,PREFACE TO ! ,SECOND ,$ITION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,PREFACE TO ! ,SECOND ,$ITION 

  

,?IS $ITION ( ,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY HAS BE5 SO RADICALLY REVIS$ & CORRECT$ ?AT 9 MANY RESPECTS IT IS A NEW BOOK4 ,I HAVE RETA9$ 9 MO/ ( !IR ESS5TIALS ! ESSAYS ?AT APPE>$ 9 ! FIR/ $ITION1 BUT ,I HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY ALT]$ MANY ( MY ORIG9AL =MULATIONS4 ,I HAVE ALSO ADD$ A NEW ESSAY1 0,HI/ORY1 ,CIVILIZATION1 & ,PROGRESS0 WRITT5 E>LY 9 #a#i#i#d1 :I* CRITICALLY EXAM9ES 9 G5]AL T]MS ! SOCIAL & E?ICAL RELATIVISM SO MU* 9 VOGUE TODAY4 

,MO/ ( ! ESSAYS 9 ?IS BOOK W]E WRITT5 AS POLEMICS1 DIRECT$ AGA9/ V>I\S T5D5CIES ?AT SURFAC$ 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ECOLOGY MOVEM5T 9 ! #a#i#hS4 0,T[>D A ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,NATURE10 PUBLI%$ 9 ,MI*AEL ,TOB9'S MISNAM$ COLLECTION1 ,DEEP ,ECOLOGY1 9 #aihe BUT WRITT5 ?REE YE>S E>LI] = ! J\RNAL ,TELOS1 WAS DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! !N-CURR5T 5?USIASM = TURN+ SY/EMS !ORY 9TO ECOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY4 0,FRE$OM & ,NECESSITY 9 ,NATURE10 PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,CANADIAN J\RNAL ,ALT]NATIVES 9 #a#i#h#f1 *ALL5G$ ! NEO-,D>W9IAN VIEW ( ! NATURAL WORLD FO/]$ BY A CLU/] ( V]Y CONV5TIONAL ECOLOGI/S & 9ITIAT$ MY CRITIQUE ( 0BIOC5TRISM40 0,?9K+ ,ECOLOGICALLY10 9ITIALLY PUBLI%$ 9 #aihg 9 ANO!R ,CANADIAN J\RNAL4 ,\R ,G5]ATION1 WAS WRITT5 TO CRITICIZE ! ,NEW ,AGE 0P>ADIGM0 ?AT WAS !N BE+ 9FLICT$ ON ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T1 AS WELL AS C]TA9 LEAD]S ( ,E>? ,FIR/61 :O W]E !N ADVANC+ A CRUDELY MISAN?ROPIC MESSAGE FROM !IR /RON<OLD 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,SUNBELT4 ,APPE>+ H]E 9 ! ORD] 9 :I* !Y W]E WRITT5 7EXCEPT = ! 9TRODUCTION71 !Y >E ?US SET 9 V]Y DI/9CT TIME FRAMES1 ) EMPHASES APPROPRIATE TO ISSUES ?AT HAVE EM]G$ OV] ! PA/ F\RTE5 YE>S4 ,I WI% TO ?ANK ALL PREVI\S PUBLI%]S ( !SE ESSAYS = !IR P]MISSION TO REPUBLI% !M1 BO? 9 ! ORIG9AL & 9 ?IS REVIS$ $ITION4 

,AL?\< TIMES HAVE *ANG$ S9CE !SE ESSAYS FIR/ APPE>$1 ! PROBLEMS !Y TRI$ TO ADDRESS >E /ILL ) US4 ,GREGORY ,BATESON'S VIEWS NO LONG] 5JOY ! PREEM95CE ?AT !Y DID 9 ! #a#i#hS1 = EXAMPLE1 BUT HIS SUBJECTIVISM & MANY ( HIS >GUM5TS PLAY$ A MAJOR ROLE 9 =M+ ! 9N]WORLDLY1 RELATIVI/IC1 & P]SONALI/IC ,ZEITGEI/ ( PRES5T ,NEW ,AGE IDEOLOGUES1 :ILE SY/EMS !ORY APPROA*ES /ILL SURFACE 9 MANY CURR5T !ORETICAL WORKS ON ECOLOGY4 ,FRITJ( ,CAPRA IS /ILL FO/]+ HIS ECLECTIC M$LEY ( SCI5CE & MY/ICISM1 ( ,PRIGOG9IAN SY/EMS !ORY & 0,CALI=NIA COSMOLOGY40 0,BIOC5TRISM10 ANTIHUMANISM1 DEEP ECOLOGY1 & NEO-,MAL?USIANISM HAVE BECOME EV5 MORE POPUL> ?AN !Y W]E :5 ,I WROTE 0,?9K+ ,ECOLOGICALLY40 ,NEW VIEWS HAVE MELD$ ) OLD] ONES3 TODAY1 IT IS PHILOSOPHICAL RELATIVISM & PO/MOD]NISM ?AT >E P]COLAT+ ?R\< ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T2 H5CE ! NEW CLOS+ ESSAY1 0,HI/ORY1 ,CIVILIZATION1 & ,PROGRESS40 ,9 REVIS+ ALL ! ESSAYS1 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO G5]AIIZE ! VIEWS EXPRESS$ 9 ! ORIG9AL V]SIONS TO MAKE !M AS RELEVANT AS POSSIBLE TO PRES5T-DAY DISCUSSION4 ,LET ME ADD ?AT )\T ! ASSI/ANCE & $ITORIAL 9SI<TS ( ,JANET ,BIEHL1 TO :OM ?IS BOOK IS D$ICAT$1 !SE REVISIONS W\LD HAVE BEE N DIFFICULT TO MAKE4 ,I W\LD ALSO LIKE TO EXPRESS MY ?ANKS TO ,NA?ALIE ,KLYM AT ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS = H] VALUABLE WORK 9 PRODUC+ ?IS BOOK4 

,TWO O!R *ANGES 9 ! PRES5T $ITION %\LD BE S+L$ \T4 ,FIR/1 ,I HAVE EXCIS$ FAVORABLE REF]5CES TO ! ,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL & ,!ODOR ,ADORNO4 LIKE ,LESZEK ,KOLAK[SKI1 ,I HAVE COME TO REG>D MU* ( ,ADORNO'S WORK AS 9TELLECTUALLY IRRESPONSIBLE1 WAYW>D1 & POORLY !ORIZ$1 DESPITE ! BRILLIANCE ( HIS /YLE 7AT TIMES7 & HIS (T5 9SI<TFUL EPIGRAMS4 ,?IS IS NOT TO REJECT HIS DEF5SE ( SPECULATIVE REASON AGA9/ POSITIVISM -- :I* WAS :AT 9ITIALLY ATTRACT$ ME TO HIS WORK & TO ! ,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL -- EV5 AS H IS WRIT+S EXUDE 5ORM\S PESSIMISM AB\T REASON & ITS DE/9Y4 

,SECOND1 ,I HAVE REMOV$ MY FAVORABLE ALLUSIONS TO IDEAS ?AT HAVE S9CE BECOME C5TRAL TO EC(EM9ISM4 ,! EXCIT+ *ALL5GE ?AT RADICAL FEM9ISM POS$ 9 ! E>LY #a#i#gS WAS ITS UNIV]SAL CONDEMNATION ( HI]>*Y AS SU*1 :I* APPEAL$ TO ME S9CE ,I MYSELF HAD MADE SU* A CONDEMNATION MORE ?AN A DECADE E>LI]4 ,EV5 9 ! LATE #a#i#gS1 :5 EC(EM9ISM EM]G$1 CLAIMS ( ! 09NATE0 SUP]IORITY ( FEMALES OV] M ALES & ( WOM5'S SUP]IOR EMOTIONAL & COGNITIVE ABILITIES1 & OPPOSITION TO 0LOGOC5TRISM10 W]E NOT YET PROM95T4 ,ONLY LAT] WAS EC(EM9ISM R$UC$ TO ! ANTIRATIONAL & CRUDELY VISC]AL LEVEL ( A ,/>HAWK1 :]E 9VOCATIONS ( MAGIC1 GODDESS WOR%IP1 & WIT*CRAFT BECOME 0FEM9I/0 WAYS ( ELUD+ REALITY4 ,TOO MANY EC(EM9I/S1 ALBEIT NOT ALL1 N[ T5D TO PRIVILEGE WOM5 OV] M5 COGNITIVELY & MORALLY1 :ILE ! ORIG9AL UNIV]SALI/ & EGALIT>IAN APPROA* ( ! FEM9I/ MOVEM5T HAS WI!R$ SIGNIFICANTLY4 

,:E!R ! READ] AGREES ) ALL MY VIEWS OR NOT1 !SE ESSAYS1 ,I BELIEVE1 >E REQUIR$ READ+ = ANYONE :O WI%ES TO UND]/& SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,!Y SEEK1 MORE SUGGE/IVELY ?AN EXHAU/IVELY1 TO E/ABLI% ITS PHILOSOPHICAL F\NDATIONS & MODES ( ?\<T4 7,LET ME 9SI/ ?AT !Y >E ! WORKS ( NEI!R A 0,HEGELIAN10 A 0NEO-,HEGELIAN10 NOR A 0PO/-,HEGELIAN10 TO USE CURR5T ACADEMIC J>GON1 BUT RA!R ( A DIALECTICIAN UPON :OM ,HEGEL EX]CIS$ A CONSID]ABLE 9FLU5CE47 ,A R\ND$ UND]/&+ ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY AS ,I HAVE =MULAT$ IT1 H[EV]1 ALSO REQUIRES A READ+ ( AT LEA/ TWO ( MY O!R BOOKS1 ,REMAK+ ,SOCIETY & ,URBANIZATION ,)\T ,CITIES1 :I* EXPLORE SOCIAL ECOLOGY'S HI/ORICAL & POLITICAL ASPECTS4 

,REC5T DEVELOPM5TS 9 QUASI-LEFTI/ SOCIAL ?9K+ HAVE OBLIG$ ME TO SIGNIFICANTLY ALT] ! WAY ,I CONCEIVE NATURE1 SOCIETY1 & REASON1 AS WELL AS HI/ORY1 CIVILIZATION1 & PROGRESS1 AS ! READ] WILL F9D 9 ! CLOS+ ESSAY4 ,ALL !SE WORDS HAVE A MULTIPLICITY ( MEAN+S1 BUT ! MEAN+S ?AT >E MO/ P]VASIVE TODAY >E NOT ! ONES ?AT ,I 9T5D :5 ,I USE !SE WORDS4 ,N[ADAYS1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T MO/ (T5 REG>DS NATURE EI!R AS A 0SOCIAL CON/RUCTION0 OR A 0WILD]NESS0 ( ONE SORT OR ANO!R1 :ILE O!RS SEE SOCIETY AS ANY AGGREGATION ( LIFE-=MS1 9CLUD+ FLOCKS ( BIRDS & H]DS ( DE]4 ,BO? )9 & )\T ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T1 REASON IS REG>D$ AS A M5TAL SKILL1 HI/ORY AS A M]E SUCCESSION ( EV5TS1 CIVILIZATION AS A ,EUROC5TRIC PREJUDICE1 & PROGRESS AS A MY?4 ,YE>S ( GIVE-&-TAKE ) BO? SUPPORT]S & OPPON5TS ( MY VIEWS HAVE OBLIG$ ME TO SL[LY BUT CONSCI\SLY GIVE !SE WORDS A MORE SPECIFIC PHILOSOPHICAL MEAN+ ?AN !Y HAVE 9 CONV5TIONAL DISC\RSE4 ,SOME ( !SE *ANGES >E DISCUSS$ 9 ! NEW 9TRODUCTION TO ! ,BLACK ,ROSE $ITION ( ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM2 O!RS REQUIRE ELUCIDATION H]E4 

,AS ,I EXPLA9 9 ! 9TRODUCTION TO ?IS BOOK4 ,NATURE PROP]LY 5COMPASSES EV]Y?+ >\ND US1 FROM ! ORGANIC BE+S ?AT WE NORMALLY DESIGNATE AS 0NATURAL0 TO ! LIFELESS MOON ?AT APPE>S ON RELATIVELY CL\DLESS NI<TS -- ?AT IS1 ! TOTALITY ( ,BE+4 ,H[EV]1 IF WE >E TO USE ! WORD ,NATURE 9 ANY MORE SPECIFIC S5SE1 WE %\LD USE AN ADJECTIVE BE=E IT TO DESCRIBE :AT ASPECT ( 0NATURE0 WE >E TALK+ AB\T -- SOME?+ ?AT ,I (T5 DID NOT DO 9 !SE ESSAYS1 [+ TO ! TIME P]IOD 9 :I* !Y W]E WRITT54 ,! READ] :O 5C\NT]S ! WORD  
NATURE H]E91 UNMODIFI$ BY ANY ADJECTIVE1 %\LD N[ TAKE IT TO REF] TO MY NOTION ( 0FIR/ NATURE10 OR ! CUMULATIVE EVOLUTION ( ! NATURAL WORLD1 ESPECIALLY ! ORGANIC WORLD4 ,?IS FIR/ NATURE EXI/S 9 BO? CONT9UITY & DISCONT9UITY ) 0SECOND NATURE10 OR ! EVOLUTION ( SOCIETY4 ,AS ,I DISCUSS 9 SOME DETAIL 9 0,?9K+ ,ECOLOGICALLY10 SECOND NATURE DEVELOPS BO? 9 CONT9UITY ) FIR/ NATURE & AS ITS ANTI!SIS1 UNTIL ! TWO >E SUBB$ 9TO 0FREE NATURE0 OR 0,NATURE0 R5D]$ SELF-CONSCI\S 9 A RATIONAL & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 

,SOCIETY1 9 TURN1 IS MORE ?AN M]E CONSOCIATION OR COMMUNITY4 ,IT IS 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ COMMUNITY1 /RUCTUR$ A RO UND MUTABLE ORGANIZATIONAL =MS ?AT MAY RANGE FROM TOTALIT>IAN DESPOTISM TO LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM4 ,AS SU*1 SOCIETY IS SPECIFIC TO HUMAN BE+S2 9DE$1 AN EXPRESSION LIKE 0SOCIAL 9SECTS0 IS1 FROM MY /&PO9T1 NONS5SICAL & OXYMORONIC1 CONFLAT+ A FIX$1 G5ETICALLY PROGRAMM$ AGGREGATION ( ANIMALS ) ! DEVELOPM5TALLY /RUCTUR$ CONSOCIATION ( HUMANS4 ,AS = REASON & RATIONALITY1 :5 ,I USE !SE T]MS )\T ANY QUALIFY+ ADJECTIVE1 ,I MEAN DIALECTICAL REASON1 A SECUL> DIALECTICAL LOGOS1 AS CONTRA/$ ) 9/RUM5TAL OR CONV5TIONAL REASON1 AN ORD9>Y M5TAL SKILL4 ,HI/ORY1 AS ,I >GUE 9 ! F9AL ESSAY1 IS ! CULTURAL & SOCIAL UNFOLD+ ( REASON1 NOT SIMPLY A SUCCESSION ( EV5TS OV] TIME1 = :I* ,I RES]VE ! WORD ,*RONICLES4 ,CIVILIZATION IS ! ACTUALIZATION 9 V>Y+ DEGREES ( HI/ORICAL UNFOLD+1 :ILE  
,PROGRESS IS1 MORE LOOSELY1 ! SELF-DIRECTIVE ACTIVITY ( ,HI/ORY & ,CIVILIZATION T[>D 9CREAS+ RATIONALITY1 FRE$OM1 & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS 9 RELATION%IPS BETWE5 HUMAN & HUMAN1 & 9 ! RELATION%IP ( HUMANITY TO ! NATURAL WORLD4 

,LET ME /ATE AS CLE>LY & FIRMLY AS POSSIBLE ?AT ,I DO NOT REG>D ,HI/ORY & ,PROGRESS AS UNIL9E>1 9EVITABLE1 TELEOLOGICAL1 OR 9 ANY S5SE PR$ET]M9$4 ,! P[] ( SPECULATIVE REASON TO LOGICALLY PROJECT BEYOND ! GIV5 9TO :AT IS YET TO COME IF HUMANITY ACTS RATIONALLY -- A P[] ?AT IS ONE ( \R HI<E/  
HUMAN ATTRIBUTES -- DOES NOT MEAN ?AT :AT RATIONALLY 0%\LD BE0 WILL 9DE$ NECESS>ILY 0BE40 ,TO CON/ITUTE ! ALL-IMPORTANT /&>D BY :I* WE MAY JUDGE ! RATIONALITY ( A SOCIETY IS A FIRMLY HELD FUNCTION ( DIALECTICAL REASON4 ,WE W\LD LOSE \RSELVES 9 A QUAGMIRE ( SOLIPSI/IC RELATIVISM IF WE W]E TO ABDICATE ! P[] ( REASON TO 0JUDGE0 ,HI/ORY1 ,CIVILIZATION1 & ,PROGRESS4 ,EV5 ! MO/ DY$-9-!-WOOL ANTIRATIONALI/S & RELATIVI/S EX]CISE ?IS P[]1 IRRESPECTIVE ( !IR CONVICTIONS AGA9/ DO+ SO4 ,AS ANY ?9K+ P]SON W\LD AGREE1 PEOPLE DO 9DE$ IMAG9E ! WORLD AS IT MI<T BE1 9 CONTRA/ TO :AT IT IS 9 REALITY1 EV5 9 !IR DAYDREAMS4 ,!Y DO HAVE ! WILDE/ FANTASIES AB\T !IR CULTURE & ITS 5VIRONM5T4 ,& !Y DO HOLD ! MO/ SEEM+LY UNREALI/IC CON/ELLATIONS ( IMAGES & 0PATT]NS ( CULTURE0 AB\T BASIC ASPECTS ( !IR EXP]I5CE4 ,NONE ( ?IS DO ,I D5Y -- QUITE ! CONTR>Y1 HUMANITY'S CONT9UAL /RUGGLE ) ITS IMAG9ATION LIES AT ! V]Y HE>T ( ! T5SIONS )9 E>LY SOCIETY1 :I* 9 TURN HAS HI/ORICALLY L$ TO V>Y+ DEGREES ( RATIONAL SELF-UND]/&+ AS WELL AS FRI<T5+1 (T5 ATAVI/IC REGRESSIONS4 

,GIV5 !SE OBS]VATIONS1 IT W\LD BE SIMPLI/IC & ONE-SID$ TO IGNORE ! MORAL & CULTURAL P>ADOXES EMB$D$ 9 SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,HUMANITY DID NOT EM]GE AB NOVO1 )\T ROOTS 9 ANIMAL EVOLUTION4 ,! HUMAN BE+ HAS BE5 & /ILL IS AN ANIMAL ) EMOTIONAL /ATES ?AT >E ANIMALI/IC1 LIKE 0FI<T & FLI<T0 REACTIONS & TORM5T+LY BASIC FE>S4 ,BUT HUMANS >E ALSO ANIMALS ( A V]Y SPECIAL K9D3 WE >E HI<LY 9TELLIG5T BY COMP>ISON ) O!R SPECIES -- 9DE$1 QUALITATIVELY SO -- & AS SU*1 WE HAVE ! ABILITY NOT ONLY TO ADAPT TO \R 5VIRONM5TS BUT 9T5TIONALLY TO ALT] !M SIGNIFICANTLY4 ,9 %ORT1 WE CAN DO M ORE ?AN ADAPT2 WE CAN 9NOVATE1 AL?\< WE DO NOT ALWAYS 9NOVATE WILL+LY IF WE CAN SURVIVE 9 A GIV5 5VIRONM5T )\T DO+ SO4 

,\R 9TELLIG5CE IS ALSO HI<LY PROBLEMATIC4 ,IT MAKES NOT ONLY = 9NOVATION BUT = =ESI<T1 FANTASY1 IMAG9ATION1 CREATIVITY -- & CRUELTY4 ,9DE$1 MU* P]SONAL & SOCIAL IRRATIONALITY /EMS FROM ! 9T5TIONALLY1 WILL1 SELF-ASS]TIV5ESS1 & FANTASIES ( \R ANIMALITY 9=M$ BY \R 9TELLIG5CE4 ,AS ,M>X SUGGE/$1 WE /ILL LIVE 9 PREHI/ORY & HAVE YET TO F9D \R WAY T[>D A SELF-CONSCI\S1 HUMANE1 COOP]ATIVE1 & EMPA!TIC SOCIAL LIFE4 ,) \R ANIMALI/IC AS WELL AS HUMAN ATTRIBUTES1 WE EVOLVE 9 AN EV]-*ANG+ WORLD & FACE />K PROBLEMS ( SURVIVAL & WELL-BE+4 ,AP>T FROM ?OSE PEOPLE :O 9HABIT PLACES ) B5IGN PHYSIOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS1 WE >E SUBJECT TO MAT]IAL 9SECURITY1 CONTE/+ WILLS1 *ALL5GES TO \R S5SE ( SELF & SELF-REG>D1 FE>S ( DISEASE1 DIM9I%+ PHYSICAL P[]S ) AGE1 FRI<T5+ DREAMS1 & SO =?4 ,WE ADDRESS !SE ABID+ PROBLEMS ) RELATIVELY DEVELOP$ M9DS ?AT >E /ILL 5CAS$1 AS IT W]E1 9 EXTREMELY POT5T ANIMAL ATTRIBUTES4 

,HI/ORY IS ! PA9FUL MOVEM5T ( HUMAN BE+S 9 EXTRICAT+ !MSELVES FROM ANIMAL EXI/5CE1 ( ! EM]G5CE ( T5SIONS FROM A COMB9ATION ( NONHUMAN & HUMAN ATTRIBUTES1 & ( PROGRESSIVELY ADVANC+ T[>D A MORE UNIV]SALLY HUMAN /ATE ( AFFAIRS1 H[EV] IRREGUL> OR UN/EADY ?IS ADVANCE MAY BE4 ,! PROBLEMS ?AT HUMANS RETA9 FROM E>LY SOCIETY CONT9UE TO EXI/ 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R TO ?IS DAY1 & !IR RESOLUTION 9 P>T OR :OLE IS ONE ( ! MEAN+FUL GOALS ( ,HI/ORY1 EV5 AS NEW PROBLEMS >ISE OV] ! C\RSE ( TIME4 ,NOR IS !RE ANY C]TA9TY ?AT !SE PROBLEMS WILL BE RESOLV$4 ,A DESC5T 9TO B>B>ISM -- A PROBLEMATIC ?AT ,M>XI/S W]E RAIS+ DUR+ ! GRIMME/ YE>S ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I -- IS JU/ AS POSSIBLE AS ! ATTA9M5T ( A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 

,BUT TO D5Y1 BECAUSE ( SU* />KLY CONFLICT+ ALT]NATIVES 9 SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 ?AT !RE >E RATIONAL CRIT]IA BY :I* WE MAY JUDGE ?AT ,PROGRESS IS MYOPIC1 OR EV5 ?AT ,PROGRESS HAS OCCURR$1 IS SELF-DECEPTIVE4 ,IT IS ALL TOO EASY TO REBUKE ,HI/ORY IF ONE M9IMIZES ! G5U9E ADVANCES ?AT HAVE BE5 MADE 9 CULTURE1 SOCIAL RELATIONS1 & TE*NICS4 ,ALL D\BTS AB\T ,HI/ORY1 ,CIVILIZATION1 & ,PROGRESS ASIDE1 IT IS UND5IABLE ?AT WE HAVE DIVE/$ \RSELVES ( MANY ( ! K9%IP TIES ?AT P>O*IALIZ$ US 9TO TRIBAL GR\PS1 & ?AT WE HAVE ACCEPT$ -- ALBEIT ) MANY QUALIFICATIONS -- \R /ATUS AS A HUMAN SPECIES RA!R ?AN AS A FOLK4 ,WE HAVE CREAT$ CITIES ?AT >E OP5 TO /RANG]S1 WE HAVE ADVANC$ TE*NOLOGY TO ! PO9T ?AT A SUFFICI5CY 9 ! MEANS ( LIFE C\LD BE AVAILABLE TO ALL 9 A RATIONAL SOCIETY1 & WE HAVE 9CREAS$ \R KN[L$GE ( ! NATURAL WORLD TO ALMO/ SUBLIME PROPORTIONS4 ,NOT ONLY DO WE KILL EA* O!R ) T]RIFY+ BRUTALITY1 GIV5 \R COMB9ATION ( ANIMALITY ) 9TELLIG5CE1 BUT WE HELP EA* O!R ON A MASSIVE SCALE ) EXTRAORD9>Y S5SITIVITY4 

,H]E1 ,I BELIEVE1 WE >E OBLIG$ TO MAKE A S]I\S DECISION AB\T H[ WE LOOK AT ! PA/4 ,EI!R WE WILL RELATIVIZE ,HI/ORY BY EMPHASIZ+ ! P[] ( ! IRRATIONAL OV] HUMAN BEHAVIOR & ! 5DLESS DIFF]5CES ?AT DI/+UI% CULTURES FROM ONE ANO!R2 OR WE WILL EMPHASIZE ! REM>KABLE COH]5CE ( V>I\S CULTURES & G5]ALIZE FROM !IR SIMIL>ITIES1 EV5 AS WE APPRECIATE !IR DIFF]5CES4 ,*OOS+ ! FIR/ ALT]NATIVE W\LD ULTIMATELY DIM9I% SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T TO A DISCONNECT$ >*IPELAGO ( :OLLY UNIQUE CULTURES :OSE ONLY ,COH]5CE IS PSY*OSOCIAL & 9T]NAL2 :ILE ! SECOND ALT]NATIVE W\LD ALL[ = A DIALECTICALLY RATIONAL UND]/&+ ( ,HI/ORY & A GR\ND = E?ICS4 ,IF \R ANIMALI/IC CAPACITY = IRRATIONAL BEHAVIOR GA9S PRIORITY OV] \R HUMANI/IC POT5TIALITY TO ACT RATIONALLY1 & IF SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T BECOMES ONLY AN 5SEMBLE (  
,*RONICLES 7IF EV5 ?AT7 RA!R ?AN A ,HI/ORY ( MATURATION1 !RE IS NO BASIS = /RIV+ TO A*IEVE A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 

,:AT1 !N1 ( ?OSE SOCIAL FAILURES1 AB]RATIONS1 HORRORS1 & BREAKD[NS ?AT BELIE HUMANITY'S UNIL9E> PROGRESS T[>D ,CIVILIZATION & FRE$OM8.<#a.> ,)\T 9 ANY WAY UND]/AT+ ?IS PROBLEMATIC1 WE MU/ BE W>Y ( OV]/AT+ IT BY DISSOLV+ SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T 9 PSY*OSOCIAL 9T]PRETATIONS1 !REBY M9IMIZ+ ! V]Y REALITY ( SOCIAL MATURATION AS SU*4 ,!RE HAS BE5 A HI/ORICAL SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 ALL ITS MANY SETBACKS NOT)/&+1 SETBACKS ?AT CAN 9 P>T BE ATTRIBUT$ TO ELITES ( AGONI/IC M5 :OSE P[] GAVE !M ! SCOPE TO PLAY \T !IR DE/RUCTIVE FANTASIES1 IMPULSES1 & DESIGNS ON A L>GE SOCIAL /AGE4 ,9 !IR ACTIVITIES !Y HAVE 0GONE TOO F>0 SO TO SPEAK1 DEMONICALLY PU%+ CULTURES BEYOND ! RATIONAL FRAMEWORK ( !IR HI/ORICAL TIME4 ,SU* DI/ORTIONS BECOME ESPECIALLY PROBLEMATICAL DUR+ TIMES ( TRANSITION1 :5 E/ABLI%$ SOCIAL =MATIONS >E BE+ NEGAT$ & NEW ONES >E EM]G+ ) UNC]TA9TY & AMBIGUITY4 ,?IS OV]EXT5SION ( ! 0NEGATIVE0 7TO USE ,HEGEL'S T]M7 OCCURR$ AT NUM]\S TIMES & 9 NUM]\S PLACES1 :5 0ANTI!SES0 BECAME 5DS 9 !MSELVES & DID NOT DEVELOP AS A RATIONAL OR PROGRESSIVE TRANSC5D5CE4 ,NEI!R TRIBAL1 FEUDAL1 AUTOCRATIC1 REPUBLICAN1 NOR EV5 CLASSICAL DEMOCRATIC POLITICAL SY/EMS HAVE BE5 HI/ORICALLY IMMUNE TO ?IS PH5OM5ON4 

,& YET IT W\LD BE A GROSS SIMPLIFICATION ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T TO AHI/ORICALLY DI*OTOMIZE ! HI]>*ICAL1 CLASS1 & EV5 /ATE =MATIONS ( ! PA/1 ON ! ONE H&1 & ! TORTUR\S EF=TS ( HUMANITY TO ADVANCE T[>D FRE$OM1 ON ! O!R4 ,P>ADOXICALLY1 9 ITS EM]G5CE \T ( B>B>ISM--9DE$1 \T ( SIMPLE ANIMALITY -- HUMANITY MAY HAVE HAD TO DEP5D UPON PRIE/S1 *IEFTA9S1 & P]HAPS /ATE-LIKE =MATIONS TO OV]COME P>O*IALISM1 LACK ( 9DIVIDUALITY1 K9%IP BONDS1 G]ONTOCRACIES1 & PATRI>*IES1 TO CITE SOME KEY SOCIAL FEATURES ( TRIBAL & EV5 CIVILIZ$ CULTURES4 0,EVILS0 !SE >E1 TO BE SURE1 BUT1 IF WE >E TO BELIEVE ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 0SOCIALLY NECESS>Y EVILS10 A PHRASE ) :I* HE HI/ORICALLY *>ACT]IZ$ ! /ATE & ?AT ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 E*O$ 9 HIS FAM\S ,5CYCLOP$IA ,BRITANNICA >TICLE1 0,AN>*ISM0 ,! GR\NDWORK = MAK+ A CIVILIZATORY PROCESS POSSIBLE -- NOTABLY ! EM]G5CE ( CITIES1 T]RITORIAL =MS ( CONSOCIATION1 WRIT+1 AN EXP&+ MORAL S5SIBILITY1 A RATIONAL & 9CIPI5TLY SECUL> \TLOOK ON ! WORLD1 TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES ?AT L$ TO AGRICULTURE1 METALLURGY1 & RELATIVELY SOPHI/ICAT$ CRAFTS -- ALL MAY HAVE REQUIR$ :AT WE W\LD REG>D TODAY AS UNACCEPTABLE 9/ITUTIONS ( SOCIAL CONTROL BUT ?AT AT AN E>LI] TIME MAY HAVE BE5 IMPORTANT 9 LAUN*+ A RATIONAL SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,9 ANY CASE1 TO AHI/ORICALLY C\NT] POSE 0VIRTUE0 TO 0EVIL0 )\T ANY HI/ORICAL QUALIFICATIONS & M$IATIONS CAN BE V]Y NAIVE4 ,9 MU* E>LI] HI/ORICAL ]AS1 0GOOD0 & 0EVIL0 HAD NOT EV5 ACQUIR$ ! DEF9ITIONS !Y HAVE TODAY1 AFT] ?\S&S ( YE>S ( HUMAN SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,! /ATE'S 9VASION ( PATRI>*AL AU?ORITY2 ITS SUB/ITUTION ( A RELATIVELY RATIONAL SY/EM ( LAW = ! PATRI>*'S >BITR>Y & ABSOLUTE AU?ORITY OV] ALL O!R MEMB]S ( A FAMILY OR CLAN2 & ! ABROGATION ( BLOOD V5GEANCE AS A WAY ( RESOLV+ CONFLICTS -- ALL1 TO CITE SOME SIGNIFICANT ADVANCES1 PLAY$ A ROLE ?AT WAS RELATIVELY LIB]ATORY 9 ITS HI/ORICAL CONTEXT1 GIVE N A G5]AL FRAMEWORK ( DOM9ATION 9 E>LY HI]>*ICAL SOCIETIES4 ,PATRI>*S1 = EXAMPLE1 W\LD HAVE SE5 ! /ATE'S FUNCTION 9 ?IS RESPECT AS 0EVIL40 

,LIKE ! HI/ORICAL REPLACEM5T ( K9%IP TIES ) CIVIC TIES1 B>T] ) M>KETS1 AGR>IAN ISOLATION ) CITIES1 P>TICUL>ISM ) GR[+ UNIV]SALISM1 & SUP]/ITION ) SECUL>ISM1 !RE W]E C]TA9 =MS ( SOCIALLY REGULATIVE 9/ITUTIONS ?AT1 :ILE OPPRESSIVE 9 MOD]N EYES1 OP5$ POSSIBILITIES = LIB]ATORY DEVELOPM5TS ?AT O!RWISE MI<T NEV] HAVE EM]G$4 ,BUT AL?\< ! V]Y REAL B>B>ISM ( PA/ & PRES5T REMA9S AN 0EVIL10 AS ,BAKUN9 OBS]V$1 IT WAS NOT A HI/ORICAL 0NECESSITY0 9 ANY S5SE AK9 TO ,BAKUN9'S1 = WE CAN NEV] KN[ :AT RATIONAL ALT]NATIVES MAY HAVE EXI/$ AT ANY TIME4 ,AT NO TIME CAN WE SURR5D] TO ! 09EVITABILITY0 ( DOM9ATION 9 C]TA9TY ?AT LAT5T LIB]ATORY POSSIBILITIES DO NOT EXI/4 

,9 NO S5SE1 !N1 %\LD MY REM>KS BE SE5 AS AN 0EXCUSE0 = B>B>IC BEHAVIOR1 PA/ OR PRES5T4 ,RA!R1 ,I 9T5D !M 9 GREAT P>T TO BE ! PREMISE = TRY+ TO UND]/& H[ IT IS ?AT ! IRRATIONAL DIM5SIONS ( ! PA/1 ) !IR MANY B>B>ITIES1 NEV] COMPLETELY /IFL$ ! RATIONAL DEVELOPM5T ( HUMANITY & YET MAY HAVE EV5 9T]ACT$ ) IT AT TIMES TO YIELD SOCIAL ADVANCES )9 A BROADLY EVIL FRAMEWORK4 ,IT BEHOOVES US TO /UDY ! HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL 9T]ACTIONS BETWE5 ! LEGACY ( FRE$OM & ! LEGACY ( DOM9ATION1 9 DEGREE AS WELL AS 9 K9D1 NOT TO SIMPLIFY !M OR EV5 BRU% !M ASIDE ) PSY*OSOCIAL CATEGORIES OR AHI/ORICALLY 5UM]ATE !M ON A SOCIAL L$G] ( DEBITS & CR$ITS4 ,IF WE >E TO ?9K 9 A GRAD$ & NUANC$ MANN]1 ) A MODICUM ( 9TELLECTUAL RESPONSIBILITY1 AB\T ! PA/ & PRES5T1 WE >E OBLIG$ TO EXPLORE ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS 9 :I* -- (F5SIVE AS IT MAY SEEM TO 0POLITICALLY CORRECT0 MOD]N M9DS -- C]TA9 =MS ( DOM9ATION P>ADOXICALLY PROVID$ ! /IMULUS = 9CREAS+ FRE$OM1 CULTURALLY IF NOT 9/ITUTIONALLY4 

,DO WE HAVE NO O!R GR\ND ?AN \R P]SONAL PREF]5CES = DEAL+ ) ! SOCIAL ISSUES ( ! PA/ & PRES5T8 ,ATTITUDES1 WI%ES1 DESIRES1 & IMAG9$ WAYS ( LIFE >E DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 EXI/+ SOCIAL CONDITIONS -- NOT EV5 \R MO/ LIB]AT+ 0PREF]5CES0 HAVE SOLELY P]SONAL ORIG9S4 ,TODAY !Y REFLECT POSSIBILITIES & HOPES ?AT W]E NOT AVAILABLE TO ! RADICAL CULTURE ( ONLY A FEW G5]ATIONS AGO4 ,! CRY TO 0DEM& ! IMPOSSIBLE10 :I* SURFAC$ AMONG ,FR5* /UD5TS 9 ,MAY-,JUNE #a#i#f#h1 RE/$ MASSIVELY ON ! EXTRAORD9>Y POSSIBILITIES ?AT ADVANCES 9 TE*NOLOGY & MAT]IAL LIFE HAD OP5$ UP1 NOT SIMPLY ON ALI5ATION -- :I*1 9 FACT1 !SE V]Y ADVANCES SIGNIFICANTLY G5]AT$4 

,! ESSAYS 9 ?IS BOOK CRITIQUE ! COMMON VIEW ?AT -- [+ TO ! 0IMPOSSIBILITY0 ( =MULAT+ AN OBJECTIVE CRIT]ION = DET]M9+ :AT IS RATIONAL OR IRRATIONAL1 REAL OR IMAG9>Y1 TRUE OR FALSE1 GOOD OR EVIL1 SELF-DET]M9+ OR AU?ORIT>IAN -- \R ATTITUDE ?AT FRE$OM IS DESIRABLE & TYRANNY HATEFUL MU/ HAVE ONLY A CONT+5T SUBJECTIVE BASIS4 ,:5 ?IS ATTITUDE IS =M$ 9 
AB/RACTO1 )\T ANY ROOTS 9 HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T OR MAT]IAL PRECONDITIONS1 IT REMA9S !ORETICALLY UNJU/IFI$ & A M]E MATT] ( OP9ION4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ?IS IS AN 9DULG5CE WE CAN ILL AF=D4 ,! CONDITION ( ! WORLD IS F> TOO DESP]ATE & *AOTIC = US1 (T5 FROM ! FA/NESS ( ! ACADEMY1 TO ADVANCE A MORAL1 SOCIAL1 & CULTURAL 9COH]5CE ?AT RE/S PRIM>ILY ON ATTITUDES1 TA/ES1 & MATT]S ( OP9ION ?AT !MSELVES BEG = RATIONAL EXPLANATION4  
  

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,PREFACE TO ! ,SECOND ,$ITION -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,PREFACE TO ! ,SECOND ,$ITION -- ,UPDAT$4 

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