,*APT] #b 
,T[>D A ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,NATURE3 ,! ,BASES = AN ,ECOLOGICAL ,E?ICS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,FRE$OM & ,NECESSITY 9 ,NATURE3  

 ,A ,PROBLEM 9 ,ECOLOGICAL ,E?ICS.<#d.> 

  

,ONE ( ! MO/ 5TR5*$ IDEAS 9 ,WE/]N ?\<T IS ! NOTION ?AT NATURE IS A H>% REALM ( NECESSITY1 A DOMA9 ( UNREL5T+ LAWFULNESS & COMPULSION4 ,FROM ?IS UND]LY+ IDEA1 TWO EXTREME ATTITUDES HAVE EM]G$4 ,EI!R HUMANITY MU/ YIELD ) RELIGI\S OR 0ECOLOGICAL0 HUMILITY TO ! DICTA ( 0NATURAL LAW0 & TAKE ITS ABJECT PLACE SIDE BY SIDE ) ! L[LY ANTS ON :I* IT 0>ROGANTLY0 TREADS1 OR IT MU/ 0CONQU]0 NATURE BY MEANS ( ITS TE*NOLOGICAL & RATIONAL A/UT5ESS1 9 A %>$ PROJECT ULTIMATELY TO 0LIB]ATE0 ALL ( HUMANITY FROM ! COMPULSION ( NATURAL 0NECESSITY0 -- AN 5T]PRISE ?AT MAY WELL 5TAIL ! SUBJUGATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN4 

,! FIR/ ATTITUDE1 A QUASI-RELIGI\S QUIETISM1 IS TYPIFI$ BY 0DEEP ECOLOGY10 ANTIHUMANISM1 & SOCIOBIOLOGY1 :ILE ! SECOND1 AN ACTIVI/ APPROA*1 IS TYPIFI$ BY ! LIB]AL & ,M>XIAN IMAGE ( AN OMNISCI5T HUMANITY CA/ 9 A COMM&E]+ PO/URE T[>D ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,MOD]N SCI5CE -- DESPITE ITS CLAIMS TO VALUE-FREE OBJECTIVITY -- UNWITT+LY TAKES ON AN E?ICAL MANTLE :5 IT COMMITS ITSELF TO A CONCEPT ( NATURE AS COMPREH5SIBLE1 AS ORD]LY 9 ! S5SE ?AT NATURE'S 0LAWS0 >E RATIONALLY EXPLICABLE & BASICALLY NECESSIT>IAN4 

,! ANCI5T ,GREEKS VIEW$ ?IS ORD]LY /RUCTURE ( ! NATURAL WORLD AS EVID5CE ( A COSMIC N\S OR LOGOS ?AT PRODUC$ A SUBJECTIVE PRES5CE 9 NATURAL PH5OM5A AS A :OLE4 ,YET ) ONLY A M9IMAL %IFT 9 EMPHASIS1 ?IS SAME NOTION ( AN ORD]LY NATURE CAN YIELD ! DISMAL CONCLUSION ?AT 0FRE$OM IS ! RECOGNITION ( NECESSITY0 7TO USE ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS'S REPHRAS+ ( ,HEGEL'S DEF9ITION74 ,9 ?IS LATT] CASE1 FRE$OM IS SUBTLY TURN$ 9TO ITS OPPOSITE3 ! M]E CONSCI\SNESS ( :AT WE CAN OR CANNOT DO4 

,SU* AN 9T]NALIZ$ VIEW ( FRE$OM AS SUBJECT TO HI<] DICTA1 ( 0,SPIRIT0 7,HEGEL7 OR 0,HI/ORY0 7,M>X71 NOT ONLY S]V$ ,LU!R 9 HIS BREAK ) ! ,*UR*'S HI]>*Y2 IT PROVID$ AN IDEOLOGICAL JU/IFICATION = ,/AL9'S WOR/ EXCESSES 9 ! NAME ( DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM & HIS BRUTAL 9DU/RIALIZATION ( ,RUSSIA UND] ! EGIS ( SOCIETY'S 0NATURAL LAWS ( DEVELOPM5T40 ,IT MAY ALSO YIELD AN \TRI<T ,SK9N]IAN NOTION ( AN OV]LY DET]M9$ WORLD 9 :I* HUMAN BEHAVIOR IS R$UC$ TO M]E RESPONSES TO EXT]NAL OR 9T]NAL /IMULI4 

,!SE EXTREMES ASIDE1 ! CONV5TIONAL WISDOM ( \R TIME /ILL SEES NATURE AS A H>% 0REALM ( NECESSITY0 -- MORALLY1 AS WELL AS MAT]IALLY -- ?AT CON/ITUTES A *ALL5GE TO HUMANITY'S SURVIVAL & WELL-BE+1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ITS FRE$OM4 ,) ! 'CONSID]ABLE 9TELLECTUAL H]ITAGE ( DY/OPIAN ?9K]S LIKE ,HOBBES & UTOPIAN ONES LIKE ,M>X1 ! SELF-DEF9ITION ( MAJOR ACADEMIC DISCIPL9ES EMBODIES ?IS T5SION1 9DE$1 ?IS CONFLICT4 ,ECONOMICS WAS =G$ 9 ! CRUCIBLE ( A NECESSIT>IAN1 EV5 0/+Y0 NATURE :OSE 0SC>CE RES\RCES0 W]E ?\<T TO BE 9SUFFICI5T TO MEET HUMANITY'S 0UNLIMIT$ NE$S40 ,PSY*OLOGY1 C]TA9LY 9KS.-PSY*OANALYTIC =MS1 /RESSES ! IMPORTANCE ( CONTROLL+ HUMAN 9T]NAL NATURE1 ) ! BONUS ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL'S SUBLIMAT$ 5]GY WILL F9D ITS EXPRESSION 9 ! SUBJUGATION ( EXT]NAL NATURE4 ,!ORIES ( WORK11 SOCIETY1 BEHAVIOR1 & EV5 SEXUALITY TURN ON AN IMAGE ( A NECESSIT>IAN NATURE1 ?AT MU/ 9 SOME S5SE BE 0DOM9AT$0 TO S]VE HUMAN 5DS -- PRESUMABLY ON ! OLD BELIEF ?AT :AT IS NATURAL DISALL[S ALL ELEM5TS ( *OICE & FRE$OM4 ,NOR IS NATURE PHILOSOPHY ITSELF UNTA9T$ BY ?IS H>%LY NECESSIT>IAN IMAGE4 ,9DE$1 MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 IT HAS S]V$ AS AN IDEOLOGICAL JU/IFICATION = A HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY1 MODEL$ ON A HI]>*ICALLY /RUCTUR$ 0NATURAL ORD]40 

,?IS IMAGE & ITS SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS1 G5]ALLY ASSOCIAT$ ) ,>I/OTLE1 /ILL LIVE 9 \R MID/ AS A COSMIC JU/IFICATION = DOM9ATION 9 G5]AL -- 9 ITS MORE NOXI\S CASES1 = RACIAL & SEXUAL DISCRIM9ATION1 & 9 ITS MO/ NI<TM>I% =M1 = ! \TRI<T EXT]M9ATION ( 5TIRE PEOPLES4 ,RAIS$ TO A MORAL CALL+1 0MAN0 EM]GES FROM ?IS MASSIVE IDEOLOGICAL APP>ATUS AS A CREATURE TO :OM 0,SPIRIT0 OR 0,GOD0 HAS IMP>T$ A SUPRANATURAL QUALITY ( A TRANSC5D5TAL K9D & A MISSION TO GOV]N AN ORD]$ UNIV]SE ?AT 0,HE0 OR 0,IT0 CREAT$4 

,AT FIR/ GLANCE1 RESOLV+ ! CONFLICT BETWE5 NECESSITY & FRE$OM -- PRESUMABLY BETWE5 NATURE & SOCIETY -- SEEMS TO REQUIRE BUILD+ A BRIDGE BETWE5 ! TWO1 AS 9 VALUE SY/EMS ?AT >E BAS$ ON PURELY UTILIT>IAN ATTITUDES T[>D ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,! >GUM5T ?AT HUMANITY'S ABUSE ( NATURE SUBV]TS ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS = \R [N SURVIVAL1 AL?\< SURELY TRUE1 IS NONE!LESS CRASSLY 9/RUM5TAL4 ,IT ASSUMES ?AT HUMAN CONC]N = NATURE RE/S ON SELF-9T]E/ RA!R ?AN ON A FEEL+ = ! LIV+ WORLD ( :I* HUMAN BE+S >E P>T1 ALBEIT 9 A V]Y DI/9CTIVE WAY4 ,9 SU* A VALUE SY/EM \R RELATION%IP ) NATURE IS NEI!R BETT] NOR WORSE ?AN ! SUCCESS ) :I* WE PLUND] IT )\T H>M+ \RSELVES4 ,IT IS ANO!R W>RANT = UND]M9+ ! NATURAL WORLD1 PROVID$ ONLY ?AT WE CAN F9D ADEQUATE SUB/ITUTES1 H[EV] SYN!TIC1 SIMPLE1 OR ME*ANICAL1 = EXI/+ LIFE-=MS & ECOLOGICAL RELATION%IPS4 ,IT IS PRECISELY ?IS APPROA* ?AT HAS EXAC]BAT$ ! PRES5T ECOLOGICAL CRISIS08 

,MOREOV]1 ATTEMPTS TO BRIDGE ! GULF BETWE5 ! NATURAL & SOCIAL WORLDS ?AT >E PREMIS$ ON A ME*ANICAL DUALISM BETWE5 NATURE & SOCIETY CAN 9DIRECTLY PRES]VE ?IS DUALISM EV5 AS !Y SEEK TO OV]COME IT4 ,?IS K9D ( PURELY /RUCTURAL APPROA* HAS GIV5 RISE TO SPLITS BETWE5 BODY & M9D1 REALITY & ?\<T1 OBJECT & SUBJECT1 C\NTRY & T[N1 & ULTIMATELY1 SOCIETY & ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,IT IS NOT F>-FET*$ TO SAY ?AT ! PRIM>Y S*ISM BETWE5 NATURE & HUMANITY HAS N\RI%$ A WIDE V>IETY ( SPLITS 9 EV]YDAY LIFE AS WELL AS 9 \R !ORETICAL S5SIBILITIES4 

,NO LESS S]I\S A FALLACY IS TO ATTEMPT TO OV]COME !SE DUALISMS SIMPLY BY R$UC+ ONE ELEM5T ( ! DUALITY TO ! O!R OR1 S]I\SLY1 TO ATTEMPT TO DISSOLVE HUMANITY 9TO NATURE4 ,! UNIV]SAL 0NI<T 9 :I* ALL C[S >E BLACK10 AS ,HEGEL PHRAS$ IT 9 HIS ,PH5OM5OLOGY ( ,SPIRIT1 ATTA9S UNITY BY SACRIFIC+ ! V>IETY & ! UNIQU5ESS ( HUMANITY AS A REM>KABLE PRODUCT ( NATURAL EVOLUTION4 ,SU* R$UCTIONISM YIELDS A CRUDE ME*ANI/IC SPIRITUALISM ?AT IS M]ELY ! C\NT]P>T ( ! PREVAIL+ ME*ANI/IC MAT]IALISM4 ,9 EI!R CASE1 A NUANC$ 9T]PRETATION ( EVOLUTION>Y PH5OM5A ?AT TAKES 9TO ACC\NT DI/9CTIONS & GRADATIONS AS WELL AS CONT9UITIES IS REPLAC$ BY A SIMPLI/IC DUALISM ?AT DISMISSES ! PHASES ?AT 5T] 9TO ANY PROCESS4 ,IT EMBRACES A SIMPLI/IC & MY/ICAL 0,ON5ESS0 ?AT OV]RIDES ! IMM5SE WEAL? ( DIFF]5TIAE TO :I* ! PRES5T BIOSPH]E IS HEIR -- ! RI*1 FECUND CON/ITU5TS ?AT MAKE UP \R EVOLUTION & ?AT >E PRES]V$ 9 NE>LY ALL EXI/+ PH5OM5A4 

,IT IS SURPRIS+ ?AT ECOLOGY1 ONE ( ! MO/ ORGANIC ( CONTEMPOR>Y DISCIPL9ES1 IS ITSELF SO LACK+ 9 ORGANIC WAYS ( ?9K+ -- ?AT IS1 9 =MS ( REASON ?AT 9W>DLY D]IVE1 OR $UCE1 DIFF]5TIAE FROM ONE ANO!R1 ! FULL FROM ! G]M9AL1 ! COMPLEX FROM ! SIMPLE -- 9 %ORT1 9 ?9K+ ORGANICALLY & $UCTIVELY1 NOT M]ELY D$UC+ CONCLUSIONS FROM HYPO!SES 9 TYPICAL MA!MATICAL FA%ION1 OR SIMPLY TABULAT+ & CLASSIFY+ FACTS4 ,ECOLOGI/S TOO (T5 %>E ) ACC\NTANTS ! MODE ( REASON+ SO PREVAL5T TODAY1 ONE ?AT IS L>GELY ANALYTICAL & CLASSIFICATORY RA!R ?AN PROCESSUAL & DEVELOPM5TAL4 ,APPROPRIATE AS ANALYTICAL1 CLASSIFICATORY1 & D$UCTIVE MODES ( REASON+ >E = ASSEMBL+ AUTOMOBILE 5G9ES OR CON/RUCT+ BUILD+S1 !Y >E WOEFULLY 9ADEQUATE = ASC]TA9+ ! PHASES ?AT MAKE UP A PROCESS1 EA* ) ITS [N 9TEGRITY YET AS P>T ( AN EV]-DEVELOP+ CONT9UUM4 ,WE MAY WELL FAIL TO UND]/& LIFE ITSELF IF WE SEE LIFE-=MS AS LITTLE MORE ?AN FACTORS 9 PRODUCTION1 AS 0NATURAL RES\RCES0 TO BE PLAC$ 9 ! S]VICE ( WEAL?1 RA!R ?AN AS P>T ( ! CREATIVE PH5OM5ON ( LIFE4 ,AGA91 ?IS ME*ANI/IC S5SIBILITY & ITS ANALYTIC MODE ( ?\<T IS ALI5 TO PROCESSUAL ?\<T1 TO APPREH5D+ DEVELOPM5T & ITS PHASES -- BO? !IR DIFF]5CES & !IR CONT9UITIES4 

,IT IS BECOM+ A CLI*E TO FAULT HUMANITY'S 0SEP>ATION0 FROM NATURE AS ! S\RCE ( 0ALI5ATION0 9 \R HI<LY FRAGM5T$ WORLD4 ,WE MU/ SEE ?AT EV]Y PROCESS IS ALSO A =M ( ALI5ATION1 9 ! S5SE ?AT DIFF]5TIATION 9VOLVES SEP>ATION FROM OLD] =MS ( BE+ AS WELL AS ! ABSORPTION ( :AT IS NEGAT$ 9TO ! NEW1 SU* ?AT ! :OLE IS ! RI*LY V>I$ FULFILLM5T ( ITS LAT5T POT5TIALITIES4 ,/&+ 9 M>K$ CONTRA/ TO ?IS VIEW ( ALI5ATION AS SELF-EXPRESSION OR SELF->TICULATION AS WELL AS OPPOSITION IS AN ALL-P]VASIVE EPI/EMOLOGY ( RULE ?AT SORTS DIFF]5CE AS SU* 79DE$1 ! 0O!R0 9 ALL ITS =MS7 9TO AN 5SEMBLE ( ANTAGONI/IC RELATION%IPS /RUCTUR$ >\ND COMM& & OB$I5CE4 ,?AT ! 0O!R0 IS AT LEA/ P>T ( A :OLE1 H[EV] DIFF]5TIAT$ IT IS1 ELUDES ! MOD]N M9D 9 A FLUX ( EXP]I5CE ?AT KN[S DIVISION EXCLUSIVELY AS CONFLICT OR BREAKD[N4.<#d#a.> 

,! REAL WORLD IS 9DE$ DIVID$ ANTAGONI/ICALLY1 TO BE REM$I$ BY /RUGGLE1 RECONCILIATION -- & TRANSC5D5CE4 ,BUT IF ! ?RU/ ( EVOLUTION HAS ANY MEAN+1 IT IS ?AT A CONT9UUM IS PROCESSUAL PRECISELY 9 ?AT IT IS GRAD$ AS WELL AS UNIT$1 A FL[ ( D]IV$ PHASES AS WELL AS A %>$ DEVELOPM5T FROM ! SIMPL] TO ! MORE COMPLEX4 ,NEI!R CONFLICT NOR DIFF]5TIATION %\LD BE P]MITT$ TO OV]RIDE ! O!R AS ! LONG-RANGE *>ACT] ( DEVELOPM5T 9 NATURE & SOCIETY4 

,:AT !N DOES IT MEAN TO SPEAK ( COMPLEXITY1 V>IETY1 & UNITY-9-DIV]SITY 9 DEVELOPM5TAL PROCESSES8 ,ECOLOGI/S G5]ALLY TREAT DIV]SITY AS A S\RCE ( ECOLOGICAL /ABILITY1 9 ! BELIEF ?AT :ILE ! VULN]ABILITY TO PE/S ( A S+LE CROP TREAT$ ) PE/ICIDES CAN REA* AL>M+ PROPORTIONS1 A MORE DIV]SIFI$ CROP1 9 :I* A NUMB] ( PLANT & ANIMAL SPECIES 9T]ACT1 PRODUCES NATURAL *ECKS ON PE/ POPULATIONS4.<#d#b.> 

,BUT ! FACT ?AT BIOTIC -- & SOCIAL -- EVOLUTION HAS BE5 M>K$ UNTIL REC5TLY BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( EV] MORE COMPLEX SPECIES & ECOCOMMUNITIES RAISES AN EV5 MORE *ALL5G+ ISSUE4 ,! DIV]SITY ( AN ECOCOMMUNITY MAY BE A S\RCE ( GREAT] /ABILITY FROM AN AGRICULTURAL /&PO9T2 BUT FROM AN EVOLUTION>Y /&PO9T1 IT MAY BE AN EV]-EXP&+1 ALBEIT NASC5T S\RCE ( FRE$OM )9 NATURE1 A M$IUM = PROVID+ V>Y+ DEGREES ( *OICE1 SELF-DIRECTIV5ESS1 & P>TICIPATION BY LIFE-=MS 9 !IR [N DEVELOPM5T4 

,I WI% TO PROPOSE ?AT ! EVOLUTION ( LIV+ BE+S IS NO M]E PASSIVE PROCESS1 ! PRODUCT ( EXCLUSIVELY *ANCE CONJUNCTIONS BETWE5 R&OM G5ETIC *ANGES & 0SELECTIVE0 5VIRONM5TAL 0=CES10 & ?AT ! 0ORIG9 ( SPECIES0 IS NO M]E RESULT ( EXT]NAL 9FLU5CES ?AT DET]M9E ! 0FITNESS0 ( A LIFE-=M TO 0SURVIVE0 AS A RESULT ( R&OM FACTORS 9 :I* LIFE IS SIMPLY AN 0OBJECT0 ( AN 9DET]M9ABLE 0SELECTIVE0 PROCESS4 ,! 9CREASE 9 DIV]SITY 9 ! BIOSPH]E OP5S NEW EVOLUTION>Y PA?WAYS1 9DE$1 ALT]NATIVE EVOLUTION>Y DIRECTIONS1 9 :I* SPECIES PLAY AN ACTIVE ROLE 9 !IR [N SURVIVAL & *ANGE4 ,H[EV] NASC5T1 *OICE IS NOT TOTALLY ABS5T FROM BIOTIC EVOLUTION2 9DE$1 IT 9CREASES AS SPECIES BECOME /RUCTURALLY1 PHYSIOLOGICALLY1 & ABOVE ALL NEUROLOGICALLY MORE COMPLEX4 ,AS ! ECOLOGICAL CONTEXTS )9 :I* SPECIES EVOLVE -- ! COMMUNITIES & 9T]ACTIONS !Y =M -- BECOME MORE COMPLEX1 !Y OP5 NEW AV5UES = EVOLUTION & A GREAT] ABILITY ( LIFE-=MS TO ACT SELF-SELECTIVELY1 =M+ ! BASES = SOME K9D ( *OICE1 FAVOR+ PRECISELY ?OSE SPECIES ?AT CAN P>TICIPATE 9 EV]-GREAT] DEGREES 9 !IR [N EVOLUTION1 BASICALLY 9 ! DIRECTION ( GREAT] COMPLEXITY4 ,9DE$1 SPECIES & ! ECOCOMMUNITIES 9 :I* !Y 9T]ACT TO CREATE MORE COMPLEX =MS ( EVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T >E 9CREAS+LY ! V]Y 0=CES0 ?AT ACC\NT = EVOLUTION AS A :OLE4 

0,P>TICIPATORY EVOLUTION10 AS ,I CALL ?IS VIEW1 IS SOME:AT AT ODDS ) ! PREVAL5T ,D>W9IAN OR NEO-,D>W9IAN SYN!SES1 9 :I* NONHUMAN LIFE-=MS >E PRIM>ILY 0OBJECTS0 ( SELECTIVE =CES EXOG5\S TO !M4 ,NO LESS IS IT AT ODDS ) ,H5RI ,B]GSON'S 0CREATIVE EVOLUTION10 ) ITS SEMIMY/ICAL ELAN VITAL4 ,ECOLOGI/S1 LIKE BIOLOGI/S1 HAVE YET TO COME TO T]MS ) ! NOTION ?AT SYMBIOSIS 7NOT ONLY 0/RUGGLE07 & P>TICIPATION 7NOT ONLY 0COMPETITION07 FACTOR 9 ! EVOLUTION ( SPECIES4 ,! PREVAL5T VIEW ( NATURE /ILL /RESSES ! EXCLUSIVELY 0NECESSIT>IAN0 *>ACT] ( ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,AN IMM5SE LIT]ATURE1 BO?1 >TI/IC & SCI5TIFIC1 /RESSES ! 0CRUELTY0 ( A NATURE ?AT BE>S NO WITNESS TO ! SUFF]+ ( LIFE & ?AT IS 09DIFF]5T0 TO CRIES ( PA9 9 ! 0/RUGGLE = EXI/5CE40 0,CRUEL0 NATURE1 9 ?IS IMAG]Y1 (F]S NO SOLACE = EXT9CTION -- M]ELY AN ALL-EMBRAC+ D>KNESS ( MEAN+LESS MOTION TO :I* HUMANITY CAN OPPOSE ONLY ! LI<T ( ITS CULTURE & M9D4 ,SU* =MULATIONS IMP>T A SOPHI/ICAT$ E?ICAL DIM5SION TO ! NATURAL WORLD ?AT IS MORE AN?ROPOMORPHIC ?AN MEAN+FUL4 

,BUT EV5 IF ! =MULATION IS AN?ROPPMORPHIC1 IT BESPEAKS A PRES5CE 9 NATURAL EVOLUTION -- SUBJECTIVITY & SPECIFICALLY HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS -- ?AT CANNOT BE IGNOR$ 9 =MULAT+ AN EVOLUTION>Y !ORY4 ,WE MAY REASONABLY CLAIM ?AT HUMAN WILL & FRE$OM1 AT LEA/ AS SELF-CONSCI\SNESS & SELFREFLECTION1 HAVE !IR [N NATURAL HI/ORY 9 POT5TIALITIES ( ! NATURAL WORLD -- 9 CONTRA/ TO ! VIEW ?AT !Y >E SUI G5]IS1 ! PRODUCT ( A RUPTURE ) ! :OLE ( DEVELOPM5T SO UNPREC$5T$ & UNIQUE ?AT IT CONTRADICTS ! GRAD$NESS ( ALL PH5OM5A FROM ! ANTEC$5T POT5TIALITIES ?AT LIE BEH9D & )9 EV]Y PROCESSUAL 0PRODUCT40 ,SU* CLAIMS >E 9T5D$ TO UND]WRITE \R EF=TS TO DEAL ) ! NATURAL WORLD AS WE *OOSE -- 9DE$1 AS ,M>X PUT IT 9 ! ,GRUNDRISSE1 TO REG>D NATURE M]ELY AS 0AN OBJECT = MANK9D1 PURELY A MATT] ( UTILITY40 

,! DIM *OICES ?AT ANIMALS EX]CISE 9 !IR [N EVOLUTION %\LD NOT BE CONFUS$ ) ! WILL & DEGREE ( 9T5TIONALITY ?AT HUMAN BE+S EXHIBIT 9 !IR SOCIAL LIVES4 ,NOR IS ! NASC5T FRE$OM ?AT IS R5D]$ POSSIBLE BY NATURAL COMPLEXITY CQMP>ABLE TO ! ABILITY ( HUMANS TO MAKE RATIONAL DECISIONS4 ,! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! TWO >E QUALITATIVE1 H[EV] MU* !Y CAN BE TRAC$ BACK TO ! EVOLUTION ( ALL ANIMALS4 

,\R T5D5CY TO IGNORE ! CLOSE 9T]ACTION BETWE5 EVOLV+ LIFE-=MS & ! 5VIRONM5TAL =CES ?AT 0SELECT0 !M = SURVIVAL IS A ME*ANI/IC PREJUDICE ?AT /ILL CL+S TO EVOLUTION>Y !ORY4 ,ALL ANTI-,C>TESIAN PROTE/ATIONS TO ! CONTR>Y1 WE /ILL VIEW NONHUMAN LIFE-=MS AS LITTLE MORE ?AN MA*9ES OR 9]T BE+S4 ,/RUCTURALLY1 WE MAY FILL !M \T ) PROTOPLASM1 BUT OP]ATIONALLY WE IMPUTE NO MORE MEAN+ TO !M ?AN TO ME*ANICAL DEVICES -- A JUDGM5T1 IT IS WOR? NOT+1 ?AT IS NOT )\T ECONOMIC UTILITY 9 DEAL+ ) WORK+ PEOPLE AS 0H&S0 OR 0OP]ATIVES40 

,DESPITE ! MONUM5TAL NATURE ( HIS WORK1 ,D>W9 DID NOT FULLY ORGANICIZE EVOLUTION>Y !ORY4 ,HE BR\<T A PR(\ND EVOLUTION>Y S5SIBILITY TO ! 0ORIG9 ( SPECIES10 BUT 9 ! M9DS ( HIS ACOLYTES SPECIES /ILL /OOD SOME:]E BETWE5 9ORGANIC MA*9ES & ME*ANICALLY FUNCTION+ ORGANISMS4 ,NO LESS SIGNIFICANT >E ! EMPIRICAL ORIG9S ( ,D>W9'S [N WORK1 :I* >E DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 ! ,LOCKEAN ATOMISM ?AT N\RI%$ N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,BRITI% SCI5CE AS A :OLE4 ,ALL[+ = ! NUANCES ?AT APPE> 9 ALL GREAT BOOKS1 ,! ,ORIG9 ( ,SPECIES ACC\NTS = ! WAY 9 :I* 9DIVIDUAL SPECIES ORIG9ATE1 EVOLVE1 ADAPT1 SURVIVE1 *ANGE1 OR PAY ! P5ALTY ( EXT9CTION AS IF !Y W]E FAIRLY ISOLAT$ FROM !IR 5VIRONM5T4 ,9 ?AT ACC\NT1 ANY ONE SPECIES /&S = ! WORLD ( LIFE AS A :OLE1 9 ISOLATION FROM ! LIFE-=MS ?AT NORMALLY 9T]ACT ) IT & ) :I* IT IS 9T]DEP5D5T4 ,AL?\< PR$ATORS DEP5D UPON !IR PREY1 TO BE SURE1 ,D>W9 PORTRAYS ! /R& FROM ANCE/OR TO DESC5DANT 9 L(TY ISOLATION1 SU* ?AT E>LY EOHIPPUS RISES1 /EP BY /EP1 FROM ITS PLEBEIAN E/ATE TO ATTA9 ! >I/OCRATIC GR&EUR ( A SLEEK RACE HORSE4 ,! PALEONTOLOGICAL DIAGRAM+ ( BONES FROM =M] 0MISS+ L9KS0 TO ! CULM9AT+ BEAUTY ( ,EQUUS CABALLUS MORE CLOSELY RESEMBLES ! ADAPTATION ( ,ROB9SON ,CRUSOE FROM AN ,5GLI% SEAF>] TO A SELF-SUFFICI5T ISL& DWELL] ?AN ! REALITY ( A TRULY EM]G+ BE+4 

,?IS REALITY IS CONTEXTUAL 9 AN ECOLOGICAL S5SE4 ,! HORSE LIV$ NOT ONLY AMONG ITS PR$ATORS & FOOD BUT 9 CREATIVELY 9T]ACTIVE RELATION%IPS ) A GREAT V>IETY ( PLANTS & ANIMALS4 ,IT EVOLV$ NOT ALONE BUT 9 EV]-*ANG+ ECOCOMMUNITIES1 SU* ?AT ! 0RISE0 ( ,EQUUS CABALLUS OCCURR$ CONJO9TLY )1 ?AT ( O!R H]BIVORES ?AT %>$ & MA9TA9$ !IR GRASSL&S & EV5 PLAY$ A MAJOR ROLE 9 CREAT+ !M4 ,! /R+ ( BONES ?AT TRACES EOHIPPUS TO ,EQUUS IS EVID5CE ( ! SUCCESSION ( ECOCOMMUNITIES 9 :I* ! ANCE/RAL ANIMAL & ITS DESC5DANTS 9T]ACT$ ) O!R LIFE-=MS4 

,ONE C\LD MORE PROP]LY MODIFY ,! ,ORIG9 ( ,SPECIES TO READ AS ! EVOLUTION ( ECOCOMMUNITIES AS WELL AS ! EVOLUTION ( SPECIES4.<#d#c.> ,9DE$1 PLAC+ ! COMMUNITY 9 ! =EGR\ND ( EVOLUTION DOES NOT D5Y ! 9TEGRITY ( SPECIES1 !IR CAPACITY = V>IATION1 OR !IR UNIQUE L9ES ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,SPECIES BECOME VITAL P>TICIPANTS 9 !IR [N EVOLUTION -- ACTIVE BE+S1 NOT M]ELY PASSIVE COMPON5TS -- TAK+ FULL ACC\NT ( !IR NASC5T FRE$OM 9 ! NATURAL PROCESS4 

,NOR >E WILL & REASON SUI G5]IS4 ,!Y HAVE !IR ORIG9S 9 ! GR[+ *OICES CONF]R$ BY COMPLEXITY & 9 ! ALT]NATIVE PA?WAYS OP5$ UP BY ! GR[? ( COMPLEX ECOCOMMUNITIES & ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9CREAS+LY COMPLEX NEUROLOGICAL SY/EMS -- 9 %ORT1 PROCESSES ?AT >E BO? 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL TO LIFE-=MS4 ,TO SPEAK ( EVOLUTION 9 V]Y BROAD T]MS T5DS TO CONCEAL ! SPECIFIC EVOLUTION>Y PROCESSES ?AT MAKE UP ! OV]ALL PROCESS4 ,MANY ANATOMICAL L9ES ( EVOLUTION HAVE OCCURR$3 ! EVOLUTION ( ! V>I\S ORGANS ?AT FRE$ LIFE-=MS FROM !IR AQUATIC MILIEU2 ( EYES & E>S1 :I* SOPHI/ICAT$ !IR AW>5ESS ( ! SURR\ND+ 5VIRONM5T2 & ( ! N]V\S SY/EM1 FROM N]VE NETWORKS TO BRA9S4 ,?US1 M9D TOO HAS ITS EVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY 9 ! NATURAL WORLD1 & AS ! NEUROLOGICAL CAPABILITY ( LIFE-=MS TO FUNCTION MORE ACTIVELY & FLEXIBLY 9CREASES1 SO TOO DOES LIFE ITSELF HELP CREATE NEW EVOLUTION>Y DIRECTIONS ?AT LEAD TO 5HANC$ SELF-AW>5ESS & SELFACTIVITY4 ,SELFHOOD APPE>S G]M9ALLY 9 ! COMMUNITIES ?AT LIFE-=MS E/ABLI% AS ACTIVE AG5TS 9 !IR [N EVOLUTION1 CONTR>Y TO CONV5TIONAL EVOLUTION>Y !ORY4 

,DOES ! NATURE ( EVOLUTION W>RANT 9TRODUC+ A PRESID+ AG5T 9TO EVOLUTION>Y & ECOLOGICAL !ORY1 ONE ?AT PR$ET]M9ES ! DEVELOPM5T ( LIFE-=MS ALONG ! L9ES ,I HAVE DESCRIB$1 A 0,SPIRIT10 0,GOD10 0,M9D10 OR P]HAPS A SEMIMY/ICAL ,B]GSONIAN ELAN VITAL8 ,I ?9K NOT1 IF ONLY BECAUSE ! CONCEPT ( SU* A HIDD5 H& PRES]VES ! NATURE-SOCIETY DUALISM ITSELF4 ,SO PR(\NDLY DOES DUALISM 9H]E 9 \R M5TAL OP]ATIONS ?AT :5 WE CONSID] ! IMMAN5T /RIV+ ( LIFE-=MS T[>D V>I\S DEGREES ( FRE$OM & SELF-AW>5ESS1 WE (T5 SLIP 9TO EXPLANATIONS 9VOLV+ SUP]NATURE RA!R ?AN NATURE ITSELF1 R$UCTIONISM RA!R ?AN DIFF]5TIATION1 & SUCCESSION RA!R ?AN CULM9ATION4 ,H5CE ! PRES5T REVIVAL ( ! 0REV]5CE = NATURE0 ?AT ! N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,ROMANTIC TRADITION SO POETICALLY CULTIVAT$1 A 0REV]$0 NATURAL WORLD DISSOLV$ 9TO A MY/ICAL 0ON5ESS40 

,NOT ONLY DOES ?IS 0REV]5CE0 PRES]VE & EV5 FO/] A NATURE-SOCIETY DUALISM2 IT RE/ORES TO EVOLUTION>Y !ORY ! V]Y DUALISM ?AT UND]P9S HI]>*Y & ! VIEW ( ALL DIFF]5TIATION AS DEGREES ( DOM9ATION & SUBORD9ATION4 ,A 0REV]$0 NATURE IS A SEP>AT$ NATURE 9 ! BAD S5SE ( ! T]M -- ?AT IS TO SAY1 A MY/IFI$ NATURE4 ,LIKE ! DEITIES ?AT HUMAN BE+S CREATE 9 !IR IMAG9ATION & WOR%IP 9 TEMPLES1 M$IAT$ BY PRIE/S & GURUS ) !IR 9CANTATIONS & RITUALS1 ?IS SEP>AT$ NATURE BECOMES A REIFI$ & CONTRIV$ PH5OM5ON ?AT IS SET AP>T FROM ! HUMAN WORLD1 EV5 AS HUMAN BE+S G5UFLECT BE=E A MY/IFI$ 0,IT0 0,REV]5CE0 = NATURE1 ! MY?OLOGIZ+ ( ! NATURAL WORLD1 DEGRADES IT BY D5Y+ NATURE ITS UNIV]SALITY AS ?AT :I* EXI/S EV]Y:]E1 FREE ( DUALITIES LIKE 0,SPIRIT0 & 0,GOD40 

,IF LIB]AL & ,M>XI/ !ORI/S PREP>$ ! IDEOLOGICAL BASES = PLUND]+ ! NATURAL WORLD1 0BIOC5TRICALLY0 ORI5T$ ANTIHUMANI/S & 0NATURAL LAW0 DEVOTEES MAY BE PREP>+ ! IDEOLOGICAL BASES = PLUND]+ ! HUMAN SPIRIT4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( 0REV]+ NATURE10 !Y HAVE CREAT$ AN 9SIDI\S IMAGE ( A HUMANITY :OSE 09TR9SIC WOR?0 IS NO MORE OR LESS ?AN ?AT ( O!R SPECIES4 0,BIOC5TRISM0 D5IES HUMANITY ITS REAL PLACE 9 NATURAL EVOLUTION BY COMPLETELY SUBORD9AT+ HUMANITY TO ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,P>ADOXICALLY1 0BIOC5TRISM0 & ANTIHUMANISM ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO ! ALI5ATION & REIFICATION ( NATURE SU* ?AT A 0REV]5CE0 = NATURE CAN EASILY BE US$ TO NEGATE ANY EXI/5TIAL RESPECT = ! DIV]SITY ( LIFE4 ,AGA9/ ! BACKGR\ND ( A COSMIC 0,NATURE10 HUMAN LIFE & 9DIVIDUALITY >E COMPLETELY TRIVIALIZ$1 AS WITNESS ,JAMES ,LOVELOCK'S DESCRIPTION ( PEOPLE AS M]ELY 09TELLIG5T FLEAS0 FE$+ ON ! BODY ( ,GAIA4 ,NOR CAN WE IGNORE A GR[+ NUMB] ( 0NATURAL LAW0 ACOLYTES :O ADVOCATE AU?ORIT>IAN MEASURES TO CONTROL POPULATION GR[? & =CIBLY EXPEL URBAN DWELL]S FROM L>GE CONGE/$ CITIES1 AS ?\< A SOCIETY ?AT IS /RUCTUR$ >\ND ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN C\LD BE EXPECT$ TO LEAVE ! NATURAL WORLD 9TACT4 

,IT IS GROSSLY MISLEAD+ TO 9VOKE 0BIOC5TRISM10 0NATURAL LAW10 & ANTIHUMANISM = 5DS ?AT D5Y ! MO/ DI/9CTIVE ( HUMAN NATURAL ATTRIBUTES3 ! ABILITY TO REASON1 TO =ESEE1 TO WILL1 & TO ACT 9SI<TFULLY TO 5HANCE NATURE'S [N DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 A S5SE1 IT DEPRECATES NATURE TO SEP>ATE !SE SUBJECTIVE ATTRIBUTES FROM IT1 AS ?\< !Y DID NOT EM]GE \T ( EVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T & W]E NOT IMPLICITLY P>T ( ANIMAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,A HUMANITY ?AT HAS BE5 R5D]$ OBLIVI\S TO ITS [N RESPONSIBILITY TO EVOLUTION -- A RESPONSIBILITY TO BR+ REASON & ! HUMAN SPIRIT TO EVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T1 TO FO/] DIV]SITY1 & TO PROVIDE ECOLOGICAL GUIDANCE SU* ?AT ! H>MFUL & ! =TUIT\S 9 ! NATURAL WORLD >E DIM9I%$ -- IS A HUMANITY ?AT BETRAYS ITS [N EVOLUTION>Y H]ITAGE & ?AT IGNORES ITS SPECIES-DI/9CTIV5ESS & UNIQU5ESS4 

,IRONICALLY1 !N1 A NATURE ?AT IS REV]5TIALLY HYPO/ATIZ$ IS A NATURE SET AP>T FROM HUMANITY -- & 9 ! V]Y PROCESS ( BE+ HYPO/ATIZ$ OV] HUMANITY1 IT IS DEFAM$4 ,A NATURE RECON/RUCT$ 9TO =MS AP>T FROM ITSELF1 H[EV] 0REV]5TIALLY10 EASILY BECOMES A M]E OBJECT ( UTILITY4 ,9DE$1 A REV]$ NATURE IS ! CONV]SE ( ! OLD LIB]AL & ,M>XIAN IMAGE ( NATURE 0DOM9AT$0 BY MAN4 ,BO? ATTITUDES RE9/ATE ! !ME ( DOM9ATION 9 ECOLOGICAL DISCUSSION4 

,H]E ! LIMIT$ =M ( REASON+ BAS$ ON D$UCTION1 SO COMMONPLACE 9 CONV5TIONAL LOGIC1 SUPPLANTS AN ORGANISMIC =M ( REASON+ BAS$ ON $UCTION -- ?AT IS1 ON D]IVATION1 SO DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 ! DIALECTICAL \TLOOK4 ,POT5TIALLY1 HUMAN REASON IS AN EXPRESSION ( NATURE R5D]$ SELF-CONSCI\S1 A NATURE ?AT F9DS ITS VOICE 9 BE+ ( ITS [N CREATION4 ,IT IS NOT ONLY WE :O MU/ HAVE \R [N PLACE 9 NATURE BUT NATURE ?AT MU/ HAVE ITS PLACE 9 US -- 9 AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY & 9 AN ECOLOGICAL E?ICS BAS$1 ON HUMANITY'S CATALYTIC ROLE 9 NATURAL EVOLUTION4 

,ALONG ) ! ANTIHUMANI/IC IDEOLOGIES ?AT FO/] MISAN?ROPIC ATTITUDES & ACTIONS1 ! R$UCTION ( HUMAN BE+S TO COMMODITIES IS /EADILY D5ATUR+ & DEGRAD+ HUMANITY4 ,! COMMODIFICATION ( HUMANITY TAKES ITS MO/ P]NICI\S =M 9 ! MANIPULATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL AS A MEANS ( PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION4 ,H]E1 HUMAN BE+S >E EMPLOY$ 79 ! LIT]AL S5SE ( ! T]M7 AS TE*NIQUES EI!R 9 PRODUCTION OR 9 CONSUMPTION1 AS M]E DEVICES :OSE CREATIVE P[]S & AU!NTIC NE$S >E EQUALLY P]V]T$ 9TO OBJECTIFI$ PH5OM5A4 ,AS A RESULT1 WE >E WITNESS+ TODAY NOT ONLY ! 0FETI%IZATION ( COMMODITIES0 7TO USE ,M>X'S FAM\S =MULATION7 BUT ! FETI%IZATION ( NE$S4.<#d#d.> ,HUMAN BE+S >E BECOM+ SEP>AT$ FROM !IR [N NATURE AS WELL AS FROM ! NATURAL WORLD 9 AN EXI/5TIAL SPLIT ?AT ?REAT5S TO GIVE DRAMATIC REALITY TO ,DESC>TES'S !ORETICAL SPLIT BETWE5 ! S\L & ! BODY4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ! CLAIM ?AT CAPITALISM IS A TOTALLY 0UNNATURAL ORD]0 IS ONLY TOO ACCURATE4 

,! T]RIBLE TRAG$Y ( ! PRES5T SOCIAL ]A IS NOT ONLY ?AT IT IS POLLUT+ ! 5VIRONM5T2 IT IS ALSO SIMPLIFY+ NATURAL ECOCOMMUNITIES1 SOCIAL RELATION%IPS1 & EV5 ! HUMAN PSY*E4 ,! PULV]IZATION ( ! NATURAL WORLD IS BE+ ACCOMPANI$ BY ! PULV]IZATION ( ! SOCIAL & PSY*OLOGICAL WORLDS4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ! CONV]SION ( SOIL 9TO S& 9 AGRICULTURE CAN BE SAID1 9 A METAPHORICAL S5SE1 TO APPLY TO SOCIETY & ! HUMAN SPIRIT4 ,! GREATE/ DANG] WE FACE -- AP>T FROM NUCLE> IMMOLATION -- IS ! HOMOG5IZATION ( ! WORLD BY A M>KET SOCIETY & ITS OBJECTIFICATION ( ALL HUMAN RELATION%IPS & EXP]I5CES 9TO COMMODITIES4 

,TO RECOV] HUMAN NATURE IS NOT ONLY TO RECOV] ITS CONT9UITY ) ! CREATIVE PROCESS ( NATURAL EVOLUTION BUT TO RECOGNIZE ITS DI/9CTIV5ESS4 ,TO CONCEIVE ( ! P>TICIPATION ( LIFE-=MS 9 EVOLUTION IS TO UND]/& ?AT NATURE IS A REALM ( 9CIPI5T FRE$OM4 ,IT IS FRE$OM & P>TICIPATION -- NOT SIMPLY NECESSITY -- ?AT WE MU/ EMPHASIZE1 AN EMPHASIS ?AT 9VOLVES A RADICAL BREAK ) ! CONV5TIONAL IMAGE ( NATURE4 

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 9 EFFECT1 /&S AT ODDS ) ! NOTION ?AT CULTURE HAS NO ROOTS :ATEV] 9 NATURAL EVOLUTION4 ,9DE$1 IT EXPLORES ! ROOTS ( ! CULTURAL 9 ! NATURAL & SEEKS TO ASC]TA9 ! GRADATIONS ( BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT PHASE ! NATURAL 9TO ! SOCIAL4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 IT ALSO TRIES TO EXPLORE ! IMPORTANT DIFF]5CES ?AT DI/+UI% ! SOCIETAL FROM ! NATURAL & TO ASC]TA9 ! GRADATIONS ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT1 HOPEFULLY1 WILL YIELD A NEW1 HUMANI/IC ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,! TWO L9ES ( EXPLORATION GO TOGE!R 9 PRODUC+ A L>G] :OLE1 9DE$1 ONE ?AT MU/ TRANSC5D EV5 ! PRES5T CAPITALI/ SOCIETY BAS$ ON P]PETUAL GR[? & PR(IT4 ,TO ID5TIFY SOCIETY AS SU* ) ! PRES5T SOCIETY1 TO SEE 9 CAPITALISM AN 0EMANCIPATORY0 MOVEM5T PRECISELY BECAUSE IT FREES US FROM NATURE1 IS NOT ONLY TO IGNORE ! ROOTS ( SOCIETY 9 NATURE BUT TO ID5TIFY A P]V]T$ SOCIETY ) HUMANISM & !REBY TO GIVE CR$5CE TO ! ANTIHUMANI/ TR5DS 9 ECOLOGICAL ?9K+4 

,?IS MU* IS CLE>3 ! WAY WE VIEW \R POSITION 9 ! NATURAL WORLD IS DEEPLY 5TANGL$ ) ! WAY WE ORGANIZE ! SOCIAL WORLD4 ,9 L>GE P>T1 ! =M] D]IVES FROM ! LATT] & S]VES1 9 TURN1 TO RE9=CE SOCIAL IDEOLOGY4 ,EV]Y SOCIETY PROJECTS ITS [N P]CEPTION ( ITSELF ONTO NATURE1 :E!R AS A TRIBAL COSMOS ?AT IS ROOT$ 9 K9%IP COMMUNITIES1 A FEUDAL COSMOS ?AT ORIG9ATES 9 & UND]P9S A /RICT HI]>*Y ( RI<TS & DUTIES1 A B\RGEOIS COSMOS /RUCTUR$ >\ND A M>KET SOCIETY ?AT FO/]S HUMAN RIVALRY & COMPETITION1 OR A CORPORATE COSMOS DIAGRAM$ 9 FL[ *>TS1 FE$BACK SY/EMS1 & HI]>*IES ?AT MIRROR ! OP]ATIONAL SY/EMS ( MOD]N CORPORATE SOCIETY4 ,?AT SOME ( !SE IMAGES REVEAL A TRU?FUL ASPECT ( NATURE1 :E!R AS A COMMUNITY OR A CYB]NETIC FL[ ( 5]GY1 DOES NOT JU/IFY ! UNIV]SAL1 ALMO/ IMP]IALI/IC CLAIMS ?AT !IR PROPON5TS /AKE \T = !M OV] ! WORLD AS A :OLE4 ,ULTIMATELY1 ONLY A SOCIETY ?AT HAS COME 9TO ITS 0TRU?0 TO USE ,HEGELIAN LANGUAGE -- A RATIONAL & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY -- CAN FREE US FROM ! LIMITS ?AT OPPRESSIVE & HI]>*ICAL SOCIETIES IMPOSE ON \R UND]/&+ ( NATURE4 

,! P[] ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY LIES 9 ! ASSOCIATION IT E/ABLI%ES BETWE5 SOCIETY & ECOLOGY1 9 UND]/&+ ?AT ! SOCIAL IS1 POT5TIALLY AT LEA/1 A FULFILLM5T ( ! LAT5T DIM5SION ( FRE$OM 9 NATURE1 & ?AT ! ECOLOGICAL IS A MAJOR ORGANIZ+ PR9CIPLE ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 %ORT1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY ADVANCES ! GUIDEL9ES = AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,! GREAT DIVORCE BETWE5 NATURE & SOCIETY -- OR BETWE5 ! 0BIOLOGICAL0 & ! 0CULTURAL0 -- IS OV]COME BY %>$ DEVELOPM5TAL CONCEPTS SU* AS GREAT] DIV]SITY 9 EVOLUTION2 ! WID] & MORE COMPLETE P>TICIPATION ( ALL COMPON5TS 9 A :OLE2 & ! EV] MORE FECUND POT5TIALITIES ?AT EXP& ! HORIZON ( FRE$OM & SELF-REFLEXIVITY4 ,SOCIETY1 LIKE M9D1 CEASES TO BE SUI G5]IS4 ,LIKE M9D1 ) ITS NATURAL HI/ORY1 SOCIAL LIFE EM]GES FROM ! LOOSELY B&$ ANIMAL COMMUNITY TO =M ! HI<LY 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ HUMAN COMMUNITY4.<#d#e.> 

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY *ALL5GES ! IMAGE ( AN UNM$IAT$ NATURAL EVOLUTION1 9 :I* ! HUMAN M9D1 SOCIETY1 & EV5 CULTURE >E SUI G5]IS1 9 :I* NONHUMAN NATURE IS IRRETRIEVABLY SEP>AT$ FROM HUMAN NATURE1 & 9 :I* AN E?ICALLY DEFAM$ NATURE F9DS NO EXPRESSION :ATEV] 9 SOCIETY1 M9D1 & HUMAN WILL4 ,IT SEEKS TO ?R[ A CRITICAL & MEAN+FUL LI<T ON ! PHAS$1 GRAD$1 & CUMULATIVE DEVELOPM5T ( NATURE 9TO SOCIETY1 RI*LY M$IAT$ BY ! PROLONG$ DEP5D5CE ( ! HUMAN Y\NG ON P>5TAL C>E1 BY ! BLOOD TIE AS ! E>LIE/ SOCIAL & CULTURAL BOND BEYOND IMM$IATE P>5TAL C>E1 BY ! SO-CALL$ 0SEXUAL DIVISION ( LABOR10 & BY AGE-BAS$ /ATUS GR\PS & !IR ROLE 9 ! ORIG9 ( HI]>*Y4 

,ULTIMATELY1 IT IS ! 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( ! HUMAN COMMUNITY ?AT DI/+UI%ES SOCIETY FROM ! NONHUMAN COMMUNITY -- :E!R = ! WORSE1 AS 9 ! CASE ( PRE-#a#g#h#i ,FRANCE OR CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA1 :]E WEAK1 UNFEEL+ TYRANTS LIKE ,L\IS ,X,V,I & ,NI*OLAS ,H W]E RAIS$ TO COMM&+ POSITIONS BY BUREAUCRACIES1 >MIES1 & SOCIAL CLASSES2 OR = ! BETT]1 AS 9 =MS ( SELF-GOV]NANCE & MANAGEM5T ?AT EMP[] ! PEOPLE AS A :OLE1 LIKE ! ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS DUR+ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ COLLECTIVES DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 ,WE SEE NO SU* CONTRIV$ 9/ITUTIONAL 9FRA/RUCTURES 9 NONHUMAN COMMUNITIES1 AL?\< ! RUDIM5TS ( A SOCIAL BOND DO EXI/ 9 ! MO!R-(FSPR+ RELATION%IP & 9 COMMON =MS ( MUTUAL AID4 

,) A GR[+ KN[L$GE ?AT %>+1 COOP]ATION1 & CONC]N FO/] HEAL?Y HUMAN CONSOCIATION1 ) ! TE*NICAL DISCIPL9ES ?AT OP5 ! WAY = A CREATIVE 0METABOLISM0 BETWE5 HUMANITY & NATURE1 & ) A HO/ ( NEW 9SI<TS 9TO ! PRES5CE ( NATURE 9 SO MU* ( \R [N CIVILIZATION1 IT CAN NO LONG] BE D5I$ ?AT NATURE IS /ILL ) US4 ,9DE$1 IT HAS RETURN$ TO US IDEOLOGICALLY AS A *ALL5GE TO ! DEV\R+ ( 0NATURAL RES\RCES0 = PR(IT & ! M9DLESS SIMPLIFICATION ( ! BIOSPH]E4 ,WE CAN NO LONG] SPEAK MEAN+FULLY ( A 0NEW0 OR 0RATIONAL0 SOCIETY )\T ALSO TAILOR+ \R SOCIAL RELATION%IPS & 9/ITUTIONS TO ! ECOCOMMUNITIES 9 :I* \R SOCIAL COMMUNITIES >E LOCAT$4 ,9 %ORT1 ANY RATIONAL FUTURE SOCIETY MU/ BE AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 CONJO9+ HUMANITY'S CAPACITY = 9NOVATION1 TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T1 & 9TELLECTUALITY ) ! NONHUMAN NATURAL WORLD ON :I* CIVILIZATION ITSELF RE/S & HUMAN WELL-BE+ DEP5DS4 

,! ECOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES ?AT 5T] 9TO BIOTIC EVOLUTION DO NOT DISAPPE> FROM SOCIAL EVOLUTION1 ANY MORE ?AN ! NATURAL HI/ORY ( M9D CAN BE DISSOLV$ 9TO ,KANT'S AHI/ORICAL EPI/EMOLOGY4 ,QUITE ! CONTR>Y3 ! SOCIETAL & CULTURAL >E ECOLOGICALLY D]IVATIVE1 AS ! M5'S & WOM5'S H\SES 9 TRIBAL COMMUNITIES SO CLE>LY ILLU/RATE4 ,! RELATION%IP BETWE5 NATURE & SOCIETY IS A CUMULATIVE ONE1 :ILE EA* REMA9S DI/9CTIVE & CREATIVE 9 ITS [N RI<T4 ,P]HAPS MO/ SIGNIFICANT1 ! NATURE ( :I* ! SOCIETAL & CULTURAL >E D]IVATIVE -- & CUMULATIVE -- IS A NATURE ?AT IS A POT5TIAL REALM ( FRE$OM & SUBJECTIVITY1 & HUMANITY IS POT5TIALLY ! MO/ SELF-CONSCI\S & SELF-REFLEXIVE EXPRESSION ( ?AT NATURAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 BY DEF9ITION1 TAKES ON ! RESPONSIBILITY ( EVOK+1 ELABORAT+1 & GIV+ AN E?ICAL CONT5T TO ! NATURAL CORE ( SOCIETY & HUMANITY4.<#d#f.> ,GRANT+ ! LIMITATIONS ?AT SOCIETY IMPOSES ON \R ?9K+1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( M9D \T ( 0FIR/ NATURE0 PRODUCES AN OBJECTIVE GR\ND = AN E?ICS1 9DE$1 = =MULAT+ A VISION ( A RATIONAL SOCIETY ?AT IS NEI!R HI]>*ICAL NOR RELATIVI/IC3 AN E?ICS ?AT IS BAS$ NEI!R ON ATAVI/IC APPEALS TO 0BLOOD & SOIL0 & 9EXORABLE 0SOCIAL LAWS0 70DIALECTICAL0 OR 0SCI5TIFIC07 ON ! ONE H&1 NOR ON ! WAYW>D CONS5SUS ( PUBLIC OP9ION POLLS1 :I* WILL SUPPORT CAPITAL PUNI%M5T ONE YE> & LIFE IMPRISONM5T ! NEXT4 ,FRE$OM BECOMES A DESID]ATUM AS SELF-REFLEXIVITY1 AS SELF-MANAGEM5T1 & MO/ EXCIT+LY1 AS A CREATIVE & ACTIVE PROCESS ?AT1 ) ITS EV]-EXP&+ HORIZON1 RESI/S ! MORAL IMP]ATIVES ( A RIGID DEF9ITION & ! J>GON ( TEMPORALLY CONDITION$ BIASES4.<#d#g.> 

,AN ECOLOGICAL E?ICS ( FRE$OM W\LD PROVIDE AN OBJECTIVE DIRECTIV5ESS TO ! HUMAN 5T]PRISE4 ,WE HAVE NO NE$ TO DEGRADE NATURE OR SOCIETY 9TO A CRUDE BIOLOGISM AT ONE EXTREME OR A CRUDE DUALISM AT ! O!R4 ,A DIV]SITY ?AT NURTURES FRE$OM1 AN 9T]ACTIVITY ?AT 5HANCES COMPLEM5T>ITY1 A :OL5ESS ?AT FO/]S CREATIVITY1 A COMMUNITY ?AT /R5G!NS 9DIVIDUALITY1 A GR[+ SUBJECTIVITY ?AT YIELDS GREAT] RATIONALITY -- ALL >E DESID]ATA ?AT PROVIDE ! GR\ND = AN OBJECTIVE E?ICS4 ,!Y >E ALSO ! REAL PR9CIPLES ( ANY GRAD$ EVOLUTION1 ONE ?AT R5D]S NOT ONLY ! PA/ EXPLICABLE BUT ! FUTURE MEAN+FUL4 

,AN ECOLOGICAL E?ICS ( FRE$OM CANNOT BE DIVORC$ FROM A TE*NICS ?AT 5HANCES \R RELATION%IP ) NATURE -- A CREATIVE1 NOT DE/RUCTIVE1 0METABOLISM0 ) NATURE4 ,HUMAN BE+S MU/ BE ACTIVE AG5TS 9 ! BIOSPH]E -- VIVIDLY1 EXPRESSIVELY1 & RATIONALLY -- NOT RETREAT 9TO ! PASSIVE ANIMISM ( PAGAN1 ,TAOI/1 & ,BUDDHI/ MY/ICS :O RECYCLE ,ASIAN PHILOSOPHIES & S5SIBILITIES ?R\< ! A%RAMS & RELIGI\S TEMPLES ( ! ,PACIFIC RIM ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,BUT IT MAKES ALL ! DIFF]5CE 9 ! WORLD IF WE CULTIVATE FOOD NOT ONLY ON BEHALF ( \R PHYSICAL WELLBE+ BUT ) REG>D = ! WELL-BE+ ( ! SOIL AS WELL4 ,9ASMU* AS AGRICULTURE IS ALWAYS A CULTURE1 ! DIFF]5CES 9 ! ME?ODS & 9T5TIONS 9VOLV$ >E NO LESS CULTURAL ?AN A BOOK ON 5G9E]+4 ,YET 9 ! FIR/ CASE1 \R 9T5TIONS >E 9=M$ BY ECONOMIC CONSID]ATIONS AT BE/ & GRE$ AT WOR/2 9 ! SECOND1 BY AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY4 ,SOCIETY MU/ RECOV] ! PLA/ICITY ( ! ORGANIC 9 ! S5SE ?AT EV]Y DIM5SION ( EXP]I5CE MU/ BE 9FUS$ ) AN ECOLOGICAL1 A DIALECTICAL S5SIBILITY4 ,!RE IS A PR(\NDLY E?ICAL DIM5SION TO ! ATTEMPT TO BR+ SOIL1 FLORA1 & FAUNA 7OR :AT WE NEATLY CALL ! FOOD *A97 9TO \R LIVES1 NOT ONLY AS 0:OLESOME0 S\RCES ( FOOD BUT AS P>T ( A BROAD MOVEM5T 9 :I* CONSUMPTION IS NO LESS A CREATIVE PROCESS ?AN PRODUCTION -- ORIG9AT+ 9 ! SOIL & RETURN+ TO IT 9 A RI*] =M ALL ! COMPON5TS ?AT MAKE UP ! FOOD CYCLE4 

,SO1 TOO1 9 ! PRODUCTION ( OBJECTS IT MAKES ALL ! DIFF]5CE 9 ! WORLD IF CRAFTSPEOPLE WORK ) A RESPECT = !IR MAT]IALS1 EMPHASIZ+ QUALITY & >TI/RY 9 PRODUCTION RA!R ?AN MASS-PRODUC+ COMMODITIES ) NO CONC]N = H&L+ MAT]IALS SP>+LY1 LET ALONE = HUMAN NE$S4 ,9 ! =M]1 PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION GO BEYOND ! PURE ECONOMIC DOMA9 ( ! BUY]-SELL] RELATION%IP1 9DE$1 BEYOND ! DOMA9 ( M]E MAT]IAL SU/5ANCE1 & 5T] 9TO ! ECOLOGICAL DOMA9 AS A MODE ( 5HANC+ ! FECUNDITY ( AN ECO-COMMUNITY4 ,AN ECOTE*NOLOGY -- = CONSUMPTION NO LESS ?AN PRODUCTION -- S]VES TO 5RI* AN ECOSY/EM JU/ AS COMPO/ 9 FOOD CULTIVATION 5RI*ES ! SOIL1 RA!R ?AN DEGRAD+ & SIMPLIFY+ ! NATURAL FUNDAM5T ( LIFE4 ,AN ECOTE*NOLOGY IS ?US A MORAL TE*NOLOGY1 A TE*NOLOGY ?AT /&S AT ODDS ) GIGANTISM1 WA/E1 & ! MASS DE/RUCTION WR\<T ON ! 5VIRONM5T BY CAPITALI/IC =MS ( TE*NOLOGY DESIGN$ PURELY = PR(IT4 

,! *OICES WE MAKE 9 !SE RESPECTS -- 9 ! FOOD WE GR[ & EAT1 9 ! OBJECTS WE PRODUCE & CONSUME -- >E BETWE5 AN ECOLOGICAL ALT]NATIVE & A PURELY ECONOMIC ONE4 ,WE >E PR(\NDLY 9FLU5C$ BY SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 :I*EV] ALT]NATIVE WE *OOSE4 ,9 ! 5D1 \R *OICE WILL BE BETWE5 AN ECOCOMMUNITY OR A M>KET COMMUNITY1 BETWE5 A SOCIETY 9FUS$ BY LIFE OR A SOCIETY 9FUS$ BY GA94 ,YET NO RATIONAL SOCIETY CAN HOPE TO EXI/1 /ILL LESS /ABILIZE ITSELF1 )\T AMPLY MEET+ HUMAN NE$S & PROVID+ ! FREE TIME TO CREATE A FULLY DEMOCRATIC POLITY4 ,! ADVANCES 9 TE*NOLOGY ?AT M>K ! PA/ FEW C5TURIES CANNOT BE DISMISS$ EXCLUSIVELY BECAUSE ( ! DAMAGE !Y HAVE 9FLICT$ BO? ON ! NATURAL WORLD & ON ! HUMAN CONDITION4 ,= N[ WE CAN AT LEA/ *OOSE ! K9D ( WORLD 9 :I* WE WANT TO LIVE -- WE CAN *OOSE TO BR+ SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGICAL KN[L$GE TO ! S]VICE ( HUMANITY & ! BIOSPH]E ALIKE4 

,TO SAY ?AT NATURE BELONGS 9 HUMANITY JU/ AS HUMANITY BELONGS 9 NATURE IS TO EXPRESS A HI<LY RECIPROCAL & COMPLEM5T>Y RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! TWO 9/EAD ( ONE /RUCTUR$ >\ND SUBORD9ATION & DOM9ATION4 ,NEI!R SOCIETY NOR NATURE DISSOLVES 9TO ! O!R4 ,RA!R1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY TRIES TO RECOV] ! DI/9CTIVE ATTRIBUTES ( BO? 9 A CONT9UUM ?AT GIVES RISE TO A SUB/ANTIVE E?ICS1 W$D+ ! SOCIAL TO ! ECOLOGICAL )\T D5Y+ ! 9TEGRITY ( EA*4 

,! FECUNDITY & POT5TIALITY = FRE$OM ?AT V>IETY & COMPLEXITY BR+ TO NATURAL EVOLUTION1 9DE$1 ?AT EM]GE FROM NATURAL EVOLUTION1 CAN ALSO BE SAID 9 A QUALITATIVELY ADVANC$ =M TO APPLY TO SOCIAL EVOLUTION & PSY*IC DEVELOPM5T4 ,! MORE DIV]SIFI$ A SOCIETY & ITS PSY*IC LIFE1 ! MORE CREATIVE IT IS1 & ! GREAT] ! OPPORTUNITY = FRE$OM IT IS LIKELY TO (F] -- NOT ONLY 9 T]MS ( NEW *OICES ?AT OP5 UP TO HUMAN BE+S BUT ALSO 9 T]MS ( ! RI*] SOCIAL BACKGR\ND ?AT DIV]SITY & COMPLEXITY CREATE4 ,AS 9 NATURAL EVOLUTION1 SO TOO 9 SOCIAL EVOLUTION WE MU/ GO BEYOND ! IMAGE ?AT DIV]SITY & COMPLEXITY YIELD GREAT] /ABILITY -- ! USUAL CLAIM ?AT ECOLOGI/S MAKE = ! TWO -- & EMPHASIZE ?AT !Y YIELD GREAT] CREATIVITY1 *OICES1 & FRE$OM4 

,AT ! SAME TIME !RE CAN BE NO RETURN TO ! PA/ -- TO ! DOME/IC REALM1 TO ! AGE-RANKS1 OR TO ! K9%IP RELATION%IPS ( TRIBALISM4 ,NOR CAN !RE BE A RETURN TO ! MY?S1 AMULETS1 MAGICAL PRACTICES1 & IDOLS -- FEMALE OR MALE -- ( ! PA/4 ,:ILE WE R$EEM :AT IS VALUABLE 9 PREMOD]N SOCIETIES = 5HANC+ HUMAN SOLID>ITY & AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY1 WE MU/ ALSO TRANSC5D ALL ! P>O*IAL & DIVISIVE FEATURES ( ! PA/ & PRES5T4 ,IF WE >E TO CREATE A TRULY RATIONAL & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 WE MU/ N\RI% ! 9SI<TS PROVID$ BY REASON TO CREATE A S5SE ( A %>$ HUMANITY ?AT IS B\ND NEI!R BY G5D]$ \TLOOKS NOR BY BELIEFS 9 DEITIES -- ALL ( :I*1 IRONICALLY1 >E M]ELY AN?ROPOMORPHIC PROJECTIONS ( \R [N BE+S & S5SIBILITIES 7AS ,LUDWIG ,FEU]BA* SO CLE>LY SAW7 -- & WE MU/ COMMIT \RSELVES TO A BELIEF 9 ! POT5TIALITIES ( HUMANITY TO =ESEE & UND]/&1 TO BE ! EMBODIM5T ( M9D4 

,NO ECOLOGICAL E?ICS ( FRE$OM CAN BE DIVORC$ FROM A POLITICS ( P>TICIPATION1 A POLITICS ?AT FO/]S SELF-EMP[]M5T RA!R ?AN /ATE EMP[]M5T4 ,SU* A POLITICS MU/ BECOME A TRULY PEOPL$ POLITICS 9 ! S5SE ?AT POLITICAL P>TICIPATION IS LIT]ALLY PEOPL$ BY ASSEMBLIES & BY FACE-TO-FACE DISCUSSION4 ,! POLITICAL E?ICS ?AT FOLL[S FROM ?IS GR\ND IS MEANT TO CREATE AN E?ICAL COMMUNITY1 NOT SIMPLY AN 0EFFICI5T0 ONE2 AN ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY1 NOT SIMPLY AN 5VIRONM5TALLY 0HYGI5IC0 ONE2 A SOCIAL & POLITICAL PRAXIS ?AT YIELDS FRE$OM1 NOT A /ATI/ CULTURE ?AT M]ELY ALL[S A MEASURE ( PUBLIC ASS5T4 

,IF HI/ORY IS A BLOODY 0SLAU<T]B5*10 ! BLOOD ?AT COV]S IT IS NOT ONLY ?AT ( CIVILIZATION'S 9NOC5T VICTIMS BUT ?AT ( ! ANGRY M5 & WOM5 :O HAVE LEFT US A LEGACY ( FRE$OM4 ,! LEGACY ( FRE$OM & ! LEGACY ( DOM9ATION HAVE (T5 BE5 TRAGICALLY 9T]M+L$4 ,IF WE >E TO RESCUE \RSELVES FROM ! HOMOG5IZ+ EFFECTS ( A M>KET SOCIETY1 IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT HUMANITY'S WAN+ MEMORY ( H]OIC /RUGGLES TO A*IEVE FRE$OM BE RESCU$ FROM ?IS SOCIETY'S POLLUTION -- A PROCESS ?AT HAS ALREADY GONE F> 9 CONTEMPOR>Y CULTURE4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #b -- ,UPDAT$4 

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