAVORABLE CLIMATE PREP>$ BY CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! :OLE MORAL & MAT]IAL CRISIS ?R\< :I* WE >E PASS+ :I* AFFLICTS ! SITUATION ( ! RUL+ & GOV]N+ CLASSES1 ( MI/AKES BY ! P]SONALITIES1 P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ETC4 ,BUT ON !IR [N1 ALL ( !SE FACTORS W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 5\<1 OR MI<T HAVE PRODUC$ DIFF]5T & P]HAPS OPPOSITE RESULTS1 BUT = ?AT 9ITIAL EF=T ( WILL1 MADE AT SOME RISK & DANG] BY ! ORIG9AL FASCI/ M9ORITY1 AN EF=T ?AT CO/ IT CONSID]ABLE SACRIFICES1 ALBEIT LESS ?AN ?OSE IT 9FLICT$ UPON ! PROLET>IAN 5EMY4 ,LET ?AT FACT BE A CAUTION1 A LESSON TO US ALL1 EV5 ?OSE ( US :O MAN ! O!R SIDE ( ! B>RICADES4 ,REVOLUTION>Y !ORY HAS BE5 EXP]IM5TALLY BORNE \T BY FASCISM1 ALBEIT 9 A NEGATIVE S5SE4 ,\T ( HATR$1 ! FASCI/S HAVE DONE = C\NT]-REVOLUTION :AT REVOLUTION>IES \<T TO HAVE DONE BY DIFF]5T1 MORE HUMANE & SOCIAL MEANS & ME?ODS4 

,! REVOLUTION1 IT HAS (T5 BE5 SAID1 IS MADE1 NOT BY MAJORITIES1 BUT BY M9ORITIES4 ,!RE IS TRU? 9 ?AT1 9S(> AS ! MAJORITY1 BE+ BY NATURE 9IMICAL TO NOVELTY1 WILL NEV] TAKE ! 9ITIATIVE ) REVOLUTION & WILL ONLY COME OV] TO ! REVOLUTION ONCE IT IS UND] WAY4 ,REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITIES HAVE ! TASK ( BREAK+ D[N ! DOORS B>R+ ! PA? TO ! FUTURE2 &1 AFT]W>DS1 ! MAJORITY WILL PASS ?R\< ! DOORS ?R[N OP5 BY 9SURRECTION4 ,TRUE1 ! M9ORITIES W\LD BE SQU&]+ !IR EF=TS TO NO PURPOSE1 9 RELATION TO !IR TIME AT LEA/1 & W\LD BE SACRIFIC+ !MSELVES IF ! 5VIRONM5T W]E NOT 9 !IR FAVOR1 IF ! TIME WAS NOT RIPE & HAD A C]TA9 DEGREE ( PRELIM9>Y DEVELOPM5T NOT BE5 A*IEV$4 ,BUT NOBODY HAS ANY GAUGE OR MEASUR+ /ICK TO TELL IF ! TIME IS RI<T OR NOT & :E!R ! CLIMATE HAS REA*$ ! CORRECT TEMP]ATURE4 ,ONE CAN BE MI/AK5 9 ONE'S RECKON+2 :]EUPON :AT ONE HAS IS PREMATURE SACRIFICE1 H]OICS & M>TYRS4 ,BUT IF !SE DO NOT LEAD ON TO SUCCESS1 !Y NEV]!LESS HAVE A USEFULNESS ALL ! SAME1 9S(> AS !Y CONTRIBUTE TO ! =MATION ( CONSCI\SNESS & TO ! RIP5+ ( TIME4 ,?AT ! 5T]PRIS+ M9ORITY1 RISK+ DEFEAT & SACRIFICE1 CAN !N BATT] D[N ! DOORS IS ! F9E/ & ONLY POSSIBLE PRO( ?AT ! TIMES >E 9DE$ RIPE4 

,FASCISM HAS %[N ALL ?IS TO BE TRUE4 ,! C\NT]-REVOLUTION BY ! 5D ( #aib HAD HAD ?+S ALL ITS [N WAY1 AS WE HAVE SE54 ,BUT IT W\LD NEV] HAVE SUCCE$$ BUT = ! DET]M9$ C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y 9ITIATIVE ( ! FASCI/ M9ORITY4 ,! DOORS TO ! PA/ SEEM$ TO HAVE SLAMM$ %UT BEH9D ! RUL+ CLASSES & REACTION>IES1 :O W]E ALREADY PREP>+ !MSELVES = !IR EVIL FATE4 ,BUT !N ALONG COMES FASCISM1 ?AT R\< 9T]PRET] ( !IR EV]Y ASPIRATION TO SEIZE UPON A MOM5T>Y WEAKNESS 9 ! 5EMY & D>ES TO BREAK ?R\< ALL ! DOORS ( LAW & CU/OM TO REA* ! PA/4 ,ONLY !N DID ! RUL+ CLASSES REALIZE ?AT !Y C\LD D>E & ?R\< ! SMA%$ DOORS !Y >E TRY+ TO %OVE ! :OLE ( ,ITALY BACK 9TO ! PA/2 & EV]YBODY B[S BE=E ! H]O ( ! MOM5T2 ! P[] ( WEAL?1 ! JUDICI>Y & ! S]VANTS ( ! LAW4 

,! FASCI/ EXAMPLE MAY NOT HAVE BE5 SET 9 VA92 &1 IF IT WI%ES1 ! PROLET>IAT CAN DRAW USEFUL LESSONS FROM IT1 AS MAY ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITIES4 ,FASCISM1 ?AT IS1 MAY HAVE TAU<T !M H[ TO GO AB\T W9N+1 H[ TO GO AB\T RETURN+ TO ! ATTACK & TURN+ 9CIPI5T DEFEAT 9TO VICTORY4 ,SOLID>ITY & ORGANIZATION ON ! ONE H&1 &1 ON ! O!R1 AUDACITY1 9ITIATIVE1 /R5G? ( WILL & SPIRIT ( SACRIFICE6 ,9 SPITE ( ALL ( !SE1 !RE MAY BE DEFEATS AHEAD TOO :5 !RE IS A PREPOND]ANCE ( 5EMY =CES & :5 ONE IS TOO MU* 9 ! M9ORITY2 BUT1 )\T !M1 NO VICTORY IS POSSIBLE1 NO MAT] ! SIZE ( ONE'S MAJORITY4 

,)\T D\BT1 ONE ( ! CAUSES ( ! LACK ( SUCCESS ( REVOLUTION>IES IS ! LACK ( P]SEV]ANCE1 DISCIPL9E & ORGANIZATION4 ,I AM SPEAK+ ( MORAL DISCIPL9E ( ! WILL1 NOT ( ! QUASI-MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E ( AU?ORIT>IAN P>TIES1 :I* BOILS D[N TO OBEY+ ! LEAD]S2 ,I AM TAK+ AB\T VOLUNT>ILY EMBRAC$ DISCIPL9E1 PRIM>ILY CONSI/+ ( HONOR+ ONE'S FREELY GIV5 COMMITM5TS4 ,IT BE+ BETT] & MORE PRODUCTIVE1 ,I PREF] ?AT DISCIPL9E ?R\< FRE$OM OV] ! MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E ( BL9D OB$I5CE4 ,BUT SOME DISCIPL9E IS REQUIR$1 & :]E ! =M] IS NOT =?COM+1 ! LATT] TRIUMPHS1 :ATEV] COLORS IT MAY FLY4 ,:I* IS :Y1 DUE TO ! ABS5CE ( VOLUNT>Y REVOLUTION>Y DISCIPL9E1 REACTION>Y =CES ORGANIZ$ ALONG QUASI-MILIT>Y L9ES HAVE UNEXPECT$LY 7&1 WE HOPE1 TEMPOR>ILY7 GA9$ ! UPP] H&4 

,WE %\LD NOT DELUDE \RSELVES4 ,! REQUISITE EF=T TO MADE BY ! REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITIES IS GO+ TO HAVE TO BE GREAT] ?AN ?AT MADE BY FASCISM1 S9CE1 !Y1 UNLIKE FASCISM1 CANNOT LOOK = SUPPORT TO E/ABLI%$ BODIES POSSESS$ ( ALL ! MEANS ( ATTACK & DEF5SE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 REVOLUTION>Y ACTION IS H>D]1 9 ?AT ITS TASK IS NOT M]ELY TO DE/ROY1 BUT SIMULTANE\SLY TO BUILD4 ,NOT ONLY ?AT1 BUT 9 ?AT V]Y DE/RUCTION1 S9CE ! REVOLUTION'S GOAL IS ! GOOD ( ! GREAT] NUMB]1 IT %\LD BE MORE DISCRIM9AT+2 IT %\LD BE GUID$ MORE BY ! BROAD HUMANE OBJECTIVE RA!R ?AN BY ANY SPIRIT ( RETALIATION & V5GEANCE & BE C>EFUL NOT TO DE/ROY ALONG ) H>MFUL P>ASITICAL 9/ITUTIONS ! FRUITS ( CIVILIZATION & PROGRESS AS WELL :I* %\LD REMA9 AS ! COMMON 9H]ITANCE & PROVIDE ! BUILD+ BLOCKS = ! FUTURE FRE$OM- & SOCIAL JU/ICE-BAS$ SOCIETY4 

,?AT BE+ ! CASE1 IT IS UNQUE/IONABLY H>D] TO FI<T & W9 & ! 9ITIAL EF=T HAS TO BE ALL ! GREAT] ?AN BL9D DE/RUCTIVE VIOL5CE /RIK+ AT A P>TICUL> T>GET :5 ONE'S RE> IS SECURE4 ,?AT 9CREAS$ EF=T WILL BE FUEL$ BY O!R 9N] DRIVES1 ALL ( ! FEEL+S ?AT FUEL ! 5?USIASM & H]OISM :I*1 ADD$ TO RI<TE\SNESS1 DRIVE ALL :O >E FI<T+1 NOT JU/ = ! PRES5T OR ! PA/ BUT ALSO = ! FUTURE2 BELIEF 9 ONE'S [N IDEAL1 ! CONFID5CE ?AT ONE IS ON ! RI<T ROAD OR MORE NE>LY SO ?AN ! OPPOSITION1 ! HE>TFELT CONVICTION ?AT ONE IS FI<T+ = A HI<] GOOD1 = ! MORAL & MAT]IAL B5EFIT ( ALL - AS WELL AS = ! GOOD ( ONE'S FOES :O >E NOT GO+ TO 5D UP AS ! OPPRESS$ & EXPLOIT$ ( ! FUTURE BUT WILL BE TURN$ 9TO BRO!RS1 EQUALS AMONG EQUALS1 ONCE RESCU$ FROM ! YOKE ( !IR [N 9JU/ICE1 ! S\RCE ( !IR SAVAG]Y TODAY4 

,?AT SAID1 ! FASCI/ EXAMPLE S\NDS A W>N+ NOTE4 ,ONCE ! PROLET>IAT'S REVOLUTION>Y LIB]T>IAN M9ORITY MANAGES1 ?ANKS TO ! SLI<TE/ COORD9ATION ( EF=TS1 TO MU/] ! REQUISITE /R5G? ( DET]M9ATION1 CONTEMPT = DANG]1 SPIRIT ( 5T]PRISE & SPIRIT ( SACRIFICE1 ITS VICTORY WILL BE ASSUR$ - A VICTORY ?AT WILL BR+ WELL-BE+ & FRE$OM NOT M]ELY TO ! PROLET>IAT BUT TO HUMANITY AS A :OLE4 

,N,O,T,E,S3 

.<#a.> ,LA ,BATAILLE,SYNDICALI/E 7,P>IS7 #ah ,DECEMB] #aiab 

.<#b.> ,I %\LD PO9T \T ?AT MANY ( MY FELL[ AN>*I/S DO NOT ACCEPT !IR %>E ( ! RESPONSIBILITY4 ,:5 ,I PUT ! PO9T ABOVE AT A REC5T AN>*I/ CONGRESS 9 ,ANCONA 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#b#a1 A NUMB] ( FRI5DS UPBRAID$ ME = PUTT+ ! CAT AMONG ! PIGEONS4 ,:]EAS ,I CONT5D ?AT !RE W]E A FEW PO9TS AT :I* ! AN>*I/S C\LD HAVE SEIZ$ ! 9ITIATIVE = A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 O!RS1 MORE NUM]\S P]HAPS1 >GUE ?AT ?IS WAS NOT A POSSIBILITY2 ?AT )\T ! DIRECT & WILL+ P>TN]%IP ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & ITS ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS1 !RE WAS NO?+ TO BE DONE2 & ?AT !RE=E ! 5TIRE RESPONSIBILITY = ! MISS$ *ANCE ( REVOLUTION BELONGS TO ! SOCIALI/S4 

.<#c.> ,SO LAU<ABLE W]E !SE PRETEXTS ?AT ALL ( ?OSE >RE/$ W]E LAT] ACQUITT$ & RELEAS$1 SOME AT ! TRIAL PREP>ATION /AGE & O!RS AFT] TRIAL4 

.<#d.> ,?AT HO/ILITY W\LD HAVE REMA9$ IMPOT5T1 HAD IT NOT SPREAD WIDELY ?R\< ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 :I* >E V]Y SIZABLE 9 ,ITALY1 & :]E ! 9DU/RIAL WAGE-E>N+ PROLET>IAT REPRES5TS AN ABSOLUTE OR OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY 9 V]Y FEW PLACES SU* AS ,MILAN1 ,TUR9 & A FEW O!RS4 ,! ,M>XI/S OR ?OSE :O /YLE !MSELVES SU*1 ,L59 = ONE1 >E FOND ( DISMISS+ ! AN>*I/S AS 0PETIT-B\RGEOIS0 & ,I %\LD NOT BE SURPRIS$ IF !SE REM>KS ( M9E W]E US$ TO RESURRECT ?AT HO>Y OLD *E/NUT4 ,BUT IT C]TA9LY WAS NOT ! AN>*I/S :O W]E TO BLAME IF ! PROCESS ( PROLET>IANIZATION ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES :I* ,M>X ANTICIPAT$ HAS NOT COME TO PASS & IF ! LATT] CONT9UE TO EXI/ & MAKE !IR PRES5CE FELT 9 PUBLIC LIFE1 EV5 IF !RE >E ?OSE W\LD RA!R IGNORE IT \T ( DOCTR9AL PREJUDICE6 

.<#e.> ,?IS SAME IRRITATION ON ! P>T ( SECURITY =CES OBLIG$ TO REMA9 ON DUTY = UNBE>ABLY LONG %IFTS ACC\NTS = ! FACT ?AT 9 SEV]AL PLACES !Y RAN \T ( PATI5CE EV5 ) ! FASCI/S1 AS !Y DID 9 ,S>ZANA & ,MOD5A1 :5 ! LATT] REPRES5T ! MO/ DIRECT CAUSE ( !IR HAV+ TO WORK OV]-TIME4 

.<#f.> ,SU* COOP]ATION HAS SO F> BE5 PRETTY MU* UNIV]SAL1 ALBEIT OCCASIONALLY DISGUIS$ = REASONS ( GOV]NM5T4 ,! ,ROYAL ,GU>DS DISPAT*$ TO PROTECT ! ,OLD ,CAM]A DEL ,LAVORO 9 ,BOLOGNA & H\S$ 9 ONE ( ITS ROOMS ON A RA9Y NI<T LA/ SPR+ SCRAWL$ ON ITS WALLS - AMONG LOTS ( O!R ?REATS AGA9/ SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S 2 0,! ,FASCIO & ! ,ROYAL .<,GU>DS.> WILL %ORTLY TOR* ?IS ,CAM]A TOO40 

.<#g.> ,SEE ,L',ORD9E ,NUOVO 7,TUR97 ,NO #b#g#d1 #b ,OCTOB] #aiba 

.<#h.> ,I HAVE ?IS FROM SOMEONE FROM ,TRIE/E :O WAS AN EYE-WITNESS TO IT4 ,BUT ! FACT ?AT IT HAPP5$ ELSE:]E O!R ?AN JU/ ,TRIE/E IS %[N BY A REPORT FROM ,FLOR5CE 9 ! ,OCTOB] NEWSPAP]S1 TO ! EFFECT ?AT ! FASCI/S 0ALLEG$LY S5T ! ,HON4 ,CAPANNI1 ! FASCI/ DEPUTY1 9 ,ROME1 A TELEGRAM ASK+ HIM TO SECURE FROM ,BONOMI1 ! M9I/]1 ! SUSP5SION ( >RE/ W>RANTS ISSU$ AGA9/ !IR COLLEAGUES1 FAIL+ :I* !Y W\LD PUBLICLY EXPOSE ! NAMES ( MANY ,C>AB9I]I FUNCTION>IES & (FIC]S :O HAD HELP$ !M \T A %ORT TIME E>LI] BY DELIV]+ >MS & MUNITIONS40 7,SEE ,BOLOGNA'S ,IL ,RE/O DEL ,C>L9O1 ,OCTOB] #a#i#b#a74 ,9 MANY PLACES1 9 ! ,MANTUA DI/RICT & ! ,CAS5T9O >EA1 = 9/ANCE1 ! C>AB9I]I & ,ROYAL ,GU>DS BRAZ5LY SPORT ! FASCI/ SYMBOL ON ! BREA/S4 ,ON LOTS ( OCCASIONS POLICE & FASCI/S TOGE!R M\NT LAW 5=CEM5T OP]ATIONS1 SE>*ES1 >RE/S1 ETC4 ,9 ,BOLOGNA1 :5 A ,ROYAL ,GU>D WAS KILL$ - BY CRIM9ALS OP]AT+ BY NI<T1 IT IS ?\<T - ! FASCI/S PUT UP A MANIFE/O /AT+ ?AT ! DEAD MAN HAD BE5 A C>D-C>RY+ COLLEAGUE ( !IRS4 

.<#i.> ,ON ?IS C\NT !RE WAS TALK1 & ! ,ROYAL ,GU>DS TOOK IT S]I\SLY1 ( AN \T & \T POPUL> & REVOLUTION>Y ATTACK ON ! B>RACKS4 ,9 ! C\RTS NO EVID5CE WAS ADDUC$ TO SUB/ANTIATE ?IS RUMOR2 & 9 FACT ! MOB HAD NO SU* PLAN 9 M9D4 ,! FI<T+ ]UPT$ NE>BY QUITE BY CO9CID5CE2 & ANYBODY :O HAS EV] VISIT$ ! LOCATION WILL KN[ JU/ H[ UNFEASIBLE & CRAZY ANY SU* PROJECT$ ATTACK W\LD HAVE BE51 NOT TO SAY PO9TLESS & \T ( PLACE4 

.<#a.> ,I /& BY MY VIEW ( :AT HAPP5$ ON #ba ,NOVEMB]1 9 SPITE ( ! SUBSEQU5T PRON\NCEM5TS TO ! CONTR>Y BY ! C\RT AU?ORITIES1 :I* SEEM TO HAVE ACCEPT$ ! MO/ FANTA/IC & UNLIKELY V]SION2 ?AT !RE WAS \TRI<T PRE-PLANN$ RIOT+ & KILL+ ON ! P>T ( SOCIALI/S6 

.<#a#a.> ,A LABOR ORGANIZ] FROM ! UPP] ,BOLOGNA DI/RICT TOLD ME ?AT AMONG ! MO/ F]V5T FASCI/S1 9 HIS DI/RICT1 !RE >E SOME EX-SOCIALI/S :O ONLY ! YE> BE=E HAD BE5 AMONG ! MO/ 5?USIA/IC ,BOL%EVIKS1 AS GIV5 TO VIOL5CE BACK !N AS !Y >E N[4 ,ELSE:]E TOO1 ,I LAT] DISCOV]$ ?AT SOME ( ! MO/ VIOL5T FASCI/S W]E FOLK :O1 ONLY A YE> E>LI]1 HAD BE5 AMONG ! MO/ AGGRESSIVE SOCIALI/S1 COMMUNI/S & AN>*I/S4 ,?IS IS ! CASE 9 ,LUGO1 ,MASSALOMB>DA1 ,C>R>A & 9 ! ,M>EMMA ,TOSCANA1 ETC4 

.<#a#b.> ,ONE ( ! POLICE PLOYS = RESCU+ FASCI/S FAC+ S]I\S *>GES & PUBLIC \TRAGE IS ?IS2 :ILE ! 9CID5T IS /ILL 9 ! NEWS !Y >RE/ SOME FASCI/S BUT1 & ?IS IS DELIB]ATE1 FASCI/S :O W]E NOT 9 FACT IMPLICAT$ & :O CAN PROVE !IR 9NOC5CE4 ,!N1 LAT]1 :5 ! PROTE/S FROM PUBLIC OP9ION :IPP$ UP BY ! PRESS HAVE DI$ AWAY1 ! C\RT AU?ORITIES CAN BLI!LY SET ! 9NOC5T FREE4 ,& ! GUILTY >E SAFE4 

.<#a#c.> ,! GRIM F>CE ( ! PEACE COMPACT IS N[ OV]4 ,! COMPACT1 :I* REMA9$ A DEAD LETT] AS F> AS FASCI/S EV]Y:]E W]E CONC]N$1 WAS NEV] ACCEPT$ 9 ?OSE PROV9CES WOR/ HIT BY ! FASCI/S & WAS F9ALLY REPEAL$ BY DECISION ( ! REC5T FASCI/ CONGRESS4 ,?+S C>RY ON AS BE=E1 BUT ONLY BECAUSE !Y CANNOT GET ANY WORSE6 

.<#a#d.> ,APROPOS ( FASCI/ MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION1 ,I AM ASSUR$ ?AT ?IS IS COMPLEM5T$ BY A RA!R H>% HI]>*ICAL DISCIPL9E &1 FUR!RMORE1 ?AT ! MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION ( ! ACTION SQUADS IS QUITE 9DEP5D5T ( ! KN[N POLITICAL LEAD]S ( ! ,FASCIO & ?AT ORD]S RELAT+ TO MORE VIOL5T UND]TAK+S EMANATE FROM ! HI<E/ MILIT>Y AU?ORITIES4 ,BUT ,I CANNOT SAY H[ RELIABLE !SE REPORTS MAY BE4 

.<#a#e.> ,EV5 AS ,I WAS PRO(-READ+ !SE PAGES1 M9I/] ,BONOMI ISSU$ HIS N? CIRCUL> TO PREFECTS AGA9/ >M$ BODIES & LI/$ ! ,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO & ! 7NON-EXI/5T7 ,R$ ,GU>DS & ONLY !N ! ACTION SQUADS4 ,WE MAY BE C]TA9 ?AT ?IS LATE/ CIRCUL> WILL TRIGG] ! IMPRISONM5T ( MANY MORE WORK]S AS SUPPOS$ ,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO1 :]EAS NO ACTION WILL BE TAK5 AGA9/ ! FASCI/ ACTION SQUADS1 AS HAS BE5 ! CASE ) ALL PA/ 0$ICTS40 

.<#a#f.> ,EV5 AS ,I WRITE ,I AM READ+ AB\T ONE ( MANY 9/ANCES 9 ,IL ,RE/O DEL ,C>L9O 7,BOLOGNA7 ( #ba ,SEPTEMB]3 0,MOD5A1 #b ,SEPTEMB]4 - ,LA/ NI<T 9 ,NONANTOLA C>AB9I]I & ,ROYAL ,GU>DS BUR/ 9TO A H\SE :]E IT WAS SAID AN ,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO MEET+ WAS 9 PROGRESS1 >RE/+ SOME T5 9DIVIDUALS :O W]E TAK5 TO PRISON & *>G$ ) CONSPIRACY AGA9/ ! SECURITY ( ! /ATE40 ,9 ! ,BOLOGNA DI/RICT V]Y MANY Y\NG WORK]S HAVE BE5 BEH9D B>S = SEV]AL MON?S1 *>G$ M]ELY ) 0,>DITISMO10 )\T ANY SORT ( EVID5CE & )\T !IR HAV+ BE5 F\ND 9 POSSESSION ( WEAPONS4 ,AMONG O!R ?+S1 ALL ?AT IT TAKES = SU* >RE/S IS ?AT A SIMPLE LI/ ( NAMES1 NO?+ MORE1 %\LD HAVE BE5 F\ND 9 ! POCKET ( AN >RE/$ P]SON4 

.<#a#g.> ,H]E & !RE IT HAS EV5 BE5 ! CASE 79 SOME SMALL T[NS 9 ! ,F]R>A DI/RICT = 9/ANCE7 ?AT :5 ! FASCI/S REALIZ$ ?AT ?OSE =CIBLY PRESS$ 9TO S]VICE W]E NOT ACTUALLY ) ! FASCI/ MOVEM5T BUT REMA9$ HO/ILE TO IT1 !Y C>RI$ ON BEAT+ !M ALL ! SAME6 

.<#a#h.> ,SEE ,UMANITA ,NOVA 7,ROME71 ,NO #a#c#b1 #ad ,SEPTEMB] #aiba 

.<#a#i.> ,SU* AN ABSOLUTE DE>? ( IDEAS 9 FASCISM IS MO/ /RIK+ EV5 9 ! EYES ( ! LESS $UCAT$ /RATA ( ! PEOPLE4 ,APROPOS ( FIVE PEASANTS TAK5 & %OT 9 ! SQU>E 9 ,FOIANO 9 ,TUSCANY 9 ! SPR+ ( #aiba BY A FASCI/ FIR+ SQUAD1 ! ,VOCE ,REPUBBLICANA CORRESPOND5T REC\NT$3 0,:Y ALL !SE KILL+S8 ,:Y ?IS 9CESSANT W>F>E8 ,MO/ PEOPLE CANNOT TELL4 ,! SOCIALI/S SPEAK+ 9 ! SQU>ES 7ONE ELD]LY PEASANT REM>K$ TO ME 9 WOND]7 TELL US :AT !Y WANT4 ,BUT :AT DO !SE FASCI/S WANT8 ,TO CLUB & 9SULT & ?AT'S ?AT60 ,SEE ,VOCE ,REPUBBLICANA 7,ROME7 #i ,OCTOB] #a#i#b#a4 

.<#b.> ,:AT ,I SAID AB\T ,COM&9I WAS WRITT5 ON ! BASIS ( A TALK HE GAVE 9 ,BOLOGNA1 :]E9 HE (F]S A LIVELY DEF5SE ( FASCISM1 B>ELY TEMP]$ BY A FEW RES]VATIONS4 ,IT IS A KN[N FACT ?AT 9 ! ,ROMAGNA ,COM&9I IS ! LEAD] ( SOME ( ! MORE COMPROMISE-M9D$ REPUBLICANS MO/ SYMPA!TIC TO FASCISM1 AT ODDS ) ! MAJORITY ( !IR P>TY1 ) ITS LEAD]%IP & ) ! REPUBLICAN DAILY NEWSPAP] 9 ,ROME4 ,BUT1 = ! SAKE ( HONE/Y1 ,I HAVE TO NOTE ?AT ,COM&9I SUBSEQU5TLY MOD]AT$ HIS PRO-FASCI/ SYMPA?IES4 ,9 A TALK ON ,CES5A ON #ba ,OCTOB] #aiba HE HAD TO DECL>E ?AT HE CONDEMN$ ! 0DEG5]ATIONS0 ( FASCISM & ITS VIOL5CE2 & HE CONC$$ ?AT FASCISM'S 9T]E/S W]E ! SAME AS ?OSE ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 

.<#b#a.> ,I AM NOT REF]R+ H]E TO 9DIVIDUAL ATT5TATS1 SOME ( !M FAIRLY & O!R UNFAIRLY CR$IT$ TO ! AN>*I/S4 ,REG>DLESS ( :E!R !Y >E DELIB]ATE ACTS ( REBELLION OR ACTS ( BL9D EXASP]ATION OR LUNACY1 !Y >E A QUITE DIFF]5T KETTLE ( FI% & \TSIDE ( ! REMIT ( \R /UDY4 ,H[EV]1 JU/ = ! RECORD1 IT MI<T BE AS WELL TO RECALL ?AT AMONG ! CURR5T FASCI/ LEAD]%IP !RE >E SEV]AL EX-AN>*I/S :O ONCE UPON A TIME US$ TO S+ ! PRAISES ( ! MO/ ANTI-SOCIAL VIOL5T DYNAMITE \TRAGES & RAIL AGA9/ !IR !N COMRADES4 

.<#b#b.> ,IT HAS OCCASIONALLY HAPP5$ ?AT A WORK]1 ATTACK$ BY ! FASCI/S ) CUDGELS AT ! READY1 HAS SCREAM$ AT !M3 0,DO NOT BEAT ME2 KILL ME 9/EAD60 

.<#b#c.> ,A FRI5D ( M9E1 A PR(ESSIONAL & REC5T UNIV]SITY GRADUATE1 HAD F\ND A JOB 9 A T[N 9 ! ,MANTUA DI/RICT :]E ! FASCI/S W]E RUNN+ RIOT4 ,AL?\< PROGRESSIVELY-M9D$1 HE IS NOT AN ACTIVI/ & M9D$ HIS [N BUS9ESS !RE4 ,EV5 SO1 HE WAS BEAT51 =C$ TO GIVE UP HIS JOB & MOVE AWAY4 0,GET ?IS60 - HE WAS TOLD BY ONE FASCI/ LEAD] - 0,WE CANNOT TOL]ATE \TSID]S 9 ?IS >EA :O >E NOT FASCI/S440 

.<#b#d.> ,& N[ A M9I/]IAL ORD] HAS BANN$ BLUDGEONS2 YET !Y CAN /ILL BE SE54 ,NOTE1 H[EV]1 ! COMPLAC5T & DILIG5T MANN] 9 :I* 9DU/RY HAD FLOOD$ ! M>KET ) L>GE AM\NTS ( BAUBLES ( EV]Y %APE & V>IETY6 ,ANO!R SIGN ( ! ABS5CE ( ANY G5TEELNESS OR HUMANITY 9 FASCISM >E SOME ( ITS AN!MS :I* >E AWA% ) VULG> & SAVAGE REF]5CES4 ,ONE NE$ ONLY ?9K ( ! ONE 5TITL$ ,ME NE FREGO & O!RS :I* HAVE REFRA9S LIKE ?IS REF]R+ TO SUBV]SIVES ,ONE BY ONE %ALL WE GIVE !M !IR JU/ DES]TS & DO !M TO DEA? ) DAGG] BL[S1 OR ! V]Y WELL KN[N SONG ,BOTTE E SEMP] BOTTE4 

.<#b#e.> ,ON !IR MILIT>Y M>*1 FASCI/S WRECK$ ! ,GODO & ,SAN ,MI*ELE ,=NACE CLUBS 5 R\TE4 ,9 ,RAV5NA !Y PROMPTLY SET AB\T =C+ PEOPLE TO DISPLAY BANN]S AS !Y PASS$ ?R\<2 & BEAT+ UP ! UNWILL+6 ,AMONG ?OSE BEAT5 W]E A FEW =EIGN]S :O TURN$ \T = ! OCCASION4 ,ON ! MORN+ ( #ab ,SEPTEMB] ! FASCI/S BUR/ 9TO A HOTEL & DEM&$ TO SEE ! P]SONAL PAP]S ( ?OSE )94 ,ONE ( !M1 A C]TA9 ,COLOMBO1 WAS F\ND TO HAVE A MEMB]%IP C>D FROM ! ,CAM]A DEL ,LAVORO1 & WAS ANGRILY R\ND$ UPON3 HE TOOK TO HIS HEELS1 PURSU$ BY RAIS$ CUDGELS4 ,F9ALLY A REVOLV] %OT RANG \T 444 ,N[ !Y HAD !IR PRETEXTS & ! PUNITIVE EXP$ITIONS BEGAN ?AT AFT]NOON4 ,FIVE SOCIALI/ CLUBS W]E WRECK$ & RANSACK$1 ONE ( !M #d KILOMET]S & ANO!R #ab KILOMET]S \TSIDE ,RAV5NA4 ,AT ONE ( !SE1 ! ,AURORA CLUB1 A BICYCLE1 CLO?+ & ! CONCI]GE'S LAUNDRY W5T MISS+4 ,A LEISURE CIRCLE WAS ALSO 9VAD$ & ?OSE ATT5D+ W]E BEAT54 ,IT WAS ! SAME /ORY AT ! ,CAM]A DEL ,LAVORO3 !Y =C$ !IR WAY 91 WRECK+ & SMA%+ EV]Y?+ & A FEW HUNDR$ LIRE1 A TYPE-WRIT] & A CYCLO/YLE COPI] W5T MISS+4 ,!N IT WAS ! TURN ( ! ,F$]ATION ( ,COOP]ATIVES4 ,ITS DOOR WAS CLOS$ SO !Y US$ A LADD] TO GA9 5TRY VIA ! W9D[S1 ALLEG$LY TO PUT UP A TRICOLOR4 ,! SECURITY =CES 9SPECTOR ON ! SC5E ) TWO HUNDR$ M5 AT HIS COMM& GRANT$ P]MISSION TO DO ?IS4 ,BUT FROM ! W9D[ ! FASCI/S CLIMB$ 9SIDE1 TOSS+ RECORDS1 BOOKS & CORRESPOND5CE 9TO ! /REETS4 ,BY WAY ( A TROPHY ( W>1 SOMEBODY C>RI$ (F A V]Y VALUABLE TAPE/RY ON DISPLAY ON ! BALCONY6 ,RAV5NA1 A WORK+ CLASS & SUBV]SIVE CITY1 WAS SOON LOOK+ QUITE %ABBY4 ,NO MORE MUSIC1 NO MORE FE/IVALS4 ,ON ! RETURN LEG1 ! FASCI/S PASS$ ?R\< ,CA/ELBOLOGNESE & REMEMB]$ TO DROP BY TO WRECK ! SOCIALI/ CLUB !RE4 

.<#b#f.> ,H]E >E ! LYRICS TO HIS ,ODE TO ,ROME3 0,:]E ONCE ! ,CAES>S _/ HELD SWAY _/ ,& ! PRIE/S HELD _/ ! HUMAN M9D 9 ?RALL _/ ,:]E ,SP>TACUS IS BURI$ _/ ,& ,DANTE CURS$ _/ ,! BANN] ( LOVE _/ ,WILL FLUTT] BRI<T _/ ,PEOPLES =GOTT5 _/ ,! WRA? ( A DY+ DAY _/ ,WILL BE ! L& ( M5 _/ ,LIKE A GREAT CITY _/ ,FREE1 GREAT1 UNIT$ _/ ,A NEW LIFE AHEAD _/ ,WE>Y HUMANITY _/ ,JO9+ H&S LIKE BRO!RS _/ ,SLAVS1 ,G]MANS & ,ITALIANS _/ ,ONE GRIEF & ONE HOPE _/ ,! PEOPLE ON ONE GR\ND _/ ,& ! K+ ANO!R40 

.<#b#g.> .<,B&I]A BRO!RS1 ,EMILIO & ,ATTILIO1 EXECUT$ 9 #ahdd = TRY+ TO SP>K A RIS+ 9 ! ,K+DOM ( ,NAPLES4 ,AMATORE,SCIESA 7#a#h#a#d-#a#h#e#a71 ,MILANESE PATRIOT EXECUT$ = PO/+ REVOLUTION>Y BILLS4 ,REFUS$ TO BUY HIS LIFE BY BECOM+ A PAID 9=M]4 ,C>LO ,PISACANE 7D4 #a#h#e#g71 ,NEAPOLITAN NOBLEMAN & REVOLUTION>Y PIONE] ( ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN1 F$]ALI/ SOCIALISM :O TRI$ TO M>RY CLASS W>F>E & NATIONAL LIB]ATION4 - $4.> 

.<#b#h.> ,APPETITE GR[S ) ! EAT+6 ,N[ ! FASCI/S >E NO LONG] CONT5T TO REQUIRE A /RAI<T=W>D SALUTE = ! TRICOLOR BUT >E TRY+ TO IMPOSE !IR SALUTE PLUS !IR CIVIL W> EMBLEMS4 ,! MASSACRE 9 ,MOD5A ON #bf ,SEPTEMB] #aiba GREW \T ( JU/ SU* AN AMBITION4 ,9 ,ROME1 DUR+ A FASCI/ PROCESSION AT ! TIME ( !IR REC5T CONGRESS1 ! FASCI/S ALSO DOL$ \T BEAT+S TO RESPECTABLE1 LAW-ABID+ FOLK = REFUS+ TO D(F !IR CAPS AS ! FASCI/ BANN]S PASS$ BY4 

.<#b#i.> ,9/EAD1 IT WAS 5TITL$1 RA!R MORE MODE/LY1 ,PR9CIPII DI POLITICAIMPOPOL>E 7,$IT4 ,ZANI*ELLI1 ,BOLOGNA74 

.<#c.> ,R5SI'S LITTLE BOOK HAS A LOT ( 9T]E/+ ?+S TO SAY1 ESPECIALLY AGA9/ 9FATUATION ) ! ,BOL%EVIK DICTATOR%IP1 ! OPPORTUNI/IC POLITICK+ ( ! SOCIALI/S1 ! MASSES' LACK ( $UCATION1 ETC41 & ON ALL !SE C\NTS IS QUITE SUCCESSFUL4 ,EXCEPT ?AT 9/EAD ( US+ !SE >GUM5TS 9 ORD] TO PRESS ON 9 ! DIRECTION ( MORE LIB]T>IAN TRU?S1 HE USES !M AS GR\NDS = MOV+ BACKW>DS1 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! LIES ( ! PA/4 ,AT C]TA9 TIMES HIS >GUM5T BECOMES SO P>ADOXICAL ?AT IT IS H>D TO BELIEVE ?AT HE IS BE+ S]I\S4 ,R5SI IS A PATRIOT1 SO IT W\LD SEEM TO HAVE BE5 ! SPIRIT ( PATRIOTISM ?AT HAD MADE HIM TURN ON HIS ]/:ILE COMRADES4 ,YET1 AS A PATRIOT1 HE %\LD BELIEVE ?AT BUT = ! SPIRIT ( REVOLT & FRE$OM !RE W\LD BE NO ,ITALY4 ,! AU?ORITY PR9CIPLES1 HAD !Y SURVIV$1 W\LD /ILL BE ! PR9CIPLES EMBRAC$ BY ,L\IS ,X,I,V1 ,METT]NI*1 ,WILHEM & ,FRANZ ,JOSEPH6 

.<#c#a.> ,5 ,DEHORS1 ,P>IS1 #bh ,AUGU/ #a#h#i#b4 

.<#c#b.> 0,R$ FASCI/S0 IS ! NAME ?AT HAS REC5TLY BE5 GIV5 TO ?OSE ,BOL%EVIK COMMUNI/S :O >E MO/ 9CL9$ TO ESP\SE FASCISM'S ME?ODS = USE AGA9/ !IR ADV]S>IES4 

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