,*APT] #d 
,HI/ORY1 ,CIVILIZATION1 & ,PROGRESS3 ,\TL9E = A ,CRITICISM ( ,MOD]N ,RELATIVISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,HI/ORY1 ,CIVILIZATION1 & ,PROGRESS3  

 ,\TL9E = A ,CRITICISM ( ,MOD]N ,RELATIVISM 

  
,I 

  

,R>ELY HAVE ! CONCEPTS ?AT LIT]ALLY DEF9E ! BE/ ( ,WE/]N CULTURE -- ITS NOTIONS ( A MEAN+FUL ,HI/ORY1 A UNIV]SAL ,CIVILIZATION1 & ! POSSIBILITY ( ,PROGRESS -- BE5 CALL$ SO RADICALLY 9TO QUE/ION AS !Y >E TODAY4 ,9 REC5T DECADES1 BO? 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ABROAD1 ! ACADEMY & A SUBCULTURE ( SELF-/YL$ PO/MOD]NI/ 9TELLECTUALS HAVE N\RI%$ AN 5TIRELY NEW 5SEMBLE ( CULTURAL CONV5TIONS ?AT /EM FROM A CORROSIVE SOCIAL1 POLITICAL1 & MORAL RELATIVISM4 ,?IS 5SEMBLE 5COMPASSES A CRUDE NOM9ALISM1 PLURALISM1 & SKEPTICISM1 AN EXTREME SUBJECTIVISM1 & EV5 \TRI<T NIHILISM & ANTIHUMANISM 9 V>I\S COMB9ATIONS & P]MUTATIONS1 SOMETIMES ( A ?OR\<LY MISAN?ROPIC NATURE4 ,?IS RELATIVI/IC 5SEMBLE IS PITT$ AGA9/ COH]5T ?\<T AS SU* & AGA9/ ! 0PR9CIPLE ( HOPE0 7TO USE ,]N/ ,BLO*'S EXPRESSION7 ?AT M>K$ RADICAL !ORY ( ! REC5T PA/4 ,SU* NOTIONS P]COLATE FROM SO-CALL$ RADICAL ACADEMICS 9TO ! G5]AL PUBLIC1 :]E !Y TAKE ! =M ( P]SONALISM1 AMORALISM1 & 0NEOPRIMITIVISM40 

,TOO (T5 9 ?IS PREVAIL+ 0P>ADIGM10 AS IT IS FREQU5TLY CALL$1 ECLECTICISM REPLACES ! SE>* = HI/ORICAL MEAN+2 A SELF-9DULG5T DESPAIR REPLACES HOPE2 DY/OPIA REPLACES ! PROMISE ( A RATIONAL SOCIETY2 & 9 ! MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ =MS ( ?IS 5SEMBLE A VAGUELY DEF9$ 09T]SUBJECTIVITY0' -- OR 9 ITS CRUD] =MS1 A PRIMITIVI/IC MY?OPOESIS -- REPLACES ALL =MS ( REASON1 P>TICUL>LY DIALECTICAL REASON4 ,9 FACT1 ! V]Y CONCEPT ( REASON ITSELF HAS BE5 *ALL5G$ BY A WILLFUL ANTIRATIONALISM4 ,BY /RIPP+ ! GREAT TRADITIONS ( ,WE/]N ?\<T ( !IR CONT\RS1 NUANCES1 & GRADATIONS1 !SE RELATIVI/IC 0PO/-HI/ORICI/S10 0PO/MOD]NI/S10 & 7TO CO9 A NEW WORD7 0PO/-HUMANI/S0 ( \R DAY >E1 AT BE/1 CONDEMN+ CONTEMPOR>Y ?\<T TO A D>K PESSIMISM OR1 AT WOR/1 SUBV]T+ IT ( ALL ITS MEAN+4 

,SO GROSSLY HAVE ! CURR5T CRITICS ( ,HI/ORY1 ,CIVILIZATION1 & ,PROGRESS1 ) !IR PROCLIVITIES = FRAGM5TATION & R$UCTIONISM1 SUBV]T$ ! COH]5CE ( !SE BASIC ,WE/]N CONCEPTS ?AT !Y WILL LIT]ALLY HAVE TO BE DEF9$ AGA9 IF !Y >E TO BE MADE 9TELLIGIBLE TO PRES5T & FUTURE G5]ATIONS4 ,EV5 MORE DI/URB+LY1 SU* CRITICS HAVE ALL BUT AB&ON$ ATTEMPTS TO DEF9E ! V]Y CONCEPTS !Y EXCORIATE4 ,:AT1 AFT] ALL1 IS ,HI/ORY8 ,ITS RELATIVI/IC CRITICS T5D TO DISSOLVE ! CONCEPT 9TO ECLECTICALLY ASSEMBL$ 0HI/ORIES0 MADE UP ( A MULTIPLICITY ( DISJO9T$ EPISODES -- OR EV5 WORSE1 9TO MY?S ?AT BELONG TO 0DIFF]5T0 G5D]1 E?NIC1 & NATIONAL GR\PS & ?AT !Y CONSID] TO BE IDEOLOGICALLY EQUATABLE4 ,ITS NOM9ALI/IC CRITICS SEE ! PA/ L>GELY AS A S]IES ( 0ACCID5TS10 :ILE ITS SUBJECTIVI/IC CRITICS OV]EMPHASIZE IDEAS 9 DET]M9+ HI/ORICAL REALITIES1 CONSI/+ ( 0IMAG9>IES0 ?AT >E ESS5TIALLY DISCONT9U\S FROM ONE ANO!R4 ,& :AT1 AFT] ALL1 IS ,CIVILIZATION8 0,NEO-PRIMITIVI/S0 & O!R CULTURAL R$UCTIONI/S HAVE SO BLACK5$ ! WORD ?AT ITS RATIONAL COMPON5TS >E N[ 9 NE$ ( A SCRUPUL\S SORT+ \T FROM ! IRRATIONALITIES ( ! PA/ & PRES5T4 ,& :AT1 F9ALLY1 IS ,PROGRESS8 ,RELATIVI/S HAVE REJECT$ ITS ASPIRATIONS TO FRE$OM 9 ALL ITS COMPLEXITY1 9 FAVOR ( A FA%IONABLE ASS]TION ( 0AUTONOMY10 (T5 R$UCIBLE TO P]SONAL PROCLIVITIES4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ANTIHUMANI/S HAVE DIVE/$ ! V]Y CONCEPT ( ,PROGRESS ( ALL RELEVANCE & MEAN+ 9 ! F>RAGO ( HUMAN SELF-D5IGRATION ?AT M>KS ! MOOD ( ! PRES5T TIME4 

,A SKEPTICISM ?AT D5IES ANY MEAN+1 RATIONALITY1 COH]5CE1 & CONT9UITY 9 ,HI/ORY1 ?AT CORRODES ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( PREMISES1 LET ALONE ! NECESSITY ( EXPLOR+ !M1 R5D]S DISC\RSE ITSELF VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE4 ,9DE$1 PREMISES AS SU* HAVE BECOME SO SUSPECT ?AT ! NEW RELATIVI/S REG>D ANY ATTEMPTS TO E/ABLI% !M AS EVID5CE ( A CULTURAL PA?OLOGY1 MU* AS ,FREUDIAN ANALY/S MI<T VIEW A PATI5T'S RESI/ANCE TO TREATM5T AS SYMPTOMATIC ( A PSY*OLOGICAL PA?OLOGY4 ,SU* A PSY*OLOGIZATION ( DISCUSSION CLOSES (F ALL FUR!R DISPUTE4 ,NO LONG] >E S]I\S *ALL5GES TAK5 ON !IR [N T]MS & GIV5 A S]I\S RESPONSE2 RA!R1 !Y >E DISMISS$ AS SYMPTOMS ( A P]SONAL & SOCIAL MALAISE4 

,SO F> HAVE !SE T5D5CIES BE5 P]MITT$ TO PROCE$ ?AT ONE CANNOT N[ M\NT A CRITIQUE ( 9COH]5CE1 = EXAMPLE1 )\T EXPOS+ ONESELF TO ! *>GE ( A HAV+ A 0PR$ISPOSITION0 TO 0COH]5CE0 -- OR A 0,EUROC5TRIC0 BIAS4 ,A DEF5SE ( CL>ITY1 EQUALLY UNACCEPTABLE1 9VITES ! ACCUSATION ( RE9=C+ ! 0TYRANNY ( REASON10 :ILE AN ATTEMPT TO UPHOLD ! VALIDITY ( REASON IS DISMISS$ AS AN 0OPPRESSIVE0 PRESUPPOSITION ( REASON'S EXI/5CE4 ,! V]Y ATTEMPT AT DEF9ITION IS REJECT$ AS 9TELLECTUALLY 0CO]CIVE40 ,RATIONAL DISCUSSION IS IMPUGN$ AS A REPRESSION ( NONLIT]ATE =MS ( 0EXPRESSION0 SUCK AS RITUALS1 H[L+1 & DANC+1 OR ON AN O/5SIBLY PHILOSOPHICAL SCALE1 ( 9TUITIONS1 PRESCI5CES1 PSY*OLOGICAL MOTIVATIONS1 ( 0POSITIONAL0 9SI<TS ?AT >E DEP5D5T ON ONE'S G5D] OR E?NICITY1 OR ( REVELATIONS ( ONE K9D OR ANO!R ?AT (T5 FE$ 9TO \TRI<T MY/ICISM4 

,?IS CON/ELLATION ( RELATIVI/IC VIEWS1 :I* RANGE FROM ! CRUDE TO ! 9TELLECTUALLY EXOTIC1 CANNOT BE CRITICIZ$ RATIONALLY BECAUSE !Y D5Y ! VALIDITY ( RATIONALLY 9DEP5D5T CONCEPTUAL =MULATIONS AS SU*1 PRESUMABLY 0CON/RICT$0 BY ! CLAIMS ( REASON4 ,= ! NEW RELATIVI/S1 0FRE$OM0 5DS :]E CLAIMS TO RATIONALITY BEG9 -- 9 M>K$ CONTRA/ TO ! ANCI5T ,A!NIANS1 = :OM VIOL5CE BEGAN :]E RATIONAL DISCUSSION 5D$4 ,PLURALISM1 ! DEC5T]+ ( MEAN+S1 ! D5IAL ( F\NDATIONS1 & ! HYPO/ASIZATION ( ! IDIOSYNCRATIC1 ( ! E?ICALLY & SOCIALLY CONT+5T1 & ( ! PSY*OLOGICAL -- ALL SEEM LIKE P>T ( ! MASSIVE CULTURAL DECAY ?AT CORRESPONDS TO ! OBJECTIVE DECAY ( \R ]A4 ,9 ,AM]ICAN UNIV]SITIES TODAY1 RELATIVI/S 9 ALL !IR MUTATIONS TOO (T5 RETREAT 9TO ! LEPR\S 0LIMIT EXP]I5CES0 ( ,F\CAULT2 9TO A VIEW ( ,HI/ORY AS FRAGM5T>Y 0COLLECTIVE REPRES5TATIONS0 7,DURKHEIM71 0CULTURE-PATT]NS0 7,B5$ICT71 OR 0IMAG9>IES0 7,CA/ORIADIS72 OR 9TO ! NIHILI/IC ASOCIALITY ( PO/MOD]NISM4 

,:5 TODAY'S RELATIVI/S DO (F] DEF9ITIONS ( ! CONCEPTS !Y OPPOSE1 !Y TYPICALLY OV]/ATE & EXAGG]ATE !M4 ,!Y DECRY ! PURSUIT ( F\NDATIONS -- AN 5DEAVOR ?AT !Y HAVE *>ACT]I/ICALLY TURN$ 9TO AN 0ISM10 0F\NDATIONALISM0 -- AS 0TOTALI/IC10 )\T ANY REG>D = ! PAT5T NE$ = BASIC PR9CIPLES4 ,?AT F\NDATIONS EXI/ ?AT >E CONF9$ TO >EAS ( REALITY 
:]E !IR EXI/5CE IS VALID & KN[ABLE SEEMS TO ELUDE !SE ANTI-F\NDATIONALI/S1 = :OM F\NDATIONS MU/ EI!R 5COMPASS ! 5TIRE COSMOS OR ELSE NOT EXI/ AT ALL4 ,REALITY W\LD 9DE$ BE A MY/]Y IF A FEW PR9CIPLES OR F\NDATIONS C\LD 5COMPASS ALL ?AT EXI/S1 9DE$1 ALL ITS 9NOVATIONS UNFOLD+ FROM ! SUBATOMIC REALM TO 9ORGANIC MATT]1 FROM ! SIMPLE/ TO ! MO/ COMPLEX LIFE-=MS1 & ULTIMATELY TO ! REALM ( A/ROPHYSICS4 

,SOME HI/ORICAL RELATIVI/S OV]EMPHASIZE ! SUBJECTIVE 9 HI/ORY AT ! EXP5SE ( ! MAT]IAL4 ,SUBJECTIVE FACTORS C]TA9LY DO AFFECT OBVI\SLY OBJECTIVE DEVELOPM5TS4 ,9 ! ,HELL5I/IC ,AGE1 = EXAMPLE4 ,H]ON REPUT$LY DESIGN$ /EAM 5G9ES1 YET SO F> AS WE KN[ !Y W]E NEV] US$ TO REPLACE HUMAN LABOR1 AS !Y W]E TWO ?\S& YE>S LAT]4 ,SUBJECTIVE HI/ORIANS1 TO BE SURE1 W\LD EMPHASIZE ! SUBJECTIVE FACTORS 9 ?IS FACT4 ,BUT :AT 9T]ACTION BETWE5 IDEOLOGICAL & MAT]IAL FACTORS EXPLA9S :Y ONE SOCIETY -- CAPITALISM -- US$ ! /EAM 5G9E ON A VA/ SCALE = ! MANUFACTURE ( COMMODITIES1 :ILE ANO!R -- ,HELL5I/IC SOCIETY -- US$ IT M]ELY TO OP5 TEMPLE DOORS = ! PURPOSES ( MASS MY/IFICATION8 ,OV]LY SUBJECTIVI/IC HI/ORIANS W\LD DO WELL TO EXPLORE NOT ONLY H[ DIFF]5T TRADITIONS & S5SIBILITIES YIELD$ !SE DISP>ATE USES ( MA*9ES BUT :AT  
MAT]IAL AS WELL AS BROADLY SOCIAL FACTORS EI!R FO/]$ OR PRODUC$ !M4.<#g#g.> 

,O!R HI/ORICAL RELATIVI/S >E NOM9ALI/IC1 OV]EMPHASIZ+ ! IDIOSYNCRATIC 9 ,HI/ORY1 (T5 BEGG+ BASIC QUE/IONS ?AT MU/ BE EXPLOR$4 ,A SMALL GR\P ( PEOPLE 9 ANCI5T ,JUDEA1 WE MAY BE TOLD1 =MULAT$ A LOCALIZ$1 E?NICALLY BAS$ BODY ( MONO!I/IC BELIEFS ?AT AT A *RONOLOGICALLY LAT] PO9T BECAME ! BASIS ( ! ,JUDEO-,*RI/IAN WORLD RELIGION4 ,>E !SE TWO EV5TS UNRELAT$8 ,WAS !IR CONJUNCTION A M]E ACCID5T8 ,TO CONCEIVE ?IS VA/ DEVELOPM5T 9 A NOM9ALI/IC WAY1 )\T PROB+ 9TO :Y ! ,ROMAN EMP]ORS ADOPT$ ! ,JUDEO-,*RI/IAN SYN!SIS -- 9 AN EMPIRE COMPOS$ ( V]Y DIFF]5T CULTURES & LANGUAGES ?AT WAS DIRELY 9 NE$ ( IDEOLOGICAL UNITY TO PREV5T ITS COMPLETE COLLAPSE -- IS TO PRODUCE CONFUSION RA!R ?AN CL>ITY4 

,P]HAPS ! MO/ PROBLEMATIC ASPECT ( RELATIVISM IS ITS MORAL >BITR>9ESS4 ,! MORAL RELATIVISM ( ! TRITE MAXIM 0,:AT'S GOOD = ME IS GOOD = ME1 & :AT'S GOOD = Y\ IS GOOD = Y\10 H>DLY REQUIRES ELUCIDATION4.<#g#h.> ,9 ?IS APP>5TLY MO/ =MLESS ( TIMES1 RELATIVISM HAS LEFT US ) A SOLIPSI/IC MORALITY & 9 C]TA9 SUBCULTURES A POLITICS LIT]ALLY PREMIS$ ON *AOS4 ,! TURN ( MANY AN>*I/S !SE DAYS T[>D A HI<LY P]SONALI/IC1 PRESUMABLY 0AUTONOM\S0 SUBCULTURE AT ! EXP5SE ( RESPONSIBLE SOCIAL COMMITM5T & ACTION REFLECTS1 9 MY VIEW1 A TRAGIC ABDICATION ( A S]I\S 5GAGEM5T 9 ! POLITICAL & REVOLUTION>Y SPH]ES4 ,?IS IS NO IDLE PROBLEM TODAY1 :5 9CREAS+ NUMB]S ( PEOPLE ) NO KN[L$GE ( ,HI/ORY TAKE CAPITALISM TO BE A NATURAL1 ET]NAL SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,A POLITICS ROOT$ 9 PURELY RELATIVI/IC PREF]5CES1 9 ASS]TIONS ( P]SONAL 0AUTONOMY0 ?AT /EM L>GELY FROM AN 9DIVIDUAL'S 0DESIRE0 CAN YIELD A CRUDE & SELF-S]V+ OPPORTUNISM1 ( A TYPE :OSE PREVAL5CE TODAY EXPLA9S MANY SOCIAL ILLS4 ,CAPITALISM ITSELF1 9 FACT1 FA%ION$ ITS PRIM>Y IDEOLOGY ON AN EQUATION ( FRE$OM ) ! P]SONAL AUTONOMY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 :I* ,ANATOLE ,FRANCE ONCE IMPI%LY DESCRIB$ AS ! 0FRE$OM0 ( EV]YONE TO SLEEP AT NI<T UND] ! SAME BRIDGE OV] ! ,SE9E4 ,9DIVIDUALITY IS 9SEP>ABLE FROM COMMUNITY1 & AUTONOMY IS H>DLY MEAN+FUL UNLESS IT IS EMB$D$ 9 A COOP]ATIVE COMMUNITY4.<#g#i.> ,COMP>$ ) HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITIES = FRE$OM1 A RELATIVI/IC & P]SONALI/IC 0AUTONOMY0 IS LITTLE MORE ?AN PSY*O!RAPY WRIT L>GE & EXP&$ 9TO A SOCIAL !ORY4 

,F> TOO MANY ( ! RELATIVI/IC CRITICS ( ,HI/ORY1 ,CIVILIZATION1 & ,PROGRESS SEEM LESS LIKE S]I\S SOCIAL !ORI/S ?AN LIKE FRI<T5$ =M] RADICAL IDEOLOGUES :O HAVE NOT FULLY COME TO T]MS ) ! FAILURES ( ! ,LEFT & ( 0EXI/+ SOCIALISM0 9 REC5T YE>S4 ,! 9COH]5CE ?AT IS CELEBRAT$ 9 PRES5T-DAY !ORY IS DUE 9 NO SMALL P>T TO ! ONE-SID$ & EXAGG]AT$ REACTION ( ,FR5* ACADEMIC 0LEFTI/S0 TO ! ,MAY-,JUNE EV5TS ( #a#i#f#h1 TO ! BEHAVIOR ( ! ,FR5* ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 & 9 EV5 GREAT] P>T TO ! V>I\S MUTATIONS ( ,HOLY ,MO!R ,RUSSIA FROM ,CZ>ISM ?R\< ,/AL9ISM TO ,YELTS9ISM4 ,TOO (T51 ?IS DIS5*ANTM5T PROVIDES AN ESCAPE R\TE = ]/:ILE 0REVOLUTION>IES0 TO 5SCONCE !MSELVES 9 ! ACADEMY1 TO EMBRACE SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 OR SIMPLY TO TURN TO A VACU\S NIHILISM ?AT H>DLY CON/ITUTES A ?REAT TO ! EXI/+ SOCIETY4 ,FROM RELATIVISM1 !Y HAVE CON/RUCT$ A SKEPTICAL B>RI] BETWE5 !MSELVES & ! RE/ ( SOCIETY4 ,YET ?IS B>RI] IS AS 9TELLECTUALLY FRAGILE AS ! ONE-SID$ ABSOLUTISM ?AT ! ,OLD ,LEFT TRI$ TO D]IVE FROM ,HEGEL1 ,M>X1 & ,L594 

,FAIRNESS REQUIRES ME TO EMPHASIZE ?AT CONTR>Y TO ! CONV5TIONAL WISDOM AB\T ! ,LEFT TODAY1 !RE HAS NEV] BE5 ANY 0EXI/+ SOCIALISM10 ! ]/:ILE CLAIMS ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPEAN LEAD]S TO HAVE A*IEV$ IT NOT)/&+4 ,NOR WAS ,HEGEL A M]E TELEOLOGI/2 NOR ,M>X A M]E 0PRODUCTIVI/02 NOR ,L59 ! IDEOLOGICAL 0FA!R0 ( ! RU?LESS OPPORTUNI/ & C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y1 ,/AL94.<#h.> ,9 REACTION TO ! NI<TM>E ( ! 0,SOVIET0 SY/EM1 TODAY'S RELATIVI/S HAVE NOT ONLY OV]REACT$ TO & EXAGG]AT$ ! %ORTCOM+S ( ,HEGEL1 ,M>X1 & ,L592 !Y HAVE CONCOCT$ AN IDEOLOGICAL PROPHYLAXIS TO PROTECT !MSELVES FROM ! /ILL-UNEXORCIS$ DEMONS ( A TRAGICALLY FAIL$ PA/ 9/EAD ( =MULAT+ A CR$IBLE PHILOSOPHY ?AT CAN ADDRESS ! PROBLEMS ?AT N[ CONFRONT US AT ALL LEVELS ( SOCIETY & ?\<T4 

,CURR5T EXPOSITIONS ( OXYMORONIC 0M>KET SOCIALISMS0 & 0M9IMAL /ATISMS0 BY 0NEO-0 & 0PO/-,M>XI/S SUGGE/ :]E POLITICAL RELATIVISM & ASS]TIONS ( 0AUTONOMY0 CAN LEAD US4.<#h#a.> ,9DE$1 IT IS QUITE FAIR TO ASK :E!R TODAY'S FA%IONABLE POLITICAL RELATIVISM ITSELF W\LD PROVIDE US ) MORE ?AN A PAP]-?9 OB/ACLE TO TOTALIT>IANISM4 ,! DISMISSAL ( ATTEMPTS TO D]IVE CONT9UITY 9 ,HI/ORY1 COH]5CE 9 ,CIVILIZATION1 & MEAN+ 9 ,PROGRESS AS EVID5CE ( A 0TOTALIZ+0 OR 0TOTALIT>IAN0 M5TALITY 9 PURSUIT ( ALL-5COMPASS+ F\NDATIONS DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY IMBRICATES REASON1 P>TICUL>LY ?AT ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T ]A1 ) TOTALIT>IANISM1 & EV5 SIGNIFICANTLY TRIVIALIZES ! H>% REALITY & P$IGREE ( TOTALIT>IANISM ITSELF4 ,9 FACT1 ! ACTIONS ( ! WOR/ TOTALIT>IANS ( \R ]A1 ,/AL9 & ,HITL]1 W]E GUID$ LESS BY ! OBJECTIVELY GR\ND$ PR9CIPLES OR 0F\NDATIONAL0 IDEAS !Y SO CYNICALLY VOIC$ 9 PUBLIC ?AN BY A K9D ( RELATIVI/IC OR SITUATIONAL E?ICS4 ,= ,/AL91 :O WAS NO MORE A 0SOCIALI/0 OR 0COMMUNI/0 ?AN HE WAS AN 0AN>*I/0 OR 0LIB]AL10 !ORY WAS M]ELY AN IDEOLOGICAL FIG LEAF = ! CONC5TRATION ( P[]4 ,TO OV]LOOK ,/AL9'S %E] OPPORTUNISM IS MYOPIC AT BE/ & CYNICAL AT WOR/4 ,UND] HIS REGIME1 ONLY A HOPELESSLY DOGMATIC 0,COMMUNI/0 :O HAD MANAG$ TO NEGOTIATE & SURVIVE ,/AL9'S V>I\S *ANGES 9 ! 0P>TY L9E0 C\LD HAVE TAK5 ,/AL9 S]I\SLY AS A 0,M>XI/-,L59I/40 ,HITL]1 9 TURN1 EXHIBIT$ AMAZ+ FLEXIBILITY 9 BYPASS+ IDEOLOGY = /RICTLY PRAGMATIC 5DS4 ,9 HIS FIR/ MON?S 9 P[]1 HE DECIMAT$ ALL ! 0TRUE BELIEV]S0 ( ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALISM AMONG HIS /ORM TROOP]S AT ! BEHE/ ( ! ,PRUSSIAN (FIC] CA/E1 :I* FE>$ & DETE/$ ! ,NAZI RABBLE4 

,9 ! ABS5CE ( AN OBJECTIVE GR\ND+ -- NOTABLY1 ! V]Y REAL HUMAN POT5TIALITIES ?AT HAVE BE5 =M$ BY ! NATURAL1 SOCIAL1 MORAL1 & 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T ( \R SPECIES -- NOTIONS LIKE FRE$OM1 CREATIVITY1 & RATIONALITY >E R$UC$ TO 09T]SUBJECTIVE0 RELATIONS1 UND]P9N$ BY P]SONAL & 9DIVIDUALI/IC PREF]5CES 7NO?+ MORE67 ?AT >E 0RESOLV$0 BY ANO!R K9D ( TYRANNY -- NOTABLY1 ! TYRANNY ( CONS5SUS4 ,LACK+ F\NDATIONS ( ANY K9D1 LACK+ ANY REAL =M & SOLIDITY1 NOTIONS ( 09T]SUBJECTIVITY0 CAN BE FRI<T5+LY HOMOG5IZ+ BECAUSE ( !IR SEEM+LY 0DEMOCRATIC0 LOGIC ( CONS5SUALITY -- A LOGIC ?AT PRECLUDES ! DISS5SUS & IDEOLOGICAL DISSONANCE SO NECESS>Y = /IMULAT+ 9NOVATION4 ,9 ! CONS5SUAL 0IDEAL SPEE* SITUATION0 ?AT ,JURG5 ,HAB]MAS DEPLOY$ TO BEFOG ! SOCIALI/ VISION ( ! #a#i#gS1 ?IS 09T]SUBJECTIVITY10 A TRANSC5D5TAL 0,SUBJECT0 OR 0,EGO0 LIKE A MUTAT$ ,R\SSEAUIAN 0,G5]AL ,WILL10 REPLACES ! RI* ELABORATION ( REASON4 ,TODAY ?IS SUBJECTIVISM OR 09T]SUBJECTIVITY0 -- BE IT 9 ! =M ( ,HAB]MAS'S NEO-,KANTIANISM OR ,BAUDRILL>D'S EGOISM -- L5DS ITSELF TO A NOTION ( 0SOCIAL !ORY0 AS A MATT] ( P]SONAL TA/E4 ,M]E CON/RUCTIONS ( 0SOCIALLY CONDITION$0 HUMAN M9DS1 FREE-FLOAT+ 9 A SEA ( RELATIVISM & AHI/ORICISM1 REJECT A POT5TIAL OBJECTIVE GR\ND = FRE$OM 9 ! 9 T]E/S ( AVOID+ 0TOTALIT>IAN ,TOTALITIES0 & ! 0TYRANNY0 ( AN 0,ABSOLUTE40 ,9DE$1 REASON ITSELF IS ESS5TIALLY R$UC$ TO 09T]SUBJECTIVITY40 ,JUXTAPOS$ ) LIT]>Y CELEBRATIONS ( ! 0SUBJECTIVE REASON0 ( P]SONALISM1 & ITS ,AM]ICAN SEQUELAE ( MY/ICISM1 9DIVIDUAL R$EMPTION1 & CON=MITY1 & ITS PO/- #aifh ,FR5* SEQUELAE ( PO/MOD]NI/1 PSY*OANALYTIC1 RELATIVI/1 & NEO-,SITUATIONI/ VAG>IES1 ,M>X'S COMMITM5T TO ?OR\< ?9K+ W\LD BE ATTRACTIVE4 

,IDEAS ?AT >E OBJECTIVELY GR\ND$1 UNLIKE ?OSE ?AT >E RELATIVI/ICALLY ASS]T$1 CAN PROVIDE US ) A DEF9ABLE BODY ( PR9CIPLES ) :I* WE CAN S]I\SLY GRAPPLE4 ,! F\NDATIONAL COH]5CE &1 9 ! BE/ ( CASES1 ! RATIONALITY ( OBJECTIVELY GR\ND$ VIEWS AT LEA/ MAKE !M EXPLICIT & TANGIBLE & FREE !M FROM ! VAG>IES ( ! LABYR9?9E P]SONALISM SO V]Y MU* 9 VOGUE TODAY4 ,UNLIKE A F\NDATIONLESS SUBJECTIVISM ?AT IS (T5 R$UCIBLE1 UND] ! RUBRIC ( 0AUTONOMY10 TO P]SONAL PREF]5CES1 OBJECTIVE F\NDATIONS >E AT LEA/ SUBJECT TO *ALL5GES 9 A FREE SOCIETY4 ,F> FROM PRECLUD+ RATIONAL CRITIQUE1 !Y 9VITE IT4 ,F> FROM TAK+ REFUGE 9 AN UN*ALL5GEABLE NOM9ALI/ ELUSIV5ESS1 !Y OP5 !MSELVES TO ! TE/ ( COH]5CE4 ,PAUL ,FEY]AB5D'S CORROSIVE 79 MY VIEW1 CYNICAL7 RELATIVISM TO ! CONTR>Y NOT)/&+1 ! NATURAL SCI5CES 9 ! PA/ ?REE C5TURIES HAVE BE5 AMONG ! MO/ EMANCIPATORY HUMAN 5DEAVORS 9 ! HI/ORY ( IDEAS -- P>TLY BECAUSE ( !IR PURSUIT ( UNIFY+ OR F\NDATIONAL EXPLANATIONS ( REALITY4.<#h#b.> ,9 ! 5D1 :AT %\LD ALWAYS BE ( CONC]N TO US IS ! CONT5T ( OBJECTIVE PR9CIPLES1 BE !Y 9 SCI5CE1 SOCIAL !ORY1 OR E?ICS1 NOT A FLIPPANT CONDEMNATION ( !IR CLAIMS TO COH]5CE & OBJECTIVITY P] SE4 

,9DE$1 DESPITE CLAIMS TO ! CONTR>Y1 RELATIVISM HAS ITS [N HIDD5 0F\NDATIONS0 & METAPHYSICS4 ,AS SU*1 BECAUSE ITS PREMISES >E MASK$1 IT MAY WELL PRODUCE AN IDEOLOGICAL TYRANNY F> MORE P>ALYZ+ ?AN ! 0TOTALIT>IANISM0 ?AT IT IMPUTES TO OBJECTIVISM & AN EXPRESSLY REASON$ 0F\NDATIONALISM 0 ,9S(> AS \R CONC]NS %\LD C5T] ON ! BASES ( FRE$OM & ! NATURE ( REASON1 MOD]N RELATIVISM HAS 0DEC5T]$0 !SE CRUCIAL ISSUES 9TO WISPY EXPRESSIONS ( P]SONAL FAI? 9 AN ATMOSPH]E ( G5]AL SKEPTICISM4 ,WE MAY *OOSE TO APPLAUD ! RELATIVI/ :O UPHOLDS HIS OR H] /RICTLY P]SONAL FAI? BY REIT]AT+ ,LU!R'S DEFIANT WORDS AT ,WORMS1 @&,HI] /EHE I*1 I* KANN NI*T &]S"9 70,H]E ,I /&1 ,I CANNOT DO O!RWISE074 ,BUT TO SPEAK FRANKLY1 UNLESS WE ALSO HE> A RATIONAL >GUM5T TO VALIDATE ?AT /&1 ONE BAS$ ON MORE ?AN A SUBJECTIVE 9CL9ATION1 :O GIVES A DAMN AB\T ?IS RESOLVE8 

,I,I 

  

,:I* AGA9 RAISES ! PROBLEM ( :AT ,HI/ORY1 ,CIVILIZATION1 & ,PROGRESS ACTUALLY >E4 

,HI/ORY1 ,I WI% TO CONT5D1 IS ! RATIONAL CONT5T & CONT9UITY ( EV5TS 7) DUE REG>D = QUALITATIVE 0LEAPS07 ?AT >E GR\ND$ 9 HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITIES = FRE$OM1 SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 & COOP]ATION1 9 ! SELF-=MATIVE DEVELOPM5T ( 9CREAS+LY LIB]T>IAN =MS ( CONSOCIATION4 ,IT IS ! RATIONAL 09FRA/RUCTURE10 SO TO SPEAK1 ?AT COH]ES HUMAN ACTIONS & 9/ITUTIONS OV] ! PA/ & ! PRES5T 9 ! DIRECTION ( AN EMANCIPATORY SOCIETY & EMANCIPAT$ 9DIVIDUALS4 ,?AT IS TO SAY4 ,HI/ORY IS PRECISELY :AT IS RATIONAL 9 HUMAN DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT IS :AT IS RATIONAL1 MOREOV]1 9 ! DIALECTICAL S5SE ( ! IMPLICIT ?AT UNFOLDS1 EXP&S1 & BEG9S 9 V>Y+ DEGREES ?R\< 9CREAS+ DIFF]5TIATION TO ACTUALIZE HUMANITY'S V]Y REAL POT5TIALITIES = FRE$OM1 SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 & COOP]ATION4.<#h#c.> 

,IT WILL IMM$IATELY BE OBJECT$ ?AT IRRATIONAL EV5TS1 UNRELAT$ TO ?IS ACTUALIZATION1 EXPLODE UPON US AT ALL TIMES1 9 ALL ]AS & CULTURES4 ,BUT 9S(> AS !Y DEFY RATIONAL 9T]PRETATION1 !Y REMA9 PRECISELY EV5TS1 NOT ,HI/ORY1 H[EV] CONSEQU5TIAL !IR EFFECTS MAY BE ON ! C\RSE ( O!R EV5TS4 ,!IR IMPACT MAY BE V]Y P[]FUL1 TO BE SURE1 BUT !Y >E NOT DIALECTICALLY ROOT$ 9 HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITIES = FRE$OM1 SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 & COOP]ATION4.<#h#d.> ,!Y CAN BE ASSEMBL$ 9TO ,*RONICLES1 ! /UFF \T ( :I* ,FROISS>T CON/RUCT$ HIS L>GELY ANECDOTAL 0HI/ORIES10 BUT NOT ,HI/ORY 9 ! S5SE ,I AM DESCRIB+4 ,EV5TS MAY EV5 0OV]TAKE ,HI/ORY10 SO TO SPEAK1 & ULTIMATELY SUBM]GE IT 9 ! IRRATIONAL & ! EVIL4 ,BUT )\T AN 9CREAS+LY SELF-REFLEXIVE ,HI/ORY1 :I* PRES5T-DAY RELATIVISM ?REAT5S TO EXT+UI%1 WE W\LD NOT EV5 KN[ ?AT IT HAD HAPP5$4 

,IF WE D5Y ?AT HUMANITY HAS !SE POT5TIALITIES = FRE$OM1 SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 & COOP]ATION -- CONCEIV$ AS ONE 5SEMBLE -- !N ALONG ) MANY SELF-/YL$ 0SOCIALI/S0 & EV5 =M] AN>*I/S LIKE ,DANIEL ,COHN-,B5DIT1 WE MAY WELL CONCLUDE ?AT 0CAPITALISM HAS WON10 AS ONE DISILLUSION$ FRI5D PUT IT2 ?AT 0HI/ORY0 HAS REA*$ ITS T]M9US 9 0B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY0 7H[EV] T5TATIVE ?IS 0T]M9US0 MAY ACTUALLY BE72 & ?AT RA!R ?AN ATTEMPT TO 5L>GE ! REALM ( ! RATIONAL & ! FREE1 WE W\LD DO BE/ TO 5SCONCE \RSELVES 9 ! LAP ( CAPITALISM & MAKE IT AS COM=TABLE A RE/+ PLACE AS POSSIBLE = \RSELVES4 

,AS A M]E ADAPTATION TO :AT EXI/S1 TO ! 0:AT-IS10 SU* BEHAVIOR IS M]ELY ANIMALI/IC4 ,SOCIOBIOLOGI/S MAY EV5 REG>D IT AS G5ETICALLY UNAVOIDABLE4 ,BUT MY CRITICS NE$ NOT BE SOCIOBIOLOGI/S TO OBS]VE ?AT ! HI/ORICAL RECORD EXHIBITS A GREAT DEAL ( ADAPTATION & WORSE -- ( IRRATIONALITY & VIOL5CE1 ( PLEASURE 9 ! DE/RUCTION ( ONESELF & O!RS -- & TO QUE/ION MY ASS]TION ?AT ,HI/ORY IS ! UNFOLD+ ( HUMAN POT5TIALITIES = FRE$OM1 SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 & COOP]ATION4 ,9DE$1 HUMANS HAVE 5GAG$ 9 DE/RUCTION & LUXURIAT$ 9 REAL & IMAG9>Y CRUELTIES T[>D ONE ANO!R ?AT HAVE PRODUC$ HELLS ON E>?4 ,!Y HAVE CREAT$ ! MON/ROSITIES ( ,HITL]'S DEA? CAMPS & ,/AL9'S GULAGS1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ! M\NTA9S ( SKULLS ?AT ,MONGOL & ,T>T> 9VAD]S ( ,EURASIA LEFT BEH9D 9 DI/ANT C5TURIES4 ,BUT ?IS RECORD H>DLY SUPPLANTS A DIALECTIC ( UNFOLD+ & MATUR+ ( POT5TIALITIES 9 SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 NOR IS ! CAPACITY ( HUMANS TO 9FLICT CRUELTIES ON EA* O!R EQUIVAL5T TO !IR POT5TIALITIES = FRE$OM1 SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 & COOP]ATION4 

,H]E1 HUMAN CAPACITIES & HUMAN POT5TIALITIES MU/ BE DI/+UI%$ FROM EA* O!R4 ,! HUMAN CAPACITY = 9FLICT+ 9JURY BELONGS TO ! REALM ( NATURAL HI/ORY1 TO :AT HUMANS %>E ) ANIMALS 9 ! BIOLOGICAL WORLD OR 0FIR/ NATURE40 ,FIR/ NATURE IS ! DOMA9 ( SURVIVAL1 ( CORE FEEL+S ( PA9 & FE>1 & 9 ?AT S5SE \R BEHAVIOR REMA9S ANIMALI/IC1 :I* IS BY NO MEANS ALT]$ ) ! EM]G5CE ( SOCIAL OR 0SECOND NATURE40  
,UNKN[+ ANIMALS M]ELY TRY TO SURVIVE & ADAPT TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R TO ! WORLD 9 :I* !Y EXI/4 ,BY CONTRA/4 HUMANS >E ANIMALS ( A V]Y SPECIAL K9D2 !Y >E KN[+ ANIMALS1 !Y HAVE ! 9TELLIG5CE TO CALCULATE & TO DEVISE1 EV5 9 ! S]VICE ( NE$S ?AT !Y %>E ) NONHUMAN LIFE-=MS4 ,HUMAN REASON & KN[L$GE HAVE COMMONLY S]V$ AIMS ( SELF-PRES]VATION & SELF-MAXIMIZATION BY ! USE ( A =MAL LOGIC ( EXP$I5CY1 A LOGIC ?AT RUL]S HAVE DEPLOY$ = SOCIAL CONTROL & ! MANIPULATION ( SOCIETY4 ,!SE ME?ODS HAVE !IR ROOTS 9 ! ANIMAL REALM ( SIMPLE MEANS-5DS *OICES TO SURVIVE4 

,BUT HUMANS ALSO HAVE ! CAPACITY TO DELIB]ATELY 9FLICT PA9 & FE>1 TO USE !IR REASON = P]V]SE PASSIONS1 9 ORD] TO CO]CE O!RS OR M]ELY = CRUELTY = ITS [N SAKE4 ,ONLY KN[+ ANIMALS1 IRONICALLY CAPABLE ( 9TELLIG5T 9NOVATION1 ) !  
,S*AD5FREUDE TO 5JOY VIC>I\SLY ! TORM5T ( O!RS1 CAN 9FLICT FE> & PA9 9 A COLDLY CALCULAT$ OR EV5 PASSIONATE MANN]4 ,! ,F\CAULDIAN HYPO/ASIZATION ( ! BODY AS ! 0T]RA90 ( SADO-MASO*I/IC PLEASURE CAN BE EASILY ELABORAT$ 9TO A METAPHYSICAL JU/IFICATION ( VIOL5CE1 DEP5D+1 TO BE SURE1 ON :AT 0PLEASES0 A P>TICUL> P]PETRAT+ EGO4.<#h#e.> ,9 ?IS S5SE1 HUMAN BE+S >E TOO 9TELLIG5T NOT TO LIVE 9 A RATIONAL SOCIETY1  
NOT TO LIVE )9 9/ITUTIONS =M$ BY REASON & E?ICS ?AT RE/RICT !IR CAPACITY = IRRATIONALITY & VIOL5CE4.<#h#f.> ,9S(> AS !Y DO NOT1 HUMANS REMA9 DANG]\SLY WAYW>D & UN=M$ CREATURES ) 5ORM\S P[]S ( DE/RUCTION AS WELL AS CREATION4 

,HUMANITY MAY HAVE A 0POT5TIALITY = EVIL10 AS ONE COLLEAGUE HAS >GU$4 ,BUT ?AT OV] ! C\RSE ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T PEOPLE HAVE EXHIBIT$ AN EXPLOSIVE CAPACITY TO P]PETRATE ! MO/ APPALL+LY EVIL ACTS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT HUMAN POT5TIALITY IS CON/ITUT$ TO PRODUCE EVIL & A NIHILI/IC DE/RUCTIV5ESS4 ,! CAPACITY ( C]TA9 ,G]MANS TO E/ABLI% AN ,AUS*WITZ1 9DE$ ! MEANS & ! GOAL TO EXT]M9ATE A :OLE PEOPLE 9 A T]RIFY+LY 9DU/RIAL MANN]1 WAS 9H]5T NEI!R 9 ,G]MANY'S DEVELOPM5T NOR 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RIAL RATIONALIZATION AS SU*4 ,H[EV] ANTI-,SEMITIC MANY ,G]MANS W]E OV] ! PREVI\S TWO C5TURIES4 ,EA/]N ,EUROPEANS W]E EQUALLY OR EV5 MORE SO2 IRONICALLY1 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE MAY HAVE DONE MORE TO A*IEVE ,JEWI% JURIDICAL EMANCIPATION 9 ! N9ETE5? & TW5TIE? C5TURIES ?AN ALL ! ,*RI/IAN PIETIES ?AT M>K$ PRE9DU/RIAL LIFE DUR+ ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,9DE$1 EVIL MAY HAVE A 0LOGIC0 -- ?AT IS TO SAY1 IT MAY BE EXPLA9$4 ,BUT MO/ G5]AL ACC\NTS EXPLA9 ! EVOLUTION ( EVIL 9 T]MS ( ADV5TITI\S EVIL ACTS & EV5TS1 IF ?IS CAN BE REG>D$ AS EXPLANATION AT ALL4 ,HITL]'S TAKEOV] ( ,G]MANY1 MADE POSSIBLE MORE BY ECONOMIC & POLITICAL DISLOCATIONS ?AN BY ! RACIAL VIEWS HE ESP\S$1 WAS PRECISELY A T]RIBLE EV5T ?AT CANNOT BE EXPLA9$ 9 T]MS ( ANY HUMAN POT5TIALITY = EVIL4 ,! HORROR ( ,AUS*WITZ LIES ALMO/ AS MU* 9 ITS 9EXPLICABILITY1 9 ITS APPALL+LY EXTRAORD9>Y *>ACT]1 AS 9 ! MON/ROSITIES ?AT ! ,NAZIS G5]ALLY 9FLICT$ ON ,EUROPEAN ,JEWS4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS S5SE ?AT ,AUS*WITZ REMA9S HAUNT+LY 9HUMAN & ?AT IT HAS TRAGICALLY PRODUC$ AN ABID+ MI/RU/ BY MANY PEOPLE ( ,CIVILIZATION & ,PROGRESS4 

,:5 EXPLANATIONS ( EVIL >E NOT M]ELY N>RATIONS ( EV5TS1 !Y EXPLA9 EVIL 9 T]MS ( 9/RUM5TAL OR CONV5TIONAL LOGIC4 ,! KN[+ ANIMAL1 ! HUMAN BE+1 :O IS VICI\SLY H>MFUL1 DOES NOT USE ! DEVELOPM5TAL REASON ( DIALECTIC1 ! REASON ( E?ICAL REFLECTION2 NOR A COH]5T1 REFLECTIVE REASON1 GR\ND$ 9 A KN[L$GE ( ,HI/ORY & ,CIVILIZATION2 NOR EV5 ! KN[+ ( AN AMBIGU\S1 >BITR>Y1 SELF-G5]AT$ 0IMAG9>Y10 OR A MORALITY ( P]SONAL TA/E & PLEASURE4 ,RA!R1 ! KN[+ ANIMAL USES 9/RUM5TAL CALCULATION TO S]VE EVIL 5DS1 9CLUD+ ! 9FLICTION ( PA94 

,! V]Y EXI/5CE ( IRRATIONALISM & EVIL 9 MANY SOCIAL PH5OM5A TODAY COMPELS US TO UPHOLD A CLE> /&>D ( ! 0RATIONAL0 & ! 0GOOD0 BY :I* TO JUDGE ! ONE AGA9/ ! O!R4 ,A PURELY P]SONALI/IC1 RELATIVI/IC1 OR FUNCTIONAL APPROA* WILL H>DLY DO = E/ABLI%+ E?ICAL /&>DS -- AS MANY CRITIQUES ( SUBJECTIVISM & SUBJECTIVE REASON HAVE %[N4 ,! P]SONAL TA/ES FROM :I* SUBJECTIVISM & RELATIVISM D]IVE !IR E?ICAL /&>DS >E AS TRANSI5T & FLEET+ AS MOODS4 ,NOR WILL A NOM9ALI/IC APPROA* SUFFICE3 TO R$UCE ,HI/ORY TO AN 9COMPREH5SIBLE ASSORTM5T ( PATT]NS OR TO 9EXPLICABLE PRODUCTS ( ! IMAG9ATION IS TO D5Y SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ALL 9T]NAL E?ICAL COH]5CE4.<#h#g.> ,9DE$1 AN UNSORT$1 UNGRAD$1 UNM$IAT$ APPROA* R$UCES \R UND]/&+ ( ,HI/ORY TO A CRUDE ECLECTICISM RA!R ?AN AN 9SI<TFUL COH]5CE1 TO AN OV]EMPHASIS ON DIFF]5TIAE 7SO EASY TO DO1 !SE M9DLESS DAYS67 & ! IDIOSYNCRATIC RA!R ?AN ! MEAN+FUL & ! UNIV]SAL1 MORE (T5 ATTRACT+ ! COMMONS5SICAL 9DIVIDUAL TO ! PSY*OANALYTIC C\* ?AN HELP+ HIM OR H] RECON/ITUTE A LEFT LIB]T>IAN SOCIAL MOVEM5T4 

,IF \R VIEWS ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T >E TO BE /RUCTUR$ >\ND ! DIFF]5CES ?AT DI/+UI% ONE CULTURE OR P]IOD FROM ANO!R1 WE WILL IGNORE UND]LY+ T5D5CIES ?AT1 ) EXTRAORD9>Y UNIV]SALITY1 HAVE GREATLY EXP&$ ! MAT]IAL &4 CULTURAL CONDITIOI'IS = FRE$OM ON V>I\S LEVELS ( 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIAL SELF-UND]/&+4 ,BY GROSSLY EMPHASIZ+ DISJUNCTIONS1 SOCIAL ISOLATES1 UNIQUE CONFIGURATIONS1 & *ANCE EV5TS1 WE WILL R$UCE %>$1 CLE>LY COMMON SOCIAL DEVELOPM5TS TO AN >*IPELAGO ( CULTURES1 EA* ESS5TIALLY UNRELAT$ TO ?OSE ?AT PREC$$ & FOLL[$ IT4 ,YET MANY HI/ORICAL =CES HAVE EM]G$1 DECL9$1 & EM]G$ AGA91 DESPITE ! =MIDABLE OB/ACLES ?AT (T5 SEEM$ TO /& 9 !IR WAY4 ,ONE DOES NOT HAVE TO EXPLA9 0EV]Y?+0 9 0F\NDATIONAL0 T]MS TO RECOGNIZE ! EXI/5CE ( ABID+ PROBLEMS SU* AS SC>CITY1 EXPLOITATION1 CLASS RULE1 DOM9ATION1 & HI]>*Y ?AT HAVE AGONIZ$ OPPRESS$ PEOPLES = ?\S&S ( YE>S4.<#h#h.> ,IF CRITICS W]E CORRECT 9 DUBB+ DIALECTIC A MY/]Y = CLAIM+ TO 5COMPASS ALL -- PH5OM5A BY A FEW COSMIC =MULAS1 !N !Y W\LD BE OBLIG$ TO REG>D HUMAN SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T AS A MY/]Y IF !Y CLAIM$ ?AT IT LACKS ANY CONT9UITY & UNITY -- ?AT IS1 ! BASES = A PHILOSOPHY ( ,HI/ORY4 ,)\T A NOTION ( CONT9UITY 9 ,HI/ORY1 H[ CAN WE EXPLA9 ! EXTRAORD9>Y EFFLORESC5CE ( CULTURE & TE*NIQUE ?AT ,HOMO SAPI5S SAPI5S PRODUC$ DUR+ ! ,MAGDEL5IAN P]IOD1 SOME TW5TY OR ?IRTY ?\S& YE>S AGO8 ,H[ CAN WE EXPLA9 ! CLE>LY UNRELAT$ EVOLUTION ( COMPLEX AGRICULTURAL SY/EMS 9 AT LEA/ ?REE SEP>ATE P>TS ( ! WORLD -- ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA1 & ,MESOAM]ICA -- ?AT APP>5TLY HAD NO CONTACT ) ONE ANO!R & ?AT W]E BAS$ ON ! CULTIVATION ( V]Y DIFF]5T GRA9S1 NOTABLY :EAT1 RICE1 & MAIZE8 ,H[ CAN WE EXPLA9 ! GREAT GA!R+ ( SOCIAL =CES 9 :I*1 AFT] T5 ?\S& YE>S ( >IS+1 /AGNAT+1 & DISAPPE>+1 CITIES F9ALLY GA9$ CONTROL OV] ! AGR>IAN WORLD ?AT HAD IMP$$ !IR DEVELOPM5T1 YIELD+ ! 0URBAN REVOLUTION10 AS ,V4 ,GORDON ,*ILDE CALL$ IT1 9 DIFF]5T >EAS ( ! WORLD ?AT C\LD HAVE HAD NO CONTACT ) ONE ANO!R8 

,MESOAM]ICA & ,MESOPOTAMIA1 MO/ CLE>LY1 C\LD NOT HAVE HAD ANY CONTACT ) EA* O!R S9CE ,PALEOLI?IC TIMES1 YET !IR AGRICULTURE1 T[NS & CITIES1 LIT]ACY1 & MA!MATICS DEVELOP$ 9 WAYS ?AT >E REM>KABLY SIMIL>4 ,9ITIALLY ,PALEOLI?IC =AG]S1 BO? PRODUC$ HI<LY URBANIZ$ CULTURES BAS$ ON GRA9 CULTIVATION1 GLYPHS1 ACCURATE CAL5DRICS1 & V]Y ELABORATE POTT]Y1 TO CITE ONLY ! MO/ /RIK+ P>ALLELS4 ,! :EEL WAS KN[N TO ,MESOAM]ICANS1 AL?\< !Y DO NOT SEEM TO HAVE US$ IT1 PROBABLY = WANT ( APPROPRIATE DRAFT ANIMALS1 AS WELL AS ! Z]O1 DESPITE ! ABS5CE ( ANY COMMUNICATION ) ,EURASIAN SOCIETIES4 ,IT REQUIRES AN A/ONI%+ DISREG>D = ! UNITY ( ,CIVILIZATION ON ! P>T ( HI/ORICAL RELATIVI/S TO EMPHASIZE (T5 M9OR DIFF]5CES1 SU* AS CLO?+1 SOME DAILY CU/OMS1 & MY?S1 AT ! EXP5SE ( A REM>KABLE UNITY ( CONSCI\SNESS & SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT ! TWO CULTURES EXHIBIT$ ON TWO SEP>ATE CONT95TS AFT] MANY MILL5NIA ( ISOLATION FROM EA* O!R4 

,! UNITY ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION IS H>DLY VITIAT$ BY SU* NOM9ALI/IC P]PLEXITIES AS 0,:Y DIDN'T A ,L59 APPE> 9 ,G]MANY RA!R ?AN ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#a#g-#a#i#a#h80 ,9 VIEW ( ! GREAT TIDAL MOVEM5TS ( ,HI/ORY1 IT MI<T BE MORE APPROPRIATE TO EXPLORE -- ,L59'S /RONG WILL & ,K]5SKY'S PSY*OLOGICAL FLACCIDITY ASIDE -- :E!R ! TRADITIONAL PROLET>IAT WAS EV] CAPABLE ( CREAT+ A 0WORK]S' /ATE10 9DE$1 :AT ?AT /ATI/ CONCEPT REALLY MEANT :5 WORK+ M5 & WOM5 W]E OBLIG$ TO DEVOTE ! GREAT] AM\NT ( !IR LIVES TO >DU\S LABOR AT ! EXP5SE ( !IR P>TICIPATION 9 MANAG+ SOCIAL AFFAIRS4 ,CAPRICE1 ACCID5T1 IRRATIONALITY1 & 0IMAG9>IES0 C]TA9LY 5T] 9TO SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T = BETT] OR WORSE4 ,BUT !Y LIT]ALLY HAVE NO MEAN+ IF !RE IS NO E?ICAL /&>D BY :I* TO DEF9E ! O!R ( :AT WE >E PRESUPPOS+ ) \R /&>D4.<#h#i.> ,SEEM+LY ACCID5TAL OR ECC5TRIC FACTORS MU/ BE RAIS$ TO ! LEVEL ( SOCIAL !ORY RA!R ?AN %RIVEL$ TO ! LEVEL ( NOM9ALI/IC M9UTIAE IF WE >E TO UND]/& !M4 

,DESPITE ! ACCID5TS1 FAILURES1 & O!R AB]RATIONS ?AT CAN ALT] ! C\RSE ( RATIONAL SOCIAL & 9DIVIDUAL DEVELOPM5T1 !RE IS A 0LEGACY ( FRE$OM10 AS ,I NAM$ A KEY *APT] 9 MY BOOK  
,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM1 A TRADITION ( 9CREAS+ APPROXIMATION ( HUMANITY T[>D FRE$OM & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 9 IDEAS & MORAL VALUES & ! OV]ALL T]RA9 ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,9DE$1 ! EXI/5CE ( ,HI/ORY AS A COH]5T UNFOLD+ ( REAL EMANCIPATORY POT5TIALITIES IS CLE>LY V]IFI$ BY ! EXI/5CE ( ,CIVILIZATION1 ! POT5TIALITIES ( ,HI/ORY EMBODI$ & P>TIALLY ACTUALIZ$4 ,IT CONSI/S ( ! CONCRETE ADVANCES1 MAT]IAL AS WELL AS CULTURAL & PSY*OLOGICAL1 ?AT HUMANITY HAS MADE T[>D GREAT] DEGREES ( FRE$OM1 SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 & COOP]ATION1 AS WELL AS RATIONALITY ITSELF4 ,TO HAVE TRANSC5D$ ! LIMITATIONS ( ! K9%IP TIE2 TO HAVE GONE BEYOND M]E =AG+ 9TO AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY2 TO HAVE REPLAC$ ! P>O*IAL B& OR TRIBE ) ! 9CREAS+LY UNIV]SAL CITY2 TO HAVE DEVIS$ WRIT+1 PRODUC$ LIT]ATURE1 & DEVELOP$ RI*] =MS ( EXPRESSION ?AN NON-LIT]ATE PEOPLES C\LD HAVE EV] IMAG9$ -- ALL ( !SE & MANY MORE ADVANCES HAVE PROVID$ ! CONDITIONS = EVOLV+ 9CREAS+LY SOPHI/ICAT$ NOTIONS ( 9DIVIDUALITY & EXP&+ NOTIONS ( REASON ?AT REMA9 /UNN+ A*IEVEM5TS TO ?IS V]Y DAY4 

,IT IS DIALECTICAL REASON RA!R ?AN CONV5TIONAL REASON ?AT APPREH5DS ! DEVELOPM5T ( ?IS TRADITION4 ,9DE$1 DIALECTICAL LOGIC CAN H>DLY BE TREAT$ COEQUALLY ) ]UPTIONS ( BRUTALITY1 H[EV] CALCULAT$ !Y MAY BE1 S9CE 9 NO S5SE CAN EPISODIC CAPACITIES BE EQUAT$ ) AN UNFOLD+ POT5TIALITY4 ,A DIALECTICAL UND]/&+ ( ,HI/ORY APPREH5DS DIFF]5TIAE 9 QUALITY1 LOGICAL CONT9UITY1 & MATURATION 9 HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! K9ETICS ( M]E *ANGE OR A SIMPLE DIRECTIVITY ( 0SOCIAL DYNAMICS40 ,R>EFY+ PROJECTS = HUMAN LIB]ATION TO ! PO9T ?AT !Y >E L>GELY SUBJECTIVE 0IMAG9>IES10 )\T RELEVANCE TO ! REALITIES ( ! OV]ALL HUMAN EXP]I5CE & ! 9SI<TS ( SPECULATIVE REASON1 CAN CAUSE US TO OV]LOOK ! EXI/5TIAL IMPACT ( !SE DEVELOPM5TS & ! PROMISE !Y HOLD = EV]-GREAT] FRE$OM1 SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 & COOP]ATION4 ,WE TAKE !SE A*IEVEM5TS ALL TOO EASILY = GRANT$ )\T ASK+ :AT K9D ( HUMAN BE+S WE W\LD BE IF !Y HAD NOT OCCURR$ AS A RESULT ( HI/ORICAL & CULTURAL MOVEM5TS MORE FUNDAM5TAL ?AN ECC5TRIC FACTORS4 ,!SE A*IEVEM5TS1 LET US ACKN[L$GE QUITE CLE>LY1 >E ,CIVILIZATION1 9DE$ A CIVILIZ+ CONT9UUM ?AT IS NONE!LESS 9FUS$ BY T]RIBLY B>B>IC1 9DE$ ANIMALI/IC FEATURES4 ,! CIVILIZ+ PROCESS HAS BE5 AMBIGU\S1 AS ,I HAVE EMPHASIZ$ 9 MY 0,AMBIGUITIES ( ,FRE$OM10.<#i.> BUT IT HAS NONE!LESS HI/ORICALLY TURN$ FOLK 9TO CITIZ5S1 :ILE ! PROCESS ( 5VIRONM5TAL ADAPTATION ?AT HUMANS %>E ) ANIMALS HAS BE5 TRANS=M$ 9TO A WIDE-RANG+1 /RICTLY HUMAN PROCESS ( 9NOVATION 9 DI/9CTLY ALT]ABLE 5VIRONM5TS4.<#i#a.> ,IT IS A PROCESS ?AT REA*$ ITS GREATE/ UNIV]SALITY1 PRIM>ILY 9 ,EUROPE1 H[EV] MU* O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD HAVE F$ 9TO ! EXP]I5CE4 ,?OSE ( US :O UND]/&ABLY FE> ?AT ! B>RI] BETWE5 ,CIVILIZATION & *AOS IS FRAGILE ACTUALLY PRESUPPOSE ! EXI/5CE ( ,CIVILIZATION1 NOT SIMPLY ( *AOS1 & ! EXI/5CE ( RATIONAL COH]5CE1 NOT SIMPLY ( IRRATIONAL 9COH]5CE4 

,MOREOV]1 ! DIALECTIC ( FRE$OM HAS EM]G$ AGA9 & AGA9 9 RECURR+ /RUGGLES = FRE$OM1 IDEOLOGICAL AS WELL AS PHYSICAL1 ?AT HAVE ABID+LY EXP&$ OV]ALL GOALS ( FRE$OM1 SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 & COOP]ATION -- AS MU* 9 SOCIAL EVOLUTION AS A :OLE AS )9 SPECIFIC TEMPORAL P]IODS4 ,! PA/ IS REPLETE ) 9/ANCES 9 :I* MASSES ( PEOPLE1 H[EV] DISP>ATE !IR CULTURES1 HAVE TRI$ TO RESOLVE ! SAME MILL5NIA-OLD PROBLEMS 9 REM>KABLY SIMIL> WAYS & ) REM>KABLY SIMIL> VIEWS4 ,! FAM\S CRY = EQUALITY ?AT ! ,5GLI% PEASANTS RAIS$ 9 !IR #a*a REVOLT -- 0,:5 ,ADAM DELV$ & ,EVE SPAN1 :O WAS !N ! G5TLEMAN80 -- IS AS MEAN+FUL = CONTEMPOR>Y REVOLTS AS IT WAS SIX HUNDR$ YE>S AGO1 9 A WORLD ?AT PRESUMABLY HAD A F> DIFF]5T 0IMAG9>Y0 FROM \R [N4 ,! D5IAL ( A RATIONAL UNIV]SAL ,HI/ORY1 ( ,CIVILIZATION1 ( ,PROGRESS1 & ( SOCIAL CONT9UITY R5D]S ANY HI/ORICAL P]SPECTIVE IMPOSSIBLE & H5CE ANY REVOLUTION>Y PRAXIS MEAN+LESS EXCEPT AS A MATT] ( P]SONAL1 9DE$ (T5 V]Y P]SONAL1 TA/E4 

,EV5 AS SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ATTEMPT TO ATTA9 :AT !Y MI<T CALL A RATIONAL SOCIETY1 9 DEVELOP+ HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITIES = FRE$OM1 SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 & COOP]ATION4 ,HI/ORY MAY CON/ITUTE ITSELF AS AN EV]-DEVELOP+ 0:OLE40 ,?IS :OLE1 ,I %\LD EMPHASIZE1 MU/ BE DI/+UI%$ FROM A T]M9AL ,HEGELIAN 0,ABSOLUTE0 JU/ AS DEM&S = COH]5CE 9 A BODY ( VIEWS MU/ BE DI/+UI%$ FROM ! WOR%IP ( SU* AN 0,ABSOLUTE0 & JU/ AS ! CAPACITY ( SPECULATIVE REASON TO $UCE 9 A DIALECTICALLY LOGICAL MANN] ! V]Y REAL POT5TIALITIES ( HUMANITY = FRE$OM IS NEI!R TELEOLOGICAL NOR ABSOLUTI/1 MU* LESS 0TOTALIT>IAN40.<#i#b.> ,!RE IS NO?+ TELEOLOGICAL1 MY/ICAL1 OR ABSOLUTI/ AB\T ,HI/ORY4 0,:OL5ESS0 IS NO TELEOLOGICAL REF]5T1 :OSE EVOLV+ COMPON5TS >E M]ELY P>TS ( A PR$ET]M9$ 0,ABSOLUTE40 ,NEI!R ! RATIONAL UNFOLD+ ( HUMAN POT5TIALITIES NOR !IR ACTUALIZATION 9 AN ET]NALLY GIV5 0,TOTALITY0 IS PR$E/9$4 

,NOR IS ! WORK+ \T ( \R POT5TIALITIES SOME VAGUE SORT ( SUPRAHUMAN ACTIVITY4 ,HUMAN BE+S >E NOT ! PASSIVE TOOLS ( A ,SPIRIT 7,GEI/7 ?AT WORKS \T ITS COMPLETE & F9AL SELF-REALIZATION & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS4 ,RA!R1 !Y >E ACTIVE AG5TS1 ! AU!NTIC 0CON/ITU5TS0 ( ,HI/ORY1 :O MAY OR MAY NOT ELABORATE !IR POT5TIALITIES 9 SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 ,ABORT$ ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION HAS BE5 H]E1 & DISCONT9U\S IT HAS BE5 !RE -- & = ALL WE KN[ IT MAY ULTIMATELY BE ABORT$ = HUMANITY AS SU*4 ,:E!R AN 0ULTIMATE0 RATIONAL SOCIETY WILL EV5 EXI/ AS A LIB]ATORY 05D ( HI/ORY0 IS BEYOND ANYONE'S PR$ICTIVE P[]S4 ,WE CANNOT SAY :AT ! SCOPE ( A RATIONAL1 FREE1 & COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY W\LD BE1 LET ALONE PRESUME TO CLAIM KN[L$GE ( ITS 0LIMITS40 ,9DE$1 9S(> AS ! HI/ORICAL PROCESS EFFECT$ BY LIV+ HUMAN AG5TS IS LIKELY TO EXP& \R NOTIONS ( ! RATIONAL1 ! DEMOCRATIC1 ! FREE1 & ! COOP]ATIVE1 IT IS UNDESIRABLE TO DOGMATICALLY ASS]T ?AT !Y HAVE ANY F9ALITY4 ,HI/ORY =MS ITS [N IDEAL ( !SE NOTIONS AT V>I\S TIMES1 :I* 9 TURN HAVE BE5 EXP&$ & 5RI*$4 

,EV]Y SOCIETY HAS ! POSSIBILITY ( ATTA9+ A REM>KABLE DEGREE ( RATIONALITY1 GIV5 ! MAT]IAL1 CULTURAL1 & 9TELLECTUAL CONDITIONS ?AT ALL[ = IT OR1 AT LEA/1 >E AVAILABLE TO IT4 ,)9 ! LIMITS ( A SLAVE1 PATRI>*AL1 W>RIOR1 & URBAN WORLD1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ANCI5T ,A!NIAN POLIS FUNCTION$ MORE RATIONALLY ?AN ,SP>TA OR O!R ,GREEK POLEIS4 ,IT IS PRECISELY ! TASK ( SPECULATIVE REASON TO $UCE :AT %\LD EXI/ AT ANY GIV5 P]IOD1 BAS$ ON ! V]Y REAL POT5TIALITIES = ! EXPANSION ( !SE NOTIONS4 ,TO CONCLUDE ?AT 0! 5D ( HI/ORY0 HAS BE5 ATTA9$ 9 LIB]AL CAPITALISM W\LD BE TO JETTISON ! HI/ORICAL LEGACY ( !SE MAGNIFIC5T EF=TS TO CREATE A FREE SOCIETY -- EF=TS ?AT CLAIM$ C\NTLESS LIVES 9 ! GREAT REVOLUTIONS ( ! PA/4 ,= MY P>T1 ,I & PROBABLY MANY REVOLUTION>IES TODAY WANT NO PLACE 9 SU* AN 05D ( HI/ORY02 NOR DO ,I WANT TO =GET ! GREAT EMANCIPATORY MOVEM5TS = POPUL> FRE$OM 9 ALL !IR MANY =MS ?AT OCCURR$ OV] ! AGES4 

,HI/ORY1 ,CIVILIZATION1 & ,PROGRESS >E ! DIALECTICALLY RATIONAL SOCIAL DISP5SATIONS ?AT =M1 EV5 ) ALL ! IMP$IM5TS !Y FACE1 A DIALECTICAL LEGACY ( FRE$OM4 ,! EXI/5CE ( ?IS LEGACY ( FRE$OM 9 NO WAY D5IES ! EXI/5CE ( A 0LEGACY ( DOM9ATION10.<#i#c.> :I* REMA9S )9 ! REALM ( ! IRRATIONAL4 ,9DE$1 !SE 0LEGACIES0 9T]TW9E ) & CONDITION EA* O!R4 ,HUMAN IDEALS1 /RUGGLES1 & A*IEVEM5TS ( V>I\S APPROXIMATIONS TO FRE$OM CANNOT BE SEP>AT$ FROM ! CRUELTIES & B>B>ITIES ?AT HAVE M>K$ SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T OV] ! C5TURIES1 (T5 GIV+ RISE TO NEW SOCIAL CONFIGURATIONS :OSE DEVELOPM5T IS HI<LY UNPR$ICTABLE4 ,BUT A CRUCIAL HI/ORICAL PROBLEMATIC REMA9S1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT REASON CAN =ESEE A GIV5 DEVELOPM5T3 WILL IT BE FRE$OM OR DOM9ATION ?AT IS N\RI%$8 ,I SUBMIT ?AT ,PROGRESS IS ! ADVANCE -- & AS EV]YONE PRESUMABLY HOPES1 ! ASC5DANCY -- ( FRE$OM OV] DOM9ATION1 :I* CLE>LY CANNOT BE CONCEPTUALLY FROZ5 9 AN AHI/ORICAL ET]NITY1 GIV5 ! GR[+ AW>5ESS ( BO? HOPES & OPPRESSIONS ?AT HAVE COME TO LI<T 9 ONLY A FEW REC5T G5]ATIONS4 ,PROGRESS ALSO APPE>S 9 ! OV]ALL IMPROVEM5T1 H[EV] AMBIGU\S1 ( HUMANITY'S MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 ! EM]G5CE ( A RATIONAL E?ICS1 ) 5LI<T5$ /&>DS ( S5SIBILITY & CONDUCT1 \T ( UNREFLEXIVE CU/OM & !I/IC MORALITY1 & SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS ?AT FO/] CONT9UAL SELF-DEVELOPM5T & COOP]ATION4 ,H[EV] LACK+ \R E?ICAL CLAIMS 9 RELATION TO SOCIAL PRACTICE MAY BE1 GIV5 ALL ! B>B>ITIES ( \R TIME1 WE N[ SUBJECT BRUTALITY TO MU* H>%] JUDGM5TS ?AN WAS DONE 9 E>LI] TIMES4.<#i#d.> 

,IT IS DIFFICULT TO CONCEIVE ( A RATIONAL E?ICS -- AS DI/+UI%$ FROM UN?9K+ CU/OM & M]E COMM&M5TS ( MORALITY1 LIKE ! ,DECALOGUE -- )\T REASON$ CRIT]IA ( GOOD & EVIL BAS$ ON REAL POT5TIALITIES = FRE$OM ?AT SPECULATIVE REASON CAN $UCE BEYOND A GIV5 REALITY4 ,! 0SUFFICI5T CONDITIONS0 = AN E?ICS MU/ BE EXPLICAT$ RATIONALLY1 NOT SIMPLY AFFIRM$ 9 PUBLIC OP9ION POLLS1 PLEBISCITES1 OR AN 09T]SUBJECTIVE0 CONS5SUS ?AT FAILS TO CL>IFY :AT CON/ITUTES 0SUBJECTIVITY0 & 0AUTONOMY0 ,ADMITT$LY1 ?IS IS NOT EASY TO DO 9 A WORLD ?AT CELEBRATES VAPOR\S WORDS1 BUT IT IS NECESS>Y TO DISCOV] TRU? RA!R ?AN WORK ) NOTIONS ?AT /EM FROM ! CONV5TIONAL 0WISDOM0 ( \R TIMES4 ,AS ,HEGEL 9SI/$1 EV5 COMMONPLACE MORAL MAXIMS LIKE 0,LOVE ?Y NEI<BOR AS ?YSELF0 RAISE MANY PROBLEMS1 SU* AS :AT WE REALLY MEAN BY 0LOVE40 

,I,I,I 

  

,I BELIEVE ?AT WE LACK AN ADEQUATE ,LEFT CRITIQUE ( ! !ORETICAL PROBLEMS RAIS$ BY CLASSICAL ,HEGELIANISM1 ,M>XISM1 AN>*ISM1 SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 & LIB]ALISM1 ) ! RESULT ?AT !RE >E S]I\S LACUNAE 9 ! CRITICAL EXPLORATION ( !SE 0ISMS40 ,A COMPREH5SIVE CRITICAL EXPLORATION W\LD REQUIRE AN ANALYSIS NOT ONLY ( ! FAIL+S ( ! SUBJECT MATT] UND] DISCUSSION1 BUT ( ! HIDD5 PRESUPPOSITIONS ( ! CRITIC4 ,! CRITIC W\LD BE OBLIG$ TO CLE>LY DEF9E :AT HE OR %E MEANS BY ! CONCEPTS HE OR %E IS US+4 ,?IS SELF-REFLEXIVE OBLIGATION CANNOT BE BYPASS$ BY SUB/ITUT+ UND]!ORIZ$ T]MS LIKE 0CREATIVITY10 0FRE$OM10 & 0AUTONOMY0 = 9-DEP? ANALYSIS4 ,! COMPLEXITY ( !SE IDEAS1 !IR SWEEP1 ! TRADITIONS ?AT UND]P9 & DIVIDE !M AGA9/ ONE ANO!R1 & ! EASE ) :I* !Y CAN BE ABUS$ &1 9 ! ACADEMIC MILIEUX 9 :I* !Y >E B&I$ >\ND1 DETA*$ FROM ! LIV$ MAT]IAL & SOCIAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE -- ALL REQUIRE CONSID]ABLE EXPLORATION4 

,AMONG ! IMPORTANT CONCEPTS & RELATION%IPS ?AT REQUIRE ELUCIDATION IS ! T5D5CY TO R$UCE OBJECTIVITY TO ! NATURAL LAW0 ( PHYSICAL SCI5CE4.<#i#e.> ,9 ! CONV5TIONAL SCI5TIFIC S5SE ( ! T]M1 0NATURAL LAW0 PREORDA9S ! K9ETIC FUTURE ( OBJECTS COLLID+ ) EA* O!R4 ,IT MAY EV5 PREORDA9 :AT AN 9DIVIDUAL PLANT WILL BECOME UND] ! NORMAL CONDITIONS REQUIR$ = ITS GR[?4 ,OBJECTIVITY1 H[EV]1 HAS A MULTIPLICITY ( MEAN+S & DOES NOT NECESS>ILY CORRESPOND TO ! 0LAWS0 ?AT ! NATURAL SCI5CES SEEK TO =MULATE4 ,IT 9VOLVES NOT ONLY ! MAT]IALITY ( ! WORLD 9 A BROAD S5SE BUT ALSO ITS POT5TIALITIES1 AS V]Y REAL BUT AS YET UNREALIZ$ =M /RUCTUR$ TO UND]GO ELABORATION4 ,! EVOLUTION ( KEY LIFE-=MS T[>D EV]-GREAT] SUBJECTIVITY1 *OICE1 & BEHAVIORAL FLEXIBILITY -- REAL POT5TIALITIES & !IR DEGREES ( ACTUALIZATION -- & T[>D HUMAN 9TELLECTUALITY1 LANGUAGE1 & SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONALIZATION1 IS TRANSP>5TLY CLE>4 ,AN OBJECTIVE POT5TIALITY IS ! IMPLICIT ?AT MAY OR MAY NOT BE ACTUALIZ$1 DEP5D+ UPON ! CONDITIONS 9 :I* IT EM]GES4 ,AMONG HUMANS1 ! ACTUALIZATION ( POT5TIALITY IS NOT NECESS>ILY RE/RICT$ BY ANY?+ BESIDES AG+ & DEA?1 AL?\< IT IS NOT FREE TO UNFOLD UNCONDITIONALLY4 ,M9IMALLY1 ! ACTUALIZATION ( HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITIES CONSI/S 9 ITS ATTA9M5T ( A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,SU* A SOCIETY1 ( C\RSE1 W\LD NOT APPE> AB NOVO4 ,BY ITS V]Y NATURE IT W\LD REQUIRE DEVELOPM5T1 MATURATION1 OR1 MORE PRECISELY1 A ,HI/ORY -- A RATIONAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT MAY BE FULFILL$ BY ! V]Y FACT ?AT ! SOCIETY IS POT5TIALLY CON/ITUT$ TO BE RATIONAL4 ,IF ! SELF-REALIZATION ( LIFE 9 ! NONHUMAN WORLD IS SURVIVAL OR /ABILITY1 ! SELF-REALIZATION ( HUMANITY IS ! DEGREE ( FRE$OM1 SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 & COOP]ATION1 AS WELL AS RATIONALITY 9 SOCIETY4 ,R$UC$ M]ELY OR PRIM>ILY TO SCI5TIFIC 0NATURAL LAW10 OBJECTIVITY IS HI<LY ATT5UAT$4 ,IT DOES NOT 5COMPASS POT5TIALITY & ! WORK+ ( ! DIALECTIC 9 EXI/5TIAL REALITY1 LET ALONE ITS PRES5CE AS A /&>D = GAUG+ REALITY AGA9/ ACTUALITY 9 ! UNFOLD+ ( HUMAN PH5OM5A4.<#i#f.> 

,M>X'S CLAIM TO HAVE UNE>!D 0! NATURAL LAWS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION0 WAS ABSURD1 BUT TO ADVANCE RELATIVISM AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO IT IS EQUALLY ABSURD4 ,A Y\NG]1 MORE FLEXIBLE ,M>X 9SI<TFULLY CLAIM$1 0,IT IS NOT 5\< ?AT ?\<T %\LD SEEK ITS ACTUALIZATION2 ACTUALITY ITSELF MU/ /RIVE T[>D ?\<T40.<#i#g.> ,?\<T1 QUA DIALECTICAL REASON1 BECOMES TRANS=MATIVE 9 %AP+ ! PRES5T & ! FUTURE 9S(> AS HUMAN RATIONAL PRAXIS OBJECTIVELY ACTUALIZES ! IMPLICIT4 ,TODAY1 :5 SUBJECTIVISM REIGNS SUPREME & ! COMMON RESPONSE EV5 TO SIGNIFICANT EV5TS IS TO ]ASE ANY MEAN+ & COH]5CE FROM ,HI/ORY1 ,CIVILIZATION1 & ,PROGRESS1 !RE IS A DESP]ATE NE$ = AN OBJECTIVITY ?AT IS IMM5SELY BROAD] ?AN NATURAL SCI5CE & 0NATURAL LAWS10 ON ! ONE H&1 & AN EMPHASIS ON ! IDIOSYNCRATIC1 0IMAG9>Y10 & ADV5TITI\S1 ON ! O!R4 ,IF VULG> ,M>XI/S US$ 0SCI5CE0 TO TURN ! E?ICAL CLAIM ?AT 0SOCIALISM IS NECESS>Y0 9TO ! TELEOLOGICAL ASS]TION ?AT 0SOCIALISM IS 9EVITABLE10 TODAY'S 0PO/-,M>XI/0 CRITICS REPEAT A SIMIL> VULG>ITY BY MORDANTLY CELEBRAT+ 9COH]5CE 9 ! REALM ( SOCIAL !ORY4 ,! CLAIM ( SOCIALISM'S 9EVITABILITY WAS CRUDELY DET]M9I/IC2 ! CLAIM ( ITS NECESSITY WAS A RATIONAL & E?ICAL EXPLICATION4 

0,9T]SUBJECTIVITY0 & 09T]SUBJECTIVE RELATIONS10 = !IR P>T1 CANNOT EXPLA9 9 ANY MEAN+FUL WAY H[ HUMANITY IS ROOT$ 9 BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION1 OR :AT WE BROADLY CALL 0,NATURE10 LEA/ ( ALL BY DEFTLY US+ ! PHRASE 0SOCIAL CON/RUCTION0 TO BYPASS ! V]Y OBJECTIVE EVOLUTION>Y REALITY ?AT 0,NATURE0 CONNOTES4 ,JU/ AS A SUBJECTIVIZ$ NEXUS ( 09T]SUBJECTIVE RELATIONS0 DISSOLVES ! OBJECTIVITY ( SOCIAL PH5OM5A1 SO A SUBJECTIVIZ$ NEXUS ( 0SOCIAL CON/RUCTION0 DISSOLVES ! OBJECTIVITY ( NATURAL EVOLUTION1 AS IF NEI!R SOCIAL PH5OM5A NOR NATURAL EVOLUTION HAD ANY ACTUALITY1 ASIDE FROM BE+ A PAIR ( SIMPLI/IC EPI/EMOLOGICAL CATEGORIES4 ,H]E ,KANT REAPPE>S ) A V5GEANCE1 ) ! POSSIBLE DIFF]5CE ?AT EV5 HIS N\M5AL OR UNKN[ABLE EXT]NAL REALITY HAS DISAPPE>$4 

,DIALECTIC1 IT %\LD BE EMPHASIZ$1 CANNOT BE R$UC$ M]ELY TO A 0ME?OD0 ON ! GR\NDS ?AT SU* DISP>ATE DIALECTICAL ?9K]S AS ,>I/OTLE1 ,JOHN ,SCOTUS ,]IUG5A1 ,HEGEL1 & ,M>X COMPREH5D$ DIFF]5T REALMS ( KN[L$GE & REALITY 9 DIFF]5T WAYS & P]IODS4 ,HUMANITY'S KN[L$GE ( DIALECTIC  
HAS ITSELF BE5 A PROCESS1 & DIALECTICAL ?9K+ HAS ITSELF UND]GONE DEVELOPM5T -- A CUMULATIVE DEVELOPM5T1 NOT A SO-CALL$ 0P>ADIGM %IFT0 -- JU/ AS SCI5TI/S HAVE BE5 OBLIG$ 9 ! GIVE-&-TAKE OR SUBLATION ( IDEAS TO RESOLVE ONE-SID$ 9SI<TS 9TO ! NATURE ( REALITY & ITS BECOM+4.<#i#h.> 

,AL?\< ! BROAD] OBJECTIVITY ?AT DIALECTICAL REASON+ $UCES DOES NOT DICTATE ?AT REASON WILL PREVAIL1 IT IMPLIES ?AT IT  
%\LD PREVAIL1 !REBY MELD+ E?ICS ) HUMAN ACTIVITY & CREAT+ ! BASIS = A TRULY OBJECTIVE E?ICAL SOCIALISM OR AN>*ISM4 ,AS SU*1 DIALECTIC IS NOT SIMPLY AN ONTOLOGICAL CAUSALITY2  
IT IS ALSO AN E?ICS -- AN ASPECT ( DIALECTICAL PHILOSOPHY ?AT HAS NOT BE5 SUFFICI5TLY EMPHASIZ$4 ,DIALECTICAL REASON P]MITS AN E?ICS 9 HI/ORY BY UPHOLD+ ! RATIONAL 9FLU5CE ( 0:AT-%\LD-BE0 AS AGA9/ 0:AT-IS40 ,HI/ORY1 QUA ! DIALECTICALLY RATIONAL1 EX]CISES A PRESS+ CLAIM1 SO TO SPEAK1 ON \R CANONS ( BEHAVIOR & \R 9T]PRETATION ( EV5TS4 ,)\T ?IS LIB]ATORY LEGACY & A HUMAN PRACTICE ?AT FO/]S ITS UNFOLD+1 WE HAVE ABSOLUTELY NO BASIS = EV5 JUDG+ :AT IS CREATIVE OR /AGNANT1 RATIONAL OR IRRATIONAL1 OR GOOD OR EVIL 9 ANY CON/ELLATION ( CULTURAL PH5OM5A O!R ?AN P]SONAL PREF]5CE4 ,UNLIKE SCI5CE'S LIMIT$ OBJECTIVITY1 DIALECTICAL NATURALISM'S OBJECTIVITY IS E?ICAL BY ITS V]Y NATURE1 BY VIRTUE ( ! K9D ( SOCIETY IT ID5TIFIES AS RATIONAL1 A SOCIETY ?AT IS ! ACTUALIZATION ( HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITIES4.<#i#i.> ,IT SUBLATES SCI5CE'S N>R[ OBJECTIVITY TO ADVANCE1 BY RATIONAL 9F]5CES DRAWN FROM ! OBJECTIVE NATURE ( HUMAN POT5TIALITIES1 A SOCIETY ?AT 9CREAS+LY ACTUALIZES ?OSE POT5TIALITIES4 ,& IT DOES SO ON ! BASIS ( :AT  
%\LD BE AS ! FULFILLM5T ( ! RATIONAL1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ON RATIONAL KN[L$GE ( ! GOOD & A CONCEPTUAL CONGRU5CE BETWE5 ! GOOD & ! SOCIALLY RATIONAL ?AT CAN BE EMBODI$ 9 FREE 9/ITUTIONS4 

,IT IS NOT ?AT SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T IS DIALECTICAL BECAUSE IT IS  
NECESS>ILY RATIONAL1 AS A TRADITIONAL ,HEGELIAN MI<T SUPPOSE1 BUT RA!R ?AT :]E SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T IS RATIONAL1 IT IS DIALECTICAL OR HI/ORICAL4 ,WE AV]1 9 %ORT1 ?AT WE CAN $UCE FROM A UNIQUELY HUMAN POT5TIALITY A RATIONAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT ADVANCES HUMAN SELF-REALIZATION 9 A FREE1 SELF-CONSCI\S1 & COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY4 ,SPECULATIVE REASON H]E /AKES \T A CLAIM TO DISC]N ! RATIONAL DEVELOPM5T 7BY NO MEANS IMMUNE TO IRRATIONAL VICISSITUDES7 ( SOCIETY AS IT %\LD BE -- GIV5 HUMAN POT5TIALITY1 AS WE KN[ IT 9 REAL LIFE1 TO EVOLVE FROM A TRIBAL FOLK TO A DEMOCRATIC CITIZ5RY1 FROM MY?OPOESIS TO REASON1 FROM ! SUBMISSION ( P]SONHOOD 9 A FOLKLIKE COLLECTIVITY TO 9DIVIDUALITY 9 A RATIONAL COMMUNITY -- ALL AS RATIONAL 5DS AS WELL AS EXI/5TIAL REALITIES4 ,SPECULATIVE REASON %\LD ALWAYS BE CALL$ UPON TO UND]/& & EXPLA9 NOT ONLY :AT HAS HAPP5$ ) RESPECT TO !SE PROBLEMATICS BUT :Y !Y RECUR 9 V>Y+ DEGREES & H[ !Y CAN BE RESOLV$4 

,9 A V]Y REAL S5SE1 ! PA/ FIFTE5 OR MORE YE>S HAVA BE5 REM>KABLY AHI/ORICAL1 ALBEIT HI<LY EV5TFUL1 9S(> AS !Y HAVE NOT BE5 M>K$ BY ANY LA/+ ADVANCE T[>D A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,9DE$1 IF ANY?+1 !Y W\LD SEEM TO BE TILT+ T[>D A REGRESSION1 IDEOLOGICALLY & /RUCTURALLY1 TO B>B>ISM1 DESPITE SPECTACUL> ADVANCES 9 TE*NOLOGY & SCI5CE1 :OSE \TCOME WE CANNOT =ESEE4 ,!RE CANNOT BE A DIALECTIC1 H[EV]1 ?AT DEALS 0DIALECTICALLY0 ) ! IRRATIONAL1 ) REGRESSION 9TO B>B>ISM -- ?AT IS TO SAY1 A /RICTLY NEGATIVE DIALECTICS4 ,BO? ,ADORNO'S BOOK ( ?AT NAME & ,HORKHEIM] & ,ADORNO'S  
,! ,DIALECTIC ( ,5LI<T5M5T1 :I* TRAC$ ! 0DIALECTICAL0 DESC5T ( REASON 79 ,HEGEL'S S5SE7 9TO 9/RUM5TALISM1 W]E LITTLE MORE ?AN MIX$ F>RAGOES ( CONVOLUT$ NEO-,NIETZS*EAN V]BIAGE1 (T5 BRILLIANT1 COLORFUL1 & EXCIT+LY 9=MATIVE1 BUT (T5 CONFUS$1 RA!R DEHUMANIZ+ &1 TO SPEAK BLUNTLY1 IRRATIONAL4.<#a.> ,A 0DIALECTIC0 ?AT LACKS ANY SPIRIT ( TRANSC5D5CE 7,AUFHEBUNG7 & D5IES ! 0NEGATION ( ! NEGATION0 IS SPURI\S AT ITS V]Y CORE4.<#a#a.> ,ONE ( ! E>LIE/ ATTEMPTS TO 0DIALECTICALLY0 DEAL ) SOCIAL REGRESSION WAS ! LITTLE-KN[N 0RETROGRESSION !SIS10 UND]TAK5 BY ,JOSEF ,WEB]1 ! ,G]MAN ,TROTSKYI/ !ORI/ :O WAS ! EXILE LEAD] ( ! ,9T]NATIONALE ,KOMMUNI/5 ,DEUTS*L&S 7,I,K,D74 ,WEB] AU?OR$ ! ,I,K,D'S PROGRAM1 0,CAPITALI/ ,B>B>ISM OR ,SOCIALISM10 PUBLI%$ 9 ,NOVEMB] #aidd 9 ,MAX ,S*A*TMAN'S ,NEW ,9T]NATIONAL DUR+ ! BITT]E/ DAYS ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> & POS$ ! QUE/ION ?AT MANY ?9K+ REVOLUTION>IES ( ?AT DI/ANT ]A FAC$3 :AT =MS W\LD CAPITALISM TAKE IF ! PROLET>IAT FAIL$ TO MAKE A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION AFT] ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>8.<#a#b.> ,AS ! TITLE ( ! ,I,K,D DOCUM5T SUGGE/S1 NOT ALL ,M>XI/S1 P]HAPS FEW] ?AN WE MAY ?9K1 REG>D$ SOCIALISM AS 09EVITABLE0 OR ?\<T ?AT !RE W\LD NECESS>ILY BE A SOCIALI/ 05D TO HI/ORY0 AFT] ! W>4 ,9DE$1 MANY :OM ,I KNEW AS A DISSID5T ,TROTSKYI/ FIFTY YE>S AGO W]E CONV9C$ ?AT B>B>ISM WAS AS S]I\S A DANG] = ! FUTURE AS SOCIALISM WAS ITS GREATE/ HOPE4.<#a#c.> ,! PROSPECT ( B>B>ISM ?AT WE FACE TODAY MAY DIFF] 9 =M FROM :AT REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/S FAC$ TWO G5]ATIONS AGO1 BUT IT DOES NOT DIFF] 9 K9D4 ,! FUTURE ( ,CIVILIZATION IS /ILL V]Y MU* 9 ! BALANCE1 & ! V]Y MEMORY ( ALT]NATIVE EMANCIPATORY VISIONS TO CAPITALISM >E BECOM+ DIMM] ) EA* G5]ATION4 

,AL?\< ! 0IMAG9>Y0 & SUBJECTIVE >E C]TA9LY ELEM5TS 9 SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 CONTEMPOR>Y CAPITALISM IS /EADILY DISSOLV+ ! UNIQU5ESS ( 0IMAG9>IES0 ( E>LI]1 MORE DIV]SE CULTURES4 ,9DE$1 CAPITALISM IS 9CREAS+LY LEVEL+ & HOMOG5IZ+ SOCIETY1 CULTURALLY & ECONOMICALLY1 TO A PO9T ?AT ! SAME COMMODITIES1 9DU/RIAL TE*NIQUES1 SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 VALUES1 EV5 DESIRES1 >E BE+ 0UNIV]SALIZ$0 TO AN UNPREC$5T$ DEGREE 9 HUMANITY'S LONG C>E]4 ,AT A TIME :5 ! MASS-MANUFACTUR$ COMMODITY HAS BECOME A FETI% MORE POT5T ?AN ANY >*AIC FETI% ?AT E>LY CULTURES 0IMAG9$02 :5 ! GLOSSY TIE & ?REE-PIECE SUIT >E REPLAC+ TRADITIONAL S>ONGS1 CLOAKS1 & %\LD] CAPES2 :5 ! WORD BUS9ESS REQUIRES FEW] & FEW] TRANSLATIONS 9 ! WORLD'S DIV]SE VOCABUL>IES2 & :5 ,5GLI% HAS BECOME ! L+UA FRANCA NOT ONLY ( SO-CALL$ 0$UCAT$ CLASSES0 BUT PEOPLE 9 ORD9>Y WALKS ( LIFE 7NE$ ,I ADD MORE TO ?IS IMM5SELY LONG LI/871 IT IS ODD ?AT ! IDIOSYNCRATIC 9 V>I\S CULTURAL CON/ELLATIONS IS N[ ACQUIR+ A SIGNIFICANCE 9 ACADEMIC DISC\RSE ?AT IT R>ELY ATTA9$ 9 ! PA/4 ,?IS DISC\RSE MAY BE A WAY ( SIDE-/EPP+ A MU*-NE$$ EXAM9ATION ( ! *ALL5GES POS$ BY REC5T CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5TS1 & 9/EAD MY/IFY+ !M 9 CONVOLUT$ DISCUSSIONS ?AT FILL D5SE ACADEMIC TOMES &1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! CASE ( ,F\CAULT & PO/MOD]NISM1 SATISFY+ ! 0IMAG9>IES0 ( SELF-C5T]$ 9DIVIDUALS1 = :OM ! SPRAY PA9T CAN HAS BECOME ! WEAPON ( *OICE ) :I* TO ASSAULT ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM & A HAIR/YLE ! BE/ WAY TO AFFRONT ! CONV5TIONAL PETTY B\RGEOISIE4 

,/AT$ BLUNTLY3 NO REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T CAN GR[ IF ITS !ORI/S ESS5TIALLY D5Y ,BLO*'S 0PR9CIPLE ( HOPE10 :I* ! MOVEM5T SO NE$S = AN 9SPIR$ BELIEF 9 ! FUTURE2 IF IT D5IES UNIV]SAL ,HI/ORY ?AT AFFIRMS SWEEP+ COMMON PROBLEMS ?AT HAVE BESIEG$ HUMANITY OV] ! AGES2 IF IT D5IES ! %>$ 9T]E/S ?AT GIVE A MOVEM5T ! BASIS = A COMMON /RUGGLE 9 A*IEV+ A RATIONAL DISP5SATION ( SOCIAL AFFAIRS2 IF IT D5IES A PROCESSUAL RATIONALITY & A GR[+ IDEA ( ! ,GOOD BAS$ ON MORE ?AN P]SONALIS TIC 7OR 09T]SUBJECTIVE0 & 0CONS5SUAL07 GR\NDS2 IF IT D5IES ! P[]FUL CIVILIZATORY DIM5SIONS ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T 7IRONICALLY1 DIM5SIONS ?AT >E 9 FACT SO USEFUL TO CONTEMPOR>Y NIHILI/S 9 CRITICIZ+ HUMANITY'S FAIL+S72 & IF IT D5IES HI/ORICAL ,PROGRESS4 ,YET 9 PRES5T-DAY !ORETICS1 A S]IES ( EV5TS REPLACES ,HI/ORY1 CULTURAL RELATIVISM REPLACES ,CIVILIZATION1 & A BASIC PESSIMISM REPLACES A BELIEF 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( ,PROGRESS4 ,:AT IS MORE S9I/]1 MY?OPOESIS REPLACES REASON1 & DY/OPIA ! PROSPECT ( A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,:AT IS AT /AKE 9 ALL !SE DISPLACEM5TS IS AN 9TELLECTUAL & PRACTICAL REGRESSION ( APPALL+ PROPORTIONS -- AN ESPECIALLY AL>M+ DEVELOPM5T TODAY1 :5 !ORETICAL CL>ITY IS ( ! UTMO/ NECESSITY4 ,:AT \R TIMES REQUIRE IS A SOCIAL ANALYSIS ?AT CALLS = A REVOLUTION>Y & ULTIMATELY POPUL> MOVEM5T1 NOT A PSY*O-ANALYSIS ?AT ISSUES SELF-RI<TE\S DISCLAIM]S = 0BEAUTIFUL S\LS10 IDEOLOGICALLY DRESS$ 9 CLOAKS ( P]SONAL VIRTUE4 

,GIV5 ! DISP>ITY BETWE5 :AT RATIONALLY %\LD BE & :AT CURR5TLY EXI/S1 REASON MAY NOT NECESS>ILY BECOME EMBODI$ 9 A FREE SOCIETY4 ,IF & :5 ! REALM ( FRE$OM EV] DOES REA* ITS MO/ EXPANSIVE =M1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT WE CAN 5VISION IT1 & IF HI]>*Y1 CLASS1 DOM9ATION1 & EXPLOITATION W]E EV] ABOLI%$1 WE W\LD BE OBLIG$ TO 5T] ?AT REALM ONLY AS FREE BE+S1 AS TRULY RATIONAL1 E?ICAL1 & EMPA!TIC 0KN[+ ANIMALS10 ) ! HI<E/ 9TELLECTUAL 9SI<T & E?ICAL PROBITY1 NOT AS BRUTES CO]C$ 9TO IT BY GRIM NECESSITY & FE>4 ,! RIDDLE ( \R TIMES IS :E!R TODAY'S RELATIVI/S W\LD HAVE EQUIPP$ US 9TELLECTUALLY & E?ICALLY TO CROSS 9TO ?AT MO/ EXPANSIVE REALM ( FRE$OM4 ,WE CANNOT M]ELY BE DRIV5 9TO GREAT] FRE$OM BY BL9D =CES ?AT WE FAIL TO UND]/&1 AS ,M>XI/S IMPLI$1 /ILL LESS BY M]E PREF]5CES ?AT HAVE NO /&+ 9 ANY?+ MORE ?AN AN 0IMAG9>Y10 09/9CTS10 OR LIBID9AL 0DESIRES40.<#a#d.> 

,! RELATIVI/S ( \R TIME C\LD ACTUALLY PLAY A S9I/] ROLE IF !Y P]MITT$ ! 0IMAG9ATIVE0 TO LOOS5 \R CONTACT ) ! OBJECTIVE WORLD4 ,= 9 ! ABS5CE ( RATIONAL OBJECTIVE /&>DS ( BEHAVIOR1 IMAG9ATION MAY BE AS DEMONIC AS IT MAY BE LIB]ATORY :5 SU* /&>DS EXI/2 H5CE ! NE$ = 9=M$ SPONTANEITY -- & AN 9=M$ IMAG9ATION4 ,! EXHIL>AT+1 EV5TS ( ,MAY-,JUNE #a#i#f#h1 ) ! CRY 0,IMAG9ATION TO ,P[]60 W]E FOLL[$ A FEW YE>S LAT] BY A SURGE 9 ! POPUL>ITY ( NIHILI/IC PO/MOD]NISM & PO//RUCTURALISM 9 ! ACADEMY1 AN UNSAVORY METAPHYSICS ( 0DESIRE10 & AN APOLITICAL CALL = 0IMAG9ATION0 N\RI%$ BY A YE>N+ = 0SELF-REALIZATION40 ,MORE ?AN EV]1 ,I W\LD 9SI/1 WE MU/ 9V]T ,NIETZS*E'S DICTUM ,ALL FACTS >E 9T]PRETATIONS0 & DEM& ?AT ALL 9T]PRETATIONS BE ROOT$ 9 OBJECTIVITY4 ,WE MU/ SEEK \T BROAD] 9T]PRETATIONS ( SOCIALISM ?AN ?OSE ?AT CA/ SOCIALI/ IDEALS AS A SCI5CE & /RANGL$ ITS MOVEM5TS 9 AU?ORIT>IAN 9/ITUTIONS4 ,AT A TIME :5 WE TEET] BETWE5 ,CIVILIZATION & B>B>ISM1 ! CURR5T APO/LES ( IRRATIONALITY 9 ALL !IR V>I$ =MS >E ! *?ONIC DEMONS ( A D>K WORLD :O HAVE COME TO LIFE NOT TO EXPLICATE HUMANITY'S PROBLEMS BUT TO EFFECT A DISPIRIT+ D5IAL ( ! ROLE ( RATIONALITY 9 ,HI/ORY & HUMAN AFFAIRS4 ,MY DISQUIET TODAY LIES NOT 9 ! ABS5CE ( SCI5TIFIC 0GU>ANTEES0 ?AT A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WILL APPE> -- ONE ?AT1 AT MY AGE1 IT WILL NEV] BE MY PRIVILEGE TO SEE -- BUT 9 :E!R IT WILL EV5 HE F\<T = 9 SO DECAD5T & DESP]ATE A P]IOD4  
  

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