,! ,PEOPLE ,>M$ 
,WOM5 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANTI-,FASCI/ ,ACTION 

,TEXT 3 

,! EV5TS ( #aicf - #aici BR\<T MASSIVE UPHEAVALS TO ! DAILY LIVES ( ,SPANI% PEOPLE4 ,WORK+ CLASS WOM51 9 P>TICUL>1 P>TICIPAT$ 9 & WITNESS$ GREAT *ANGES AS ! OLD ORD] ( ,*UR* & DOME/IC CULTURE W]E SWEPT AWAY BY SOCIAL REVOLUTION & W>4 ,?\S&S ( ORD9>Y WOM5 W]E PROPELL$ BY NECESSITY 9TO REVOLUTION>Y EV5TS1 FROM FRONT L9E FI<T+ & ORGANIZ+ COMMUNITY DEF5SE TO COLLECTIVIZ+ & RUNN+ F>ML& & FACTORIES4 ,:5 ! REVOLUTION WAS CRU%$ 9 #a#i#c#i1 ! MEMORIES & BONDS =M$ 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD SU/A9$ !M ?R\< LONG YE>S ( ! ,FASCI/ DICTATOR%IP1 9 PRISON1 EXILE1 OR CONT9U+ ! /RUGGLE 9 ! RESI/ANCE MOVEM5TS4 

,MU* HAS BE5 WRITT5 AB\T ! W> & ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS DUR+ ?IS P]IOD4 ,REF]5CES TO ORD9>Y WOM5 & !IR ACTIVITIES >E SC>CE4 ,WE HAVE US$ FIR/ H& & EYE WITNESS ACC\NTS AS MU* AS POSSIBLE BECAUSE !SE /ORIES >E BE/ TOLD BY ?OSE :O LIV$ !M4 

,! ,JULY ,UPRIS+ 

,WORK]S1 UNIONS1 & WORK+ CLASS COMMUNITIES W]E SWIFT TO REACT TO ! ,FASCI/'S ATTEMPT$ C\P ON #a#g_/#a#h ,JULY #a#i#c#f4 ,M5 & WOM5 9 ,B>CELONA SLEPT 9 UNION HALLS DUR+ ! WEEK BE=E ! UPRIS+1 EXPECT+ A CALL TO >MS4 ,9 ,CATALONIA1 ,MADRID1 & ,A/URIAS1 M5 & WOM5 BO? Y\NG & OLD /ORM$ ! >MORIES TO GRAB ! WEAPONS ?AT ! GOV]NM5T HAD REFUS$ TO PROVIDE !M )4 ,CRI/9A ,PI]A 5T]$ ! >MORY AT ,SAN ,&REAS AT DAWN ON ! #a#i? ) H] SON & HIS FRI5DS 9 ! ,F,I,J,L 7LIB]T>IAN Y\? ORGANIZATION7 & WAS CAU<T UP 9 ! EXCITEM5T 3 0,I WOKE UP 9 ! MORN+ & HE>D ?AT PEOPLE W]E 9 ! >MORY444SO ,I W5T !RE444EV]YBODY W5T444,I TOOK A PI/OL & TWO RAMRODS 7= RIFLES7 :AT ,I C\LD C>RY4 ,!Y HAD GUNP[D] !RE TOO444,EV5 ME1 ) ! LITTLE ,I KNEW1 & C\LD DO1 ,I WAS !RE4 ,PEOPLE TOOK >MS & AMMUNITION1 & ,I TOOK :AT ,I C\LD40 

,5RIQUETA ,ROVIRA1 A Y\NG WOMAN ( #b 1 JUMP$ ! FIR/ TRA9 BACK TO ,B>CELONA :5 %E HE>D ! NEWS 3 0,MO/ ( ! ACTION WAS 9 ! C5T] ( ,B>CELONA4 ,I HAD A PI/OL444& ,I WAS PREP>$ TO USE IT4 ,BUT !Y SOON SAID NO444,I DIDN'T KN[ H[ TO USE IT & !RE W]E COMPAN]OS )\T >MS4 ,SO !Y S5T ME - & ALL ! WOM51 ALL FAMILIES - TO BUILD B>RICADES4 ,WE ALSO TOOK C>E ( PROVISIONS4 ,WOM5 9 EA* B>RIO 7DI/RICT7 ORGANIZ$ ?AT1 TO MAKE SURE ?AT !RE W\LD BE FOOD = ! M5444,EV]YONE DID SOME?+40 ,WOM5 W]E AT A DISADVANTAGE 9 HAV+ NO EXP]I5CE ( WEAPONS H&L+4 ,9 ! HEAT ( ! BATTLE & ) LIMIT$ >MS IT WAS ONLY LOGICAL ?AT GUNS W5T TO ?OSE :O ALREADY KNEW H[ TO USE !M4 ,BUT 9 BUILD+ ! B>RICADES WOM5 CONT9U$ TO PLAY A VITAL ROLE4 ,A GR\P ( FIVE OR SIX MILITANT WOM5 SET AB\T =TIFY+ ONE ( ! CITY'S MO/ ELEGANT BUILD+S1 0444:5 ! 7,C,N,T7 COMPAN]OS RETURN$ - VICTORI\S1 ( C\RSE - 7FROM /ORM+ ! MILIT>Y B>RACKS AT ,AT>AZANAS1 AT ! FOOT ( ! ,RAMBLAS7 & SAW H[ BEAUTIFUL IT WAS1 !Y TOOK IT OV] AS ! CASA ,C,N,T-,F,A,I40 7,SOL$$ ,E/ORA*74 ,O!R WOM5 TOOK TO ! RO(TOPS ) L\DSPEAK]S1 CALL+ ON ! SOLDI]S TO TAKE (F !IR UNI=MS 767 & JO9 ! PEOPLE4 

,! ,FASCI/ UPRIS+ WAS CRU%$ 9 ,B>CELONA1 BUT ! WORK]S KNEW ?AT ?IS WAS ONLY ! BEG9N+4 ,:ILE ! GOV]NM5T URG$ PEOPLE TO /AY AT HOME RA!R ?AN ACTIVELY DEF5D ! CITY & RELY UPON ! NOTORI\S ,GU>DIA ,CIVIL 7:O LAT] US$ !IR RIFLE BUTTS TO DISP]SE DEMON/RATIONS ( ,B>CELONA WOM5 AGA9/ RIS+ FOOD PRICES71 ,MIGUEL ,G>CIA & O!RS W]E 9VOLV$ 9 EF=TS TO ORGANIZE A PEOPLE'S >MY3 

0444,BUT BY ?IS TIME EV]Y MAN & WOMAN 9 ,B>CELONA KNEW ?AT WE HAD /ORM$ ! HEAV5S4 ,! G5]ALS W\LD NEV] =GIVE US = :AT WE HAD DONE4 ,WE HAD HUMILIAT$ & DEFEAT$ ! ,>MY1 WE - AN 'UNORGANIZ$1 9DISCIPL9$ RABBLE4' ,WE HAD ALT]$ ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY4 ,IF ,FASCISM WON1 WE KNEW ?AT WE W\LD NOT BE SP>$4 ,MO!RS TREMBL$ = !IR SMALL *ILDR54 ,:5 ! NEWS CAME FROM ! ,S\? ?AT ! 9VAD+ REBELS W]E US+ ,MOORI% TROOPS TO PUT :OLE T[NS TO ! SWORD1 MANY ( !SE WOM51 EV5 ELD]LY ONES1 /RUGGL$ & F\<T TO OBTA9 A RIFLE SO ?AT !Y C\LD TAKE P>T 9 ! DEF5SE ( !IR HOMES4 ,9DOMITABLE1 9SCRUTABLE1 !Y SAT TOGE!R 9 PAIRS1 *ATT+ AMONG CRONIES1 ) A RIFLE ACROSS !IR LAP1 READY = ,FRANCO & HIS ,MOORS '& IF ,HITL] COMES1 HIM TOO'40 

,G>CIA GOES ON TO DESCRIBE H[ OLD SCORES W]E SETTL$ AS WOM5 DISCOV]$ NEW FRE$OMS 3 0,9 ,B>CELONA1 D[N 9 ! SLUM QU>T]S ( ! ,B>RIO ,*9O1 ! :ORES W]E C>RI$ AWAY BY ! G5]AL 5?USIASM4 ,!Y MADE %ORT WORK ( ! PONCES & PI/OL]OS :O HAD PREY$ UPON !M = SO LONG4 ',AWAY ) ?IS LIFE1 WE WILL FI<T ON ! SIDE ( ! PEOPLE6' !Y CRI$4 ,IT WAS A GREAT JOKE TO ! =EIGN J\RNALI/S1 :O REG>D$ ! UN=TUNATE WOM5 AS LESS ?AN HUMAN & ANY?+ !Y DID RIDICUL\S ( ITSELF4444,9 FACT1 !Y VOLUNTE]$ TO FI<T 9 ! FRONT L9ES4 ,LAT]1 ?IS PROV$ AN EMB>RASSM5T4 ,GRADUALLY !IR UNITS W]E DISB&$44460 ,SOME SAY ?AT !Y 9FLICT$ MORE DAMAGE ?AN 5EMY BULLETS AT ! FRONT L9E1 AS COMPAN]OS SUCCUMB$ TO A V>IETY ( 9T]E/+ DISEASES 6 

,:ILE SOME WOM5 HEAD$ = ! FRONT ) ! NEWLY =M$ MILITIA COLUMNS1 O!RS W]E WIDELY 9VOLV$ 9 ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION BACK HOME1 REQUISITION+ BUILD+S = COMMUNAL EAT+ HALLS1 S*OOLS1 OR HOSPITALS1 OR COLLECT+ & DI/RIBUT+ FOOD & O!R SUPPLIES4 ,WOM5 TOOK MANUFACTUR$ GOODS TO B>T] ) F>M]S 9 RURAL >EAS 9 EX*ANGE = FOOD4 ,TAXIS & TRAMS W]E REPA9T$ ) REVOLUTION>Y 9SIGNIA AS COMMUNITIES BR\<T LOCAL S]VICES BACK UND] !IR CONTROL4 0,! FEEL+S WE HAD !N W]E V]Y SPECIAL4 ,IT WAS V]Y BEAUTIFUL4 ,!RE WAS A FEEL+ ( - H[ %ALL ,I SAY IT 8 - ( P[]1 NOT 9 ! S5SE ( DOM9ATION1 BUT 9 ! S5SE ( ?+S BE+ UND] \R CONTROL1 IF UND] ANYONE'S4 ,( POSSIBILITY4 ,A FEEL+ ?AT WE C\LD TOGE!R REALLY DO SOME?+40 7,5RIQUETA ,ROVIRA74 

0,WE TOOK ! FIR/ /EPS444T[>DS EMANCIPATION444WE C\LDN'T TAKE ! 'GIANT /EPS' BECAUSE ( ! W> & ! EXILE1 :I* CUT \R /RUGGLE %ORT444 ,\R *ILDR5 HAVE TO BE ! PACESETT]S = ! FUTURE444,BUT \R MEMORIES1 SU* BEAUTIFUL MEMORIES1 ( ?AT /RUGGLE SO H>D & SO PURE444 7,AZUC5A ,B>BA74 

,O!R COMM5TATORS NOT$ ! SELF-ASSURANCE ( ,B>CELONA WOM5 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#c#f1 PREVI\SLY UNUSUAL = ,SPANI% WOM5 9 PUBLIC4 ,!RE W]E ALSO CONSPICU\S *ANGES 9 ,MADRID4 ,Y\NG WORK+ CLASS WOM5 TOOK TO ! /REETS 9 !IR HUNDR$S1 COLLECT+ MONEY = ! W> EF=T1 5JOY+ !IR NEW F\ND LIB]TY TO WALK UP & D[N ! /REETS1 TALK+ )\T 9HIBITIONS TO PASS]S BY1 =EIGN]S1 & MILITIA M54 ,?IS CONTRA/S /RONGLY ) ACC\NTS ( NATIONALI/ >EAS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ,VIGO1 UND] NATIONALI/ OCCUPATION1 IT WAS UNUSUAL TO EV5 SEE A WOMAN \T ON ! /REETS4 

,9 ! ,FRONT ,L9E 

,DESPITE TRADITIONAL DISADVANTAGES WOM5 CONT9U$ TO TAKE P>T 9 ACTUAL COMBAT AGA9/ ! ,FASCI/S4 ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES SUPPORT$ !M 9 ,MADRID BY SETT+ UP A %OOT+ RANGE & T>GET PRACTICE = WOM5 0DISPOS$ TO DEF5D ! CAPITAL0 :ILE ! ,CATALONIA GR\P'S 0,W> ,SPORTS0 SECTION (F]$3 0PRELIM9>Y PREP>ATION = WOM5 SO ?AT1 IF IT %\LD BE NECESS>Y1 !Y C\LD 9T]V5E EFFECTIVELY1 EV5 ON ! BATTLEFIELD40 ,IT WAS4 

,>M$ WOM5 W]E ALWAYS MO/ NOTICEABLE 9 URBAN DEF5SE1 :5 ! ,FASCI/S ?REAT5$ CITIES LIKE ,MADRID4 ,BUT DUR+ ! FIR/ YE> ( ! W> WOM5 ALSO S]V$ AS FRONT L9E COMBATANTS ) ! MILITIA COLUMNS1 9 ADDITION TO NURS+ &1 9 ! USUAL MILITIA SY/EM1 WORK+ ALONGSIDE ! RURAL POPULATION TO 5SURE A COMMON FOOD SUPPLY4 ,!IR BRAV]Y AT ! FRONT CANNOT BE OV]-/AT$ BECAUSE1 IF CAPTUR$ ALIVE1 !Y 9EVITABLY FAC$ RAPE1 MUTILATION & DEA?4 ,IT WAS ONLY AFT] ! BATTLE ( ,GUADALAJ>A1 9 ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 ?AT WOM5 W]E ASK$ TO LEAVE ! FRONT1 AS ! GOV]NM5T DEM&$ 9CORPORATION ( ! MILITIA 9TO REGUL> >MY UNITS4 

,DONALD ,R5TON1 AN ,5GLI% VOLUNTE] ) ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES 9 ,FIGU]AS 9 ,NOVEMB] #aicf RECALLS ! IMPACT ( SEE+ MILITIA WOM53 0,:ILE WE HAD (T5 TALK$ AB\T ! ROLE TO BE PLAY$ BY WOM5 9 ! G5]AL /RUGGLE1 !RE = ! FIR/ TIME WE SAW ! MILITIA WOM51 COMRADES :O LIKE \RSELVES W]E EI!R GO+ TO HAVE OR ALREADY HAD HAD1 FIR/ L9E EXP]I5CE 9 ! BATTLE AGA9/ ! FASCI/ 5EMY4 ,!SE W]E WOND]FUL COMRADES1 PEOPLE :O HAD - SO F> AS ,I WAS CONC]N$ AT LEA/ - A V]Y1 V]Y P[]FUL 9SPIRATIONAL EFFECT ON >RIV+ 9SIDE ,SPA9 ITSELF40 

,=EIGN WOM5 ALSO S]V$ 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL SECTIONS ( ! COLUMNS4 ,ABEL ,PAZ REF]S TO F\R WOM5 0NURSES0 9 ! 0,9T]NATIONAL ,GR\P0 ( ! ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN4 ,!Y W]E CAPTUR$ BY ,MOORS 9 A FI]CE 5C\NT] AT ,P]DIGU]A4 ,AS PRISON]S ( ! FASCI/S !Y W]E AS GOOD AS DEAD3 0,GEORGETTE1 MILITANT ( ! ,REVUE ,AN>*I/E1 ,G]TRUDE1 A Y\NG ,G]MAN WOMAN ( ! ,P,\,M :O LIK$ TO FI<T ) ! AN>*I/S1 & TWO Y\NG GIRLS :OSE NAMES HAV5'T BE5 RECORD$ 9 ! W> *RONICLES4 ,DURRUTI WAS V]Y CLOSE TO ALL ( !M4444& HE WAS DEEPLY MOV$ BY !SE DEA?S4 ,! DEA? ( ,GEORGETTE1 :O WAS A SORT ( MASCOT ( ! ,COLUMN1 FILL$ ! MILITIAM5 ) RAGE1 P>TICUL>LY ! 0,SONS ( ,NI<T04 ,%E HAD C>RI$ \T MANY SURPRISE ATTACKS ON ! 5EMY RE>GU>D ) ! LATT]4 ,!Y V[$ TO AV5GE H] & DUR+ A NUMB] ( NI<TS MADE FI]CE ATTACKS AGA9/ ! ,FRANCOI/S40 ,! 0,SONS ( ! ,NI<T0 W]E A SPECIALIZ$ GR\P OP]AT+ BEH9D 5EMY L9ES - WOM5 W]E NOT JU/ AT ! FRONT AS NURSES4 

,9 ! DEF5SE ( ,MADRID 9 E>LY ,NOVEMB] #a#i#c#f1 WOM5 W]E ALSO PROM95T 9 ! FI<T+4 ,! ,WOM5'S ,BATTALION F\<T BE=E ,SEGOVIA ,BRIDGE4 ,AT ,GE/AFE1 9 ! C5T] ( ! ,NOR!RN ,FRONT1 WOM5 W]E UND] FIRE ALL MORN+ & W]E AMONG ! LA/ TO LEAVE4 ,FI<T+ ) ! ,ITALIANS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,COLUMN 9 ,MADRID WAS A #af YE> OLD GIRL FROM ,CIUDAD ,REAL1 :O HAD JO9$ UP AFT] H] FA!R & BRO!R W]E KILL$4 ,%E HAD ! SAME DUTIES AS ! M51 %>$ !IR WAY ( LIFE1 & WAS SAID TO BE A CRACK %OT4 

,BACK 9 ,MADRID ITSELF1 WOM5 W]E ORGANIZ+ 9 DEF5SE ( ! CITY1 BUILD+ B>RICADES1 PROVID+ COMMUNICATION S]VICES1 & ORGANIZ+1 ?R\< LOCAL COMMITTEES1 ! DI/RIBUTION ( FOOD & AMMUNITION TO ! B>RICADES & ?R\<\T ! CITY4 ,COLLECTIVE MEALS1 CR *ES1 & LAUNDRY FACILITIES W]E SET UP4 ,WOM5 ALSO PLAY$ A MAJOR ROLE 9 ANTI-AIRCRAFT OBS]VATION & SURVEILLANCE ( SUSPECT$ FASCI/ SYMPA?IZ]S4 

,AN ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADE VOLUNTE]1 ,WALT] ,GREGORY1 :O F\<T 9 ,MADRID 9 ,JULY #aicg RECALLS ?AT3 0 ,A FREQU5T SI<T 9 ! >EA ( ,LAS ,CIBELES WAS ( ! ,WOM5'S ,MILITIA COM+ ON & (F DUTY4 ,9 TWOS & ?REES !Y W\LD MAKE !IR WAY D[N ! ,GRAN ,VIA :I* ULTIMATELY L$ TO ! ,UNIV]SITY ,CITY & ! ,MADRID FRONT L9E4 ,! ,GRAN ,VIA WAS TOO (T5 %ELL$ TO BE US$ BY VEHICLES1 NOR W\LD ! WOM5 HAVE RISK$ M>*+ D[N ITS L5G? 9 =MATION4 ,9 SMALL GR\PS & *ATT]+ AWAY TO EA* O!R 1 !Y LOOK$ V]Y LIKE WOM5 ! WORLD OV]1 & ONLY !IR DI%EVEL$ KHAKI UNI=MS AFT] SEV]AL NI<TS 9 ! TR5*ES M>K$ !M \T AS BE+ SOME?+ SPECIAL4 ,!SE BRAVE GIRLS W]E SU* A COMMON SI<T ?AT !Y DID NOT ATTRACT COMM5T1 NOR DID !Y APPE> TO WANT TO4 ,YET ,MADRID REMA9$ ! ONLY PLACE 9 ,SPA9 :]E ,I SAW WOM5 9 ! FRONT L9E1 AL?\< IT MU/ BE REMEMB]$ ?AT ! FIR/ ,BRITI% SUBJECT KILL$ 9 ! W> WAS ,FELICIA ,BR[N1 :O DI$ ON ! ,>AGON ,FRONT AS E>LY AS #b#e_/#h_/#a#i#c#f40 ,FELICIA WAS CAU<T BY MA*9E GUN FIRE :ILE ATTEMPT+ TO BL[ UP A ,FASCI/ MUNITIONS TRA94 

,DUR+ ! BITT] BATTLE AT ,J>AMA 9 #a#i#c#g1 ANO!R ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGAD] ,TOM ,CL>KE1 DESCRIB$ ! C\RAGE ( A SMALL GR\P ( ,SPANI% WOM53 0,I REMEMB] !RE WAS A BIT ( A RETREAT4 ,!RE WAS A RUMOR W5T R\ND444 & !Y />T$ RETREAT+4 ,WE'D GONE BACK A BIT1 & SOME ( !M W]E ACTUALLY RUNN+4 ,& H]E WE CAME ACROSS ?REE WOM5 :O W]E SITT+ BEH9D A MA*9E GUN JU/ PA/ :]E WE W]E1 ,SPANI% WOM54 ,I SAW !M LOOK+ AT US4 ,I DON'T KN[ :E!R IT %AM$ US OR :AT4 ,BUT !SE WOM5 - !Y SAT !RE444 ,WE SORT ( /ABILIZ$ ! L9E40 

,!Y W]E C]TA9LY AN EYE-OP5] = =EIGN M56 ,BORK5AU DESCRIBES A LONE MILITIA WOMAN S]V+ ) A ,P,\,M COLUMN30,%E WAS NOT FROM ,B>CELONA1 BUT A NATIVE ( ,GALICIA 7:O HAD7444FOLL[$ H] LOV] TO ! ,FRONT4 ,%E WAS V]Y GOOD LOOK+ BUT NO SPECIAL ATT5TION WAS GIV5 TO H] BY ! MILITIA M51 = ALL ( !M KNEW ?AT %E WAS B\ND TO H] LOV] BY A L9K :I* IS REG>D$ AMONG ! REVOLUTION>IES AS EQUAL TO M>RIAGE4 ,EV]Y S+LE MILITIA MAN1 H[EV]1 WAS VISIBLY PR\D ( H] = ! C\RAGE %E SEEMS TO HAVE DISPLAY$ 9 /AY+ 9 AN ADVANC$ POSITION UND] FIRE ) ONLY TWO COMPANIONS4 ',WAS IT AN UNPLEASANT EXP]I5CE8' ,I ASK$4 ',NO1 SOLO ME DA EL 5?USIASMO' 7 TO ME IT IS ONLY 9SPIR+ 7 REPLI$ ! GIRL ) %9+ EYES1 & FROM H] :OLE BE>+ ,I BELIEV$ H]4 ,!RE WAS NO?+ AWKW>D AB\T H] POSITION AMONG ! M54 ,ONE ( !M1 :O WAS PLAY+ AN ACCORDION1 />T$ LA ,CUC>A*A1 & %E IMM$IATELY BEGAN ! MOVEM5TS ( ! DANCE1 ! O!RS JO9+ 9 ! SONG4 ,:5 ?IS 9T]LUDE WAS OV]1 %E WAS AGA9 JU/ A COMRADE AMONG !M40 

,BY LATE ,DECEMB] #aicg !RE W]E /ILL WOM5 S]V+ 9 ! MILITIAS1 BUT !IR NUMB]S W]E DIM9I%+ FA/4 ,ORWELL NOTIC$ ?AT1 BY ?IS TIME1 7 MALE7 ATTITUDES T[>DS WOM5 HAD *ANG$1 CIT+ AN EXAMPLE ( MILITIA M5 HAV+ TO BE KEPT \T ( ! WAY :ILE WOM5 W]E DO+ WEAPONS DRILL1 BECAUSE !Y T5D$ TO LAU< AT ! WOM5 & PUT !M (F4 ,H[EV]1 IF WOM5 W]E BECOM+ LESS ACTIVE ON ! FRONT L9E1 ?IS WAS NOT ! CASE ELSE:]E4 

,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES 

,!RE W]E A NUMB] ( WOM5S' J\RNALS & GR\PS 9 REVOLUTION>Y ,SPA91 9CLUD+ ,AN>*I/1 ,SOCIALI/1 & ,COMMUNI/ ORGANIZATIONS1 :I* ALSO HAD !IR [N WOM5'S & Y\? SECTIONS4 ,BECAUSE ( ! 9=MATION AVAILABLE CONC]N+ ITS ROLE1 ?IS >TICLE CONC5TRATES ON ! ACTIVITIES ( ! AN>*I/ ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES4 

,9 ! YE>S PRIOR TO ! REVOLUTION1 WOM5 ACTIVE 9 ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T HAD BEGUN ORGANIZ+ & MEET+1 PREP>+ ! GR\NDWORK = ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES 7,FREE ,WOM57 - A LOCAL1 REGIONAL1 & NATIONAL NETWORK ( WOM5 :I* GREW TO OV] #b1 /RONG4 ,IT PLAY$ A VITAL ROLE1 NOT ONLY 9 ! W> AGA9/ ,FASCISM1 BUT 9 BUILD+ ! F\NDATIONS ( ! NEW LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY :I* ITS MEMB]S HOP$ TO CREATE4 

,AN>*I/ WOM5 HAD BE5 ACTIVELY ORGANIZ+ & PROMOT+ A WOM5'S NETWORK S9CE #a#i#c#d4 ,DESPITE !IR 9VOLVEM5T ) & COMMITM5T TO ! EXI/+ NETWORKS ( UNIONS1 AT5EOS 7/OREFRONT S*OOLS _/ CULTURAL C5T]S71 & Y\? GR\PS1 WOM5 W]E F9D+ !MSELVES ALWAYS 9 A M9ORITY & )\T ! FULL EQUALITY & RESPECT :I* !Y DEM&$ FROM !IR 7MALE7 COMRADES4 

,9 LATE #aicd A GR\P ( ,B>CELONA WOM5 MET TO OV]COME !SE PROBLEMS & 5C\RAGE GREAT] ACTIVISM AMONG EXI/+ ,C,N,T WOM53 0,:AT W\LD HAPP5 IS ?AT WOM5 W\LD COME ONCE1 MAYBE EV5 JO94 ,BUT !Y W\LD NEV] BE SE5 AGA94 ,SO MANY COMPAN]AS CAME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT IT MI<T BE A GOOD IDEA TO />T A SEP>ATE GR\P = !SE WOM5444WE GOT CONC]N$ AB\T ALL ! WOM5 WE W]E LOS+444,9 #a#i#c#e1 WE S5T \T A CALL TO ALL WOM5 9 ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T40 7,SOL$$ ,E/ORA*74 ,!Y ORGANIZ$ GU>D]IAS VOLANTES 7FLY+ DAYC>E C5T]S71 (F]+ *ILDC>E TO WOM5 WANT+ TO S]VE AS UNION DELEGATES & ATT5D EV5+ MEET+S4 

,MEAN:ILE1 ,MADRID WOM51 CALL+ !MSELVES ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES 1W]E TRY+ TO DEVELOP WOM5'S' SOCIAL CONSCI5CES1 SKILLS1 & CREATIVE ABILITIES4 ,T[>DS ! 5D ( #a#i#c#f1 ! TWO GR\PS M]G$ AS ,AGRUPACION ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES4 ,! 9ITIATIVE WAS MET ) 5?USIASM BUT !RE WAS ALSO SKEPTICISM4 ,WAS ?IS A 0SEP>ATI/0 GR\P8 ,W\LD !Y 5C\RAGE WOM5 TO SEE LIB]ATION 9 T]MS ( ACCESS TO $UCATION & PR(ESSIONAL JOBS1 LIKE MIDDLE-CLASS ,SPANI% 0FEM9I/S08 ,F> FROM IT4 0,! 9T5TION ?AT UND]LAY \R ACTIVITIES WAS MU* BROAD]3 TO S]VE A DOCTR9E1 NOT A P>TY1 TO EMP[] WOM5 TO MAKE ( !MSELVES 9DIVIDUALS CAPABLE ( CONTRIBUT+ TO ! /RUCTUR+ ( ! FUTURE SOCIETY1 9DIVIDUALS :O HAVE LE>N$ TO BE SELF-DET]M9+1 NOT TO FOLL[ BL9DLY ! DICTATES ( ANY ORGANIZATION0 4 7,F$]ACION ,NATIONAL 7,M4,L47 ,B>CELONA #a#i#c#h7 

,RESPOND+ TO SOME MIDDLE CLASS ,AM]ICAN FEM9I/S' ATTEMPTS TO CLAIM ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES AS !IR POLITICAL ANCE/ORS1 OR TO CRITICIZE !M = FAIL+ TO A*IEVE 0SEXUAL EQUALITY01 ,SUCESO ,PORTALES1 7A ,C,N,T & ,F,I,J,L ACTIVI/ :O JO9$ ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES 9 C5TRAL ,SPA9 9 #a#i#c#f71 /ATES !IR POSITION3 0,WE >E NOT - & WE W]E NOT !N - FEM9I/S4 ,WE W]E NOT FI<T+ AGA9/ M54 ,WE DID NOT WANT TO SUB/ITUTE A FEM9I/ HI]>*Y = A MASCUL9E ONE4 ,ITS NECESS>Y TO WORK1 /RUGGLE TOGE!R BECAUSE IF WE DON'T1 WE'LL NEV] HAVE A SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,BUT WE NE$$ \R [N ORGANIZATION TO /RUGGLE = \RSELVES40 

,!SE W]E WOM5 :O HAD AS !IR GOAL A COMPLETE SOCIAL & POLITICAL REVOLUTION4 ,!IR MEANS ( A*IEV+ ?IS WAS TO 5SURE ?AT WOM5 W]E 9CLUD$ & PREP>+ TO BE 9CLUD$ AT EV]Y /EP4 ,BY ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 A NETWORK ( AN>*I/ WOM5 ACTIVI/S HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$ = SOME TIME1 READY & ABLE TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! ,JULY EV5TS1 & 5C\RAGE O!R WOM5 TO TAKE P>T 9 CREAT+ ! NEW SOCIETY4 

,SECCIONES DE ,TRABAJO 

,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES RAN TRA9+ PROGRAMS = NEW WORK]S 9 COOP]ATION ) ! LOCAL UNIONS4 ,!IR ,SECCIONES DE ,TRABAJO DEVELOP$ APPR5TICE%IP PROGRAMS1 BR++ WOM5 9TO TRADITIONALLY MALE FACTORIES & WORKPLACES1 IMPROV+ SKILLS & P>TICIPATION1 & EQUALIZ+ PAY LEVELS TO 9CREASE WOM5'S 9DEP5D5CE4 0,! SECCIONES DE TRABAJO 7LABOR SECTIONS7 W]E PROBABLY ! MO/ IMPORTANT ACTIVITIES4 ,WE />T$ 9 ?AT >EA IMM$IATELY1 BECAUSE IT WAS ESS5TIAL TO GET WOM5 \T ( ! HOME4 ,EV5TUALLY !RE W]E ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES GR\PS 9 ALMO/ ALL ! FACTORIES40 7,SOL$AD ,E/ORA*7 

,LABOR SECTIONS W]E ORGANIZ$ SPECIFIC TO TRADES OR 9DU/RIES AT LOCAL1 REGIONAL1 & NATIONAL LEVELS1 ) ! COOP]ATION ( ! RELEVANT ,C,N,T UNIONS4 ,FROM ,JULY #aicf ONW>DS1 WOM5 RU%$ TO FILL NEW FACTORY JOBS 9 ! *EMICAL & METALLURGICAL 9DU/RIES4 ,BY ,SEPTEMB] #aicf ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES HAD #g LABOR ,SECTIONS4 ,9 ,MADRID & ,B>CELONA WOM5 RAN MU* ( ! PUBLIC TRANSPORT SY/EM4 ,PURA ,PREZ ,>COS DESCRIB$ H] ELATION AT BE+ ONE ( ! FIR/ GR\P ( WOM5 LIC5S$ TO DRIVE TRAMS 9 ,B>CELONA 3 0,!Y 7! ,TRANSPORT ,WORK]S ,UNION7 TOOK PEOPLE ON AS APPR5TICES1 ME*ANICS1 & DRIV]S1 & REALLY TAU<T US :AT TO DO4 ,IF Y\ C\LD ONLY HAVE SE5 ! FACES ( ! PASS5G]S 7:5 WOM5 BEGAN S]V+ AS DRIV]S71 ,I ?9K ! COMPAN]OS ON TRANSPORT1 :O W]E SO K9D & COOP]ATIVE T[>DS US1 REALLY GOT A KICK \T ( ?AT04 ,9 ! ,>AGON COLLECTIVES ! FIR/ DELEGATES TO ! VILLAGE COMMITTEES W]E WOM54 ,H]E WOM5 W]E RUNN+ ! VILLAGES ON A DAY TO DAY BASIS ANYWAY1 S9CE ! VILLAGE M5 W]E (T5 AWAY T5D+ ! FLOCKS 7NO *ANGE !RE !N674 

,! SECCIONES ALSO SET UP *ILDC>E FACILITIES AT WORKPLACES1 >GU+ ?AT ! RESPONSIBILITY = *ILDR5 BELONG$ TO ! COMMUNITY AS A :OLE4 ,!Y 5C\RAG$ ?IS AS A WIDESPREAD PRACTICE & PRODUC$ BOOKLETS EXPLA9+ H[ TO SET !SE UP 9 O!R >EAS4 

,9 ,CATALONIA UNION ORGANIZATIONS COLLECTIVIZ$ VIRTUALLY ALL PRODUCTION1 DRAW+ ON A LONG HI/ORY ( WORK]S' ORGANIZATION & /RUGGLE4 ,9DU/RIES & WORKPLACES W]E REORGANIZ$ TO REFLECT ! NE$S ( ! PEOPLE :O WORK$ 9 !M4 ,RECREATION C5T]S = WORK]S & !IR FAMILIES W]E BUILT BY TIMB] & CON/RUCTION WORK]S 2 *UR*ES W]E REQUISITION$ TO PROVIDE DAYC>E C5T]S & S*OOLS = *ILDR54 ,! MO/LY FEMALE TEXTILE 9DU/RIES W]E COLLECTIVIZ$1 ABOLI%+ PIECEWORK1 :ILE ! ,C,N,T WAS ACTIVE 9 ORGANIZ+ HOMEWORK]S1 BR++ !M BACK 9TO ! FACTORIES TO RECEIVE A DAILY WAGE4 

,$UCATION 

,H[EV]1 YE>S ( TRADITION & 9EXP]I5CE ( WORKPLACE OR POLITICAL ACTIVISM W\LD NOT DISAPPE> OV]NI<T4 ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES SAW ONE ( ITS MAJOR TASKS AS DEVELOP+ WOM5'S CONFID5CE & SKILLS TO SPEAK AT MEET+S1 TAKE FULL P>T 9 DISCUSSIONS & DEBATES 9 VILLAGE COMMITTEES1 FACTORIES1 ETC41 & PUT !MSELVES =W>D AS DELEGATES4 

,PROGRAMS DEVELOP$ & IMPLEM5T$ 9CLUD$ BASIC LIT]ACY & NUM]ACY1 ME*ANICS1 BUS9ESS1 SEW+1 AGRICULTURE1 *ILDC>E 1 HEAL?1 TYP+1 LANGUAGES1 HI/ORY1 UNION ORGANIZATION1 G5]AL CULTURE1 & ECONOMICS4 ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES SET UP F>M S*OOLS = WOM5 :O HAD LEFT RURAL >EAS TO 5T] DOME/IC S]VICE 9 ! CITIES1 TO 5ABLE !M1 IF !Y WANT$ TO1 TO RETURN TO !IR VILLAGES & P>TICIPATE 9 COLLECTIVIZ$ F>M+4 ,!Y OP]AT$ ON BO? A CITY-WIDE BASIS1 & 9 9DIVIDUAL DI/RICTS1 RUNN+ DAY & NI<T CLASSES = ALL AGE GR\PS1 ALSO 5C\RAG+ WOM5 :O /UDI$ TO TAKE !IR NEW SKILLS ) !M TO HOSPITALS1 BATTLEFRONTS1 & O!R >EAS & PASS !SE ON TO O!RS4 ,MEMB]S ALSO SET UP LIB]T>IAN S*OOLS & UNIV]SITIES 9 BUILD+S REQUISITION$ FROM OR AB&ON$ BY ! ,*UR* & B\RGEOISIE4 

,FAMILY @& ,HEAL?C>E 

,RESPONSIBILITY = NURS+1 HEAL?C>E1 & *ILD $UCATION HAD TRADITIONALLY BE5 HELD BY ! ,*UR*4 ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES W]E COMMITT$ TO BR++ !SE BACK 9TO COMMUNITY CONTROL1 DEVELOP+ LIB]T>IAN PRACTICES1 & DI/RIBUT+ 9=MATION AB\T CONTRACEPTION1 PREGNANCY1 *ILD DEVELOPM5T1 & P>5T+ ?R\< !IR J\RNALS & A RANGE ( PAMPHLETS4 ,!IR ATTEMPTS TO MEET HEAL? C>E NE$S & $UCATE WOM5 = MO!RHOOD W5T BEYOND ! WRITT5 WORD4 ,)9 ! FIR/ DAYS ( ! REVOLUTION1 ,T]RASSA ACTIVI/S SET UP A NURSES' S*OOL & AN EM]G5CY M$ICAL CL9IC TO TREAT ?OSE 9JUR$ 9 ! FI<T+1 LAT] CREAT+ ,T]RASSA'S FIR/ MAT]NITY CL9IC4 ,B>CELONA ,M,LS RAN A LY+-9 HOSPITAL ) BIR? & PO/NATAL C>E = WOM5 & BABIES1 & ITS [N HEAL? $UCATION PROGRAMS4 

,SEXUAL ,EQUALITY 

,SPANI% AN>*I/S - BO? M5 & WOM5 - HAD PROMOT$ SEXUAL LIB]ATION = MANY YE>S PRIOR TO ! REVOLUTION4 ,N[ !Y W]E ACTIVE 9 DI/RIBUT+ 9=MATION ON SEX & SEXUALITY1 CONTRACEPTION1 SEXUAL FRE$OM1 & ! REPLACEM5T ( LEGAL & RELIGI\S M>RIAGES ) 0FREE LOVE0 - VOLUNT>Y RELATION%IPS :I* C\LD BE T]M9AT$ AT WILL BY EI!R P>TN]4 ,LEGAL M>RIAGE C]EMONIES CONT9U$ ON MANY COLLECTIVES1 BECAUSE PEOPLE 5JOY$ IT AS A FE/IVE OCCASION4 ,COMRADES W5T ?R\< ! PROC$URES1 LAT] DE/ROY+ ! DOCUM5T>Y PRO( AS P>T ( ! CELEBRATION6 ,! REVOLUTION 5ABL$ ?\S&S TO EXP]I5CE SOME DEGREE ( LIB]ATION 9 !IR P]SONAL RELATION%IPS4 ,WOM5 FELT ABLE TO REFUSE (F]S ( M>RIAGE )\T CAUS+ (F5SE TO MALE FRI5DS OR !IR FAMILIES4 ,IT WAS A TIME ( OP5NESS & EXP]IM5TATION4 ,! D\BLE /&>D1 ( C\RSE1 DID NOT DISAPPE>1 LET ALONE VANI% OV]NI<T4 ,MANY M5 US$ 0FREE LOVE0 AS A LIC5SE TO EXT5D !IR SEXUAL CONQUE/S1 :ILE MORE PURITANICAL ELEM5TS LABEL$ WOM5 :O OP5LY 5JOY$ !IR SEX LIVES ) SEV]AL P>TN]S AS 0MUJ]ES LIEBRES0 7RABBITS76 

,MOD]N FEM9I/ CRITICISM ( ,SPANI% WOM5S' 0LACK0 ( A*IEVEM5T 9 !SE >EAS IGNORES BO? ! TRADITIONAL /RANGLEHOLD ( ! ,*UR* & ! FACT ?AT PEOPLE W]E EFFECTIVELY RUNN+ !IR COMMUNITIES & FI<T+ A W> ON SEV]AL FRONTS4 ,! WOM5 9VOLV$ FELT JU/LY PR\D ?AT !Y W]E 9 *>GE ( SUPPLY+ FOOD & CLO?+ TO B>RICADES & BATTLEFIELDS1 & C>+ = ! SICK & W\ND$4 0,TRADITIONAL0 AS !SE ROLES W]E 1 !Y W]E VITAL TO ! CONT9UATION ( ! W> & REVOLUTION4 

,PROPAG&A 

,CONSCI\SNESS RAIS+ & SUPPORT = !SE ACTIVITIES WAS SPREAD BY MEANS ( LIT]ATURE1 9CLUD+ BOOKLETS1 ! 0,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES0 J\RNAL1 EXHIBITIONS1 PO/]S1 & CROSS-C\NTRY T\RS1 ESPECIALLY TO RURAL >EAS4 ,!RE >E MANY ACC\NTS ( URBAN COMPAN]AS VISIT+ RURAL COLLECTIVES & EX*ANG+ IDEAS1 9=MATION1 ETC4 7& VICE V]SA74 ,PRODUC$ 5TIRELY BY & = WOM51 ! PAP] ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES GREW TO NATIONAL CIRCULATION &1 BY ALL ACC\NTS1 WAS POPUL> ) BO? RURAL & URBAN WORK+ CLASS WOM54 ,EA* ISSUE 5C\RAG$ ITS READ]S TO DEVELOP A LIB]T>IAN VISION1 & TO P>TICIPATE FULLY 9 ! EV5TS >\ND !M2 ! PAP] CONSI/5TLY SPELL$ \T ! 0REVOLUTION & W>0 POSITION ( ! MOVEM5T4 

,NATIONALI/ ,REPRESSION 

,! NATIONALI/S W]E WELL AW>E ( ! OPPOSITION !Y FAC$ FROM WOM54 ,G5]AL ,QUIEPO DE ,LLANO1 9 HIS RADIO BROADCA/S FROM ,SEVILLE1 RAV$ AGA9/ & ?REAT5$ ! 0WIVES ( AN>*I/S & COMMUNI/S04 ,AS !Y CONSOLIDAT$ !IR P[]1 ! ,FASCI/S WA/$ NO TIME 9 REV]S+ ! LIB]ALIZATION ( DIVORCE & 9TRODUC+ /RICT DRESS CODES = WOM5 - 9CLUD+ ! BANN+ ( B>E LEGS6 ,! ,REPRESSION1 ( C\RSE1 WAS MU* MORE T]RIBLE1 ) UP TO A ?IRD ( ,SPA9'S POPULATION 5D+ UP BEH9D B>S1 & C\NTLESS M51 WOM51 & *ILDR5 MASSACR$ 9 FASCI/ REPRISALS4 ,9 #a#i#d#e1 !RE W]E /ILL EI<T JAILS = WOM5 POLITICAL PRISON]S 9 ,MADRID ALONE4 ,A ,FALANGE NEWSPAP] REPORTS A BAPTISM C]EMONY 9 ,MADRID 9 #aid = #bh *ILDR5 BORN 9 PRISON4 ,MANY ,SPANI% WOM5 FL$ TO ! ,FR5* REFUGEE CAMPS1 :]E !Y POOL$ FOOD & E/ABLI%$ COMMUNAL KIT*5S4 ,O!RS JO9$ ! ,RESI/ANCE4 

,9 !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ FASCISM & = A RADICAL POLITICAL & SOCIAL ALT]NATIVE ! 0,FREE ,WOM50 ( ,SPA9 PROVIDE AN EXAMPLE ?AT IS /ILL RELEVANT TODAY3 0,TO BE AN ANTI-FASCI/ IS TOO LITTLE2 ONE IS AN ANTI-FASCI/ BECAUSE ONE IS ALREADY SOME?+ ELSE4 ,WE HAVE AN AFFIRMATION TO SET UP AGA9/ ?IS NEGATION444! RATIONAL ORGANIZATION ( LIFE ON ! BASIS ( WORK1 EQUALITY1 & SOCIAL JU/ICE4 ,IF IT W]5'T = ?IS1 ANTI-FASCISM W\LD BE1 = US1 A MEAN+LESS WORD40 

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,JANU>Y #c#a1 #bba 3 ,! ,PEOPLE ,>M$ -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,! ,PEOPLE ,>M$ -- ,UPDAT$4 

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