,! ,PRES5T ,/ATE ( ! ,PROBLEM ( ',M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY' - ,AN ,ANTI-,CRITIQUE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,K>L ,KORS* 

,TEXT 3 

,WRITT53 BY ,K>L ,KORS* 9 #a#i#c1 AS A RESPONSE TO CRITICISMS ( ,M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY2 
,S\RCE3 ,M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY4 ,K>L ,KORS*1 TRANSLAT$ & ) AN ,9TRODUCTION BY ,F]D ,HALLIDAY1 ,MON?LY ,REVIEW ,PRESS1 #a#i#g2 
,TRANSCRIB$3 BY ,&Y ,BLUND5 = M>XI/S4ORG1 #b#d1 9 ITS 5TIRETY4 
,I 

,HAB5T SUA FATA LIBELLI .<,TO EA* TEXT ITS [N FATE.>4 ,9 #aibc !RE APPE>$ A WORK ON A 'PROBLEM ( ! GREATE/ !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE3 ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY'4 ,IT HAD A RIGOR\SLY SCI5TIFIC *>ACT]1 BUT DID NOT D5Y ?AT ! PROBLEM WAS PRACTICALLY RELAT$ TO ! /RUGGLES ( \R AGE1 :I* W]E !N RAG+ AT !IR FI]CE/4 ,IT WAS PREP>$ TO RECEIVE A BIAS$ & NEGATIVE !ORETICAL RECEPTION FROM ! T5D5CY :I* IT HAD ATTACK$ 9 PRACTICE4 ,IT MI<T1 ON ! O!R H&1 HAVE EXPECT$ TO GET A FAIR & EV5 FRI5DLY RECEPTION FROM ! T5D5CY :OSE PRACTICAL ORI5TATION IT HAD REPRES5T$ 9 !ORY1 & ) ! TOOLS ( !ORY4 ,! OPPOSITE OCCURR$4 ,! EVALUATION ( ,M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY BY B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPHY & SCI5CE EVAD$ ITS PRACTICAL PREMISES & CONSEQU5CES1 & 9T]PRET$ ITS !ORETICAL !SES 9 A UNILAT]AL MANN]4 ,ITS REPRES5TATIVES W]E !RE=E ABLE TO ADOPT A POSITIVE ATTITUDE T[>DS ! !ORETICAL CONT5T ( A WORK !Y HAD TRAVE/I$4 ,!Y DID NOT PROVIDE A CONCRETE PRES5TATION & CRITICISM ( ! REAL !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL CONCLUSION :I* ALL ! ANALYZES ( ! BOOK S]V$ TO E/ABLI% & DEVELOP4 ,9/EAD !Y UNILAT]ALLY SELECT$ :AT1 FROM ! B\RGEOIS PO9T ( VIEW1 WAS SUPPOS$ TO BE ! 'GOOD' SIDE ( ! WORK -- ITS ACKN[L$GM5T ( 9TELLECTUAL REALITIES4 ,!Y IGNOR$ :AT WAS 9DE$ ! 'BAD' SIDE = ! B\RGEOISIE -- ITS CALL = ! TOTAL DE/RUCTION & ABOLITION ( !SE 9TELLECTUAL REALITIES & !IR MAT]IAL BASIS3 !SE GOALS W]E TO BE ACCOMPLI%$ BY A REVOLUTION>Y CLASS 5GAG$ 9 MAT]IAL & 9TELLECTUAL1 PRACTICAL & !ORETICAL ACTION4 ,B\RGEOIS CRITICS W]E ?US ABLE TO HAIL A DISSOCIAT$ CONCLUSION ( ! BOOK AS A SCI5TIFIC ADVANCE4.<#a.> ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! AU?ORITATIVE MEMB]S ( ! TWO DOM9ANT T5D5CIES ( CONTEMPOR>Y (FICIAL ',M>XISM' S5S$ AT ONCE1 ) AN UN]R+ 9/9CT1 ?AT ?IS UNASSUM+ LITTLE BOOK CONTA9$ A H]ETICAL REJECTION ( C]TA9 DOGMAS4 ,DESPITE ALL !IR APP>5T DISAGREEM5TS1 ! TWO CONFESSIONS ( ! OLD ,M>XI/ OR?ODOX *UR* /ILL HELD !SE 9 COMMON4 ,!Y W]E !RE=E QUICK TO D5\NCE ! BOOK BE=E !IR ASSEMBL$ ,C\NCILS = CONTA9+ VIEWS ?AT W]E A DEVIATION FROM ACCEPT$ DOCTR9E4.<#b.> 

,AT BO? ,P>TY ,CONGRESSES 9 #aibd ! RELEVANT IDEOLOGICAL AU?ORITIES REACT$ BY CONDEMN+ ,M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY AS H]ETICAL4 ,:AT IS AT ONCE MO/ /RIK+ AB\T ! CRITICAL >GUM5TS ON :I* !Y BAS$ ?IS CONDEMNATION IS ! COMPLETE ID5TITY ( !IR CONT5T -- A SOME:AT UNEXPECT$ ONE = T5D5CIES :OSE !ORY & PRACTICE DIV]GE 9 ALL O!R RESPECTS4 ,! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRAT ,WELS CONDEMN$ ! VIEWS ( ',PR(ESSOR ,KORS*' AS A ',COMMUNI/' H]ESY1 & ! ,COMMUNI/ ,Z9OVIEV CONDEMN$ !M AS A ',REVISIONI/' H]ESY4 ,! DIFF]5CE1 H[EV]1 WAS M]ELY T]M9OLOGICAL4 ,9 PO9T ( FACT !RE IS NO?+ NEW 9 ! >GUM5TS DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY ADVANC$ AGA9/ MY VIEWS BY ,BAMMEL & ,LUPPOL1 ,BUKH>9 & ,DEBOR91 ,BELA ,KUN & ,RUDAS1 ,?ALHEIM] & ,DUNCK]1 OR O!R CRITICS BELONG+ TO ! COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T4 7,!IR ATTACKS >E CONNECT$ ) ! REC5T 9QUISITION AGA9/ ,GEORGE ,LUKACS :I* ,I WILL DISCUSS LAT]47 ,!Y HAVE M]ELY REPEAT$ & DEVELOP$ ANCI5T >GUM5TS ( ?AT LEAD+ REPRES5TATIVE ( ! O!R CAMP ( (FICIAL ,M>XISM ,K>L ,KAUTSKY1 !ORETICIAN ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY4 ,KAUTSKY WROTE A DETAIL$ REVIEW ( MY BOOK 9 ! !ORETICAL J\RNAL ( ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4.<#c.> ,HE WAS UND] ! ILLUSION ?AT 9 ATTACK+ MY WORK HE WAS ATTACK+ 'ALL ! !ORETICIANS ( ,COMMUNISM'4 ,! REAL DIVID+ L9E 9 ?IS DEBATE1 H[EV]1 IS QUITE DIFF]5T4 ,A FUNDAM5TAL DEBATE ON ! G5]AL /ATE ( MOD]N ,M>XISM HAS N[ BEGUN1 & !RE >E MANY 9DICATIONS ?AT DESPITE SECOND>Y1 TRANSI5T OR TRIVIAL CONFLICTS1 ! REAL DIVISION ON ALL MAJOR & DECISIVE QUE/IONS IS BETWE5 ! OLD ,M>XI/ OR?ODOXY ( ,KAUTSKY ALLI$ TO ! NEW ,RUSSIAN OR ',L59I/' OR?ODOXY ON ! ONE SIDE1 & ALL CRITICAL & PROGRESSIVE !ORETICAL T5D5CIES 9 ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T TODAY ON ! O!R SIDE4 

,?IS G5]AL SITUATION ( CONTEMPOR>Y ,M>XI/ !ORY EXPLA9S :Y ! GREAT MAJORITY ( MY CRITICS W]E F> LESS CONC]N$ ) ! MORE LIMIT$ SET ( QUE/IONS DEF9$ BY ! TITLE ',M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY'1 ?AN ) TWO O!R PROBLEMS :I* ! BOOK DID NOT TREAT ?OR\<LY BUT ONLY T\*$ UPON4 ,! FIR/ IS ! CONCEPTION ( ,M>XISM ITSELF :I* LIES BEH9D ALL ! PROPOSITIONS 9 MY TEXT4 ,! SECOND IS ! MORE G5]AL PROBLEM ( ! ,M>XI/ CONCEPT ( IDEOLOGY1 OR ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 CONSCI\SNESS & BE+1 ONTO :I* ! SPECIFIC PROBLEM ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY EV5TUALLY DEB\*$4 ,ON ?IS LATT] PO9T ! !SES ,I PUT =W>D 9 ',M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY' AGREE 9 MANY WAYS ) ! PROPOSITIONS1 F\ND$ ON A BROAD] PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS1 TO BE F\ND 9 ! DIALECTICAL /UDIES ( ,GEORGE ,LUKACS1 :I* APPE>$ AB\T ! SAME TIME UND] ! TITLE ,HI/ORY & ,CLASS ,CONSCI\SNESS4 ,9 A ',PO/SCRIPT' TO MY WORK ,I /AT$ ,I WAS FUNDAM5TALLY 9 AGREEM5T ) ,LUKACS & PO/PON$ ANY DISCUSSION ( ! SPECIFIC DIFF]5CES ( ME?OD & CONT5T ?AT REMA9$ BETWE5 US4 ,?IS WAS !N QUITE 9CORRECTLY TAK5 -- ESPECIALLY BY ,COMMUNI/ CRITICS -- AS AN AV[AL ( COMPLETE ACCORD BETWE5 US4 ,9 FACT1 ,I MYSELF WAS NOT SUFFICI5TLY AW>E AT ! TIME ( ! EXT5T TO :I* ,LUKACS & ,I1 DESPITE \R MANY !ORETICAL SIMIL>ITIES1 DID 9 FACT DIV]GE 9 MORE ?AN JU/ A FEW 'DETAIL$' PO9TS4 ,?IS IS ONE REASON -- !RE >E O!RS :I* ?IS IS NOT ! PLACE TO DISCUSS -- :Y ,I DID NOT !N RESPOND TO ! 9SI/5T DEM& ( MY ,COMMUNI/ ASSAILANTS TO 'DIFF]5TIATE' MY VIEWS FROM ?OSE ( ,LUKACS4 ,I PREF]R$ TO ALL[ !SE CRITICS TO GO ON 9DISCRIM9ATELY ASSIMILAT+ ! 'DEVIATIONS' ( ,LUKACS & MYSELF FROM ! ONE ',M>XI/-,L59I/' DOCTR9E :I* ALONE BR+S SALVATION4 ,TODAY1 9 ?IS SECOND UNALT]$ $ITION1 ,I CANNOT AGA9 /ATE ?AT ,I AM 9 BASIC AGREEM5T ) ,LUKACS'S VIEWS1 AS ,I ONCE DID4 ,! O!R REASONS :I* PREVI\SLY RE/RA9$ ME FROM ANY FULL EXPOSITION ( \R DIFF]5CES HAVE ALSO LONG S9CE CEAS$ TO APPLY4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ,I /ILL BELIEVE TO ?IS DAY ?AT ,LUKACS & ,I >E OBJECTIVELY ON ! SAME SIDE 9 \R CRITICAL ATTITUDE T[>DS ! OLD ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,M>XI/ OR?ODOXY & ! NEW ,COMMUNI/ OR?ODOXY4 ,?IS IS1 AFT] ALL1 ! C5TRAL ISSUE4 
,I,I 

,M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY ADVANC$ A CONCEPTION ( ,M>XISM ?AT WAS QUITE UNDOGMATIC & ANTI-DOGMATIC1 HI/ORICAL & CRITICAL1 & :I* WAS !RE=E MAT]IALI/ 9 ! /RICTE/ S5SE ( ! WORD4 ,?IS CONCEPTION 9VOLV$ ! APPLICATION ( ! MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY TO ! MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY ITSELF4 ,! OR?ODOX CRITICS ( BO? OLD & NEW S*OOLS OPPOS$ ?IS4 ,YET !IR FIR/ DOGMATIC C\NT]-ATTACK CAME 9 ! GUISE ( AN EXTREMELY 'HI/ORICAL' & APP>5TLY QUITE 'UNDOGMATIC' ACCUSATION4 ,!Y *>G$ ?AT MY WORK %[$ A QUITE UNJU/IFI$ PREF]5CE = ! 'PRIMITIVE' =M 9 :I* ,M>X & ,5GELS HAD ORIG9ALLY F\ND$ !IR NEW DIALECTICAL MAT]IALI/ ME?OD1 AS A REVOLUTION>Y !ORY ?AT WAS DIRECTLY RELAT$ TO REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE4 ,I WAS ALLEG$ TO HAVE IGNOR$ ! POSITIVE DEVELOPM5T ( !IR !ORY BY ! ,M>XI/S ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL2 & TO HAVE ALSO COMPLETELY OV]LOOK$ ! FACT ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS !MSELVES HAD MODIFI$ !IR ORIG9AL !ORY 9 IMPORTANT WAYS1 SO ?AT IT WAS ONLY 9 A LAT] =M ?AT IT A*IEV$ ITS FULL HI/ORICAL ELABORATION4 

,IT IS CLE> ?AT ?IS RAISES AN ISSUE ( REALLY MAJOR IMPORTANCE = ! HI/ORICAL MAT]IALI/ VIEW ( ,M>XI/ !ORY4 ,IT CONC]NS ! SUCCESSIVE PHASES ( DEVELOPM5T ?R\< :I* ,M>XISM HAS PASS$ FROM ITS ORIG9AL CONCEPTION UP TO ! SITUATION TODAY1 :]E IT IS SPLIT 9TO DIFF]5T HI/ORICAL V]SIONS4 ,IT ALSO 9VOLVES ! RELATION%IP ( !SE DIFF]5T PHASES TO EA* O!R & !IR SIGNIFICANCE = ! G5]AL HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( !ORY 9 ! MOD]N WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T4 

,IT IS P]FECTLY OBVI\S ?AT !SE DIFF]5T HI/ORICAL PHASES >E B\ND TO BE EVALUAT$ 9 QUITE DIFF]5T WAYS BY EA* ( ! DOGMATIC ',M>XI/' T5D5CIES :I* COMPETE ) EA* O!R 9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T ( TODAY & :I*1 EV5 ON ! !ORETICAL LEVEL1 CLA% ) GREATE/ BITT]NESS ,! COLLAPSE ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ! #a#h#gS PREFIGUR$ ! COLLAPSE ( ! PRE-#a#i#a#d V]SION ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL ON ! \TBREAK ( ! ,WORLD ,W>1 9 ?AT BO? PRODUC$ NOT ONE BUT SEV]AL DIFF]5T T5D5CIES1 ALL ( !M 9VOK+ ,M>X & FI<T+ EA* O!R = ! 'G5U9E R+' -- ! RI<T TO CLAIM ! SUCCESSION ( TRUE ',M>XISM'4 ,IT IS BE/ SIMPLY TO CUT ?R\< ! ,GORDIAN KNOT ( !SE DOGMATIC DISPUTES & PLACE ONESELF ON ! T]RA9 ( A DIALECTICAL ANALYSIS4 ,?IS CAN BE EXPRESS$ SYMBOLICALLY BY SAY+ ?AT ! REAL R+ HAS BE5 LO/4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 DOGMATIC CALCULATIONS ( H[ F> ! DIFF]5T V]SIONS ( ,M>XI/ !ORY CORRESPOND TO SOME AB/RACT CANON ( 'PURE & UNFALSIFI$' !ORY %\LD BE AB&ON$4 ,ALL !SE E>LI] & LAT] ,M>XI/ IDEOLOGIES MU/ ON ! CONTR>Y BE SE5 9 A HI/ORICAL1 MAT]IALI/ & DIALECTICAL P]SPECTIVE AS PRODUCTS ( A HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION4 ,! WAY ONE DEF9ES ! DIFF]5T PHASES ( ?IS EVOLUTION1 & !IR RELATIONS TO EA* O!R1 WILL DEP5D ON ! ANGLE FROM :I* ONE />TS SU* AN ANALYSIS4 ,9 MY WORK1 !RE IS A DISCUSSION ( ! CONNECTION BETWE5 ,M>XISM & PHILOSOPHY1 & = ?IS PURPOSE ,I HAVE DI/+UI%$ ?REE MAJOR P]IODS ( DEVELOPM5T ?R\< :I* ,M>XISM HAS PASS$ S9CE ITS BIR? & 9 EA* ( :I* ITS RELATION TO PHILOSOPHY HAS *ANG$ 9 A SPECIFIC WAY4.<#d.> ,?IS P>TICUL> APPROA* IS VALID ONLY = ! HI/ORY ( ,M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY4 ,?IS IS P>TICUL>LY TRUE = ! SECOND P]IOD ,I DI/+UI%$1 :I* IS TOO UNDIFF]5TIAT$ = O!R PURPOSES4 ,I DAT$ ?IS SECOND P]IOD FROM ! BATTLE ( ,JUNE #ahdh & ! SUBSEQU5T YE>S ( ! #a#h#eS1 :I* SAW AN UNPREC$5T$ NEW UPSW+ 9 CAPITALISM & ! CRU%+ ( ALL ! PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATIONS & DREAMS ?AT HAD >IS5 9 ! PREVI\S EPO*4 ,9 MY S*EMA1 ?IS P]IOD LA/$ UP TO AB\T ! TURN ( ! C5TURY4 

,IT W\LD BE QUITE POSSIBLE TO >GUE ?AT ?IS WAS TOO AB/RACT A WAY ( ANALYZ+ ! TIES BETWE5 ,M>XISM & PHILOSOPHY4 ,= IT 9VOLV$ TREAT+ AN EXTREMELY LONG P]IOD AS A S+LE UNITY1 & IGNOR+ HI/ORICAL *ANGES )9 IT ?AT W]E ( GREAT IMPORTANCE = ! :OLE HI/ORY ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,YET IT IS UND\BT$LY TRUE ?AT 9 ! :OLE ( ! SECOND HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY !RE WAS NO SU* DECISIVE *ANGE 9 ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,M>XISM & PHILOSOPHY AS ?AT :I* OCCURR$ AT ! MID-C5TURY4 ,= IT WAS !N ?AT PHILOSOPHY EXPIR$1 AFFECT+ ! :OLE ( ! ,G]MAN B\RGEOISIE1 & 9 A DIFF]5T WAY ! PROLET>IAT AS WELL4 ,H[EV]1 A FULL HI/ORY ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,M>XI/ !ORY & PHILOSOPHY AFT] #ahe W\LD NATURALLY HAVE TO MAKE C]TA9 O!R MAJOR DI/9CTIONS 9 ?IS P]IOD1 IF IT W]E NOT TO BE CONT5T ) TRAC+ ONLY ! V]Y G5]AL \TL9ES ( ! PROCESS4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT MY WORK DID LEAVE OP5 A GREAT NUMB] ( QUE/IONS4 ,YET AS F> AS ,I KN[ !Y HAVE NOT BE5 BROA*$ BY ANYONE ELSE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 A FAM\S PASSAGE AT ! 5D ( HIS WORK ,LUDWIG ,FEU]BA* & ! ,5D ( ,CLASSICAL ,G]MAN ,PHILOSOPHY1 ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS REF]S 9 #ahhh TO ! ,G]MAN WORK]S' MOVEM5T AS ! 'HEIR ( CLASSICAL ,G]MAN PHILOSOPHY'4 ,?IS MI<T HAVE BE5 TAK5 AS MORE ?AN JU/ ! FIR/ SIGN ( ! APPROA*+ ?IRD PHASE1 :5 ,M>XISM & PHILOSOPHY BEGAN TO 9T]ACT POSITIVELY ONCE AGA94 ,= ,5GELS HIMSELF REF]S 9 HIS 9TRODUCTION TO 'A K9D ( REBIR? ( CLASSICAL ,G]MAN PHILOSOPHY ABROAD1 9 ,5GL& & ,SC&9AVIA1 & EV5 9 ,G]MANY ITSELF' -- AL?\< ?IS AT FIR/ ONLY 9VOLV$ ! REVISIONI/ ,KANTIAN ,M>XI/S :O W]E APPLY+ ! B\RGEOIS SLOGAN ',BACK TO ,KANT' TO ,M>XI/ !ORY4 ,I DESCRIB$ ! DIALECTICAL MAT]IALI/1 CRITICAL REVOLUTION>Y !ORY ( ,M>X & ,5GELS 9 ! #a#h#dS AS AN 'ANTI-PHILOSOPHY' :I* YET 9 ITSELF REMA9$ PHILOSOPHICAL4 ,IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO MAKE A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS ( ! F\R DECADES FROM #ahe TO #ahi TO %[ H[ ?IS 'ANTI-PHILOSOPHY' LAT] DEVELOP$ 9 TWO SEP>ATE DIRECTIONS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 SOCIALI/ 'SCI5CE' BECAME 'POSITIVE' & GRADUALLY TURN$ AWAY FROM PHILOSOPHY ALTOGE!R4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 A PHILOSOPHICAL DEVELOPM5T OCCURR$1 APP>5TLY 9 CONFLICT ) ! =M] BUT 9 FACT COMPLEM5T>Y TO IT4 ,?IS IS FIR/ TO BE F\ND 9 ! LATE #a#h#eS1 9 ! WRIT+S ( ,M>X & ,5GELS !MSELVES1 & !N LAT] 9 ?OSE ( !IR BE/ DISCIPLES -- ,LABRIOLA 9 ,ITALY & ,PLEKHANOV 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,ITS !ORETICAL *>ACT] MAY BE DEF9$ AS A K9D ( RETURN TO ,HEGEL'S PHILOSOPHY & NOT JU/ A RETURN TO ! ESS5TIALLY CRITICAL & REVOLUTION>Y 'ANTI-PHILOSOPHY' ( ! ,LEFT ,HEGELIANS 9 ! ,/URM UND ,DRANG P]IOD ( ! #a#h#dS4.<#e.> 

,?IS PHILOSOPHICAL T5D5CY ( ! LAT] !ORY ( ,M>X & ,5GELS IS NOT JU/ TO BE F\ND 9 ! ALT]$ ATTITUDE TO PHILOSOPHY 9 ,5GELS'S ,FEU]BA*4 ,IT ALSO HAD DEF9ITE IMPLICATIONS = ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ,M>XI/ ECONOMICS3 CLE> SIGNS ( ?IS >E ALREADY PRES5T 9 ,M>X'S #ahei ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY & 9 ,CAPITAL4 ,IT HAD EV5 MORE EVID5T CONSEQU5CES = ,5GELS'S SPECIAL TOPIC ( ! NATURAL SCI5CES3 !Y MAY BE SE5 9 HIS ,DIALECTICS ( ,NATURE & ,ANTI-,DUHR+4 ,GIV5 ALL ?IS1 ONE CAN ONLY REG>D ! ',G]MAN WORK]S' MOVEM5T' AS ! 'HEIR ( CLASSICAL ,G]MAN PHILOSOPHY' 9 SO F> AS IT 'ABSORB$' ,M>XI/ !ORY AS A :OLE1 9CLUD+ ITS PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS1 ) ! BIR? ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,BUT !SE >E NOT ! ISSUES RAIS$ BY ?OSE :O HAVE CRITICIZ$ ! ?REE P]IODS ,I \TL9$ 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,M>XISM4 ,!Y HAVE NOT TRI$ TO %[ ?AT ?IS P]IODIZATION WAS USELESS EV5 = ! SPECIFIC PURPOSES ( MY 9VE/IGATION4 ,!Y PREF] TO ACCUSE ME ( T5D+ TO PRES5T ! :OLE HI/ORY ( ,M>XISM AFT] #ahe 9 A NEGATIVE LI<T1 AS A S+LE1 L9E> & UNIVOCAL PROCESS ( DECAY SUFF]$ BY ! ORIG9AL REVOLUTION>Y !ORY ( ,M>X & ,5GELS -- NOT ONLY 9 ! DOMA9 ( ! RELATION ( ,M>XISM TO PHILOSOPHY1 BUT 9 EV]Y DOMA94.<#f.> ,!Y LOVE TO ATTACK ?IS POSITION1 ?\< ,I HAVE NEV] ADOPT$ IT4 ,!Y COMPETE ) EA* O!R 9 PO9T+ \T ! ABSURDITY ( A VIEW !Y !MSELVES HAVE 9V5T$ & ATTRIBUT$ TO ME2 ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS W]E RESPONSIBLE = ! DEG5]ATION ( !IR [N !ORY4 ,!Y NEV] TIRE ( PROV+ ! UND\BT$LY POSITIVE NATURE ( ! PROCESS ?AT L$ FROM ! ORIG9AL REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMUNISM ( ! ,MANIFE/O TO ! ',M>XISM ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL' & !N TO ! ,M>XISM ( ,CAPITAL & ! LAT] WRIT+S ( ,M>X & ,5GELS4 ,HAV+ FIR/ >GU$ ?AT ! LAT] ,M>X & ,5GELS MADE A SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,M>XI/ !ORY1 :I* NO ONE D5IES1 !Y 5D BY SLIPP+ 9TO A CLAIM ?AT ! ',M>XI/S ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL' MADE A 'POSITIVE' CONTRIBUTION TO IT TOO4 ,?IS IS :]E IT BECOMES OBVI\S ?AT !RE WAS A DOGMATIC PRECONCEPTION BEH9D !SE ATTACKS FROM ! \TSET1 ?\< !Y ALL PRET5D TO BE CONC]N$ ) ! HI/ORICAL ACCURACY ( MY ACC\NT ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,M>XISM AFT] #a#h#e4 ,:AT ?IS REALLY 9VOLVES IS A /RAI<T=W>D DOGMATIC DEF5SE ( ! TRADITIONAL & OR?ODOX !SIS ?AT ! !ORY ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL WAS BASICALLY ,M>XI/ ALL ALONG 7ACCORD+ TO ,KAUTSKY7 OR AT ANY RATE UNTIL ! 'ORIG9AL S9' ( #d ,AUGU/ #aiad 7ACCORD+ TO ! ,COMMUNI/S74 

,KAUTSKY IS ! CLE>E/ EXAMPLE ( OR?ODOX ,M>XI/ PREJUDICES AB\T ! REAL HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ,M>XISM4 ,= HIM1 IT IS NOT ONLY ! !ORETICAL METAMORPHOSES ( ! DIFF]5T ,M>XI/ T5D5CIES ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 BUT ! 'EXT5SION ( ,M>XISM UND]TAK5 BY ,M>X & ,5GELS ) ! ,9AUGURAL ,ADDRESS ( #ahfd & CONCLUD$ ) ,5GELS'S 9TRODUCTION TO ! NEW $ITION ( ,M>X'S ,CLASS ,/RUGGLES 9 ,FRANCE 9 #a#h#i#e' :I* 'BROAD5$' ,M>XISM FROM A !ORY ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9TO A '!ORY VALID NOT ONLY = REVOLUTION>Y PHASES BUT ALSO = NON-REVOLUTION>Y P]IODS'4 ,AT ?IS /AGE1 ,KAUTSKY HAD ONLY ROBB$ ,M>XI/ !ORY ( ITS ESS5TIALLY REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT]3 HE /ILL1 H[EV]1 PR(ESS$ TO REG>D IT AS A '!ORY ( CLASS /RUGGLE'4 ,LAT] HE W5T MU* FUR!R4 ,HIS MO/ REC5T MAJOR WORK1 ,! ,MAT]IALI/ ,CONCEPTION ( ,HI/ORY1 ELIM9ATES ANY ESS5TIAL CONNECTION BETWE5 ,M>XI/ !ORY & PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE :ATEV]4 ,HIS :OLE PROTE/ AGA9/ MY ALLEG$ '*>GE' ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS IMPOV]I%$ & BANALIZ$ ,M>XISM IS M]ELY A COV] = A S*OLA/IC & DOGMATIC ATTEMPT TO BASE HIS [N BETRAYAL ( ,M>XISM ON ! 'AU?ORITY' ( ,M>X & ,5GELS4 ,HE & O!RS ONCE MADE A PRET5SE ( ACCEPT+ ,M>XI/ !ORY1 BUT HAVE LONG S9CE D5ATUR$ IT \T ( RECOGNITION1 & HAVE N[ AB&ON$ ! LA/ REMNANTS ( IT4 

,YET IT IS EXACTLY H]E ?AT ! !ORETICAL SOLID>ITY ( ! NEW ,COMMUNI/S ) ! OLD ,M>XI/ OR?ODOXY ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY EM]GES4 ,COMMUNI/ CRITICS LIKE ,BAMMEL >GUE ?AT 9 MY WORK 'CONCEPTS LIKE 0! ,M>XISM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL0 >E OBSCUR$ BY AN EXCESSIVELY AB/RACT & S*EMATIZ$ PROBLEMATIC'4 ,?IS ACCUSATION CONCEALS A DOGMATIC ATTEMPT TO DEF5D ! ',M>XISM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL' :OSE SPIRITUAL LEGACY ,L59 & HIS COMPANIONS NEV] AB&ON$1 9 SPITE ( SOME ?+S !Y SAID 9 ! HEAT ( BATTLE4 ,AS ,COMMUNI/ '!ORETICIANS' T5D TO DO 9 SU* CASES1 ,BAMMEL AVOIDS TAK+ ANY RESPONSIBILITY HIMSELF = TRY+ TO RESCUE ! HONOR ( ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL ,M>XISM4 ,9/EAD HE HIDES 9 ,L59'S AMPLE %AD[4 ,HE TRIES TO EXPLA9 TO ! READ] :AT HE MEANS BY ATTACK+ ! ALLEG$LY 'AB/RACT & S*EMATIC' WAY 9 :I* ,M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY OBSCURES ! ',M>XISM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL'1 & HE DOES ?IS 9 /&>D S*OLA/IC FA%ION BY QUOT+ A S5T5CE ( ,L59 9 :I* HE ONCE ACKN[L$G$ ! 'HI/ORICAL CONTRIBUTION ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL' TO ADVANC+ ! MOD]N WORK]S' MOVEM5T4.<#g.> ,L59 WAS A GREAT TACTICIAN & HE MADE ?IS REM>K 9 A HI<LY COMPLEX TACTICAL SITUATION1 :5 HE WAS REF]R+ TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL'S PRACTICAL CONTRIBUTION & NOT TO ITS !ORETICAL ONE4 ,BUT ,BAMMEL /OPS %ORT ( HIS 9T5TION ( EXT5D+ ,L59'S PRAISE ( ! GOOD ASPECTS ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC PRACTICE TO ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC !ORY4 ,9/EAD ( DRAW+ ?IS CLE> CONCLUSION1 HE MUMBLES 9 'AN EXCESSIVELY AB/RACT & OBSCURE WAY' SOME?+ TO ! EFFECT ?AT 'IT W\LD NOT BE DIFFICULT TO %[ ?AT IT W\LD BE QUITE POSSIBLE TO SAY SOME:AT ! SAME ?+ AB\T ! !ORETICAL F\NDATION ( ,M>XISM'4 

,S9CE ,M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY ,I HAVE WRITT5 A /UDY ELSE:]E ( ! REAL HI/ORICAL NATURE ( ! ',M>XISM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL'4 ,:AT HAPP5$ WAS ?AT ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T REAWOKE & GREW /RONG] AS HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS *ANG$ OV] ! LA/ ?IRD ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY2 YET CONTR>Y TO :AT IS SUPPOS$1 IT NEV] ADOPT$ ,M>XISM AS A TOTAL SY/EM4' ,ACCORD+ TO ! IDEOLOGY ( ! OR?ODOX ,M>XI/S & ( !IR OPPON5TS1 :O %>E MU* ! SAME DOGMATIC GR\ND1 IT IS TO BE BELIEV$ ?AT ! :OLE ( ,M>XISM WAS ADOPT$ 9 BO? !ORY & PRACTICE4 ,9 FACT ALL ?AT WAS EV5 !ORETICALLY ADOPT$ W]E SOME ISOLAT$ ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL & SOCIAL '!ORIES'1 EXTRACT$ FROM ! G5]AL CONTEXT ( REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM4 ,!IR G5]AL MEAN+ HAD !REBY BE5 ALT]$2 & !IR SPECIFIC CONT5T USUALLY TRUNCAT$ & FALSIFI$4 ,! 5DLESS ASSEV]ATIONS ( ! RIGOR\SLY ',M>XI/' *>ACT] ( ! PROGRAM & !ORY ( ! MOVEM5T DO NOT DATE FROM ! P]IOD 9 :I* ! PRACTICE ( ! NEW ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC WORK]S' MOVEM5T APPROXIMAT$ MO/ TO ! REVOLUTION>Y & CLASS-COMBATIVE *>ACT] ( ,M>XI/ !ORY4 ,9 ?IS E>LY P]IOD ! 'TWO OLD M5 9 ,LONDON'1 & AFT] ,M>X'S DEA? 9 #a#h#h#c1 ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS ALONE1 W]E DIRECTLY 9VOLV$ 9 ! MOVEM5T4 ,P>ADOXICALLY1 !SE ASSEV]ATIONS DATE FROM A LAT] P]IOD :5 C]TA9 O!R T5D5CIES W]E GA9+ GR\ND 9 BO? TRADE UNION & POLITICAL PRACTICE1 :I* W]E ULTIMATELY TO F9D !IR IDEOLOGICAL EXPRESSION 9 'REVISIONISM'4 ,9 FACT1 AT ! TIME :5 ! PRACTICE ( ! MOVEM5T WAS MO/ REVOLUTION>Y1 ITS !ORY WAS ESS5TIALLY 'POPULI/' & DEMOCRATIC 7UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ,LASSALLE & ,DUHR+7 & ONLY SPORADICALLY ',M>XI/'4' ,?IS WAS ! RESULT ( ! IMPACT ( ! P]IODS ( ECONOMIC CRISIS & DEPRESSION 9 ! #a#h#gS ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL REACTION FOLL[+ ! DEFEAT ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE 9 #a#h#g#a1 ! ,ANTI-SOCIALI/ LAWS 9 ,G]MANY1 ! DEFEAT ( ! GR[+ SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,AU/RIA 9 #ahhd & ! VIOL5T SUPPRESSION ( ! MOVEM5T = AN EI<T-H\R DAY 9 ,AM]ICA 9 #a#h#h#f4 ,H[EV]1 ! #a#h#iS SAW A NEW 9DU/RIAL BOOM 9 ,EUROPE1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,G]MANY1 & !RE) ! FIR/ SIGNS APPE>$ ( A 'MORE DEMOCRATIC' USE ( /ATE P[] ON ! CONT95T ( ,EUROPE4 ,?IS PROCESS 9CLUD$ ! ,FR5* AMNE/Y = ! ,COMMUN>DS 9 #a#h#hO1 & ! LAPS+ ( ! ANTI-SOCIALI/ LAWS 9 ,G]MANY 9 #a#h#i4 ,9 ?IS NEW PRACTICAL CONTEXT1 =MAL AV[ALS ( ! ,M>XI/ SY/EM AS A :OLE EM]G$ AS A K9D ( !ORETICAL DEF5SE & METAPHYSICAL CONSOLATION4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ONE CAN ACTUALLY 9V]T ! G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,KAUTSKYIAN ',M>XISM' & ,B]N/E9IAN 'REVISIONISM'1 & DEF9E ,KAUTSKY'S OR?ODOX ,M>XISM AS ! !ORETICAL OBV]SE & SYMMETRICAL COMPLEM5T ( ,B]N/E9'S REVISIONISM4.<#a.> 

,9 ! LI<T ( ?IS REAL HI/ORICAL SITUATION1 ! COMPLA9TS ( OR?ODOX ,M>XI/ CRITICS AGA9/ MY WORK >E NOT ONLY UNJU/IFI$ BUT NULL & VOID4 ,I AM ALLEG$ TO HAVE A PR$ILECTION = ! 'PRIMITIVE' =M ( ! FIR/ HI/ORICAL V]SION ( ! !ORY ( ,M>X & ,5GELS1 & TO HAVE DISREG>D$ ITS POSITIVE DEVELOPM5T BY ,M>X & ,5GELS !MSELVES 1 & BY O!R ,M>XI/S 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,IT IS CLAIM$ ?AT ! ',M>XISM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL' REPRES5TS AN ADVANCE ON ORIG9AL ,M>XI/ !ORY4 ,YET 9 FACT IT WAS A NEW HI/ORICAL =M ( PROLET>IAN CLASS !ORY1 :I* EM]G$ FROM ! ALT]$ PRACTICAL CONTEXT ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 A NEW HI/ORICAL EPO*4 ,ITS RELATION%IP TO ! E>LI] OR LAT] V]SIONS ( ! !ORY ( ,M>X & ,5GELS IS V]Y DIFF]5T FROM1 & ESS5TIALLY MORE COMPLEX ?AN1 ! WAY IT IS PRES5T$ BY ?OSE :O TALK ( A POSITIVE DEVELOPM5T1 OR CONV]SELY ( A =MAL /AGNATION OR REGRESSION & DECAY ( ,M>X'S !ORY 9 ! ',M>XISM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL'4 ,M>XISM IS !RE=E 9 NO WAY A SOCIALI/ !ORY ?AT HAS BE5 'SUP]S$$' BY ! PRES5T \TLOOK ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 AS ,KAUTSKY MA9TA9S 7=MALLY HE REF]S ONLY TO ITS E>LI] V]SION1 ! 'PRIMITIVE ,M>XISM ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O'1 BUT ACTUALLY HE 9CLUDES ALL ! LAT] COMPON5TS ( ,M>X & ,5GELS'S !ORY AS WELL74 ,NOR IS ,M>XISM :AT IT WAS CLAIM$ TO BE BY ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CY )9 OR?ODOX ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,M>XISM AT ! />T ( ! ?IRD P]IOD T[>DS #ai OR :AT SOME ,M>XI/S /ILL CONSID] IT TO BE4 ,IT IS NOT A !ORY ?AT HAS MIRACUL\SLY ANTICIPAT$ ! FUTURE DEVELOPM5T ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T = A LONG TIME TO COME4 ,CONSEQU5TLY IT CANNOT BE SAID ?AT ! SUBSEQU5T PRACTICAL PROGRESS ( ! PROLET>IAT HAS1 AS IT W]E1 LAGG$ BEH9D ITS [N !ORY OR ?AT IT WILL ONLY GRADUALLY COME TO OCCUPY ! FRAMEWORK ALLOTT$ TO IT BY ?IS !ORY40 ,:5 ! ,S,P,D BECAME A ',M>XI/' P>TY 7A PROCESS COMPLET$ ) ! ,]FURT ,PROGRAM WRITT5 BY ,KAUTSKY & ,B]N/E9 9 #a#h#i#a7 A GAP DEVELOP$ BETWE5 ITS HI<LY >TICULAT$ REVOLUTION>Y ',M>XI/' !ORY & A PRACTICE ?AT WAS F> BEH9D ?IS REVOLUTION>Y !ORY2 9 SOME RESPECTS IT DIRECTLY CONTRADICT$ IT4 ,?IS GAP WAS 9 FACT OBVI\S1 & IT LAT] CAME TO BE FELT MORE & MORE ACUTELY BY ALL ! VITAL =CES 9 ! ,P>TY 7:E!R ON ! ,LEFT OR ,RI<T7 & ITS EXI/5CE WAS D5I$ ONLY BY ! OR?ODOX ,M>XI/S ( ! ,C5T]4 ,?IS GAP CAN EASILY BE EXPLA9$ BY ! FACT ?AT 9 ?IS HI/ORICAL PHASE ',M>XISM'1 :ILE =MALLY ACCEPT$ BY ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 WAS FROM ! />T NOT A TRUE !ORY1 9 ! S5SE ( BE+ 'NO?+ O!R ?AN A G5]AL EXPRESSION ( ! REAL HI/ORICAL MOVEM5T' 7,M>X74 ,ON ! CONTR>Y IT WAS ALWAYS AN IDEOLOGY ?AT HAD BE5 ADOPT$ 'FROM \TSIDE' 9 A PRE-E/ABLI%$ =M4 

,9 ?IS SITUATION SU* 'OR?ODOX ,M>XI/S' AS ,KAUTSKY & ,L59 MADE A P]MAN5T VIRTUE \T ( A TEMPOR>Y NECESSITY4 ,!Y 5]GETICALLY DEF5D$ ! IDEA ?AT SOCIALISM CAN ONLY BE BR\<T TO ! WORK]S 'FROM \TSIDE'1 BY B\RGEOIS 9TELLECTUALS :O >E ALLI$ TO ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4.<#a#b.> ,?IS WAS ALSO TRUE ( ,LEFT RADICALS LIKE ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG :O TALK$ ( ! '/AGNATION ( ,M>XISM' & EXPLA9$ IT BY CONTRA/+ ,M>X TO ! PROLET>IAT3 ! ONE HAD CREATIVE P[] BECAUSE HE WAS >M$ ) ALL ! RES\RCES ( A B\RGEOIS $UCATION1 :ILE ! O!R REMA9S TI$ TO '! SOCIAL CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE 9 \R SOCIETY'1 :I* WILL CONT9UE UNALT]$ ?R\<\T ! CAPITALI/ EPO*4.<#a#c.> ,! TRU? IS ?AT A HI/ORICAL FACT PROVIDES A MAT]IALI/ EXPLANATION ( ?IS APP>5T CONTRADICTION BETWE5 !ORY & PRACTICE 9 ! ',M>XI/' ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 & A RATIONAL SOLUTION = ALL ! MY/]IES :I* ! OR?ODOX ,M>XI/S ( ?AT TIME DEVIS$ TO EXPLA9 IT4 ,! FACT IS ?IS4 ,! WORK]S' MOVEM5T AT ?AT TIME =MALLY ADOPT$ ',M>XISM' AS ITS IDEOLOGY2 YET AL?\< ITS EFFECTIVE PRACTICE WAS N[ ON A BROAD] BASIS ?AN BE=E1 IT HAD 9 NO WAY REA*$ ! HEI<TS ( G5]AL & !ORETICAL A*IEVEM5T E>LI] ATTA9$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T & PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE ON A N>R[] BASIS4 ,?IS HEI<T WAS ATTA9$ DUR+ ! F9AL PHASE ( ! FIRS MAJOR CAPITALI/ CYCLE ?AT CAME TO AN 5D T[>DS #a#h#e4 ,AT ?AT TIME1 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T HAD A*IEV$ A PEAK ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,BUT IT !N CAME TO A TEMPOR>Y YET COMPLETE HALT1 & ONLY REVIV$ SL[LY1 AS CONDITIONS *ANG$4 ,M>X & ,5GELS HAD 9ITIALLY CONCEIV$ !IR REVOLUTION>Y !ORY 9 DIRECT RELATION TO ! PRACTICAL REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 BUT :5 ?IS DI$ D[N !Y C\LD ONLY CONT9UE !IR WORK AS !ORY4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ?IS LAT] DEVELOPM5T ( ,M>XI/ !ORY WAS NEV] JU/ ! PRODUCTION ( 'PURELY !ORETICAL' /UDY2 IT WAS ALWAYS A !ORETICAL REFLECTION ( ! LATE/ PRACTICAL EXP]I5CES ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE :I* WAS REAWAK5+ 9 V>I\S WAYS4 ,NEV]!LESS IT IS CLE> ?AT ! !ORY ( ,M>X & ,5GELS WAS PROGRESS+ T[>DS AN EV] HI<] LEVEL ( !ORETICAL P]FECTION AL?\< IT WAS NO LONG] DIRECTLY RELAT$ TO ! PRACTICE ( ! WORK]'S MOVEM5T4 ,?US TWO PROCESSES UNFOLD$ SIDE BY SIDE 9 RELATIVE 9DEP5D5CE ( EA* O!R4 ,ONE WAS ! DEVELOPM5T UND] NOVEL CONDITIONS ( ! OLD !ORY :I* HAD >IS5 9 A PREVI\S HI/ORICAL EPO*4 ,! O!R WAS ! NEW PRACTICE ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,IT IS ?IS :I* EXPLA9S ! LIT]ALLY 'ANA*RONI/IC' HEI<T :I* ,M>XI/ !ORY REA*$ & SURPASS$ 9 ?IS P]IOD1 G5]ALLY & PHILOSOPHICALLY1 9 ! WORK ( ,M>X1 ,5GELS & SOME ( !IR DISCIPLES4 ,?IS IS ALSO :Y IT WAS :OLLY IMPOSSIBLE = ?IS HI<LY ELABORATE ,M>XI/ !ORY TO BE EFFECTIVELY & NOT JU/ =MALLY ASSIMILAT$ BY ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T1 :OSE PRACTICE REAWAK5$ DUR+ ! LA/ ?IRD ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4.<#a#d.> 
,I,I,I 

,OR?ODOX ,M>XI/S1 :E!R ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS OR ,COMMUNI/S1 HAVE A SECOND MAJOR CRITICISM4 ,?IS CONC]NS MY !SIS 9 ,M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY ?AT !RE NE$S TO BE A NEW APPRAISAL ( ! RELATION BETWE5 PHILOSOPHY & ,M>XISM 9 ! ?IRD PHASE ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,M>XISM :I* BEGAN AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY4 ,9 ! P]IOD BE=E ?IS1 V>I\S TR5DS )9 ,M>XISM HAD NEGLECT$ & M9IMIZ$ ! REVOLUTION>Y PHILOSOPHICAL CONT5T ( ! TEA*+ ( ,M>X & ,5GELS -- A NEGLECT :I* TOOK V>I\S =MS BUT HAD A COMMON \TCOME4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ,M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY AIM$ TO RE-EMPHASIZE ?IS PHILOSOPHICAL SIDE ( ,M>XISM4 ,9 DO+ SO IT /OOD OPPOS$ TO ALL ?OSE GR\PS )9 ,G]MAN & 9T]NATIONAL ,M>XISM :I* HAD E>LI] APPE>$ AS CONSCI\SLY ,KANTIAN1 ,MA*IAN OR O!R PHILOSOPHICAL 'REVISIONS' ( ,M>XISM4 ,! MO/ PROM95T ( !SE TR5DS1 :I* DEVELOP$ AMONG ! DOM9ANT C5TRI/ GR\P )9 ,OR?ODOX ,M>XI/ ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 CAME MORE & MORE TO ADOPT AN ANTI-PHILOSOPHICAL1 SCI5TIFICO-POSITIVI/ CONCEPTION ( ,M>XISM4 ,EV5 SU* OR?ODOX REVOLUTION>IES AS ,FRANZ ,MEHR+ PAID TRIBUTE TO ?IS VIEW BY 5DORS+ ITS DISDA9 = ALL PHILOSOPHICAL 'FANTASIES'4 ,NEV]!LESS1 IT SOON BECAME CLE> ?AT MY CONCEPTION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TASKS ( PHILOSOPHY TODAY WAS IF POSSIBLE EV5 MORE ANTAGONI/IC TO A ?IRD TR5D4 ,?IS WAS A T5D5CY :I* HAD MA9LY EM]G$ FROM ! TWO FACTIONS ( ,RUSSIAN ,M>XISM & WAS N[ *IEFLY REPRES5T$ BY ! !ORETICIANS ( ! NEW ,BOL%EVIK ',M>XISM-,L59ISM'4 

,BO? ,GEORG ,LUKACS'S /UDIES ON DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM & ! FIR/ $ITION ( MY [N WORK APPE>$ 9 #a#i#b#c4 ,AS SOON AS !Y BECAME KN[N1 !Y W]E ATTACK$ ) EXTRAORD9>Y HO/ILITY BY ! ,P>TY PRESS 9 ,RUSSIA & EV]Y:]E ELSE4 ,?IS WAS MA9LY DUE TO ! FACT ?AT ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,P>TY1 UND] ! SLOGAN ( 'PROPAGAT+ ,L59ISM'1 HAD BY !N BEGUN !IR CAMPAIGN TO ',BOL%EVIZE' ! IDEOLOGY ( ALL ! NON-,RUSSIAN ,P>TIES ?AT BELONG$ TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4.<#a#e.> ,?IS CO9CID$ ) A %>P5+ ( ! /RUGGLE AMONG ,L59'S SUCCESSORS = ! LEGACY ( ,L59ISM 7:I* HAD BEGUN DUR+ HIS LIFETIME71 & ) ! EV5TS ( ,OCTOB] & ,NOVEMB] #aibc 9 ,G]MANY :I* CON/ITUT$ A MAJOR DEFEAT = ! POLITICAL PRACTICE ( 9T]NATIONAL ,COMMUNISM 9 ! ,WE/4 ,! C5TRAL ELEM5T ( ?IS ',BOL%EVIZ$' IDEOLOGY WAS A /RICTLY PHILOSOPHICAL IDEOLOGY ?AT CLAIM$ TO RE/ORE ! TRUE UNFALSIFI$ PHILOSOPHY ( ,M>X4 ,ON ?IS BASIS1 IT AIM$ TO COMBAT ALL O!R PHILOSOPHICAL T5D5CIES )9 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 

,AS IT MOV$ WE/W>DS1 ?IS ,M>XI/-,L59I/ PHILOSOPHY 5C\NT]$ ! WORKS ( ,LUKACS1 MYSELF & O!R ',WE/]N' ,COMMUNI/S :I* =M$ AN ANTAGONI/IC PHILOSOPHICAL T5D5CY )9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL ITSELF4 ,?IS !N L$ TO ! FIR/ REAL & DIRECT PHILOSOPHICAL DISCUSSION BETWE5 ! TWO REVOLUTION>Y TR5DS ?AT HAD DEVELOP$ )9 ! PRE-W> ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,!SE W]E UNIT$ ONLY SUP]FICIALLY 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 AL?\< !IR DISAGREEM5TS HAD HI!RTO BE5 CONF9$ TO POLITICAL & TACTICAL QUE/IONS4.<#a#f.> ,= C]TA9 HI/ORICAL REASONS TO BE M5TION$ BEL[1 ?IS PHILOSOPHICAL DISCUSSION WAS ONLY A WEAK E*O ( ! POLITICAL & TACTICAL DISPUTES ?AT ! TWO SIDES HAD CONDUCT$ SO FI]CELY SOME YE>S BE=E4 ,IT WAS SOON OBSCUR$ BY ! FACTIONAL DISPUTES ?AT FROM #aibe ONW>DS EM]G$ 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,P>TY & :I* W]E !N F\<T \T MOTE & MORE FI]CELY 9 ALL ! O!R ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES4 ,9 SPITE ( ?IS1 ! DISCUSSION DID HAVE A C]TA9 IMPORTANCE = A TIME )9 ! OV]ALL DEVELOPM5T4 ,= IT WAS A FIR/ ATTEMPT TO BREAK ?R\< :AT A ,RUSSIAN CRITIC1 :O WAS EXTREMELY WELL 9=M$ ON ! !ORETICAL SITUATION ON BO? SIDES1 CALL$ ! 1MUTUAL IMP5ETRABILITY' ?AT HAD HI!RTO PREVAIL$ BETWE5 ! IDEOLOGICAL POSITIONS ( ,RUSSIAN & ( ,WE/]N ,COMMUNISM4.<#a#g.> 

,LET US SUM UP ?IS PHILOSOPHICAL DISPUTE ( #aibd 9 ! IDEOLOGICAL =M ?AT IT TOOK 9 ! M9DS ( ?OSE :O P>TICIPAT$ 9 IT4 ,IT WAS A DISPUTE BETWE51 ON ! ONE H&1 ! ,L59I/ 9T]PRETATION ( ,M>X & ,5GELS'S MAT]IALISM.<#a#h.> :I* HAD ALREADY BE5 =MALLY CANONIZ$ 9 ,RUSSIA &1 ON ! O!R H&1 :AT W]E ALLEG$ TO BE VIEWS ?AT 'DEVIAT$' FROM ?IS CANON 9 ! DIRECTION ( IDEALISM1 ( ,KANT'S CRITICAL EPI/EMOLOGY & ( ,HEGEL'S IDEALI/ DIALECTIC4 ,!SE W]E ! VIEWS ( ,GEORGE ,LUKACS2 & A NUMB] ( O!R !ORETICIANS 9 ! ,G]MAN & ,HUNG>IAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES :O W]E REG>D$ ) V>Y+ DEGREES ( JU/ICE AS HIS SUPPORT]S4.<#a#i.> 

,9 ! CASE ( ,M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY1 ?IS ACCUSATION ( AN 'IDEALI/ DEVIATION' WAS P>TIALLY BAS$ ON ATTRIBUTIONS TO ! AU?OR ( VIEWS :I* HE HAD NEV] EXPRESS$ 9 HIS WORK3 9 SOME CASES HE HAD EXPLICITLY REJECT$ !M1 AS 9 ! CASE ( HIS ALLEG$ D5IAL ( ! 'DIALECTICS ( NATURE'4.<#b.> ,H[EV]1 ATTACKS W]E ALSO DIRECT$ AT VIEWS ?AT REALLY DID OCCUR 9 ,M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY1 & ESPECIALLY AGA9/ ITS REPEAT$ DIALECTICAL REJECTION ( 'NAIVE REALISM'4 ,! LATT] 9CLUD$ BO? 'SO-CALL$ S\ND COMMON S5SE1 ! WOR/ METAPHYSICIAN'1 & ! NORMAL 'POSITIVI/ SCI5CE' ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY2 IT ALSO 9CLUD$ ! SAD HEIR ( POSITIVISM TODAY1 NAMELY1 A VULG>-M>XISM ?AT IS DEVOID ( ANY PHILOSOPHICAL P]SPECTIVE4 ,= ALL !SE 'DRAW A %>P L9E ( DIVISION BETWE5 CONSCI\SNESS & ITS OBJECT' & 'TREAT CONSCI\SNESS AS SOME?+ GIV51 SOME?+ FUNDAM5TALLY CONTRA/$ TO ,BE+ & ,NATURE' 7AS ,5GELS PO9T$ \T AGA9/ ,DUHR+ AS E>LY AS #a#h#g#h74 

,BECAUSE ,I !N BELIEV$ ?AT ?IS VIEW WAS SELF-EVID5T TO ANY MAT]IALI/ DIALECTICIAN OR REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/1 ,I ASSUM$ RA!R ?AN SPELT \T ?IS CRITIQUE ( A PRIMITIVE1 PRE-DIALECTICAL & EV5 PRE-TRANSC5D5TAL CONCEPTION ( ! RELATION BETWE5 CONSCI\SNESS & BE+4 ,BUT )\T REALIZ+ IT ,I HAD HIT ON ! V]Y KEY TO ! 'PHILOSOPHICAL' \TLOOK :I* WAS !N DUE TO BE DISP5S$ FROM ,MOSC[ TO ! :OLE ( ! ,WE/]N ,COMMUNI/ WORLD4 ,9DE$ IT =M$ ! BASIS ( ! NEW OR?ODOX !ORY1 SO-CALL$ ',M>XISM-,L59ISM'4 ,! PR(ESSIONAL EXPON5TS ( ! NEW ,RUSSIAN ',M>XISM-,L59ISM' !N REPLI$ TO ?IS SUPPOS$LY 'IDEALI/' ATTACK BY REPEAT+ ! ,A,B,C ( ! 'MAT]IALI/' ALPHABET !Y HAD LE>N$ BY HE>T4.<#b#a.> ,?IS !Y DID ) A NAIVETE ?AT CAN ONLY APPE> AS A 1/ATE ( PHILOSOPHICAL 9NOC5CE' TO CORRUPT ',WE/]N]S'4 

,I ?9K ?AT ! SPECIFICALLY !ORETICAL DEBATE ) ,L59'S MAT]IALI/ PHILOSOPHY1 :I* ,L59'S EPIGONES HAVE FOLL[$ TO ! LETT] DESPITE GROTESQUE 9CONSI/5CIES & CRY+ CONTRADICTIONS 9 IT1 IS ITSELF ( SECOND>Y IMPORTANCE4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE :5 HE WAS ALIVE ,L59 HIMSELF DID NOT BASE ?IS PHILOSOPHY ON ANY ESS5TIALLY !ORETICAL =MULATION4 ,9/EAD1 HE DEF5D$ IT ON PRACTICAL & POLITICAL GR\NDS AS ! ONLY PHILOSOPHY ?AT WAS 'B5EFICIAL' TO ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT4 ,HE CONTRA/$ IT ) 'H>MFUL' SY/EMS D]IV$ FROM ,KANTIAN1 ,MA*IAN & O!R IDEALI/ PHILOSOPHIES4 ,?IS ATTITUDE IS CLE>LY EXPRESS$ 9 HIS 9TIMATE CORRESPOND5CE ON 'PHILOSOPHICAL' QUE/IONS ) ,MAXIM ,GORKI 9 ! YE>S FOLL[+ ! FIR/ ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#e4 ,?\< !Y W]E P]SONAL FRI5DS1 !Y DISAGRE$ PHILOSOPHICALLY & ,L59 TRI$ AGA9 & AGA9 TO P]SUADE ,GORKY ?AT 'A MEMB] ( ! P>TY HAS ! DUTY TO OPPOSE A P>TICUL> !ORY IF HE IS CONV9C$ ?AT IT IS COMPLETELY 9CORRECT & H>MFUL'1 & ?AT ! MO/ IMPORTANT ?+ TO DO 9 ! CASE ( SU* AN 'ABSOLUTELY UNAVOIDABLE /RUGGLE' IS 'TO 5SURE ?AT ! ESS5TIAL PRACTICAL WORK ( ! P>TY IS NOT IMPAIR$'4.<#b#b.> ,SIMIL>LY ! REAL IMPORTANCE ( ,L59'S MAJOR PHILOSOPHICAL WORK DOES NOT LIE 9 ! PHILOSOPHICAL >GUM5TS HE USES TO COMBAT & 'REFUTE' ! V>I\S IDEALI/ T5D5CIES 9 MOD]N B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPHY2 ( !SE ,KANTIANISM HAD 9FLU5C$ ! REVISIONI/ T5D5CY )9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T ( ! P]IOD1 :ILE ,MA*IAN 'EMPIRIO-CRITICISM' HAD 9FLU5C$ ! C5TRI/ T5D5CY4 ,! REAL IMPORTANCE ( ,L59'S WORK RE/S 9 ! EXTREME RIGOR ) :I* HE TRI$ 9 PRACTICE TO COMBAT & DE/ROY !SE CONTEMPOR>Y PHILOSOPHICAL TR5DS4 ,HE REG>D$ !M AS IDEOLOGIES ?AT W]E 9CORRECT FROM ! /&PO9T ( P>TY WORK4 

,ONE VITAL PO9T MU/ BE MADE H]E4.<#b#c.> ,! AU?OR ( ?IS SUPPOS$ RE/ORATION ( ! TRUE MAT]IALI/ PHILOSOPHY ( ,M>X WAS QUITE CLE> AB\T ! K9D ( !ORETICAL WORK ,M>X & ,5GELS HAD C>RI$ \T AFT] F9I%+ ONCE & = ALL ) ! IDEALISM ( ,HEGEL & ! ,HEGELIANS 9 ! #a#h#dS3.<#b#d.> ',!Y LIMIT$ !MSELVES 9 ! FIELD ( EPI/EMOLOGY TO CORRECT+ ! MI/AKES ( ,FEU]BA*1 TO MOCK+ AT ! BANALITIES ( ,DUHR+1 TO CRITICIZ+ ! MI/AKES ( ,BU*N]1 & TO EMPHASIZ+ DIALECTICS -- :I* IS :AT !SE AU?ORS1 :O W]E V]Y POPUL> 9 WORK+-CLASS CIRCLES1 LACK$ MO/ ( ALL4' ',M>X1 ,5GELS & ,DIETZG5 DID NOT BO!R AB\T ! BASIC TRU?S ( MAT]IALISM4 ,!SE W]E BE+ HAWK$ >\ND ! WORLD BY DOZ5S ( P$DL]S4 ,!Y CONC5TRAT$ ON PREV5T+ !SE BASIC TRU?S FROM BE+ VULG>IZ$ & SIMPLIFI$ TOO F>1 FROM LEAD+ TO 9TELLECTUAL /AGNATION 70MAT]IALISM BEL[1 IDEALISM ABOVE071 & ON PREV5T+ ! VALUABLE FRUIT ( ! IDEALI/ SY/EM1 ,HEGEL'S DIALECTIC1 FROM BE+ =GOTT54 ,!SE W]E ! GEMS :I* IDIOTS LIKE ,BU*N]1 ,DUHR+ & CO4 7AS WELL AS ,LECLAIR1 ,MA*1 ,AV5>IUS1 ETC47 W]E UNABLE TO EXTRACT FROM ! DUN<EAP ( ABSOLUTE IDEALISM4' ,TO PUT IT BRIEFLY3 A RESULT ( ! WAY EXI/+ HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS AFFECT$ ! PHILOSOPHICAL WORK ( ,M>X & ,5GELS WAS ?AT 1!Y T5D$ RA!R TO DI/ANCE !MSELVES FROM VULG>IZATIONS ( BASIC MAT]IALI/ TRU?S ?AN TO DEF5D !SE TRU?S !MSELVES'4 ,SIMIL>LY1 9 !IR POLITICAL WORK '!Y T5D$ MORE TO DI/ANCE !MSELVES FROM VULG> V]SIONS ( ! BASIC DEM&S ( POLITICAL DEMOCRACY ?AN ACTUALLY TO DEF5D !SE BASIC DEM&S'4 ,L591 H[EV]1 >GUES ?AT PRES5T HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS >E1 9 ?IS RESPECT1 COMPLETELY DIFF]5T4 ,HE & ALL O!R REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/S & MAT]IALI/S MU/ N[ MAKE IT A LEAD+ PRIORITY TO DEF5D1 NOT BASIC DEMOCRATIC POLITICAL DEM&S1 BUT ! 'BASIC TRU?S ( PHILOSOPHICAL MAT]IALISM' AGA9/ !IR MOD]N OPPON5TS 9 ! B\RGEOIS CAMP & !IR AG5TS 9 ! PROLET>IAN CAMP ITSELF4 ,!SE TRU?S MU/ BE DELIB]ATELY L9K$ TO ! REVOLUTION>Y B\RGEOIS MAT]IALISM ( ! SEV5TE5? & EI<TE5? C5TURIES1 & SPREAD AMONG ! MILLIONS & MILLIONS ( PEASANTS & O!R BACKW>D MASSES ?R\<\T ,RUSSIA1 ,ASIA & ! :OLE WORLD4.<#b#e.> 

,IT IS CLE> ?AT ,L59 IS NOT PRIM>ILY CONC]N$ ) ! !ORETICAL PROBLEM ( :E!R ! MAT]IALI/ PHILOSOPHY HE PROP\NDS IS TRUE OR UNTRUE4 ,HE IS CONC]N$ ) ! PRACTICAL QUE/ION ( ITS USE = ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT1 OR -- 9 C\NTRIES :]E CAPITALISM IS NOT FULLY DEVELOP$ -- ( ! PROLET>IAT & O!R OPPRESS$ CLASSES4 ,L59'S 'PHILOSOPHICAL' /&PO9T BASICALLY APPE>S1 !RE=E1 TO BE A SPECIFIC1 IF DISGUIS$ V]SION ( ! POSITION :I* 9 A DIFF]5T =M HAD ALREADY BE5 DISCUSS$ 9 ! FIR/ $ITION ( ,M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY4 ,?IS POSITION WAS /RONGLY CRITICIZ$ BY ,M>X AS A Y\NG MAN :5 HE WROTE ( ! 'PRACTICALLY-ORI5T$ POLITICAL P>TY :I* IMAG9ES ?AT IT CAN SUP]S$E PHILOSOPHY 79 PRACTICE7 )\T REALIZ+ IT 79 !ORY7'4 ,L59 DECIDES PHILOSOPHICAL QUE/IONS ONLY ON ! BASIS ( NON-PHILOSOPHICAL CONSID]ATIONS & RESULTS4 ,HE DOES NOT JUDGE !M ON ! BASIS ( !IR !ORETICAL & PHILOSOPHICAL CONT5T AS WELL4 ,9 SO DO+ HE COMMITS ! SAME MI/AKES AS ACCORD+ TO ,M>X ! 'PRACTICALLY-ORI5T$ POLITICAL P>TY 9 ,G]MANY' COMMITT$4 ,! LATT] BELIEV$ IT WAS ACCOMPLI%+ ITS JU/IFI$ AIM ( ! 'NEGATION ( ALL PHILOSOPHY' 79 ,L591 ( ALL IDEALI/ PHILOSOPHY7 BECAUSE 'IT TURNS ITS BACK ON PHILOSOPHY1 LOOKS 9 ! O!R DIRECTION & MUTT]S IRRITABLE & BANAL REM>KS AB\T IT'4.<#b#f.> 

,ANY DISCUSSION ( ,L59'S POSITION ON PHILOSOPHY & IDEOLOGY MU/ POSE ONE 9ITIAL QUE/ION ON :I* A JUDGM5T ( ,L59'S SPECIFIC 'MAT]IALI/ PHILOSOPHY' HAS TO DEP5D4 ,ACCORD+ TO A PR9CIPLE E/ABLI%$ BY ,L59 HIMSELF1 ?IS QUE/ION IS A HI/ORICAL ONE4 ,L59 >GU$ ?AT !RE HAD BE5 A *ANGE 9 ! :OLE 9TELLECTUAL CLIMATE :I* MADE IT NECESS>Y :5 DEAL+ ) DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM TO /RESS MAT]IALISM AGA9/ C]TA9 FA%IONABLE T5D5CIES 9 B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPHY1 RA!R ?AN TO /RESS DIALECTICS AGA9/ ! VULG>1 PRE-DIALECTICAL & 9 SOME CASES EXPLICITLY UNDIALECTICAL & ANTI-DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM ( B\RGEOIS SCI5CE4 ,! QUE/ION IS :E!R !RE HAD BE5 SU* A *ANGE4 ,:AT ,I HAVE WRITT5 ELSE:]E %[S ?AT ,I DO NOT ?9K ?IS IS REALLY ! CASE4 ,!RE >E SOME SUP]FICIAL ASPECTS ( CONTEMPOR>Y B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPHY & SCI5CE :I* APPE> TO CONTRADICT ?IS1 & !RE C]TA9LY >E SOME TR5DS :I* G5U9ELY DO SO4 ,NEV]!LESS ! DOM9ANT BASIC TR5D 9 CONTEMPOR>Y B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPHY1 NATURAL SCI5CE & HUMANITIES IS ! SAME AS IT WAS SIXTY OR SEV5TY YE>S AGO4 ,IT IS 9SPIR$ NOT BY AN IDEALI/ \TLOOK BUT BY A MAT]IALI/ \TLOOK ?AT IS COLOR$ BY ! NATURAL SCI5CES4.<#b#g.> ,L59'S POSITION1 :I* DISPUTES ?IS1 IS 9 CLOSE IDEOLOGICAL RELATION TO HIS POLITICO-ECONOMIC !ORY ( 'IMP]IALISM'4 ,BO? HAVE !IR MAT]IAL ROOTS 9 ! SPECIFIC ECONOMIC & SOCIAL SITUATION ( ,RUSSIA & ! SPECIFIC PRACTICAL & !ORETICAL POLITICAL TASKS ?AT SEEM$1 & = A %ORT P]IOD REALLY W]E1 NECESS>Y TO ACCOMPLI% ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT ! ',L59I/' !ORY IS NOT !ORETICALLY CAPABLE ( ANSW]+ ! PRACTICAL NE$S ( ! 9T]NATIONAL CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ! PRES5T P]IOD4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ,L59'S MAT]IALI/ PHILOSOPHY1 :I* =MS ! IDEOLOGICAL BASIS ( ?IS !ORY1 CANNOT CON/ITUTE ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAN PHILOSOPHY ?AT WILL ANSW] ! NE$S ( TODAY4 

,! !ORETICAL *>ACT] ( ,L59'S MAT]IALI/ PHILOSOPHY ALSO CORRESPONDS TO ?IS HI/ORICAL & PRACTICAL SITUATION4 ,LIKE ,PLEKHANOV1 HIS PHILOSOPHICAL MA/]1 & ,L4 ,AXELROD-,OR?ODOX1 ! LATT]'S O!R PHILOSOPHICAL PUPIL1 ,L59 WANT$ V]Y S]I\SLY TO BE A ,M>XI/ :ILE REMA9+ A ,HEGELIAN4 ,HE !REBY FL\T$ ! DIALECTICAL MAT]IALI/ \TLOOK ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS F\ND$ AT ! />T ( !IR REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T4 ,?IS \TLOOK WAS BY ITS V]Y NATURE UNAVOIDABLY #i PHILOSOPHICAL'1 BUT IT PO9T$ T[>DS ! COMPLETE SUP]SESSION ( PHILOSOPHY2 & IT LEFT ONE S+LE REVOLUTION>Y TASK 9 ! PHILOSOPHICAL FIELD1 :I* WAS TO DEVELOP ?IS \TLOOK BY TAK+ IT TO A HI<] LEVEL ( ELABORATION4 ,L59 REG>DS ! TRANSITION FROM ,HEGEL'S IDEALI/ DIALECTIC TO ,M>X & ,5GELS'S DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM AS NO?+ MORE ?AN AN EX*ANGE3 ! IDEALI/ \TLOOK ?AT LIES AT ! BASIS ( ,HEGEL'S DIALECTICAL ME?OD IS REPLAC$ BY A NEW PHILOSOPHICAL \TLOOK ?AT IS NO LONG] 'IDEALI/' BUT 'MAT]IALI/'4 ,HE SEEMS TO BE UNAW>E ?AT SU* A 'MAT]IALI/ 9V]SION' ( ,HEGEL'S IDEALI/ PHILOSOPHY 9VOLVES AT ! MO/ A M]ELY T]M9OLOGICAL *ANGE :]EBY ! ,ABSOLUTE 9/EAD ( BE+ CALL$ ',SPIRIT' IS CALL$ ',MATT]'4 ,!RE IS1 H[EV]1 AN EV5 MORE S]I\S VICE 9 ,L59'S MAT]IALISM4 ,= HE IS NOT ONLY ANNULS ,M>X & ,5GELS'S MAT]IALI/ 9V]SION ( ! ,HEGELIAN DIALECTIC2 HE DRAGS ! :OLE DEBATE BETWE5 MAT]IALISM & IDEALISM BACK TO A HI/ORICAL /AGE :I* ,G]MAN IDEALISM FROM ,KANT TO ,HEGEL HAD ALREADY SURPASS$4 ,! DISSOLUTION ( ! METAPHYSICAL SY/EMS ( ,LEIBNIZ & ,WOLFF BEGAN ) ,KANT'S TRANSC5D5TAL PHILOSOPHY & 5D$ ) ,HEGEL'S DIALECTIC4 ,!REAFT] ! ',ABSOLUTE' WAS DEF9ITIVELY EXCLUD$ FROM ! BE+ ( BO? 'SPIRIT' & 'MATT]'1 & WAS TRANSF]R$ 9TO ! DIALECTICAL MOVEM5T ( ! 'IDEA'4 ,! MAT]IALI/ 9V]SION BY ,M>X & ,5GELS ( ,HEGEL'S IDEALI/ DIALECTIC M]ELY CONSI/$ 9 FREE+ ?IS DIALECTIC FROM ITS F9AL MY/IFY+ %ELL4 ,! REAL MOVEM5T ( HI/ORY WAS DISCOV]$ B5EA? ! DIALECTICAL 'SELF-MOVEM5T ( ! IDEA'1 & ?IS REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( HI/ORY WAS PROCLAIM$ TO BE ! ONLY ',ABSOLUTE' REMA9+4.<#b#h.> ,L591 H[EV]1 GOES BACK TO ! ABSOLUTE POL>ITIES ( '?\<T' & 'BE+'1 'SPIRIT' & 'MATT]'1 :I* HAD =M$ ! BASIS ( ! PHILOSOPHICAL1 & EV5 SOME ( ! RELIGI\S1 DISPUTES ?AT HAD DIVID$ ! TWO CURR5TS ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T 9 ! SEV5TE5? & EI<TE5? C5TURIES4.<#b#i.> ,HEGEL1 ( C\RSE1 HAD ALREADY SURPASS$ !SE DIALECTICALLY4 

,?IS K9D ( MAT]IALISM IS D]IV$ FROM A METAPHYSICAL IDEA ( ,BE+ ?AT IS ABSOLUTE & GIV52 & DESPITE ALL ITS =MAL CLAIMS TO ! CONTR>Y IT IS NO LONG] FULLY DIALECTICAL LET ALONE DIALECTICALLY MAT]IALI/4 ,L59 & HIS FOLL[]S UNILAT]ALLY TRANSF] ! DIALECTIC 9TO ,OBJECT1 ,NATURE & ,HI/ORY & !Y PRES5T KN[L$GE M]ELY AS ! PASSIVE MIRROR & REFLECTION ( ?IS OBJECTIVE ,BE+ 9 ! SUBJECTIVE ,CONSCI\SNESS4 ,9 SO DO+ !Y DE/ROY BO? ! DIALECTICAL 9T]RELATION ( BE+ & CONSCI\SNESS &1 AS A NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE1 ! DIALECTICAL 9T]RELATION ( !ORY & PRACTICE4 ,!Y !REBY MANAGE TO PAY AN 9VOLUNT>Y TRIBUTE TO ! ',KANTIANISM' ?AT !Y ATTACK SO MU*4 ,NOT CONT5T ) ?IS1 !Y HAVE AB&ON$ ! QUE/ION ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! TOTALITY ( HI/ORICAL BE+ & ALL HI/ORICALLY PREVAL5T =MS ( CONSCI\SNESS4 ,?IS WAS FIR/ POS$ BY ,HEGEL'S DIALECTIC & WAS !N GIV5 A MORE COMPREH5SIVE ELABORATION BY ! DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM ( ,M>X & ,5GELS4 ,L59 & ?OSE LIKE HIM HAVE REVIS$ IT 9 A RETROGRADE WAY BY REPLAC+ IT ) ! MU* N>R[] EPI/EMOLOGICAL OR 'GNOSEOLOGICAL' QUE/ION ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! SUBJECT & OBJECT ( KN[L$GE4 ,NOR IS ?IS ALL4 ,!Y PRES5T KN[L$GE AS A FUNDAM5TALLY H>MONI\S EVOLUTION>Y PROGRESS & AN 9F9ITE PROGRESSION T[>DS ABSOLUTE TRU?4 ,!IR PRES5TATION ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 !ORY & PRACTICE 9 G5]AL1 & 9 P>TICUL> )9 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ITSELF1 IS A COMPLETE AB&ONM5T ( ,M>X'S DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM & A RETREAT TO A TOTALLY AB/RACT OPPOSITION ( PURE !ORY1 :I* DISCOV]S TRU?S1 TO PURE PRACTICE1 :I* APPLIES !SE LABORI\SLY DISCOV]$ TRU?S TO REALITY4 ',! REAL UNITY ( !ORY & PRACTICE IS A*IEV$ BY *ANG+ REALITY 9 PRACTICE1 ?R\< ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T BAS$ ON ! LAWS ( OBJECTIVE DEVELOPM5T DISCOV]$ BY !ORY' -- !SE >E ! WORDS ( ONE ( ,L59'S PHILOSOPHICAL 9T]PRET]S1 & HE HAS NOT DEP>T$ ONE IOTA FROM ! TEA*+S ( ! MA/]4 ,) !M1 ! GR&IOSE DIALECTICAL MAT]IALI/ UNITY ( ,M>X'S REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE COLLAPSES 9TO A DUALISM COMP>ABLE TO ?AT ( ! MO/ TYPICAL B\RGEOIS IDEALI/S4.<#c.> 

,!RE IS ANO!R 9EVITABLE CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS DISPLACEM5T ( ! ACC5T FROM ! DIALECTIC TO MAT]IALISM4 ,IT PREV5TS MAT]IALI/ PHILOSOPHY FROM CONTRIBUT+ TO ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! EMPIRICAL SCI5CES ( NATURE & SOCIETY4 ,9 ! DIALECTIC ME?OD & CONT5T >E 9SEP>ABLY L9K$4 9 A FAM\S PASSAGE ,M>X SAYS ?AT '=M HAS NO VALUE :5 IT IS NOT ! =M ( ITS CONT5T'4.<#c#a.> ,IT IS !RE=E COMPLETELY AGA9/ ! SPIRIT ( ! DIALECTIC1 & ESPECIALLY ( ! MAT]IALI/ DIALECTIC1 TO C\NT]POSE ! DIALECTICAL MAT]IALI/ 'ME?OD' TO ! SUB/ANTIVE RESULTS A*IEV$ BY APPLY+ IT TO PHILOSOPHY & ! SCI5CES4 ,?IS PROC$URE HAS BECOME V]Y FA%IONABLE 9 ,WE/]N ,M>XISM4 ,NEV]!LESS1 BEH9D ?IS EXAGG]ATION !RE LIES A CORRECT 9SI<T -- NAMELY1 ?AT DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM 9FLU5C$ ! PROGRESS ( ! EMPIRICAL /UDY ( NATURE & SOCIETY 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ABOVE ALL BECAUSE ( ITS ME?OD4.<#c#b.> 

,:5 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T & ITS PRACTICE CAME TO A HALT 9 ! #a#h#eS1 !RE 9EVITABLY DEVELOP$ AN 9CREAS+ GAP BETWE5 ! EVOLUTION ( PHILOSOPHY & ?AT ( ! POSITIVE SCI5CES1 BETWE5 ! EVOLUTION ( !ORY & ?AT ( PRACTICE3 ?IS HAS ALREADY BE5 EXPLA9$ 9 ,M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY4 ,! RESULT WAS ?AT = A LONG P]IOD ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y CONCEPTIONS ( ,M>X & ,5GELS SURVIV$ & DEVELOP$ MA9LY ?R\< !IR APPLICATION AS A DIALECTICAL MAT]IALI/ ME?OD TO ! EMPIRICAL SCI5CES ( SOCIETY & NATURE4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS P]IOD ?AT ONE F9DS /ATEM5TS1 ESPECIALLY BY ! LAT] ,5GELS1 =MALLY PROCLAIM+ 9DIVIDUAL SCI5CES TO BE 9DEP5D5T ( 'ALL PHILOSOPHY'1 & ASS]T+ ?AT PHILOSOPHY HAS BE5 'DRIV5 FROM NATURE & FROM HI/ORY' 9TO ! ONLY FIELD ( ACTIVITY LEFT TO IT3 '! !ORY ( ?\<T & ITS LAWS -- =MAL LOGIC & DIALECTICS'4 ,9 REALITY1 ?IS MEANT ?AT ,5GELS R$UC$ SO-CALL$ 'PHILOSOPHY' FROM AN 9DIVIDUAL SCI5CE ABOVE O!RS1 TO AN EMPIRICAL SCI5CE AMONG O!RS4.<#c#c.> ,L59'S LAT] POSITIONS MI<T APPE> AT FIR/ GLANCE TO BE LIKE ?AT ( ,5GELS1 BUT !Y >E 9 ACTUAL FACT AS DI/9CT AS NI<T & DAY4 ,5GELS CONSID]$ ?AT IT WAS ! CRUCIAL TASK ( ! MAT]IALI/ DIALECTIC TO 'RESCUE ! CONSCI\S DIALECTIC FROM ,G]MAN IDEALISM & TO 9CORPORATE IT 9 ! MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( NATURE & ( HI/ORY'4.<#c#d.> ,L59'S PROC$URE IS ! 9V]SE4 ,= HIM ! MAJOR TASK IS TO UPHOLD & DEF5D ! MAT]IALI/ POSITION :I* NO ONE HAS EV] S]I\SLY ?\<T ( QUE/ION+4 ,5GELS GOES ON TO MAKE A /ATEM5T ?AT IS 9 KEEP+ ) ! PROGRESS & DEVELOPM5T ( ! SCI5CES2 HE SAYS ?AT MOD]N MAT]IALISM :E!R APPLI$ TO NATURE OR HI/ORY 'IS 9 BO? CASES ESS5TIALLY DIALECTICAL & DOES NOT 9 ADDITION NE$ A PHILOSOPHY :I* /&S ABOVE ! O!R BRAN*ES ( KN[L$GE'4 ,L591 H[EV]1 9SI/5TLY C>PS AT 'PHILOSOPHICAL DEVIATIONS' ?AT HE HAS DISC]N$ NOT ONLY AMONG POLITICAL FRI5DS OR 5EMIES1 OR PHILOSOPHICAL IDEOLOGUES1 BUT EV5 AMONG ! MO/ CREATIVE NATURAL SCI5TI/S4.<#c#e.> ,HIS 'MAT]IALI/ PHILOSOPHY' BECOMES A K9D ( SUPREME JUDICIAL AU?ORITY = EVALUAT+ ! F9D+S ( 9DIVIDUAL SCI5CES1 PA/1 PRES5T OR FUTURE4.<#c#f.> ,?IS MAT]IALI/ 'PHILOSOPHICAL' DOM9ATION COV]S ALL ! SCI5CES1 :E!R ( NATURE OR SOCIETY1 AS WELL AS ALL O!R CULTURAL DEVELOPM5TS 9 LIT]ATURE1 DRAMA1 PLA/IC >TS & SO ON2 & ,L59'S EPIGONES HAVE TAK5 IT TO ! MO/ ABSURD L5G?S4 ,?IS HAS RESULT$ 9 A SPECIFIC K9D ( IDEOLOGICAL DICTATOR%IP :I* OSCILLATES BETWE5 REVOLUTION>Y PROGRESS & ! BLACKE/ REACTION4 ,UND] ! SLOGAN ( :AT IS CALL$ ',M>XISM-,L59ISM'1 ?IS DICTATOR%IP IS APPLI$ 9 ,RUSSIA TODAY TO ! :OLE 9TELLECTUAL LIFE NOT ONLY ( ! RUL+ ,P>TY1 BUT ( ! WORK+-CLASS 9 G5]AL4 ,!RE >E N[ ATTEMPTS TO EXT5D IT FROM ,RUSSIA TO ALL ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES 9 ! ,WE/1 & 9 ! RE/ ( ! WORLD4 ,!SE ATTEMPTS1 H[EV]1 HAVE PRECISELY %[N ! 9EVITABLE LIMITS TO ANY SU* >TIFICIAL EXT5SION ( ?IS IDEOLOGICAL DICTATOR%IP 9TO ! 9T]NATIONAL >5A \TSIDE ,RUSSIA1 :]E IT NO LONG] RECEIVES ! DIRECT CO]CIVE SUPPORT ( ! ,/ATE4 ,! ,DRAFT ,PROGRAM ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 ( ! ,FIF? ,COM9T]N ,CONGRESS ( #a#i#b#d1 CALL$ = A 'RIGOR\S /RUGGLE AGA9/ IDEALI/ PHILOSOPHY & AGA9/ ALL PHILOSOPHIES O!R ?AN DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM'1 :]EAS AT ! ,SIX? ,CONGRESS1 HELD F\R YE>S LAT]1 ! V]SION ( ! ,PROGRAM ?AT WAS F9ALLY ADOPT$ SPOKE 9 A MU* MORE G5]AL WAY ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ 'ALL MANIFE/ATIONS ( A B\RGEOIS \TLOOK'4 ,IT NO LONG] DESCRIB$ '! DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM ( ,M>X & ,5GELS' AS A MAT]IALI/ PHILOSOPHY1 BUT ONLY AS A 'REVOLUTION>Y ME?OD 767 = UND]/&+ REALITY ) ! AIM ( ITS REVOLUTION>Y OV]?R['4.<#c#g.> 
,I,V 

,IT IS ONLY REC5TLY ?AT ',M>XI/-,L59I/' IDEOLOGY HAS MADE SU* CLAIMS \TSIDE ,RUSSIA1 & ! *ANGE 9 ,COM9T]N POLICY ,I HAVE M5TION$ MAY 9DICATE ?AT !SE CLAIMS >E N[ GO+ TO BE AB&ON$4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! DEEP] PROBLEM ( ,L59'S 'MAT]IALI/ PHILOSOPHY' & ( ,M>XISM-,L59ISM HAS NOT BE5 RESOLV$4 ,! PROBLEM ( ,M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY MU/ BE REOP5$1 TOGE!R ) ! BROAD] ISSUE ( ! RELATION BETWE5 ! IDEOLOGY & ! PRACTICE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,?IS POSES A CONCRETE TASK 9 RELATION TO ,COMMUNI/ ',M>XISM-,L59ISM'4 ,A MAT]IALI/1 ?AT IS A HI/ORICAL1 CRITICAL & UNDOGMATIC ANALYSIS HAS ALREADY BE5 MADE ( ! *>ACT] ( ! ',KAUTSKYIAN' OR?ODOX ,M>XISM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,?IS MU/ N[ BE UNFL9*+LY EXT5D$ TO ! ',L59I/' OR?ODOX ,M>XISM ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL2 & IT MU/ BE APPLI$ TO ! :OLE HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIAN ,M>XISM & ITS RELATION TO 9T]NATIONAL ,M>XISM4 ,= ! ',M>XISM-,L59ISM' ( TODAY IS ONLY ! LATE/ (F%OOT ( ?IS HI/ORY4 ,IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO PROVIDE A MORE CONCRETE ELABORATION H]E4 ,ONE CAN ONLY 9DICATE A V]Y G5]AL \TL9E ( SU* A MAT]IALI/ ACC\NT ( ! REAL HI/ORY ( ,M>XISM 9 ,RUSSIA & ELSE:]E4 ,EV5 SO IT YIELDS A SOB]+ CONCLUSION4 ,RUSSIAN ,M>XISM1 :I* WAS IF POSSIBLE EV5 MORE 'OR?ODOX' ?AN ,G]MAN ,M>XISM1 HAD ?R\<\T ITS HI/ORY AN EV5 MORE IDEOLOGICAL *>ACT] & IF POSSIBLE WAS 9 EV5 GREAT] CONFLICT ) ! CONCRETE HI/ORICAL MOVEM5T ( :I* IT WAS ! IDEOLOGY4 

,TROTSKY'S P]CEPTIVE CRITICAL ANALYSIS ( #aih %[$ ?AT ?IS WAS TRUE ( ! FIR/ PHASE ( ITS HI/ORY4 ,! ,RUSSIAN 9TELLIG5TSIA HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 BR\<T UP 9 ! ,BAKUN9I/ 'SPIRIT ( A SIMPLE REJECTION ( CAPITALI/ CULTURE'1 & ,M>XISM S]V$ AS AN IDEOLOGICAL 9/RUM5T TO RECONCILE !M TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM4.<#c#h.> ,IT IS ALSO VALID = ! SECOND PHASE1 :I* REA*$ ITS CLIMAX 9 ! FIR/ ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#e4 ,AT ?AT TIME ALL REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/S 9 ,RUSSIA1 NOT LEA/ ,L59 & ,TROTSKY1 DECL>$ !MSELVES TO BE P>T ( '! FLE% & BLOOD' ( 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM & = !M ?IS MEANT OR?ODOX ,M>XISM4 ,ON ! O!R SIDE ,K>L ,KAUTSKY & HIS ,NEUE ,ZEIT W]E 9 COMPLETE AGREEM5T ) OR?ODOX ,RUSSIAN ,M>XISM ON ALL !ORETICAL QUE/IONS4 ,9DE$1 AS F> AS ! PHILOSOPHICAL F\NDATIONS ( ITS !ORY W]E CONC]N$1 ,G]MAN OR?ODOX ,M>XISM WAS MORE 9FLU5C$ BY ,RUSSIAN ,M>XISM ?AN ITSELF 9FLU5TIAL ON IT1 S9CE ! ,G]MANS W]E TO A CONSID]ABLE EXT5T UND] ! SWAY ( ! ,RUSSIAN !ORETICIAN ,PLEKHANOV4 ,?US A GREAT 9T]NATIONAL UNIT$ FRONT ( ,M>XI/ OR?ODOXY WAS ABLE TO SU/A9 ITSELF )\T MAJOR DIFFICULTY1 BECAUSE HI/ORICALLY IT WAS ONLY NECESS>Y = IT TO EXI/ 9 ! REALM ( IDEOLOGY & AS IDEOLOGY4 ,?IS WAS TRUE BO? 9 ! ,WE/ & 9 ,RUSSIA1 & 9 ,RUSSIA EV5 MORE ?AN 9 ,C5TRAL & ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,RUSSIAN ,M>XISM IS N[ 9 ITS ?IRD PHASE & IT /ILL EXHIBITS ! SAME IDEOLOGICAL *>ACT] & ! SAME 9EVITABLE CONCOMITANT CONTRADICTION BETWE5 A PR(ESS$ 'OR?ODOX' !ORY & ! REAL HI/ORICAL *>ACT] ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,IT F\ND ITS MO/ VIVID EXPRESSION 9 ,L59'S OR?ODOX ,M>XI/ !ORY & HIS TOTALLY UNOR?ODOX PRACTICE2.<#c#i.> & IT IS N[ C>ICATUR$ BY ! GL>+ CONTRADICTIONS BETWE5 !ORY & PRACTICE 9 CONTEMPOR>Y ',SOVIET ,M>XISM'4 

,?IS G5]AL *>ACT] ( ,RUSSIAN ,M>XISM HAS P]SI/$ )\T FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE 9TO ! ',SOVIET ,M>XISM' ( TODAY4 ,9VOLUNT>Y CONFIRMATION ( ?IS IS PROVID$ BY ! POSITION ( ! ABOVE-M5TION$ ,S*IFR91 A POLITICAL OPPON5T ( ! RUL+ ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY1 ON ! G5]AL PHILOSOPHICAL PR9CIPLES ( ,SOVIET ,M>XISM4 ,9 AN >TICLE 9 ,DIE ,GESELLS*AFT 7,I,V1 #g71 HE MADE :AT LOOK$ LIKE A FI]CE ATTACK ON ',SOVIET ,M>XISM'1 BUT FROM A PHILOSOPHICAL PO9T ( VIEW ?IS REALLY CONCEAL$ A DEF5SE ( IT4 ,HE CLAIMS ?AT ,SOVIET ,M>XISM 'WANTS TO MAKE A S9C]E ATTEMPT TO RE9=CE ,M>XISM 9 ITS MO/ CONSI/5T & OR?ODOX =M' AGA9/ DEG5]ATE 'SUBJECTIVI/' & 'REVISIONI/' T5D5CIES 7E4G4 'NEGLECT ( ! MA/]'S MO/ IMPORTANT /ATEM5TS'71 ?AT HAVE EM]G$ AS A RESULT ( ! 9SUP]ABLE DIFFICULTIES ?AT IT IS FAC+4 ,! SAME BIAS IS EV5 CLE>] 9 ANO!R >TICLE ( ,S*IFR9 9 ,DIE ,GESELLS*AFT ( ,AUGU/ #a#i#b#i4 ,9 ?IS1 ,S*IFR9 DISCUSSES ! LATE/ WORK BY ,K>L ,KAUTSKY1 ! LEAD+ REPRES5TATIVE ( ,G]MAN OR?ODOX ,M>XISM1 & AL?\< HE IS V]Y CRITICAL ( MO/ ( ,KAUTSKY'S 9DIVIDUAL POSITIONS1 HE GREETS ,KAUTSKY'S BOOK W>MLY AS ! BEG9N+ ( A 'RE/ORATION ( G5U9E ,M>XISM'4 ,HE ASSIGNS ,KAUTSKY ! 'IDEOLOGICAL MISSION' ( OV]COM+ ! V>I\S K9DS ( 'SUBJECTIVI/ DIS9TEGRATION ( ,M>XISM' ?AT HAVE REC5TLY APPE>$ 9 ! ,WE/ AS WELL AS 9 ',SOVIETIZ$ ,RUSSIAN ,M>XISM'1 & ( OV]COM+ ! 'IDEOLOGICAL CRISIS' ?AT ?IS HAS CAUS$ ?R\<\T ,M>XISM4.<#d.> ,! >TICLE IS P>TICUL>LY CLE> EVID5CE ( ! PHILOSOPHICAL SOLID>ITY ( ! :OLE OR?ODOX ,M>XI/ MOVEM5T D[N TO ?IS DAY4 ,9 HIS CRITIQUE ( CONTEMPOR>Y ,SOVIET ,M>XI/ ',L59ISM' & 9 HIS ATTITUDES TO CONTEMPOR>Y ',KAUTSKYISM'1 ,S*IFR9 COMPLETELY FAILS TO SEE ?AT BO? ( !SE IDEOLOGICAL V]SIONS ( OR?ODOX ,M>XISM HAVE EM]G$ FROM ! TRADITIONS ( E>LI] ,RUSSIAN & 9T]NATIONAL ,M>XISM4 ,TODAY !Y ONLY REPRES5T EVANESC5T HI/ORICAL =MS ?AT DATE FROM A PREVI\S PHASE ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,H]E1 9 ?IS ASSESSM5T ( ! *>ACT] ( ',M>XISM-,L59ISM' & ( ',SOVIET ,M>XISM'1 ONE CAN SEE ! FULL & FUNDAM5TAL UNITY ( \TLOOK BETWE5 ! OLD & ! NEW S*OOLS ( CONTEMPOR>Y OR?ODOX ,M>XISM3 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY & ,COMMUNISM4 ,IT HAS BE5 SE5 H[ ,COMMUNI/ !ORETICIANS REACT$ TO ,M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY BY DEF5D+ ! POSITIVE & PROGRESSIVE *>ACT] ( ! ,M>XISM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,N[1 9 ! P]IODICAL ( ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 ONE CAN SEE A ,M5%EVIK !ORETICIAN 5T]+ ! LI/S TO DEF5D ! 'G5]ALLY VALID' & 'COMPELL+' PHILOSOPHICAL FEATURES ( ! ,M>XISM ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,?IS 5DS MY ACC\NT ( ! PRES5T /ATE ( ! PROBLEM ( ,M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY -- A PROBLEM ?AT S9CE #aibc HAS BE5 *ANG$ 9 MANY WAYS BY NEW !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL DEVELOPM5TS4 ,! G5]AL \TL9ES ( MY EVOLUTION S9CE !N >E CLE> 5\<1 & ,I HAVE !RE=E REFRA9$ FROM CORRECT+ ALL ! DETAILS ( :AT ,I !N SAID 9 ! LI<T ( MY PRES5T POSITION4 ,9 ONLY ONE RESPECT DOES IT APPE> TO BE NECESS>Y TO MAKE AN EXCEPTION4 ,M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY >GU$ ?AT DUR+ ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION A 'DICTATOR%IP' WAS NECESS>Y NOT ONLY 9 ! FIELD ( POLITICS1 BUT ALSO ?AT ( IDEOLOGY4 ,?IS L$ TO MANY MISUND]/&+S1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! CASE ( ,KAUTSKY4 ,9 HIS REVIEW ( MY BOOK HE %[$ BO? ?AT LIE HAD MIS9T]PRET$ MY POSITIONS & ?AT HE HAD C]TA9 ILLUSIONS AB\T ! CONDITIONS PREVAIL+ 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,?US AS LATE AS #aibd HE /AT$ ?AT 'DICTATOR%IP 9 ! REALM ( IDEAS' HAD 'NEV] OCCURR$ TO ANYONE1 NOT EV5 TO ,Z9OVIEV & ,DZH]ZH9SKY'4 ,I N[ ?9K ?AT ! AB/RACT =MULATION ( ?IS DEM& 9 MY BOOK IS G5U9ELY MISLEAD+1 & ,I MU/ EMPHASIZE ?AT ! PURSUIT ( REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE BY :AT ,M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY CALL$ AN 'IDEOLOGICAL DICTATOR%IP' IS 9 ?REE RESPECTS DIFF]5T FROM ! SY/EM ( 9TELLECTUAL OPPRESSION E/ABLI%$ 9 ,RUSSIA TODAY 9 ! NAME ( ! 'DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT'4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 IT IS A DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT & NOT OV] ! PROLET>IAT4 ,SECONDLY1 IT IS A DICTATOR%IP ( A CLASS & NOT ( A P>TY OR P>TY LEAD]%IP4 ,?IRDLY1 & MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 AS A REVOLUTION>Y DICTATOR%IP IT IS ONE ELEM5T ONLY ( ?AT RADICAL PROCESS ( SOCIAL OV]?R[ :I* BY SUPPRESS+ CLASSES & CLASS CONTRADICTIONS CREATES ! PRECONDITIONS = A 'WI!R+ AWAY ( ! ,/ATE'1 & !REBY ! 5D ( ALL IDEOLOGICAL CON/RA9T4 ,! ESS5TIAL PURPOSE ( AN 'IDEOLOGICAL DICTATOR%IP' 9 ?IS S5SE IS TO ABOLI% ITS [N MAT]IAL & IDEOLOGICAL CAUSES & !REBY TO MAKE ITS [N EXI/5CE UNNECESS>Y & IMPOSSIBLE4 ,FROM ! V]Y FIR/ DAY1 ?IS G5U9E PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP WILL BE DI/+UI%$ FROM EV]Y FALSE IMITATION ( IT BY ITS CREATION ( ! CONDITIONS ( 9TELLECTUAL FRE$OM NOT ONLY = 'ALL' WORK]S BUT = 'EA* 9DIVIDUAL' WORK]4 ,DESPITE ! ALLEG$ 'DEMOCRACY' & 'FRE$OM ( ?\<T' 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 ?IS FRE$OM HAS NEV] BE5 5JOY$ ANY:]E BY ! WAGE SLAVES :O SUFF] ITS PHYSICAL & SPIRITUAL OPPRESSION4 ,?IS IS :AT CONCRETELY DEF9ES ! ,M>XI/ CONCEPT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,) IT DISAPPE>S ! O!RWISE APP>5T CONTRADICTION BETWE5 A CALL = 'IDEOLOGICAL DICTATOR%IP'1 & ! ESS5TIALLY CRITICAL & REVOLUTION>Y NATURE ( ! ME?OD & ! \TLOOK ( ,COMMUNISM4 ,SOCIALISM1 BO? 9 ITS 5DS & 9 ITS MEANS1 IS A /RUGGLE TO REALIZE FRE$OM4 

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,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,! ,PRES5T ,/ATE ( ! ,PROBLEM ( ',M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY' - ,AN ,ANTI-,CRITIQUE -- ,UPDAT$4 

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