,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 ,M>XISM & ,AN>*ISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,IA9 ,MC,KAY 

,TEXT 3 

,!RE >E A FEW SURE ?+S AB\T READ+ HI/ORY BOOKS4 ,FIR/LY1 & MO/ OBVI\SLY1 Y\ G5]ALLY KN[ H[ IT 5DS 7BADLY1 9 ! CASE ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE74 ,:AT IS IMPORTANT IS :AT Y\ LE>N FROM ! EV5TS DISCUSS$4 ,SECONDLY1 :5 IT IS A ,M>XI/ ACC\NT Y\ >E GU>ANTE$ ?AT IT WILL 7AT BE/7 IGNORE OR 7AT WORSE7 DI/ORT ! AN>*I/ 9VOLVEM5T & ANALYSIS ( EV5TS4 

,9 ?IS1 ,L59I/ ,DONNY ,GLUCK/E9'S ACC\NT ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE.<#a.> DOES NOT DISAPPO9T - HE BO? IGNORES KEY ASPECTS ( ! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE & DI/ORTS :AT P>TS HE DOES COV]4 ,P]HAPS ?IS IS UNSURPRIS+1 GIV5 ?AT HE IS ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ,BRITI% ,S,W,P & ITS C>ICATURES ( AN>*ISM >E 9FAM\S4 

,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE %\LD BE WELL KN[N 9 LIB]T>IAN CIRCLES SO !RE %\LD BE NO NE$ TO DISCUSS ITS HI/ORY 9 ANY GREAT L5G?4 ,NOT ONLY W]E !RE 0AMONG ! ,COMMUN>DS ,AN>*I/S & ,SYNDICALI/S ( A NUMB] ( DIFF]5T BR&S0.<#b.> BUT ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK9 SAW ! ,COMMUNE AS A /RIK+ CONFIRMATION 79 BO? POSITIVE & NEGATIVE S5SES7 ( AN>*I/ IDEAS4 ,IT IS FAIR TO SAY ?AT ?IS EV5T HAD A SIGNIFICANT 9FLU5CE = ALL REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S1 AN>*I/S AS WELL AS ,M>XI/S4 ,L591 = EXAMPLE1 PLAC$ ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,COMMUNE AT ! HE>T ( HIS 0,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION0 7:ILE1 ( C\RSE1 IGNOR+ IT :5 9 P[]74 ,M>X PRODUC$ HIS CLASSIC 0,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE0 & ADD$ :AT HE CONSID]$ ITS KEY LESSON TO ! NEXT PREFACE ! 0,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O0 7A LESSON :I*1 AS WE WILL DISCUSS1 ,L59 DI/ORT$ SOME:AT74 

,WE WILL USE ,GLUCK/E9'S BOOK AS MEANS ( EXPLOR+ ! LESSONS FROM ! ,COMMUNE1 AS WELL AS TO %[ H[ ,L59I/S DI/ORT AN>*ISM & H[ ! /&>D ,M>XI/ 9T]PRETATION HE SUMM>IZES & SUPPORTS IS FLAW$4 ,IT WILL REAFFIRM ! AN>*I/ 9FLU5CES ON ! ,COMMUNE1 ! PLACE ( ! ,COMMUNE 9 AN>*ISM & ! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,IT WILL ALSO %[ H[ 9CR$UL\S ,L59I/ ATTEMPTS TO APPROPRIATE IT = !IR TRADITION >E4 ,=1 :ILE ,GLUCK/E9 PRAISES ! ,COMMUNE = 9TRODUC+ 0WORK]S' CONTROL ( PRODUCTION0 & 0DEMOCRACY FROM BEL[0 7P4 #e#c71 HE FAILS TO M5TION ! AWKW>D FACT ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS ABOLI%$ BO?444 

,PR\DHON 

,MO/ HI/ORIANS ( ! ,COMMUNE SPLIT ! ,COMMUNE'S POLITICAL 9FLU5CES 9TO ,JACOB91 ,BLANQUI/ & ,PR\DHONI/4 ,! ,BLANQUI/S FOLL[$ !IR EPONYM\S H]O1 ,L\IS ,AUGU/E ,BLANQUI1 9 FAVOR+ A P>TY ( PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>IES :O W\LD SEIZE P[] 9 A C\P & IMPLEM5T SOCIALISM FROM ! TOP-D[N4 ,! 0,PR\DHONI/S0 W]E A MIX$ BAG1 & ,GLUK/E9 SPLITS !M 9TO RI<T & LEFT W+S4 

,?AT ! ,COMMUNE WAS 9FLU5C$ BY ,PR\DHON'S IDEAS GOES )\T SAY+ & ! BE/ ?AT CAN BE SAID ( ,GLUCK/E9'S ACC\NT IS ?AT HE AT LEA/ ACKN[L$GES ?IS BY /AT+ ?AT ,M>X 0PLAY$ A SIGNIFICANT ROLE .<9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL.>4 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! ,FR5* SECTION WAS FULL ( ,M>XI/S4 ,H]E ! ,PR\DHONI/S W]E ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL CURR5T40.<#c.> 7P4 #h#b7 ,H[EV]1 HIS DISCUSSION ( ,PR\DHON'S IDEAS IS A TRAVE/Y.<#d.>4 ,TO BE *>ITABLE1 IT SIMPLY REPEATS ! /&>D ,M>XI/ ANALYSIS ( ! ,FR5*MAN'S IDEAS SO ?IS ACC\NT IS NOT BREAK+ NEW GR\ND 9 DI/ORTION4 ,SADLY1 ! /&>D ,M>XI/ ACC\NT ( ,PR\DHON BE>S LITTLE RELATION%IP TO HIS IDEAS4 ,GIV5 H[ REGUL>LY ?IS NONS5SE IS REPEAT$1 IT IS WOR?:ILE CONTRA/+ ,GLUCK/E9'S ACC\NT TO :AT ! 0FA!R ( AN>*ISM0 ACTUALLY >GU$4 

,! USUAL ,L59I/ EQUATION ( A M>KET ECONOMY ) CAPITALISM IS REPEAT$1 /AT+ ,PR\DHON'S 0CRITICISMS ( ! FAIL+S ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY :]E %>P0 BUT HE 0DID NOT REJECT ! M>KET SY/EM AS SU*40 7P4 #g#b7 ,LIKE ,M>X.<#e.>1 ,PR\DHON WAS WELL AW>E ?AT ! 0M>KET SY/EM0 WAS NOT ID5TICAL TO CAPITALISM1 ?AT 0CAPITALI/ SOCIETY0 WAS M>K$ BY WAGE LABOR & ?AT SU* AN ECONOMIC SY/EM WAS NOT ! 5D ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION4.<#f.> ,&1 LIKE ,M>X1 HE REPEAT$ CALL$ = ! ABOLITION ( WAGE LABOR 7H5CE HIS CONSI/5T SUPPORT = CO-OP]ATIVES74 ,YET ,PR\DHON IS PRES5T$ AS AN ADVOCATE ( WAGE SLAV]Y & IT IS ASS]T$ ?AT HE ?\<T M>KET EX*ANGE UND] CAPITALISM WAS BAS$ ON FRE$OM & EQUALITY3 

0,IT FOLL[$ ?AT1 S9CE ! SELL+ ( LABOR WAS ITSELF A =M ( COMM]CIAL OP]ATION1 :5 EMPLOYES W5T TO WORK = ! BOSSES !Y W]E NOT BE+ EXPLOIT$ BECAUSE 'ANY MAN'S LABOR CAN BUY ! VALUE IT REPRES5TS4'.<#g.>0 7P4 #g#b7 

,PR\DHON W\LD HAVE BE5 SURPRIS$1 AS HE EXPLICITLY D5\NC$ SU* A CONCLUSION1 >GU+ ?AT PROP]TY 0IS ! RI<T TO 5JOY & DISPOSE AT WILL ( ANO!R'S GOODS - ! FRUIT ( AN O!R'S 9DU/RY & LABOR0.<#h.> ,HE WAS WELL AW>E ?AT WORK]S' PRODUC$ A VALUE GREAT] ?AN :AT !Y RECEIV$ 9 WAGES3 

0,:OEV] LABORS BECOMES A PROPRIETOR - ?IS IS AN 9EVITABLE D$UCTION FROM ! PR9CIPLES ( POLITICAL ECONOMY & JURISPRUD5CE4 ,& :5 ,I SAY PROPRIETOR1 ,I DO NOT MEAN SIMPLY 7AS DO \R HYPOCRITICAL ECONOMI/S7 PROPRIETOR ( HIS ALL[ANCE1 HIS SAL>Y1 HIS WAGES1 - ,I MEAN PROPRIETOR ( ! VALUE HIS CREATES1 & BY :I* ! MA/] ALONE PR(ITS 444 ,! LABOR] RETA9S1 EV5 AFT] HE HAS RECEIV$ HIS WAGES1 A NATURAL RI<T 9 ! ?+ HE WAS PRODUC$40.<#i.> 

,?IS IS AN EMBRYONIC !ORY ( SURPLUS VALUE1 AS RECOGNIZ$ BY MORE 9=M$ ,M>XI/S4.<#a.> ,!N !RE IS ,PR\DHON'S CONCEPT ( 0COLLECTIVE =CE0 :I* ,$W>D ,HYAMS SUMM>IZES ON ! PAGE BE=E ! ONE ,GLUCK/E9 QUOTES TO SUPPORT HIS ASS]TION4.<#a#a.> ,AS ,HYAMS PUT IT1 ! BOSS 0*EATS .<HIS WORK]S.> ABOM9ABLY0 = 0HE HAS PAID NO?+ = !IR COLLECTIVE EF=T1 ONLY = ! 9DIVIDUAL EF=T ( EA*40.<#a#b.> ,HYAMS ALSO NOTES ?AT ,PR\DHON OPPOS$ ALL NON-LABOR BAS$ 9COME1 9CLUD+ 0R5T1 DIVID5D1 9T]E/ OR PR(IT0.<#a#c.> ,OR1 TO CO9 A PHRASE1 0PROP]TY IS !FT60 

,%[+ HIS UTT] IGNORANCE ( ! MATT]1 ,GLUCK/E9 ASS]TS ?AT 0,K>L ,M>X1 :O /UDI$ ,PR\DHON'S WORK C>EFULLY1 HAD A V]Y DIFF]5T ANALYSIS :I* LOCAT$ EXPLOITATION AT ! V]Y HE>T ( ! CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION PROCESS40 7P4 #g#b7 ,9 REALITY1 ANYONE FAMILI> ) BO? W\LD KN[ ?AT ,M>X REPEAT$ ,PR\DHON'S ANALYSIS ( ! ROLE ( 0COLLECTIVE =CE0 9 ,CAPITAL 9 ESS5TIALLY ! SAME FA%ION BUT1 ( C\RSE1 )\T ACKN[L$GM5T4.<#a#d.> ,MOREOV]1 COMP>E ,M>X'S COMM5T FROM #ahga AB\T ! 0DESPOTISM ( CAPITAL OV] LABOR0 7P4 #i#g7 TO ,PR\DHON'S 0PROP]TY IS DESPOTISM0.<#a#e.> FROM #a#h#d4 

,CLE>LY1 ,PR\DHON SAW EXPLOITATION OCCURR+ 9 ! WORKPLACE & SO HIS 0POSITION ?AT PROP]TY IS !FT LOCATES A FUNDAM5TAL ANTAGONISM BETWE5 PRODUC]S & [N]S AT ! HE>T ( MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,IF ! DIRECT PRODUC]S >E ! SOLE S\RCE ( SOCIAL VALUE :I* ! [N]S ( CAPITAL >E EXPROPRIAT+1 !N EXPLOITATION MU/ BE ! ROOT CAUSE ( 444 9EQUALITY40.<#a#f.> ,EV5 A BASIC AW>5ESS ( HIS IDEAS W\LD BE SUFFICI5T TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ,GLUCK/E9'S CLAIM ?AT1 = ,PR\DHON1 EXPLOITATION 0DID NOT OCCUR 9 ! LABOR PROCESS0 & SO IT 0MU/ COME FROM \TSIDE ( ! COMM]CIAL OR CAPITALI/ RELATIONS1 ?R\< =CE & FRAUD0 7P4 #g#b7 IS TOTAL NONS5SE4 

,MOREOV]1 ,PR\DHON L9K$ RIS+ 9EQUALITY IT TO ! HI]>*ICAL RELATION%IP CREAT$ 9 ! CAPITALI/ WORKPLACE4.<#a#g.> ,SO ,GLUCK/E9'S CONCLUSION 0FOLL[$0 ONLY IF Y\ >E TOTALLY IGNORANT ( ,PR\DHON'S IDEAS & >E HAPPY TO CONSULT SECOND>Y S\RCES & *]RY-PICK QUOTES FROM !M4 ,?US WE F9D ,PR\DHON >GU+ ?AT SOCIALISM.<#a#h.> IS 0! ABOLITION ( CAPITALISM & ( WAGE-LABOR1 ! TRANS=MATION ( PROP]TY1 444 ! EFFECTIVE & DIRECT SOV]EIGNTY ( ! WORK]S40.<#a#i.> ,MUTUALISM AIM$ AT 0! COMPLETE EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S 444 ! ABOLITION ( ! WAGE WORK]03 0,9DU/RIAL ,DEMOCRACY MU/ 444 SUCCE$ ,9DU/RIAL ,FEUDALISM40.<#b.> ,HE WAS WELL AW>E ( ! OPPRESSIVE NATURE ( WAGE LABOR3 

0,DO Y\ KN[ :AT IT IS TO BE A WAGE-WORK]8 ,IT IS TO LABOR UND] ANO!R1 WAT*FUL = HIS PREJUDICES EV5 MORE ?AN = HIS ORD]S 444 ,IT IS TO HAVE NO M9D ( Y\R [N 444 TO KN[ NO /IMULUS SAVE Y\R DAILY BREAD & ! FE> ( LOS+ Y\R JOB4 ,! WAGE-WORK] IS A MAN TO :OM ! PROP]TY [N] :O HIRES HIM SAYS3 ,:AT Y\ >E TO DO IS TO BE NONE ( Y\R BUS9ESS2 Y\ HAVE NO?+ TO CONTROL 9 IT4440.<#b#a.> 

,GLUCK/E9 DOES1 9 PASS+1 ACKN[L$GE ,PR\DHON'S REAL POSITION BY NOT+ ?AT BIG CAPITALI/S 0C\LD BE EXCLUD$ FROM COMMODITY PRODUCTION ?R\< MUTUALISM1 OR WORK]S' CO-OP]ATIVES40 7P4 #g#e7 ,IF ,PR\DHON REALLY ?\<T ?AT EXPLOITATION DID NOT OCCUR )9 ! WORKPLACE !N :Y DID HE ADVOCATE CO-OP]ATIVES8 ,:Y DID HE CONSI/5TLY >GUE = ! ABOLITION ( WAGE LABOR8 ,SIMPLY BECAUSE1 CONTRA ,GLUCK/E91 ,PR\DHON KNEW ?AT 9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACY1 9 :I* 0ALL POSITIONS >E ELECTIVE1 & ! BY-LAWS SUBJECT TO ! APPROVAL ( ! MEMB]S10 W\LD 5SURE ?AT 0! COLLECTIVE =CE1 :I* IS A PRODUCT ( ! COMMUNITY1 CEASES TO BE A S\RCE ( PR(IT TO A SMALL NUMB] ( MANAG]S0 & BECOMES 0! PROP]TY ( ALL ! WORK]S40 ,?US 0WORKM5'S ASSOCIATIONS 444 >E FULL ( HOPE BO? AS A PROTE/ AGA9/ ! WAGE SY/EM1 & AS AN AFFIRMATION ( RECIPROCITY0 & !IR IMPORTANCE LIES 09 !IR D5IAL ( ! RULE ( CAPITALI/S1 MONEY L5D]S & GOV]NM5TS40 ,HIS AIM WAS 0,CAPITALI/IC & PROPRIET>Y EXPLOITATION1 /OPP$ EV]Y:]E1 ! WAGE SY/EM ABOLI%$1 EQUAL & JU/ EX*ANGE GU>ANTE$40.<#b#b.> 

,GLUCK/E9 ASS]TS ) CASUAL AB&ON ?AT ,PR\DHON'S IDEAS >E 0EASILY RECOGNIZABLE AS ! PRECURSOR ( NEO-LIB]AL ECONOMICS TODAY4 ,BUT ,PR\DHON'S IDEAS W]E LOCAT$ 9 A DIFF]5T CONTEXT & SO TOOK A F> MORE RADICAL =M :5 ADOPT$ BY ! MALE >TISAN CLASS40 7P4 #g#b7 ,S9CE :5 DID NEO-LIB]ALISM REFRA9 FROM US+ ! /ATE TO IMPOSE ITS RE=MS & SKEW ! M>KET 9 FAVOR ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS8 ,:5 HAS ! CAPITALI/ /ATE EV] LEFT WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE ALONE :5 !Y ACT = !MSELVES8 ,EQUALLY1 :5 HAS AN ADVOCATE ( NEO-LIB]AL ECONOMICS EV] >GU$ ?AT LAISSEZ-FAIRE CAPITALISM MEANT 0! VICTORY ( ! /RONG OV] ! WEAK1 ( ?OSE :O [N PROP]TY OV] ?OSE :O [N NO?+08.<#b#c.> ,OR D5\NC$ CAPITALI/ FIRMS BECAUSE !Y RESULT 9 0! WORKMAN .<BE+.> SUBORD9AT$1 EXPLOIT$3 HIS P]MAN5T CONDITION IS ONE ( OB$I5CE0 & SO PEOPLE >E RELAT$ AS 0SUBORD9ATES & SUP]IORS0 ) 0TWO 444 CA/ES ( MA/]S & WAGE-WORK]S1 :I* IS REPUGNANT TO A FREE & DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY0 & URG$ CO-OP]ATIVES TO REPLACE !M8.<#b#d.> ,OR SUGGE/$ ?AT 0.<W.>E %ALL NEV] HAVE REAL WORK+MAN'S ASSOCIATIONS UNTIL ! GOV]NM5T LE>NS ?AT PUBLIC S]VICES %\LD NEI!R BE OP]AT$ BY ITSELF OR H&$ OV] TO PRIVATE /OCK COMPANIES2 BUT %\LD BE LEAS$ ON CONTRACT TO ORGANIZ$ & RESPONSIBLE COMPANIES ( WORK]S40.<#b#e.> ,UNSURPRIS+LY1 ,PR\DHON HAD NO?+ BUT CONTEMPT = ! NEO-LIB]ALS ( HIS TIME & !Y = HIM4.<#b#f.> 

,!N !RE IS ! USUAL ,M>XI/ NONS5SE ?AT 0,PR\DHON WANT$ TO RETURN SOCIETY TO AN E>LI] GOLD5 AGE40 7P4 #g#c7 ,9 REALITY1 HE DID NOT4.<#b#g.> ,PR\DHON TAILOR$ HIS IDEAS TO ! ECONOMY HE FAC$4 ,! ,FR5* AN>*I/'S SUPPORT = >TISAN PRODUCTION IS LABEL$ AS ANA*RONI/IC :ILE1 IRONICALLY1 \R ,M>XI/ PRES5TS MORE ?AN 5\< EVID5CE TO %[ IT REFLECT$ ! REALITIES ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y ECONOMY4 ,?US WE F9D ! ADMISSION ?AT1 9 #a#h#g#a1 0.<O.>LD] =MS ( PRODUCTION PR$OM9AT$0 AS WELL AS 0! PREVAL5CE ( >TISANS & H&ICRAFT PRODUCTION0 9 ,P>IS & ELSE:]E 9 ,FRANCE4 7P4 #f#i7 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,PR\DHON ADVOCAT$ ECONOMIC IDEAS APPLICABLE TO ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE HE LIV$ 9 RA!R ?AN1 AS ) ,M>X1 ONES ?AT ONLY BECAME PR$OM9ANT DECADES AFT] HIS DEA?4 

,GLUCK/E9 DOES HAVE SOME PRAISE = ,PR\DHON1 NOT+ ?AT ! 0/R5G?S ( ,PR\DHON'S APPROA* - HIS ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANISM & /RESS ON SELF-ORGANIZATION BY ! WORK+ CLASS - W]E ADAPT$0 BY HIS FOLL[]S4 7P4 #g#e7 ,?IS IS A SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEM5T ON1 SAY1 ,5GELS :O CONSID]$ 0ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANISM0 AS BE+ TOTAL NONS5SE & 9APPLICABLE TO MOD]N SOCIETY4.<#b#h.> ,HE ALSO NOTES ?AT 0,PR\DHONISM HAD DEEP ROOTS 9 ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T & LAID /RESS ON ACTION FROM BEL[40 7P4 #h#c7 ,?IS IS AN IMPROVEM5T ON ,L59 :O >GU$ ?AT 0! ORGANIZATIONAL PR9CIPLE ( REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY 444 /RIVES TO PROCE$ FROM ! TOP D[NW>D4 0.<#b#i.> 

,GLUCK/E9 DOES QUOTE ,PR\DHON >GU+ ?AT 0! SOCIAL QUE/ION CAN ONLY BE RESOLV$ BY Y\1 BY Y\ ALONE1 )\T ! ASSI/ANCE ( P[]40.<#c.> 7P4 #g#d7 ,SO :Y DID ,PR\DHON /RESS SELF-ORGANIZATION & *ANGE FROM BEL[8 ,?IS WAS BECAUSE ! ,FR5* AN>*I/ RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ! /ATE 70P[]07 WAS RUN BY CAPITAL4 ,AS HE PUT IT1 ! /ATE 0F9DS ITSELF 9EVITABLY 5*A9$ TO CAPITAL & DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT40.<#c#a.> ,EQUALLY1 ,PR\DHON WAS NOT CONV9C$ ?AT ANY C5TRALIZ$ /ATE SOCIALI/ /RUCTURE W\LD BE ANY?+ O!R ?AN /ATE CAPITALISM3 0,WE DO NOT WANT TO SEE ! ,/ATE CONFISCATE ! M9ES1 CANALS & RAILWAYS2 ?AT W\LD BE TO ADD TO MON>*Y1 & MORE WAGE SLAV]Y40.<#c#b.> 

,?IS IS SOME?+ ?AT ,GLUCK/E91 9 !ORY1 IS AW>E4 ,HE NOTES ?AT RE=MI/S HAVE 0F\ND]$ ON ! /ATE MA*9E1 ! ,BRITI% ,LABOR ,P>TY BE+ ONE EXAMPLE4 ,!SE MOVEM5TS ?\<T !Y C\LD USE ! EXI/+ P[] /RUCTURES TO BR+ AB\T ! *ANGES !Y WANT$40 7P4 #f#c7 ,! FATE ( ,M>XIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY %[S ! VALIDITY ( ,PR\DHON'S POSITION4 ,AS PR$ICT$ BY ,BAKUN91 ?OSE P>TIES FOLL[+ ,M>X'S CALL TO TAKE P>T 9 0POLITICAL ACTION0 HAVE BECOME RE=MI/4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ,GLUCK/E9 MAKES NO M5TION ( ?IS 7PROBABLY BECAUSE ! P>TY HE WAS A MEMB] ( FOLL[S ,M>X'S POSITION & S+UL>LY FAILS TO LE>N ! LESSONS ( HI/ORY74 

,?US IT IS SIMPLY UNTRUE TO CLAIM ?AT ,PR\DHON 0HELD BACK FROM DEAL+ ) ! CORE ( ! SY/EM - ! EXPLOITATION AT ! HE>T ( ! CAPITALI/-WORK] RELATION%IP1 & ! /ATE :I* EXI/S TO PROTECT ?AT EXPLOITATIVE PROCESS40 7P4 #g#f7 ,HE WAS WELL AW>E ?AT ! /ATE WAS A CAPITALI/ TOOL & ?AT WAGE LABOR LEAD TO EXPLOITATION4 ,! NOTION ?AT ,PR\DHON WAS NOT AGA9/ WAGE LABOR SIMPLY CANNOT /& EV5 A SUP]FICIAL LOOK AT HIS WORKS4.<#c#c.> 

,9 SUMM>Y1 !N1 ,PR\DHON FAVOR$ WORK]S' CO-OP]ATIVES 7OR ASSOCIATION7 AS HE WAS WELL AW>E ?AT BOSSES KEPT P>T ( ! VALUE PRODUC$ BY WORK]S4 ,?AT ,GLUCK/E9 DOES NOT KN[ ?IS BASIC FACT %[S ! SUP]FICIAL NATURE ( HIS CRITIQUE4 ,DEP5D5T ON A SELECTIVE READ+ ( SECOND>Y S\RCES1 HE IRONICALLY CONFIRMS ! COMM5TS ( ONE SU* AU?OR HE QUOTES3 0S9CE .<,M>X'S 0,POV]TY ( ,PHILOSOPHY0.> NO GOOD ,M>XI/S HAVE HAD TO ?9K AB\T ,PR\DHON4 ,!Y HAVE :AT IS MO!R'S MILK TO !M1 AN EX CA!DRA JUDGM5T40.<#c#d.> 

,ASSOCIATIONAL ,SOCIALISM 

,UNSURPRIS+LY1 AS A ,L59I/1 ,GLUCK/E9 IS KE5 7P4 #a#i#g7 TO ASSIGN ! IDEA ( SOCIALISM BAS$ ON CO-OP]ATIVES TO ,L\IS ,BLANC 7AL?\< HE MISDATES HIS 9FLU5TIAL WORK1 ,! ,ORGANIZATION ( ,LABOR1 TO #ahdg RA!R ?AN #a#h#d.<#c#e.>74 ,?IS IS UTT]LY 9ADEQUATE AS1 = EXAMPLE1 ,PR\DHON HAD ALSO POPUL>IZ$ ! IDEA ( WORK]S ASSOCIATIONS 7CO-OP]ATIVES7 AS ! BASIS ( SOCIALISM FROM #ahd ONW>DS4 ,HIS ,G5]AL IDEA ( ! ,REVOLUTION ( #ahea IS P>TICUL>LY /RONG ON ?IS1 AL?\< IT CAN BE F\ND 9 E>LI] WORKS LIKE ,:AT IS ,PROP]TY8.<#c#f.> ,= ,PR\DHON1 ! WORKPLACE %\LD BE COME 0LITTLE REPUBLICS ( WORK+M540.<#c#g.> 

,MOREOV]1 ,PR\DHON WAS ALSO = ASSOCIATIONS ( ASSOCIATIONS4 ,9 #a#h#d#h1 = EXAMPLE1 HE CALL$ = WANT$ WORKPLACES TO BE 0H&$ OV] TO DEMOCRATICALLY ORGANIZ$ WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS0 :I* W\LD !N =M A 0VA/ F$]ATION ( COMPANIES & SOCIETIES WOV5 9TO ! COMMON CLO? ( ! DEMOCRATIC SOCIAL ,REPUBLIC40 .<#c#h.> ,FIFTE5 YE>S LAT]1 HE CALL$ ?IS SY/EM AN 0AGRO-9DU/RIAL F$]ATION0 9 ,! ,PR9CIPLE ( ,F$]ATION4 ,= ,PR\DHON1 ?IS 0DEF9$0 ALL ( HIS ECONOMIC IDEAS 0DEVELOP$ OV] ! LA/ TW5TY-FIVE YE>S40.<#c#i.> ,!SE IDEAS W]E TAK5 UP & EXP&$ UPON BY ! ,FR5* ,9T]NATIONALI/S & ,BAKUN9 AFT] ,PR\DHON'S DEA? 9 #a#h#f#e4 ,EV5 ,GLUCK/E9 CANNOT IGNORE ?IS1 NOT+ ?AT = ,PR\DHON 0! MANY T9Y.<#d.> ECONOMIC UNITS W\LD F$]ATE TOGE!R 444 .<&.> W\LD GR\P 9TO LOCAL COMMUNES 444 & !N UPW>DS 9TO REGIONAL & F9ALLY NATIONAL F$]ATIONS0 7P4 #g#e7 

,H[EV]1 ACKN[L$G+ ?AT O!R SOCIALI/ ?9K]S RAIS$ ! IDEA /ILL GIVES CR$5CE TO ! FALSE ,L59I/ NOTION ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS C\LD NOT COME UP ) SOCIALI/IC IDEAS BY !MSELVES4 ,9 FACT1 ,BLANC & ,PR\DHON SIMPLY TOOK UP ! IDEAS EXPRESS$ BY WORK]S & 9T]PRET$ !M 9 DIFF]5T WAYS4.<#d#a.> 0,ASSOCIATIONISM0 WAS BORN DUR+ ! WAVE ( /RIKES & PROTE/S UNLEA%$ BY ! #ahc REVOLUTION4 ,?AT YE> SAW ,P>ISIAN PR9T]S1 = EXAMPLE1 PRODUC+ A NEWSPAP] 7,L',>TISAN3 ,J\RNAL DE LA CLASSES \VRI]E7 :I* SUGGE/$ ?AT ! ONLY WAY TO /OP BE+ EXPLOIT$ BY A MA/] WAS = WORK]S TO =M CO-OP]ATIVES4 ,DUR+ ! /RIKES ( #a#h#c#c1 ?IS WAS E*O$ BY O!R SKILL$ WORK]S & SO CO-OP]ATIVES W]E SE5 BY MANY WORK]S AS A ME?OD ( EMANCIPATION FROM WAGE LABOR.<#d#b.>4 ,PR\DHON EV5 PICK$ UP ! T]M ,MUTUALISME FROM ! WORK]S 9 ,LYON 9 ! E>LY #a#h#dS & !IR IDEAS ( COOP]ATIVE CR$IT1 EX*ANGE & PRODUCTION 9FLU5C$ HIM AS SURELY AS HIS 9FLU5C$ ! ,LYON WORK]S4.<#d#c.> ,HE DID NOT1 H[EV]1 TAKE UP !IR IDEAS ON /RIKES & 9SURRECTIONS 7?AT W\LD COME LAT] 9TO AN>*ISM ) ,V>L9 & ,BAKUN974 .<#d#d.> 

,SO :5 ,PR\DHON1 ,V>L9 & ,BAKUN9 EXPRESS$ SUPPORT = WORK]S ASSOCIATIONS AS ! BASIS ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM !Y W]E H>DLY EXPRESS+ NEW IDEAS BUT RA!R EXPRESS+ A COMMON P]SPECTIVE DEVELOP$ )9 WORK+ CLASS CIRCLES & REFLECT$ 9 ! MA9L& ,EUROPEAN SECTIONS ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,IT COMES AS NO SURPRISE1 !N1 ?AT DUR+ ! ,COMMUNE1 NUM]\S WORK]S URG$ ! ,C\NCIL TO PROMOTE CO-OP]ATIVES AS ! MEANS ( SOLV+ ! 0SOCIAL QUE/ION40 ,! ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL ITSELF DECRE$ ?AT WORK%OPS :OSE [N]S HAD FL$ %\LD BE GIV5 TO 0! COOP]ATIVE ASSOCIATION ( WORK]S :O W]E EMPLOY$ !RE40 7P4 #c7 ,LIKE ,PR\DHON1 IT RAIS$ ! POSSIBILITY ?AT ALL L>GE WORKPLACES W\LD BE TURN$ OV] TO WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS4 ,H[EV]1 ! ,COMMUNE 7LIKE ,PR\DHON7 WAS FUNDAM5TALLY GRADUALI/ 9 ITS APPROA*4 ,?IS FAILURE TO TAKE A REVOLUTION>Y APPROA* WAS HI<LI<T$ BY ,BAKUN9 & SUBSEQU5T LIB]T>IANS AS A KEY FLAW 9 ! ,COMMUNE4 

0,LEFT ,PR\DHONI/S0 OR ,COLLECTIVI/S8 

,AFT] ,PR\DHON'S DEA?1 MILITANTS 9FLU5C$ BY HIM REVIS$ & DEVELOP$ MANY ( HIS IDEAS4 ,BAS$ ON !IR EXP]I5CES1 MANY BECAME 7LIKE ,EUG5E ,V>L97 SUPPORT]S & ORGANIZ]S ( TRADE UNIONS & /RIKES AS WELL AS REJECT+ HIS PATRI>*AL NOTIONS4 ,GLUCK/E9 LABELS !SE 0,LEFT ,PR\DHONI/S40 ,A BETT] T]M W\LD BE 0COLLECTIVI/S0 - :AT ,BAKUN9 9ITIALLY CALL$ HIS POLITICS BE=E TAK+ UP ! T]M AN>*I/4 ,LIKE ! ,FR5* MILITANTS1 ,BAKUN9 FAVOR$ COLLECTIVE [N]%IP1 UNIONS1 /RIKES1 ! EXPROPRIATION ( CAPITAL BY TRADE UNIONS & A DEC5TRALIZ$1 F$]AL SOCIAL ORGANIZATION BAS$ ON COMMUNES & WORKPLACE ASSOCIATIONS4 

,AS ,G4,D4,H4 ,COLE PUTS IT1 ! ,FR5* ,9T]NATIONALI/S1 9CLUD+ ,V>L91 W]E 0/RONGLY HO/ILE TO C5TRALIZATION4 ,!Y W]E F$]ALI/S1 9T5T ON BUILD+ UP WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS ON A LOCAL BASIS & !M F$]AT+ ! LOCAL F$]ATIONS4 ,! FREE ,FRANCE !Y LOOK$ =W>D WAS TO BE A C\NTRY MADE UP ( LOCALLY AUTONOM\S COMMUNES1 FREELY F$]AT$ = COMMON PURPOSES :I* REQUIR$ ACTION OV] L>G] >EAS 444 ,9 ?IS S5SE !Y W]E ,AN>*I/S40 ,V>L9 0HAD AT BOTTOM A GREAT DEAL MORE 9 COMMON ) ,PR\DHON ?AN ) ,M>X0 & HAD A 0,SYNDICALI/ \TLOOK40.<#d#e.> 

0,V>L9 & ! ,FR5* ,BAKUN9I/S10 ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK NOTES1 0HAD ALSO .<LIKE ! SYNDICALI/S.> RECOGNIZ$ BE=E ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ! ROLE ( ! TRADE UNIONS 9 SOCIAL /RUGGLE1 & ! G5]AL /RIKE40 .<#d#f.> ,TO QUOTE ,V>L9 HIMSELF1 UNIONS HAVE 0! 5ORM\S ADVANTAGE ( MAK+ PEOPLE ACCU/OM$ TO GR\P LIFE & ?US PREP>+ !M = A MORE EXT5D$ SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,!Y ACCU/OM PEOPLE NOT ONLY TO GET ALONG ) ONE ANO!R & TO UND]/& ONE ANO!R1 BUT ALSO TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES1 TO DISCUSS1 & TO REASON FROM A COLLECTIVE P]SPECTIVE40 ,MOREOV]1 AS WELL AS MITIGAT+ CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION & OPPRESSION 9 ! H]E & N[1 ! UNIONS ALSO 0=M ! NATURAL ELEM5TS ( ! SOCIAL $IFICE ( ! FUTURE2 IT IS !Y :O CAN BE EASILY TRANS=M$ 9TO PRODUC]S ASSOCIATIONS2 IT IS !Y :O CAN MAKE ! SOCIAL +R$I5TS & ! ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION WORK40.<#d#g.> 

,! SIMIL>ITIES ) ,BAKUN9'S IDEAS >E OBVI\S1 AL?\< GO UNM5TION$ BY ,GLUCK/E94.<#d#h.> ,UNSURPRIS+LY1 :5 ,BAKUN9 MET ,V>L9 AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL'S ,BASEL ,CONGRESS &1 0ONCE ! PROGRAM ( ! ,ALLIANCE WAS EXPLA9$ TO0 ,V>L9 HE SAID HE 0%>$ ! SAME IDEAS & AGRE$ TO CO-ORD9ATE ) !IR REVOLUTION>Y PLANS40 .<#d#i.> 

,V>L91 9 O!R WORDS1 WAS P>T ( ! G5]AL DEVELOPM5T ON ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T FROM RE=MI/ MUTUALISM T[>DS REVOLUTION>Y COLLECTIVISM1 FROM ,PR\DHON TO ,BAKUN9 7SO TO SPEAK74 ,= ,BAKUN91 HIS IDEAS W]E 0,PR\DHONISM WIDELY DEVELOP$ & PU%$ TO !SE1 ITS F9AL CONSEQU5CES40.<#e.> ,H[EV]1 ?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT )\T ,BAKUN9 ?IS W\LD NOT HAVE HAPP5$ = ,V>L9 0SEEMS TO HAVE MOV$ 9DEP5D5TLY T[>DS HIS COLLECTIVI/ POSITION40.<#e#a.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,BAKUN9 BECAME 9FLU5TIAL BECAUSE HE WAS P>T ( A G5]AL DEVELOPM5T )9 ,9T]NATIONALI/ CIRCLES1 IDEAS :I* HE HELP$ DEEP5 BUT WAS ALSO 9FLU5C$ BY4 

,EQUALLY1 ,GLUCK/E9 CONSID]S ,V>L9'S WORK 9 OV]?R[+ ! ,MON>*Y AS 9 CONTRADICTION ) ,PR\DHON'S APOLITICAL /ANCE4 ,?AT IS DEBATABLE1 BUT ONE ?+ IS SURE1 NAMELY ?AT IT IS NOT 9 CONTRADICTION ) G5]AL LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES4.<#e#b.> ,AN>*I/S >E WELL AW>E ?AT REPUBLICS CAN (F] MORE OPPORTUNITY = ACTIVITY ?AN DICTATOR%IPS4.<#e#c.> ,AN>*I/S1 AFT] ALL1 TOOK P>T 9 ! PROTE/S :I* OV]?REW ! ,CZ> 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#a#g.<#e#d.> AS WELL AS 9 ,SPA91 #aica 7= EXAMPLE74 ,! KEY IS ?AT !Y P>TICIPAT$ 9 SU* EV5TS TO PU% !M FUR!R1 TO TURN !M 9TO SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS RA!R ?AN PURELY POLITICAL ONES4.<#e#e.> ,?IS WAS ,V>L9'S POSITION AS WELL :5 HE NOT$ ?AT 0= US POLITICAL REVOLUTION & SOCIAL REVOLUTION >E 9T]DEP5D5T0 & 09 VIEW ( ALL ! OB/ACLES WE N[ MEET WE FEEL ?AT IT WILL BE IMPOSSIBLE = US TO ORGANIZE ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION SO LONG AS WE LIVE UND] A GOV]NM5T AS AU?ORIT>IAN AS ! PRES5T ONE0.<#e#f.> 

,SO1 GIV5 HIS L9KS ) ,BAKUN9 & ! SIMIL>ITIES 9 !IR POLITICS1 ,GLUCK/E9 IS RI<T TO /ATE ?AT 0,V>L9 %[$ :AT C\LD BE A*IEV$0 7P4 #h#d7 BUT NOT 9 ! S5SE HE MEANT IT6 ,IT WAS PRECISELY ! RISE ( ! 0COLLECTIVISM0 :I* ,BAKUN9 & ,V>L9 SUBSCRIB$ TO :I* F9ALLY =C$ ,M>X TO MOVE ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL TO ,AM]ICA4 

,! ,AN>*I/ CRITIQUE 

,9 HIS DISCUSSION ( ! *AMPIONS ( ! ,COMMUNE1 ,GLUCK/E9 DOES AT LEA/ ACKN[L$GE ?AT AN>*I/S HAVE ANALYZ$ IT & CLAIM$ IT AS !IR [N4 ,HE GIVES SLI<TLY LESS ?AN #b PAGES TO ! SUBJECT 7:AT HE T]MS ! FEM9I/ CRITIQUE IS COV]$ 9 MORE DEP?74 ,IT IS1 AT BE/1 SUP]FICIAL &1 AT WORSE1 SIMPLY FALSE4 ,9 FACT1 IT FEELS UTT]LY P]FUNCTORY & IS SELF-CONTRADICTORY4 

,! PRES5TATION ( :AT ,GLUCK/E9 T]MS ! 0AN>*I/ 9T]PRETATION0 ( ! ,COMMUNE />TS BADLY1 ) ! AU?OR ASS]T+ ?AT 0,AN>*I/S BELIEVE ?AT ! ,COMMUNE CANNOT BE DESCRIB$ AS A WORK]S' GOV]NM5T1 BECAUSE IT ABOLI%$ ! V]Y CONCEPT ( GOV]NM5T0 7P4 #a#h#d7 & QUOTES BO? ,BAKUN9'S & ,KROPOTK9'S FAM\S ESSAYS ON ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE AS EVID5CE4 ,YET1 REG>DLESS ( ,GLUCK/E9'S ASS]TIONS1 ,AN>*I/S BELIEVE NO SU* ?+ - AS !SE V]Y ESSAYS PROVE4 

,C5TRAL TO ! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE IS PRECISELY ?AT ONE ( ! KEY PROBLEMS ) ! ,COMMUNE WAS ?AT IT RETA9$ A GOV]NM5T )9 ,P>IS :ILE PROCLAIM+ ! FREE F$]ATION ( COMMUNES \TSIDE IT4 ,?IS WAS ,BAKUN9'S POSITION1 :O NOT$ ?AT ! ,COMMUN>DS HAD 0SET UP A REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T0 & SO ORGANIZ$ 0!MSELVES 9 A ,JACOB9 MANN]1 =GETT+ OR SACRIFIC+ ! FIR/ CONDITIONS ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM40.<#e#g.> ,KROPOTK9 REPEAT$ & EXT5D$ ?IS ANALYSIS1 AS ADMITT$ BY ,GLUCK/E9 HIMSELF3 0,ONE ( ,KROPOTK9'S COMPLA9TS AGA9/ ! ,COMMUNE WAS PRECISELY ?AT ! MASSES CO-OP]AT$ ) ! C5TRALIZ$ P[] !Y HAD CREAT$ AT ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE40 7PP4 #a#h#d-#e7 ,HE EV5 QUOTES ,KROPOTK9 >GU+ ?AT 0.<T.>H]E IS NO MORE REASON = A GOV]NM5T 9SIDE ! COMMUNE ?AN = A GOV]NM5T \TSIDE40 7P4 #a#h#e7 ,SO H[1 9 ?AT CASE1 C\LD ,AN>*I/S ?9K ?AT ! COMMUNE 0ABOLI%$0 GOV]NM5T8 

,A KEY P>T.<#e#h.> ( ,KROPOTK9'S CRITIQUE WAS ?AT :ILE 0PROCLAIM+ ! FREE ,COMMUNE1 ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS PROCLAIM$ AN ESS5TIAL AN>*I/ PR9CIPLE0 BUT 0!Y /OPP$ MID-C\RSE0 & GAVE 0!MSELVES A ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL COPI$ FROM ! OLD MUNICIPAL C\NCILS40 ,?US ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE DID NOT 0BREAK ) ! TRADITION ( ! ,/ATE1 ( REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T1 & IT DID NOT ATTEMPT TO A*IEVE )9 ! ,COMMUNE ?AT ORGANIZATION FROM ! SIMPLE TO ! COMPLEX IT 9AUGURAT$ BY PROCLAIM+ ! 9DEP5D5CE & FREE F$]ATION ( ! ,COMMUNES40 ,KROPOTK9 CONT9UALLY /RESS$ ?AT ! REVOLUTION>IES W]E ISOLAT$ FROM ! MASSES & %UT-UP 9 ! T[N HALL :I* LEAD TO DISA/] AS ! ,COMMUNE C\NCIL BECAME 0IMMOBILIZ$ 444 BY R$ TAPE0 & LO/ 0! S5SITIVITY ?AT COMES FROM CONT9U$ CONTACT ) ! MASSES 444 ,P>ALYZ$ BY !IR DI/ANC+ FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y C5T] - ! PEOPLE - !Y !MSELVES P>ALYZ$ ! POPUL> 9ITIATIVE40.<#e#i.> 

,TOTALLY MISS+ ! PO9T ( ! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE1 \R ,M>XI/ OP9ES ?AT 0.<I.>F ! ,COMMUNE HAD ONLY BE5 A MOM5T FROM BEL[1 ! AN>*I/ 9T]PRETATION MI<T HAVE BE5 CORRECT0 BUT ! 9SURRECTION 0F\ND$ A NEW FOCUS ( P[]40 7P4 #a#h#e7 ,QUITE - & AN>*I/S AT ! TIME & SUBSEQU5TLY HAVE NOT$ ?AT ?IS 0P[]0 WAS SIMPLY NOT UP TO ! TASK AT H&4 ,?IS CAN BE SE5 FROM ,GLUCK/E9'S [N ACC\NT4 ,HE HIMSELF ADMITS ?AT ! ,COMMUNE WAS 0OV]:ELM$0 BY SUGGE/IONS FROM O!R BODIES1 ! 0%E] VOLUME0 ( :I* 0CREAT$ DIFFICULTIES0 & IT 0F\ND IT H>D TO COPE ) ! /REAM ( PEOPLE :O CRAMM$ 9TO ! (FICES40 7PP4 #d#g-#h7 ,HE /ATES ?AT 0.<R.>ELATIONS BETWE5 ! ,COMMUNE0 & 0! ,CLUBS & ! MASS MEET+S0 >E 0H>D] TO MEASURE0 7P4 #e7 :I* IS A DAMN+ ADMISSION = SOMEONE CLAIM+ ?AT ! ,COMMUNE IMPLEM5T$ A NEW REGIME BAS$ ON DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,EV5 HIS CONCLUSIONS AGA9/ ! 0AN>*I/ 9T]PRETATION0 >E QUE/ION BEGG+3 

0,IT WAS ?IS COMB9ATION ( DIRECT ACTIVITY1 PLUS AN ORGANIZ$ GOV]NM5TAL /RUCTURE 7= ALL ITS 9ADEQUACIES71 ?AT E>N$ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ITS HI/ORIC SIGNIFICANCE AS ! MOM5T :5 AN ANTI-CAPITALI/ MOVEM5T WAS TRANS=M$ 9TO A P[] 9 ITS [N RI<T40 7P4 #a#h#e7 

,YES1 0= ALL ITS 9ADEQUACIES06 ,RA!R ?AN ADDRESS :E!R 0AN ORGANIZ$ GOV]NM5TAL /RUCTURE0 UND]M9ES ! 0DIRECT ACTIVITY0 ( ! MASSES & IS UP TO SOLV+ ! MANY TASKS FAC+ A SOCIAL REVOLUTION AS ,KROPOTK9 & O!R AN>*I/S DID1 ,GLUCK/E9 SIMPLY IGNORES ! ISSUE4 ,HE NOTES1 9 PASS+1 ! DIFFICULTIES FAC+ ! ,C\NCIL TRY+ TO H&LE ! NUM]\S PROBLEMS FAC+ ! REVOLUTION BUT DOES NOT DRAW ANY CONCLUSIONS FROM !M4 ,AN>*I/S1 H[EV]1 W\LD NOTE ?AT !Y CONFIRM ,BAKUN9'S #ahg PR$ICTION ?AT ANY REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T 0C\LD NOT FAIL TO SEV]ELY CON/RICT ! SCOPE ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION BECAUSE IT IS IMPOSSIBLE1 EV5 = ! MO/ 5]GETIC & 5T]PRIS+ AU?ORIT>IAN REVOLUTION>Y1 TO UND]/& & DEAL EFFECTIVELY ) ALL ! MANIFOLD PROBLEMS G5]AT$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,= EV]Y DICTATOR%IP1 BE IT EX]CIS$ BY AN 9DIVIDUAL OR COLLECTIVELY BY RELATIVELY FEW 9DIVIDUALS1 IS NECESS>ILY V]Y CIRCUMSCRIB$1 V]Y %ORT-SI<T$1 & ITS LIMIT$ P]CEPTION CANNOT1 !RE=E1 P5ETRATE ! DEP? & 5COMPASS ! :OLE COMPLEX RANGE ( POPUL> LIFE40 .<#f.> 

,! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS W]E ALSO AW>E ( ?IS PROBLEM1 ) ! 9ABILITY ( ! ,COMMUNE TO BE EFFECTIVE4 ,AS ! ,C\NCIL 0APPE>$ 9CREAS+LY 9COMPET5T OR 9SUFFICI5TLY REVOLUTION>Y1 CLUBS & COMMITTEES BECAME ! VEHICLES = ! ASS]TION ( DIRECT SOV]EIGNTY BY MEANS ( ASSOCIATION 444 ,HAD ! ,COMMUNE MANAG$ TO LA/ LONG] IT IS C]TA9 ?AT ,LEFTI/ FACTIONS ( ! CLUBS & COMMITTEES & ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D W\LD HAVE POS$ S]I\S1 ORGANIZ$ OPPOSITION TO ! ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL40.<#f#a.> ,BE=E & DUR+ ! ,COMMUNE1 !RE W]E ATTEMPTS TO F$]ATE V>I\S CLUBS & ASSEMBLIES 7SU* AS ! ,DELEGATION ( ! ,TW5TY ,>RONDISSEM5TS74 ,!SE W\LD HAVE1 EV5TUALLY1 PRODUC$ A F$]AL /RUCTURE )9 ! COMMUNE ITSELF AS ! LIMITATIONS ( ! ,C\NCIL BECAME CLE>4 

,AS SU*1 ,GLUCK/E9 WAS WRONG TO SUGGE/ ?AT ! ,COMMUNE WAS A 0NEW =M ( GOV]NM5T BAS$ ON MASS ACTIVE DEMOCRACY WAS G5]AT$ - ! FIR/ WORK]S' /ATE40 7P4 #g7 ,9S(> AS IT WAS BAS$ ON 0MASS ACTIVE DEMOCRACY0 IT WAS NOT A /ATE AS IT WAS BAS$ ON :AT /ATES HAVE EVOLV$ TO /OP - MASS P>TICIPATION 9 SOCIAL LIFE4 ,AS SU*1 HE IS RI<T TO /ATE ?AT P[] 0FROM ABOVE1 ACT+ ON ?OSE BEL[1 WAS *ALL5G$ & ! V]Y F\NDATIONS ( ! CONV5TIONAL /ATE W]E UND]M9$0 7P4 #b#e7 H[EV] HE %[S ! TYPICAL ,M>XI/ CONFUSION :5 HE CALLS ! NEW SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS =M$ 0A NEW TYPE ( /ATE :I* FUZ$ PEOPLE & P[]40 7P4 #b#e7 ,:I* IS UND]/&ABLE1 GIV5 ! FALSE ,M>XI/ METAPHYSICAL NOTION ?AT ! /ATE IS SIMPLY 0A SY/EM ( DOM9ATION BY ONE CLASS OV] ANO!R0 7P4 #b#e7 RA!R ?AN A SET ( 9/ITUTIONS M>K$ BY SPECIFIC SOCIAL RELATION%IPS REQUIR$ TO MA9TA9 M9ORITY CLASS RULE OV] SOCIETY4.<#f#b.> 

,SO1 9 ! WORDS ( ,GLUCK/E91 0! REALITY WAS NOT SIMPLE40 7P4 #a#h#d7 ,SADLY1 ?IS APPLIES TO HIS DI/ORTIONS ( ! 0AN>*I/ 9T]PRETATION0 RA!R ?AN TO ! ANALYSIS HE CANNOT BR+ HIMSELF TO PRES5T NEV] M9D DISCUSS4 ,SIMPLY PUT1 TO ASS]T 0! AN>*I/ BELIEF ?AT 9 #ahga ! ,COMMUNE HAD ALREADY ABOLI%$ ! /ATE0 7P4 #b#f7 CANNOT BE SU/A9$ BY LOOK+ AT :AT AN>*I/S ACTUALLY WROTE AB\T ! ,COMMUNE4 ,9 FACT1 ONE ( \R KEY CRITIQUES IS ?AT P>T ( ! ,COMMUNE'S FAIL+S WAS PRECISELY ?AT IT HAD NOT ABOLI%$ ! /ATE )9 ,P>IS ITSELF4 

,P]HAPS ?IS OBVI\S UNWILL+NESS TO ADDRESS ! ACTUAL AN>*I/ POSITION HELPS1 9 P>T1 TO EXPLA9 ,GLUCK/E9'S REPEAT+ ( AN ALL TOO COMMON ,M>XI/ CONTRADICTION AB\T AN>*ISM4 ,?US WE F9D HIM ASS]T+ ?AT ,PR\DHON'S 0DISCIPLE1 ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 MADE ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE HIS C5TRAL T5ET0 7P4 #g#d7 :ILE ALSO BE+ A CASE ( ! /ATE BE+ 0IGNOR$0 0AN>*I/ /YLE0 7P4 #e7 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 Y\ CANNOT 0IGNORE0 ! /ATE IF Y\R GOAL IS ITS 0ABOLITION40 ,9 ADDITION1 IT %\LD BE /RESS$ ?AT ,BAKUN9'S 0C5TRAL T5ET0 WAS NOT SIMPLY ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE BUT1 RA!R1 AS ,WAYNE ,?ORPE CORRECTLY SUMM>IZES1 0! SIMULTANE\S DE/RUCTION ( ! /ATE & ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 ACCOMPANI$ BY ! ORGANIZATION FROM BEL[ ( A F$]ALI/ SY/EM ( ADM9I/RATION BAS$ UPON LABOR'S ECONOMIC ASSOCIATIONS40.<#f#c.> 

,SO1 CONTRA ! ,M>XI/ TRADITION1 IT IS NOT ! CASE ?AT ! 0ORIG9ALITY ( ! ,COMMUNE LAY 9 ITS DET]M9ATION TO F\ND A NEW TYPE ( /ATE40 7P4 #f#c7 ,RA!R1 ITS DEC5TRALIZ$ & F$]AL =M %[$ H[ TO REPLACE ! /ATE ) A NEW =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 ONE :I* IS BAS$ UPON1 RA!R ?AN DESIGN$ TO EXCLUDE1 MASS P>TICIPATION4 ,ONE ( ! LIMITATIONS ( ! ,COMMUNE1 AS ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK9 /RESS$1 WAS ?AT IT COMB9$ ASPECTS ( ?IS NEW SOCIAL ORGANISM ) ASPECTS ( ! /ATE &1 AS A CONSEQU5CE1 C\LD NOT PRODUCE A SUCCESSFUL SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

7,DE7C5TRALIZATION & ,F$]ALISM 

,= MO/ ,M>XI/S1 ANY =M ( COOP]ATION OR CO-ORD9ATION IS 0C5TRALIZATION0 OR 0C5TRALISM0 &1 CORRESPOND+LY1 DEC5TRALIZATION IMPLIES ISOLATION & ATOMIZATION ( =CES4 ,! AN>*I/ SY/EM ( F$]ALISM SIMPLY DOES NOT FIT 9TO ?IS />K DI*OTOMY4 

,GLUCK/E9 DOES NOT DISAPPO9T &1 LIKE ALL ,L59I/S1 HE CONFUSES DEC5TRALIZATION ) ISOLATION1 C5TRALIZATION ) CO-ORD9ATION4 ,HE PO9TS TO DISCUSSION )9 ! ,COMMUNE ON 0:E!R TO EMPHASIZE C5TRALIZ$ DIRECTION OR LOCAL 9ITIATIVE1 FRE$OM OR AU?ORITY0 7P4 #a#e#i7 & /ATES ?AT 0.<E.>V5 LEAD+ AN>*I/S1 :O OPPOS$ C5TRALIZATION ON PR9CIPLE10 7P4 #a#f#e7 RECOGNIZ$ ! NE$ = CO-ORD9AT$ RESI/ANCE TO ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T & ITS =CES4 ,HE CONTRA/S ! ,COMMUN>DS DI/RU/ ( C5TRAL LEAD]%IP ) 0,V]SAILLES'S UNIFI$ COMM&0 7P4 #a#f#e7 & NOTES ?AT ! DEBATE AB\T ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY WAS1 AT ITS HE>T1 0:E!R1 GIV5 CONDITIONS ( CIVIL W>1 P[] C\LD BE DEC5TRALIZ$ IMM$IATELY40 7P4 #e#b7 ,HE1 ( C\RSE1 SIDES ) ! ,BLANQUI/S AS CIVIL W> %[$ 0WORK]S C\LD NOT DISP5SE ) A CONC5TRAT$ AU?ORITY ( !IR [N4 ,L591 RECALL+ ,M>X1 CALL$ ?IS AU?ORITY A WORK]S' /ATE40 7P4 #b#f7 

,YET NO AN>*I/ HAS EV] >GU$ AGA9/ ! IDEA ( CO-ORD9ATION ( /RUGGLE4 ,?AT IS :Y WE HAVE CONSI/5TLY ADVOCAT$ F$]ALISM1.<#f#d.> A POSITION LO/ ON ,M>XI/S4 ,9 FACT1 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE BR\<T ! CONTRADICTIONS ( ! ,M>XI/ ATTACKS ON AN>*ISM TO ! SURFACE4 ,?US WE READ1 SAY1 ,5GELS ATTACK+ AN>*I/S = HOLD+ C]TA9 POSITION YET PRAIS+ ! #ahga REVOLUTION :5 IT IMPLEM5T EXACTLY ! SAME IDEAS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 HIS DEEPLY 9ACCURATE DIATRIBE 0,! ,BAKUN9I/S AT ,WORK01 ,5GELS WAS KE5 TO DI/ORT ! F$]ALI/ IDEAS ( AN>*ISM1 DISMISS+ 0! SO-CALL$ PR9CIPLE ( AN>*Y1 FREE F$]ATION ( 9DEP5D5T GR\PS0 & ?AT ,BAKUN9 0.<A.>S E>LY AS ,SEPTEMB] #ahg 79 HIS ,LETTRES A UN FRANCAIS7 444 HAD DECL>$ ?AT ! ONLY WAY TO DRIVE ! ,PRUSSIANS \T ( ,FRANCE BY A REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE WAS TO DO AWAY ) ALL =MS ( C5TRALIZ$ LEAD]%IP & LEAVE EA* T[N1 EA* VILLAGE1 EA* P>I% TO WAGE W> ON ITS [N40 ,= ,5GELS AN>*I/ F$]ALISM 0CONSI/$ PRECISELY 9 ! FACT ?AT EA* T[N ACT$ ON ITS [N1 DECL>+ ?AT ! IMPORTANT ?+ WAS NOT COOP]ATION ) O!R T[NS BUT SEP>ATION FROM !M1 ?IS PRECLUD+ ANY POSSIBILITY ( A COMB9$ ATTACK40 ,?IS MEANT 0! FRAGM5TATION & ISOLATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES :I* 5ABL$ ! GOV]NM5T TROOPS TO SMA% ONE REVOLT AFT] ! O!R40 ,ACCORD+ TO ,5GELS1 ! AN>*I/'S 0PROCLAIM$ .<?IS.> A PR9CIPLE ( SUPREME REVOLUTION>Y WISDOM40.<#f#e.> 

,! TRU? IS TOTALLY DIFF]5T4 ,BAKUN9 DID1 ( C\RSE1 REJECT 0C5TRALIZ$ LEAD]%IP0 AS IT W\LD BE 0NECESS>ILY V]Y CIRCUMSCRIB$1 V]Y %ORT-SI<T$1 & ITS LIMIT$ P]CEPTION CANNOT1 !RE=E1 P5ETRATE ! DEP? & 5COMPASS ! :OLE COMPLEX RANGE ( POPUL> LIFE40 ,H[EV]1 IT IS A FALSEHOOD TO /ATE ?AT HE D5I$ ! NE$ = CO-ORD9ATION ( /RUGGLES & F$]AL ORGANIZATIONS FROM ! BOTTOM UP4 ,AS HE PUT IT1 ! REVOLUTION MU/ 0FO/] ! SELF-ORGANIZATION ( ! MASSES 9TO AUTONOM\S BODIES1 F$]AT$ FROM ! BOTTOM UPW>DS40 ,RA!R ?AN D5Y ! NE$ = CO-ORD9ATION1 ,BAKUN9 /RESS$ IT3 0! PEASANTS1 LIKE ! 9DU/RIAL CITY WORK]S1 %\LD UNITE BY F$]AT+ ! FI<T+ BATTALIONS1 DI/RICT BY DI/RICT1 ASSUR+ A COMMON COORD9AT$ DEF5SE AGA9/ 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL 5EMIES40.<#f#f.> ,9 ?IS HE REPEAT$ HIS E>LI] >GUM5TS CONC]N+ SOCIAL REVOLUTION - >GUM5TS ?AT ,5GELS WAS WELL AW>E (4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,5GELS DELIB]ATELY MISREPRES5T$ ,BAKUN9'S POLITICAL IDEAS4.<#f#g.> 

,COMP>E ?IS TO ,5GELS PRAISE = ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE :I*1 HE GU%$1 REFUT$ ! ,BLANQUI/ NOTION ( A REVOLUTION SPRUNG BY A VANGU>D :I* W\LD CREATE 0! /RICTE/1 DICTATORIAL C5TRALIZATION ( ALL P[] 9 ! H&S ( ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T40 ,9/EAD ! ,COMMUNE 0APPEAL$ TO .<! PROV9CES.> TO =M A FREE F$]ATION ( ALL ,FR5* ,COMMUNES 444 A NATIONAL ORGANIZATION :I* = ! FIR/ TIME WAS REALLY CREAT$ BY ! NATION ITSELF4 ,IT WAS PRECISELY ! OPPRESS+ P[] ( ! =M] C5TRALIZ$ GOV]NM5T 444 :I* WAS TO FALL EV]Y:]E1 JU/ AS IT HAD FALL5 9 ,P>IS40.<#f#h.> ,CLE>LY A 0FREE F$]ATION0 ( ,COMMUNES IS BAD :5 AN>*I/S ADVOCATE IT BUT EXCELL5T :5 WORK]S 9 REVOLT ADVOCATE IT6 ,:Y ?IS WAS ! CASE ,5GELS FAIL$ TO EXPLA94 

,EQUALLY1 !RE W]E ATTEMPTS TO C5TRALIZE P[] 9 ! ,COMMUNE1 MO/ NOTABLY ! ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL ITSELF 7) IT 0CONC5TRAT+ P[] 9 FEW] & FEW] H&S OV] ! C\RSE ( ! ,COMMUNE1 C5TRALIZ+ AU?ORITY RA!R ?AN BROAD5+ IT0.<#f#i.>7 & !N ! ,BLANQUI/_/,JACOB9 9SPIR$ ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY4 ,NEI!R SEEM$ TO HAVE BE5 SUCCESSFUL =1 ) ! LATT] A 0PROPOSAL = .<A.> FIVE-/RONG LEAD]%IP .<:I*.> REFLECT$ WIDESPREAD FRU/RATION ) ! EXI/+ >RANGEM5TS0 7P4 #a#e#h7 ,9 ! DEBATE TO =M IT1 0! MAJORITY /RESS$ ! NE$ = C5TRALIZ$ DECISION-MAK+ AT ! EXP5SE ( GRASS ROOTS DEMOCRACY0 7P4 #a#f7 ,SADLY1 ?\<1 IT 0P]=M$ NO BETT] ?AN ! ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL40 7P4 #a#f7 ,IF C5TRALIZATION IS CONSID]$ AS AUTOMATICALLY 5SUR+ ! MEANS ( SUCCESS 9 A REVOLUTION1 ?IS FAILURE %\LD GIVE PAUSE = ?\<T4 

,SIGNIFICANTLY1 CONFLICT OV] :O %\LD ORGANIZE RESI/ANCE LEAD TO 0DEADLOCK0 7P4 #a#d#c7 ,F$]AL =CES W]E1 9 FACT1 0RECEIV+ ORD]S FROM NO LESS ?AN SEV5 DIFF]5T S\RCES0 7P4 #a#d#d7 ,RA!R ?AN BE+ AN EXAMPLE ( LACK ( C5TRALIZATION1 ?IS IS A SYMPTOM ( IT4 ,IT MIRRORS :AT HAPP5$ DUR+ ! C5TRALIZ$ ,BOL%EVIK REGIME :]E 09 PRACTICE1 .<!.> HYP]C5TRALISATION TURN$ 9TO 9FI<T+ & SCRAMBLES = CONTROL AMONG COMPET+ BUREAUCRACIES0 & SO 0! NOT UNTYPICAL EXAMPLE ( A SMALL COND5S$ MILK PLANT ) FEW ?AN #ae WORK]S ?AT BECAME ! OBJECT ( A DRAWN-\T COMPETITION AMONG SIX ORGANIZATIONS 9CLUD+ ! ,SUPREME ,C\NCIL ( ,NATIONAL ,ECONOMY1 ! ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S ( ! ,NOR!RN ,REGION1 ! ,VOLOGDA ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S1 & ! ,PETROGRAD ,FOOD ,COMMISS>IAT40 .<#g.> ,BOL%EVIK C5TRALIZATION WAS 9EFFICI5T = O!R REASONS1 AS 0IT SEEMS APP>5T ?AT MANY WORK]S !MSELVES 444 HAD N[ COME TO BELIEVE 444 ?AT CONFUSION & AN>*Y .<SIC6.> AT ! TOP W]E ! MAJOR CAUSES ( !IR DIFFICULTIES1 & ) SOME JU/IFICATION4 ,! FACT WAS ?AT ,BOL%EVIK ADM9I/RATION WAS *AOTIC 444 ,SCORES ( COMPETITIVE & CONFLICT+ ,BOL%EVIK & ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES ISSU$ CONTRADICTORY ORD]S1 (T5 BR\<T TO FACTORIES BY >M$ ,*EKI/S4 ,! ,SUPREME ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL444 ISSU.<$.> DOZ5S ( ORD]S & PASS.<$.> C\NTLESS DIRECTIVES ) VIRTUALLY NO REAL KN[L$GE ( AFFAIRS40.<#g#a.> 

,AS WELL AS ! ,COMMUNE %[+ ?AT C5TRALIZATION ( P[] NE$ NOT BE AS SUCCESSFUL AS ,L59I/S ASSUME1 IT ALSO %[S ?AT REPRES5TATIVE BODIES CAN EASILY GIVE !MSELVES MORE P[] AT ! EXP5SE ( POPUL> ORGANIZATIONS4 ,?IS CAN BE SE5 FROM ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY 9 ! ,COMMUNE1 ) A M9ORITY ( C\NCIL MEMB]S 7ESS5TIALLY ?OSE ACTIVE 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL7 >GU+ ?AT 0! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE HAS SURR5D]$ ITS AU?ORITY TO A DICTATOR%IP0 & IT WAS 0HID+ BEH9D A DICTATOR%IP ?AT ! ELECTORATE HAVE NOT AU?ORIZ$ US TO ACCEPT OR TO RECOGNIZE40.<#g#b.> 

,SO ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY %[S1 = AN>*I/S1 ?AT IT IS DIFFICULT = ! MASSES TO CONTROL ?OSE !Y GIVE P[] TO EV5 9 ! CONF9ES ( ONE CITY4 ,GLUCK/E9 NOTES ?AT ! ,COMMUNE C\LD BE 0VIEW$ AS ! ORGAN ( SOLID>ITY GIV+ COLLECTIVE CONTROL ?R\< A WORK]S' /ATE0 7P4 #a#h#d7 ,YET 0COLLECTIVE CONTROL0 IS PRECISELY :AT ! /ATE WAS DESIGN$ TO EXCLUDE6 ,AS ,KROPOTK9 /RESS$1 0.<T.>O ATTACK ! C5TRAL P[]1 TO /RIP IT ( ITS PR]OGATIVES1 TO DEC5TRALIZE1 TO DISSOLVE AU?ORITY1 W\LD HAVE BE5 TO AB&ON TO ! PEOPLE ! CONTROL ( ITS AFFAIRS1 TO RUN ! RISK ( A TRULY POPUL> REVOLUTION4 ,?AT IS :Y ! B\RGEOISIE S\<T TO RE9=CE ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T EV5 MORE40.<#g#c.> ,IRONICALLY1 ONE ,COMMUN>D IS QUOT$ /AT+ ?AT ! ,COMMUNE'S AIM WAS TO 0BREAK ! ALI5 SY/EM ( C5TRALIZATION & ?US DE/ROY ! ONLY WEAPON ?AT ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES POSSES40 7P4 #e#b7 

,?US ,GLUCK/E9 %[S CONFUSION :5 HE /ATES ?AT0.<D.>IRECT DEMOCRACY WAS ! BASIS ( ! COMMUNAL MOVEM5T1 & IT HAD CREAT$ AN EMBRYONIC WORK]S' /ATE1 )\T :I* ! DEFEAT ( CAPITALISM & CREATION ( A NEW SOCIETY C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 ATTEMPT$40 7PP4 #a#d#h-#i7 ,! CREATION ( ! 0EMBRYONIC WORK]S' /ATE0 UND]M9$ ! DIRECT DEMOCRACY :I* IS REQUIR$ TO 5SURE ?AT CAPITALISM IS NOT REPLAC$ BY /ATE CAPITALISM & ?AT A G5U9ELY NEW SOCIETY IS CREAT$ RA!R ?AN REPLAC+ ! BOSSES4 

,ULTIMATELY1 ?IS IS ! KEY IDEOLOGICAL FLAW 9 ,M>XISM4 ,:ILE CLAIM+ TO BASE ITSELF ON MASS P>TICIPATION1 DIRECT DEMOCRACY & SO =? 70SOCIALISM FROM BEL[07 IT ADVOCATES A =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 C5TRALIZATION1 :I* IS DESIGN$ TO EXCLUDE IT4.<#g#d.> ,DESPITE !MSELVES1 !Y 5D UP ADVOCAT+ P>TY RULE 70SOCIALISM FROM ABOVE07 & 5SURE ! DEFEAT ( ! REVOLUTION FROM )9 IF NOT FROM )\T4 

0! =M AT LA/ DISCOV]$44408 

,= ,M>X1 ! ,COMMUNE WAS 0! POLITICAL =M AT LA/ DISCOV]$ UND] :I* TO WORK \T ! ECONOMICAL EMANCIPATION ( LABOR40.<#g#e.> ,HE PRAIS$ SU* ASPECTS ( ! EXP]IM5T AS ! ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL BE+ MADE UP ( DELEGATES :O W\LD C\LD BE RECALL$ 0B\ND BY ! M&AT IMP]ATIF 7=MAL 9/RUCTIONS7 ( HIS CON/ITU5TS10 ?AT IT WAS A 0WORK+1 NOT A P>LIAM5T>Y1 BODY1 EXECUTIVE & LEGISLATIVE AT ! SAME TIME0 & ?AT 0! /&+ >MY WAS TO BE REPLAC$ BY A NATIONAL MILITIA40 .<#g#f.> ,M>X IS P>APHRAS$3 0,:AT MADE ! ,P>ISIAN DEMOCRATIC /RUCTURE SO DIFF]5T80 ,ITS REPRES5TATIVES :I* 0W]E 'AT ALL TIMES REVOCABLE' SO DELEGATES C\LD NOT /RAY FROM ! M&ATE ( !IR ELECTORS40 7P4 #a#i#i7 ,! CREATION ( A MILITIA IS ALSO PRAIS$4 

,YET ?IS WAS NOT 5TIRELY TRUE4 ,:ILE ! ,COMMUN>DS HAD APPLI$ !SE =MS IT IS FALSE TO SAY ?AT !Y HAD COME 5TIRELY \T ( ! BLUE4 ,9 FACT1 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE APPLI$ IDEAS :I* AN>*I/S HAD BE5 DISCUSS+ = SOME TIME4 ,PR\DHON1 = EXAMPLE1 RAIS$ ! IDEA ( B9D+ M&ATES & ASSEMBLIES ( ELECT$ REPRES5TATIVES BE+ EXECUTIVE & LEGISLATIVE DUR+ ! #ahdh REVOLUTION3 

0,IT IS UP TO ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 ?R\< ORGANIZATION ( ITS COMMITTEES1 TO EX]CISE EXECUTIVE P[]1 JU/ ! WAY IT EX]CISES LEGISLATIVE P[] 444 ,BESIDES UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE & AS A CONSEQU5CE ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 WE WANT IMPLEM5TATION ( ! B9D+ M&ATE4 ,POLITICIANS BALK AT IT6 ,:I* MEANS ?AT 9 !IR EYES1 ! PEOPLE1 9 ELECT+ REPRES5TATIVES1 DO NOT APPO9T M&ATORIES BUT RA!R ABJURE !IR SOV]EIGNTY6 ,?AT IS ASSUR$LY NOT SOCIALISM3 IT IS NOT EV5 DEMOCRACY40 .<#g#g.> 

,! VISION ( A FREE SOCIETY BE+ A F$]ATION ( COMMUNES WAS DISCUSS$ BY ,PR\DHON 9 HIS #ahfc BOOK 0,! ,PR9CIPLE ( ,F$]ATION0 7:I* DREW ON IDEAS HE HAD EXPRESS$ PREVI\SLY - & EV5 E>LI]1 FROM ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION74 ,BAKUN9 REPEAT$ ! SAME VISION ( A F$]AL SY/EM ( COMMUNES BAS$ ON M&AT$ & REVOCABLE DELEGATES 9 ! #a#h#fS3 

0! ,ALLIANCE ( ALL LABOR ASSOCIATIONS 444 WILL CON/ITUTE ! ,COMMUNE 444 !RE WILL BE A /&+ F$]ATION ( ! B>RICADES & A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL 444 .<MADE UP (.> DELEGATES 444 9VE/$ ) B9D+ M&ATES & ACC\NTABLE & REVOCABLE AT ALL TIMES 444 ALL PROV9CES1 COMMUNES & ASSOCIATIONS 444 .<WILL.> DELEGATE DEPUTIES TO AN AGRE$ PLACE ( ASSEMBLY 7ALL 444 9VE/$ ) B9D+ M&AT$ & ACC\NTABLE & SUBJECT TO RECALL71 9 ORD] TO F\ND ! F$]ATION ( 9SURG5T ASSOCIATIONS1 COMMUNES & PROV9CES 444 & TO ORGANIZE A REVOLUTION>Y =CE ) ! CAPACITY ( DEFEAT+ ! REACTION 444 IT IS ?R\< ! V]Y ACT ( EXTRAPOLATION & ORGANIZATION ( ! ,REVOLUTION ) AN EYE TO ! MUTUAL DEF5SES ( 9SURG5T >EAS ?AT ! UNIV]SALITY ( ! ,REVOLUTION 444 WILL EM]GE TRIUMPHANT40.<#g#h.> 

,:AT ( ABOLI%+ ! >MY & REPLAC+ IT ) A MILITIA4 ,= ,GLUCK/E91 ! IDEA ( A MILITIA 0[$ NO?+ TO 444 ,PR\DHON'S AN>*I/ REJECTION ( ! /ATE 444 ,! F$]ATION WANT$ TO REPLACE ! P]MAN5T >MY ) A WORK]S' MILITIA 444 ,?AT COMPLETELY SUBV]T$ ! IDEA ( ! /ATE AS SOME?+ IMPOS+ ITS WILL UPON SOCIETY FROM ABOVE40 7P4 #a#a#d7 ,?IS IS NOT 5TIRELY TRUE1 AS ,PR\DHON DID RAISE ! NOTION ?AT 0POLICE1 JUDICI>Y1 ADM9I/RATION1 EV]Y:]E COMMITT$ TO ! H&S ( ! WORK]S40.<#g#i.> ,H[EV]1 AS A RE=MI/ ,PR\DHON DID NOT ADDRESS ! ISSUE ( DEF5SE ( A REVOLUTION4 ,?IS WAS SOME?+ :I* ,BAKUN9 RAIS$ 9 A /RIK+ PR$ICTION ( :AT HAPP5$ 9 #a#h#g#a3 0,IMM$IATELY AFT] E/ABLI%$ GOV]NM5TS HAVE BE5 OV]?R[N1 COMMUNES WILL HAVE TO REORGANIZE !MSELVES ALONG REVOLUTION>Y L9ES 444 ,9 ORD] TO DEF5D ! REVOLUTION1 !IR VOLUNTE]S WILL AT ! SAME TIME =M A COMMUNAL MILITIA4 ,BUT NO COMMUNE CAN DEF5D ITSELF 9 ISOLATION4 ,SO IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO RADIATE REVOLUTION \TW>D1 TO RAISE ALL ( ITS NEI<BOR+ COMMUNES 9 REVOLT 444 & TO F$]ATE ) !M = COMMON DEF5SE40.<#h.> 

,SO ! AWKW>D FACT IS ?AT AN>*I/S HAD BE5 ADVOCAT+ !SE =MS S9CE ,PR\DHON 9 ! #a#h#dS & !Y W]E DEVELOP$ BY ,BAKUN9 9 ! #a#h#fS4 ,IT IS TRUE1 H[EV]1 ?AT NO?+ SIMIL> CAN BE F\ND 9 ,M>X UNTIL AFT] ! ,COMMUNE :I* SUGGE/S1 AS ,AN>*I/ ,K4,J4 ,K5AFICK /ATES1 0?AT ! PROGRAM .<! ,COMMUNE.> SET \T IS 444 ! SY/EM ( ,F$]ALISM1 :I* ,BAKUN9 HAD BE5 ADVOCAT+ = YE>S1 & :I* HAD FIR/ BE5 5UNCIAT$ BY ,PR\DHON4 ,! ,PR\DHONI/S 444 EX]CIS$ CONSID]ABLE 9FLU5CE 9 ! ,COMMUNE4 ,?IS 'POLITICAL =M' WAS !RE=E NOT 'AT LA/' DISCOV]$2 IT HAD BE5 DISCOV]$ YE>S AGO2 & N[ IT WAS PROV5 TO BE CORRECT BY ! V]Y FACT ?AT 9 ! CRISIS ! ,P>IS WORK]S ADOPT$ IT ALMO/ AUTOMATICALLY1 UND] ! PRESSURE ( CIRCUM/ANCE1 RA!R ?AN AS ! RESULT ( !ORY1 AS BE+ ! =M MO/ SUITABLE TO EXPRESS WORK+ CLASS ASPIRATIONS40.<#h#a.> 

,SO1 CLE>LY1 ! MAJOR 9FLU5CE 9 T]MS ( 0POLITICAL VISION0 ( ! ,COMMUNE WAS AN>*ISM4 ,! 0R\< SKET* ( NATIONAL ORGANIZATION :I* ! ,COMMUNE HAD NO TIME TO DEVELOP0.<#h#b.> :I* ,M>X PRAISES BUT DOES NOT QUOTE WAS WRITT5 BY A FOLL[] ( ,PR\DHON4 ,IT EXP\ND$ A CLE>LY F$]ALI/ & 0BOTTOM-UP0 ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE4 ,BAS$ ON ?IS LIB]T>IAN REVOLT1 IT IS UNSURPRIS+ ?AT ,M>X'S DEF5SE ( IT TOOK ON A LIB]T>IAN TWI/4 ,AS NOT$ BY ,BAKUN91 :O >GU$ ?AT ITS 0G5]AL EFFECT WAS SO /RIK+ ?AT ! ,M>XI/S !MSELVES1 :O SAW !IR IDEAS UPSET BY ! UPRIS+1 F\ND !MSELVES COMPELL$ TO TAKE !IR HATS (F TO IT4 ,!Y W5T FUR!R1 & PROCLAIM$ ?AT ITS PROGRAM & PURPOSE :]E !IR [N1 9 FACE ( ! SIMPLE/ LOGIC 444 ,?IS WAS A TRULY F>CICAL *ANGE ( CO/UME1 BUT !Y W]E B\ND TO MAKE IT1 = FE> ( BE+ OV]TAK5 & LEFT BEH9D 9 ! WAVE ( FEEL+ :I* ! RIS+ PRODUC$ ?R\<\T ! WORLD40.<#h#c.> 

,?AT ! IDEAS G5]AT$ BY WORK]S 9 /RUGGLE REFLECT$ ,BAKUN9'S PR$ICTIONS IS NOT TO SUGGE/ ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONALI/S 9FLU5C$ BY HIM SOMEH[ 9JECT$ !SE IDEAS 9TO ! /RUGGLE4 ,RA!R1 BO? GR\PS ( PEOPLE1 SUBJECT TO MU* ! SAME EXP]I5CES & !ORETICAL DISCUSSIONS 7P>TICUL>LY FROM ,PR\DHON71 DREW SIMIL> CONCLUSIONS FROM !M4 ,?AT ,BAKUN9 DREW !M FIR/ WAS SIMPLY GOOD =TUNE4 ,P>IS WAS1 AFT] ALL1 A HOTB$ ( REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS & PRACTICE.<#h#d.> ) ITS SECTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL RAIS+ IDEAS :I* ! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/ POPUL>IZ$ & DEVELOP$4 

,SO1 0.<B.>Y ! 5D ( #ahg ! VISION ( A ,COMMUNE AS A COMPLETE ALT]NATIVE TO ! EXI/+ P[] WAS EM]G+ FROM CLUB DISCUSSIONS0 7P4 #a#d7 & !SE DISCUSSIONS W]E 9FLU5C$ BY ,9T]NATIONALI/S JU/ AS !Y W]E 9FLU5C$ BY !M AS WELL AS ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN94 ,:I* DISPROVES ! ,L59I/ ASSUMPTION ?AT ! MASSES C\LD NOT DEVELOP SOCIALI/ CONSCI\SNESS ON !IR [N4 

,DE/ROY+ ! /ATE OR ! 0/ATE MA*9E0 

,M>X & ,5GELS HAD BE5 ADVOCAT+ A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC S9CE ! #a#h#dS4 ,5GELS1 = EXAMPLE1 >GU$ 9 #ahdg ?AT ! REVOLUTION W\LD 09AUGURATE A DEMOCRATIC CON/ITUTION & !REBY1 DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY1 ! POLITICAL RULE ( ! PROLET>IAT40 ,NE>LY #e YE>S LAT]1 HE NOT$ ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O 0HAD ALREADY PROCLAIM$ ! W9N+ ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 ( DEMOCRACY1 AS ONE ( ! FIR/ & MO/ IMPORTANT TASKS ( ! MILITANT PROLET>IAT40.<#h#e.> ,9 BETWE5 !SE DATES1 BO? ,M>X & ,5GELS HAD URG$ WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE TO CREATE A REPUBLIC AS ?IS W\LD A*IEVE1 EV5TUALLY1 ! POLITICAL DOM9ATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS - ?AT IS1 A WORK+ CLASS GOV]NM5T4.<#h#f.> 

,YET1 = MO/ ,M>XI/S1 ,M>XISM /&S = ! DE/RUCTION ( ! CURR5T /ATE & ITS REPLACEM5T ) A NEW SO-CALL$ 0WORK]S0 /ATE1 AS DISCUSS$ 9 ,L59'S 0,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION40 ,! S\RCE ( ,L59'S RE9T]PRETATION ( ,M>X LIES 9 HIS DEF5SE ( ! ,P>S ,COMMUNE & ! CONCLUSION ?AT 0.<O.>NE ?+ ESPECIALLY WAS PROV$ BY ! ,COMMUNE0 WAS ?AT 0! WORK+ CLASS CANNOT SIMPLY LAY HOLD ( READY-MADE /ATE MA*9]Y1 & WIELD IT = ITS [N PURPOSES40.<#h#g.> 

,H[EV]1 A CLOSE READ+ ( ,M>X'S ESSAY ON ! ,COMMUNE %[S ?AT ,L59'S ANALYSIS IS FLAW$4 ,= ,M>X1 ! ,COMMUNE WAS 0=M$ ( ! MUNICIPAL C\NCILORS1 *OS5 BY UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE 9 ! V>I\S W>DS ( ! T[N1 RESPONSIBLE & REVOCABLE AT %ORT T]MS40 ,C5TRALLY1 IT WAS A CASE ( 0! M]ELY REPRESSIVE ORGANS ( ! OLD GOV]NM5TAL P[] W]E TO BE AMPUTAT$40 .<#h#h.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! PROLET>IAT HELD P[] BY MEANS ( W9N+ ELECTIONS 9 A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC & !N RE=M$ ASPECTS ( ! /ATE MA*9]Y4 

,?IS POSITION MAKES A MOCK]Y ( ,L59I/ CLAIMS ?AT 0,M>XISM0 /&S = DE/ROY+ ! OLD /ATE & REPLAC+ IT ) A NEW ONE BAS$ ON WORK]S' C\NCILS4 ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE WAS NO SU* REVOLUTION4 ,RA!R IT WAS AN ELECT$ MUNICIPAL C\NCIL ?AT MADE A S]I\S ( RE=MS ?AT ABOLI%$ ASPECTS ( ! OLD /ATE :ILE RETA9+ ITS /RUCTURE 7COMPLEM5T$ BY DIRECT DEMOCRACY 9 POPUL> CLUBS74 ,?IS WAS :AT ,M>X & ,5GELS MEANT :5 ,L59 MADE GREAT PLAY ON ?IS 9 HIS 0,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION40 ,YET1 AT KEY PO9TS1 ,L59 HAD TO CL>IFY :AT ,5GELS 0REALLY0 MEANT4.<#h#i.> 

,?IS P]SPECTIVE ON REVOLUTION CAN BE SE5 :5 ,5GELS >GU$ 9 #ahhf ?AT :ILE HE & ,M>X SAW 0! GRADUAL DISSOLUTION & ULTIMATE DISAPPE>ANCE ( ?AT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION CALL$ ! ,/ATE0 AS 0ONE ( ! F9AL RESULTS ( ! FUTURE REVOLUTION10 !Y 0AT ! SAME TIME 444 HAVE ALWAYS HELD ?AT 444 ! PROLET>IAN CLASS WILL FIR/ HAVE TO POSSESS ITSELF ( ! ORGANIZ$ POLITICAL =CE ( ! ,/ATE & ) ITS AID /AMP \T ! RESI/ANCE ( ! ,CAPITALI/ CLASS & RE-ORGANIZE SOCIETY40 ,! IDEA ?AT ! PROLET>IAT NE$S TO 0POSSESS0 ! EXI/+ /ATE IS MADE CLE> = :ILE ! AN>*I/S 0REV]SE ! MATT]0 BY >GU+ ?AT ! REVOLUTION 0HAS TO BEG9 BY ABOLI%+ ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ( ! ,/ATE10 = ,M>XI/S 0! ONLY ORGANIZATION ! VICTORI\S WORK+ CLASS F9DS READY-MADE = USE1 IS ?AT ( ! ,/ATE4 ,IT MAY REQUIRE ADAPTATION TO ! NEW FUNCTIONS4 ,BUT TO DE/ROY ?AT AT SU* A MOM5T1 W\LD BE TO DE/ROY ! ONLY ORGANISM BY MEANS ( :I* ! WORK+ CLASS CAN EX]T ITS NEWLY CONQU]$ P[]40.<#i.> ,OBVI\SLY ! ONLY 9/ITUTION :I* ! WORK+ CLASS 0F9DS READY-MADE = USE0 IS ! B\RGEOIS /ATE1 AL?\<1 AS ,5GELS /RESS$1 IT 0MAY REQUIRE ADAPTATION40 ,AS ,5GELS LATT] /AT$3 

0,IF ONE ?+ IS C]TA9 IT IS ?AT \R ,P>TY & ! WORK+ CLASS CAN ONLY COME TO P[] UND] ! =M ( A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC4 ,?IS IS EV5 ! SPECIFIC =M = ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT40.<#i#a.> 

,?US 0! REPUBLIC 444 IS ! READY-=-USE =M = ! FUTURE RULE ( ! PROLET>IAT40.<#i#b.> ,?IS S*EMA IS REPEAT$ 9 ,5GELS 9TRODUCTION TO ,M>X'S 0,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE40 ,>GU+ ?AT ! /ATE 0IS NO?+ BUT A MA*9E = ! OPPRESSION ( ONE CLASS BY ANO!R0 HE NOT$ ?AT IT IS 0AT BE/ AN EVIL 9H]IT$ BY ! PROLET>IAT AFT] ITS VICTORI\S /RUGGLE = CLASS SUPREMACY1 :OSE WOR/ SIDES ! VICTORI\S PROLET>IAT1 JU/ LIKE ! ,COMMUNE1 CANNOT AVOID HAV+ TO LOP (F AT ONCE AS MU* AS POSSIBLE40.<#i#c.> ,SIMPLY PUT1 IF ! PROLET>IAT CREATES A NEW /ATE SY/EM TO REPLACE ! B\RGEOIS ONE1 !N H[ CAN IT BE 0AN EVIL 9H]IT$0 BY IT8 ,IF1 AS ,L59 >GU$1 ,M>X & ,5GELS ?\<T ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS HAD TO SMA% ! B\RGEOIS /ATE & REPLACE IT ) A NEW ONE1 :Y W\LD IT HAVE 0TO LOP (F AT ONCE AS MU* AS POSSIBLE0 FROM ! /ATE IT HAD JU/ 09H]IT$08 

,! SIMPLE FACT IS1 !RE WAS A REASON :Y MA9/REAM ,M>XISM TOOK ! VIEW ?AT REVOLUTION 9VOLV$ 0POLITICAL ACTION0 9 :I* ! P>TY W\LD TAKE P[] & RE=M ! /ATE & 9TRODUCE 0SOCIALISM01 9 O!R WORDS REPEAT ! ,COMMUNE AT A NATIONAL LEVEL4 ,! REASON IS ?AT ?IS WAS ! POSITION ( ,M>X & ,5GELS4 ,?IS WAS CONFIRM$ BY ,5GELS 9 AN #ahhd LETT] CL>IFY+ ?IS PRECISE PO9T3 0,IT IS SIMPLY A QUE/ION ( %[+ ?AT ! VICTORI\S PROLET>IAT MU/ FIR/ REFA%ION ! OLD BUREAUCRATIC1 ADM9I/RATIVE C5TRALIZ$ /ATE P[] BE=E IT CAN USE IT = ITS [N PURPOSES0.<#i#d.> 

,SO1 ! ,COMMUNE DID NOT SMA% ! EXI/+ /ATE & REPLACE IT ) A NEW ONE4 ,RA!R1 ! WORK]S TOOK POLITICAL P[] VIA ELECTIONS & US$ IT TO REFA%ION ! EXI/+ /ATE4 ,?IS IS RECOGNIZ$ BY ,GLUCK/E91 BUT NOT EXPLOR$1 :5 HE M5TIONS ?AT IT WAS BAS$ ON B\RGEOIS ELECTORAL PROCESSES4 ,HE NOTES ?AT ! REVOLUTION US$ ! 0ELECTIONS UND] ! OLD VOT+ SY/EM TO *OOSE A COMMUNAL C\NCIL0 & SO 0DIRECT DEMOCRACY0 WAS NOT 0BUILT 9TO ! 9/ITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK0 AS 9 ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D4 ,IT C\LD 0/ILL BE EXPRESS$1 BUT IT WAS NOT CLOSELY TI$ 9 TO ! /RUCTURE40 7P4 #a#c#c7 ,!RE=E1 0! C\NCIL EM]G$ FROM A CONV5TIONAL ELECTORAL SY/EM1 :]E !RE IS NO ORGANIC L9K BETWE5 ELECTOR & REPRES5TATIVE40 7P4 #a#c#d7 

,! KEY ROLE ! CLUBS.<#i#e.> 9 ! MOVEM5T IS PO9T$ TO1 BUT NOTES ?AT 9 LAT] REVOLUTIONS 0WORKPLACES BECAME ! C5T]S ( MASS DEBATE40 7P4 #d#h7 ,E*O+ ,TROTSKY1 HE >GUES ?AT 0.<S.>U* .<SMALL.> UNITS ( PRODUCTION C\LD NOT PROVIDE A COLLECTIVE FOCUS = ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,9/EAD ?AT CAME FROM ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D & ! CLUBS40 7P4 #g7 ,NOT ?AT Y\ W\LD KN[ IT FROM ?IS BOOK1 ?AT IS REPEAT+ ONE ( ,BAKUN9'S CRITICISMS ( ! ,COMMUNE4 ,9 #a#h#g#a1 ! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/ >GU$ ?AT :ILE ! ,M>XI/S S\<T ! 0ORGANIZATION ( ! POLITICAL P[] ( ! WORK+ CLASSES10 ! AN>*I/S URG$ ! 0ORGANIZATION1 NOT ( ! POLITICAL BUT ( ! SOCIAL P[] 7&1 BY CONSEQU5CE1 ANTI-POLITICAL7 P[] ( ! WORK+ MASSES0 & SO ! 0FUTURE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION MU/ BE MADE SOLELY FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 BY ! FREE ASSOCIATION OR F$]ATION ( WORK]S1 FIR/LY 9 !IR UNIONS1 !N 9 ! COMMUNES1 REGIONS1 NATIONS & F9ALLY 9 A GREAT F$]ATION1 9T]NATIONAL & UNIV]SAL40.<#i#f.> 

,GLUCK/E9 NOTES 7& PRESUMABLY AGREES )7 ?AT ,TROTSKY 7LIKE ,M>X.<#i#g.>7 WAS 0CRITICAL ( .<! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D'S.> ABDICATION ( P[] %ORTLY AFT] ! #ah ,M>* REVOLUTION0 7P4 #b#a7 ,IT1 HE /ATES1 0DIVE/$ ITSELF ( GOV]NM5T RESPONSIBILITY & H&$ P[] TO ! ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL 444 ,ONE CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS DECISION WAS TO R$UCE ! DIRECT 9FLU5CE ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! COMMUNAL MOVEM5T4 ,F$]ATION ELECTIONS HAD AN UNIQUELY DEMOCRATIC *>ACT]1 BECAUSE BATTALIONS MET DAILY1 GIV+ AMPLE SCOPE = RANK & FILE GU>DSM5 TO SCRUT9IZE DELEGATE'S ACTIVITIES & KEEP WORK+ CLASS 9T]E/S TO ! =E40.<#i#h.> 7P4 #a#c#c7 ,YET1 SURELY1 ! COMMUNAL ELECTIONS 9CREAS$ WORK+ CLASS P>TICIPATION 9 ! ,COMMUNE BY WID5+ ITS SOCIAL BASE 7& DAILY POPUL> ASSEMBLIES C\LD ALSO HAVE BE5 ORGANIZ$ AS !Y HAD BE5 9 #a#g#i#b74 ,GIV+ P[] TO ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE W\LD HAVE1 BY DEF9ITION1 DIS5FRAN*IZ$ ALL PEOPLE NOT 9 ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D 7SU* AS MO/ WOM51 ! ELD]LY1 WORK]S1 & SO =?74 ,! SAME CAN1 ( C\RSE1 BE SAID ( ! >GUM5T = BAS+ COMMUNAL 9/ITUTIONS )9 ! WORKPLACE4 ,GLUCK/E9 >GUES ?AT 9 ,P>IS ?IS WAS 0PRECLUD$ BY ! M9USCULE SIZE ( MO/ PRODUCTION UNITS & ! FACT ?AT MANY W]E CLOS$ ANYWAY40 ,:I* SUGGE/S A PURELY WORKPLACE SY/EM ( C\NCILS W\LD1 BY DEF9ITION1 EXCLUDE NON-WORK]S 7I4E41 ! UNEMPLOY$1 ! RETIR$1 H\SEWIVES & SO ON74.<#i#i.> 

,IT SEEMS A /RANGE =M ( LOGIC TO ASS]T ?AT 9CREAS+ ! POPUL> BASE ( A REVOLUTION MEANS1 9 FACT1 R$UC+ ITS WORK+ CLASS 9FLU5CE4 ,ALSO1 LIKE ,M>X & ,TROTSKY1 ,GLUCK/E9 DOES NOT DISCUSS ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ASS]T+ ?AT ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE %\LD HAVE RETA9$ P[] ) ! LAVI% PRAISE = ! ,COMMUNE AS ! 0=M AT LA/ DISCOV]$0 TO A*IEVE ! EMANCIPATION ( LABOR4 ,IT MAY BE CORRECT TO SAY ?AT ! ,COMMUNE 0W\LD PAY DE>LY = NOT M>*+ ON ,V]SAILLES & HOLD+ MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS 9/EAD0 7P4 #a#c#b7 BUT !N :Y PRAISE ! \TCOME ( ?OSE ELECTIONS1 P>TICUL>LY :5 Y\ NOTE ?AT ?IS 0R$UCE.<D.> ! DIRECT 9FLU5CE ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! COMMUNAL MOVEM5T08 

,POLITICAL ,ACTION & ITS ALT]NATIVES 

,SO !RE IS ONE ASPECT ( ! ,COMMUNE ?AT WAS UNIQUELY ,M>XI/1 NAMELY ! P>TICIPATION ( SOCIALI/S 9 ! ELECTIONS TO ! MUNICIPAL C\NCIL & ! SUBSEQU5T MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5T4 ,AS NOT$1 S9CE ! #a#h#dS ,M>X & ,5GELS HAD URG$ WORK]S TO SUPPORT 7&1 :]E NECESS>Y1 FI<T =7 ! CREATION ( A B\RGEOIS REPUBLIC & TO USE 0POLITICAL ACTION0 7NAMELY1 /&+ 9 ELECTIONS7 )9 IT4 

,UNSURPRIS+LY1 !N1 = ,M>X ! ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL W\LD 0S]VE AS A LEV] = UPROOT+ ! ECONOMIC F\NDATIONS UPON :I* RE/S ! EXI/5CE ( CLASSES40.<#a.> ,?IS REPEATS ! VISION EXP\ND$ 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O :I* >GU$ ?AT 0! FIR/ /EP 9 ! REVOLUTION BY ! WORK+ CLASS0 IS ! 0RAIS.<+.> ! PROLET>IAT TO ! POSITION ( RUL+ CLASS1 TO W9 ! BATTLE ( DEMOCRACY40 ,! PROLET>IAT 0WILL USE ITS POLITICAL SUPREMACY TO WRE/1 BY DEGREES1 ALL CAPITAL FROM ! B\RGEOIS1 TO C5TRALIZE ALL 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION 9 ! H&S ( ! ,/ATE1 I4E4 ( ! PROLET>IAT ORGANIZ$ AS ! RUL+ CLASS40.<#a#a.> 

,IT IS ONLY 9 ?IS S5SE ?AT IT IS CORRECT TO /ATE ?AT 0! 9SURG5TS HAD NO PRIOR EXP]I5CES ( A SUCCESSFUL ANTI-CAPITALI/ MOVEM5T TO DRAW UPON4 ,!Y W]E TRULY PIONE]+ & CUT A NEW PA? = O!RS40 7P4 #h7 ,SADLY1 ?AT 0NEW PA?0 WAS SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & ! DOM9ATION ( ,M>XISM )9 ! 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,AS ,5GELS PUT IT 9 #a#h#h#d1 ! ,COMMUNE WAS 0! GRAVE ( ! OLD1 SPECIFICALLY ,FR5* SOCIALISM1 :ILE BE+ ! CRADLE ( ! 9T]NATIONAL COMMUNISM1 :I* IS NEW = ,FRANCE40.<#a#b.> 

,9 ?IS 0NEW PA?01 ! ,COMMUNE WAS RELEGAT$ TO AN 9SPIRATION BECAUSE !RE HAD BE5 A DEMOCRATICALLY ELECT$ 0WORK]S' GOV]NM5T0 & US$ AS A W>N+ ( :AT W\LD HAPP5 IF A RIS+ HAPP5$ BE=E ! P>TY WAS READY TO SECURE P[] NATIONALLY4 ,BY #a#h#i#e1 ,5GELS WAS PRAIS+ ! LEGAL SUCCESSES ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 9 ELECTIONS & M5TION$ ! ,COMMUNE ONLY AS AN EXAMPLE ( 0ONLY ONE MEANS BY :I* ! /EADY RISE ( ! SOCIALI/ FI<T+ =CES 9 ,G]MANY C\LD BE TEMPOR>ILY HALT$1 & EV5 ?R[N BACK = SOME TIME3 A CLA% ) ! MILIT>Y1 A BLOOD-LETT+ LIKE ?AT ( #ahga 9 ,P>IS40 ,N[ IT WAS A CASE ( ! 0SUCCESSFUL UTILIZATION ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE0 :I* HAD N[ 7QUOT+ ,M>X'S WORD7 BE5 0TRANS=M$ BY !M FROM A MEANS ( DECEPTION 444 9TO AN 9/RUM5T ( EMANCIPATION40 .<#a#c.> ,:ILE 9SURRECTION WAS NOT TOTALLY DISMISS$1 IT WAS CLE> ?AT ,5GELS F9AL >TICLE WAS A V9DICATION ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY'S PEACEFUL TACTICS1 TACTICS ?AT PROVOK$ ! 0REVISIONISM0 DEBATES AFT] HIS DEA? 7I4E41 ! ATTEMPT BY ITS RI<T-W+ TO BR+ ! P>TY'S RHETORIC 9TO L9E ) ITS ACTUAL PRACTICE74.<#a#d.> 

,?ANKFULLY1 ,5GELS COMM5TS PROV$ PREMATURE4 ,) ! OBVI\S DESC5T ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 9TO OPPORTUNISM1 BUREAUCRACY & RE=MISM RADICAL WORK]S LOOK$ AGA9 TO ! F$]ALI/ TRADITIONS 9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL :I* W]E KEPT ALIVE BY ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T & TURN$ TO SYNDICALISM & 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM4 ,ONLY ) ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 7) ! HELP ( ,FASCISM7 DID ,M>XISM 79 ITS ,L59I/ =M7 BECAME ! PR$OM9ANT T5D5CY 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y LEFT4 ,! PA? ( F$]ALISM FROM BEL[1 AS WAS PR$ICT$ & DEVELOP$ BY AN>*I/S LIKE ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN91 LO/ GR\ND BE=E SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 79 P>T1 DUE TO ]RORS BY AN>*I/S !MSELVES.<#a#e.>74 

,BE ?AT AS IT MAY1 = AN>*I/S1 ! COMMUNE DOES PRES5T ISSUES4 ,AFT] ALL1 A KEY >GUM5T ( AN>*ISM IS AB/A9+ FROM 0POLITICAL ACTION0 AS BE+ IRRELEVANT TO CREAT+ SOCIALISM & OP5+ UP ! POSSIBILITY ( RE=MISM )9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,YET1 H]E1 SURELY IS AN EXAMPLE ( 0POLITICAL ACTION0 :I* DID PRODUCE A REVOLUTION 7EV5 ONE SO LIMIT$ 9 ITS 9ITIAL ACTS AS ! ,COMMUNE74 ,LIB]T>IAN MEMB]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 SU* AS ,V>L91 DID SUCCESSFULLY /& = ELECTION4 ,DOES ?IS MEAN1 AS ,M>X & ,5GELS >GU$1 ?AT ! G5]AL AN>*I/ POSITION ( /&+ 9 & AB/A9+ FROM ELECTIONS IS WRONG8 ,IF ! ,9T]NATIONALI/S HAD AB/A9$ FROM P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! ELECTIONS W\LD ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE HAVE BE5 DIFF]5T8 

,CLE>LY1 ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( ! ,COMMUNE'S ELECTIONS >E ATYPICAL & W]E CONDUCT$ 9 A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION 7UNLIKE ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC /RATEGY74 ,H[EV]1 GIV5 ! LIMIT$ NATURE ( ! RE=MS ! ,COMMUNE IMPLEM5T$ & ! LACK ( DYNAMISM ( ! ,COMMUNE'S ,C\NCIL1 ,KROPOTK9 CONCLUD$ ?AT ANY SU* 0REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T0 %\LD BE AVOID$4.<#a#f.> ,:ILE SUPPORT+ ! 9ITIAL REVOLUTION1 AN>*I/S %\LD HAVE 5C\RAG$ ! CREATION ( POPUL> SELF-ORGANIZATION 9 ! COMMUNITY & WORKPLACE RA!R ?AN SEEK+ TO FOCUS ! /RUGGLE ONTO ELECT+ A FEW LEAD]S TO ACT ON BEHALF ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! PROBLEM WAS ITS REPRES5TATIVE NATURE1 ?AT 0! PEOPLE WAS NOT GOV]N+ ITSELF40.<#a#g.> 

,! AIM1 AS ,BAKUN9 HAD /RESS$1 W\LD HAVE BE5 TO BUILD ALT]NATIVE =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION :I* C\LD 79ITIALLY7 COMPLEM5T & 7ULTIMATELY7 REPLACE ! ELECT$ MUNICIPAL C\NCIL4 ,SU* 9/ITUTIONS DID EXI/1 ) SU* BODIES AS ! 0,DELEGATION ( ! ,TW5TY ,>RONDISSEM5TS0 :I* WAS AN ORGANIZATION ?AT UNIT$ MANY CLUBS & SOCIALI/S4 ,! ,DELEGATION DID >GUE ?AT IT 0%\LD BE ! REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMUNE >IS+ FROM ! CLUBS & COMMITTEES ( ,P>IS1 A DECISION REAFFIRM$ 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ ,DECL>ATION ( ,PR9CIPLES ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#i40.<#a#h.> ,H[EV]1 DESIRE TO BE 9CLUSIVE ) MORE MOD]ATE ,REPUBLICANS & PRES5T A COMMON FRONT AGA9/ ITS 5EMIES 5SUR$ ?AT ! ELECTIONS TO ! MUNICIPAL C\NCIL W]E ORGANIZ$ RA!R ?AN POPUL> ASSEMBLIES4.<#a#i.> 

,H[EV]1 !RE WAS SUPPORT = SU* A RADICAL SOLUTION4 ,AS ,GLUCK/E9 NOTES1 MANY 0.<P.>ROM95T 9SURG5TS 5C\RAG$ MASS 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! LIFE ( ! NEW GOV]NM5T & SAW !MSELVES AS M&AT$ DELEGATES40 7P4 #d#f7 ,H[EV]1 ?IS WAS H9D]$ BY ! B\RGEOIS 9/ITUTIONAL >RANGEM5TS !Y 9H]IT$4 ,! ONLY WAY =W>D W\LD BE TO HAVE CREAT$ A F$]ATION ( POPUL> ASSEMBLIES 7TO QUOTE ONE ,COMMUN>D3 0,PEOPLE1 GOV]N Y\RSELF ?R\< PUBLIC MEET+S0 7P4 #e77 ,SOME COMMUN>DS DID PO9T TO ! SECTIONS & DI/RICTS 70! PRIM>Y ASSEMBLIES07 ( ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4.<#a#a.> 7P4 #d#f7 

,SIGNIFICANTLY1 DUR+ ! ,COMMUNE1 ! ,DELEGATION 0BEGAN OR JO9$ A S]IES ( 9ITIATIVES DESIGN$ TO MORE EFFECTIVELY UNITE POPUL> ORGANIZATIONS4 ,IT />T$ A ,F$]ATION ( ,CLUBS 44 ,HAD ! ,COMMUNE SURVIV$ IT IS ALMO/ C]TA9 ?AT !SE PROJECTS W\LD HAVE ONCE AGA9 MADE ! ,DELEGATION ! C5T] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y CLUB & COMMITTEE MOVEM5T1 AS IT HAD BE5 DUR+ ! SIEGE & >MI/ICE40 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IT 0RETURN$ TO ! IDEA ( DIRECT+ A C5TRAL CLUB 9 :I* DELEGATES FROM ALL CLUBS & COMMITTEES C\LD MEET 444 IT W\LD BE OP5 TO ! PUBLIC & W\LD UNITE DELEGATES FROM POPUL> CLUBS40 .<#a#a#a.> 

,UN=TUNATELY1 !RE SEEM$ TO BE LITTLE POPUL> SUPPORT = SU* A RADICAL SOLUTION IMM$IATELY AFT] ! ,M>* #a#h? 9SURRECTION4 ,?IS %[S ! IMPORTANCE ( LIB]T>IANS BE+ 9VOLV$ 9 SOCIAL /RUGGLES & SPREAD+ !IR IDEAS 9 ! MASSES ( ! G5]AL POPULATION DUR+ NON-REVOLUTION>Y TIMES4 ,AS ,BAKUN9 NOT$1 ! LIB]T>IANS 0FELT ! LACK ( SUPPORT FROM ! GREAT MASSES ( ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS1 & 444 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,ASSOCIATION1 ITSELF IMP]FECT1 COMPROMIS$ H>DLY A FEW ?\S& P]SONS0 AS WELL AS HAV+ 0TO KEEP UP A DAILY /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,JACOB9 MAJORITY0 ( ! ,COMMUNE ,C\NCIL4.<#a#a#b.> ,) A DEEP] 9FLU5CE 9 POPUL> ORGANIZATIONS1 ! RESULT MAY HAVE BE5 DIFF]5T4 

0NO?+ C\LD BE MORE =EIGN4440 

,GLUCK/E9 APPROV+LY QUOTES1 & P>APHRASES1 ,TROTSKY'S 9FAM\S #aiba ESSAY 0,LESSONS ( ! ,COMMUNE0 & REPEATS ITS CONCLUSIONS MORE TACTFULLY ?AN ITS AU?OR DID4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ,GLUCK/E9 IS AS SELECTIVE 9 HIS USE ( ?AT WORK AS HE IS ) ! AN>*I/ ONES HE USES4 ,= ,TROTSKY1 ! ,COMMUNE WAS NOT PROBLEMATIC = 0WE WILL F9D 9 IT ONE S+LE LESSON3 A /RONG P>TY LEAD]%IP IS NE$$40 ,?AT IS IT4 ,AS = ! ,COMMUN>DS !MSELVES 0.<W.>HAT !Y LACK$ WAS CL>ITY 9 ME?OD & A C5TRALIZ$ LEAD+ ORGANIZATION4 ,?AT IS :Y !Y W]E VANQUI%$40 ,?US ! ,COMMUNE WAS A CLASSIC EXAMPLE ( :AT NOT TO DO RA!R ?AN A S\RCE ( HOPE = A BETT] SOCIETY4 

,:AT AB\T ! ,COMMUNE'S AIM = MASS P>TICIPATION & DIRECT DEMOCRACY8 ,NONS5SE1 = ! ,COMMUNE 0%[S US ! 9CAPACITY ( ! MASSES TO *OOSE !IR PA?1 !IR 9DECISION 9 ! LEAD]%IP ( ! MOVEM5T1 !IR FATAL P5*ANT TO COME TO A HALT AFT] ! FIR/ SUCCESSES1 ?US P]MITT+ ! 5EMY TO REGA9 ITS BREA?1 TO REE/ABLI% ITS POSITION40 ,SO ! 9CREASE DEMOCRACY ,GLUCK/E9 PRAISES IS SE5 PURELY AS A MEANS ( SECUR+ P>TY P[] &1 ONCE SEIZ$1 ! WORK+ CLASS CAN GET BACK TO ITS TRADITIONAL ROLE ( FOLL[+ ORD]S4 

,! P>TY1 NOT ! CLASS1 IS SE5 AS ! KEY AS 0IT IS ! ACCUMULAT$ & ORGANIZ$ EXP]I5CE ( ! PROLET>IAT0 & 0=ESEES !ORETICALLY ! PA?S ( DEVELOPM5T1 ALL ITS /AGES40 ,) ! 0AID ( ! P>TY0 ! PROLET>IAT 0FREES ITSELF FROM ! NE$ ( ALWAYS RECOMM5C+ ITS HI/ORY3 ITS HESITATIONS1 ITS LACK ( DECISION1 ITS MI/AKES40 ,OR1 MORE BLUNTLY1 ! PROLET>IAT 0FREES ITSELF0 FROM ! NE$ TO GOV]N ITSELF & SOCIETY4 ,?AT CAN BE LEFT TO ! P>TY :I* 9 ,RUSSIA 0SEIZ$ ! P[]40 .<#a#a#c.> 

,GLUCK/E9 APPROV+LY QUOTES ,COMMUN>DS >GU+ = 0COMMUNAL ,FRANCE 9 F$]AL =M0 & ?AT ! 0TRIUMPH ( ! COMMUNAL IDEA IS 444 ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION0 7P4 #e#b7 ,= ,TROTSKY1 SU* ASPIRATIONS W]E SIMPLY WRONG4 ,! NOTION ?AT 0EA* T[N HAS ITS SACR$ RI<T ( SELF-GOV]NM5T0 WAS 0IDEALI/IC *ATT] - ( ! SAME G5D] AS MUNDANE AN>*ISM40 ,9 FACT1 0MORE ?AN ANY O!R0 ! ,FR5* PROLET>IAT HAD BE5 0DUP$0 BY ! B\RGEOISIE = 0AUTONOMI/ =MULAS0 >E 0NO?+ BUT IMP$IM5TS ON ! FEET ( ! PROLET>IAT1 HAMP]+ ITS =W>D MOVEM5T40 ,OPPOSITION TO C5TRALISM WAS 0A H]ITAGE ( PETTY B\RGEOIS LOCALISM & AUTONOMISM0 & 0IS )\T A D\BT ! WEAK SIDE ( A C]TA9 SECTION ( ! ,FR5* PROLET>IAT40 ,AUTONOMY 0IS ! SUPREME GU>ANTEE ( REAL ACTIVITY & 9DIVIDUAL 9DEP5D5CE = C]TA9 REVOLUTIONI/S0 IT WAS 0A GREAT MI/AKE :I* CO/ ! ,FR5* PROLET>IAT DE>LY40 ,SO ! 0T5D5CY T[>DS P>TICUL>ISM1 :ATEV] ! =M IT MAY ASSUME1 IS A H]ITAGE ( ! DEAD PA/4 ,! SOON] ,FR5* COMMUNI/-SOCIALI/ COMMUNISM & SYNDICALI/ COMMUNISM EMANCIPATES ITSELF FROM IT1 ! BETT] IT WILL BE = ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION40 0,PASSIVITY & 9DECISION10 ASS]T$ ,TROTSKY1 0W]E SUPPORT$ 9 ?IS CASE BY ! SACR$ PR9CIPLE ( F$]ATION & AUTONOMY 444 ,9 SUM1 IT WAS NO?+ BUT AN ATTEMPT TO REPLACE ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 :I* WAS DEVELOP+1 BY A PETTY B\RGEOIS RE=M3 COMMUNAL AUTONOMY40 

,SO MU* = ! ,COMMUNE HAV+ 0PLANT$ ! SE$S ( A NEW SOCIAL WORLD06 7P4 #e#c7 ,:ILE1 = ,M>X1 ! ,COMMUN>DS W]E 0/ORM+ HEAV501 = ,TROTSKY !Y W]E NO?+ MORE ?AT PETIT-B\RGEOIS AUTONOMI/-AN>*I/ F$]ALI/S4 

,& :AT ( ! POPUL> ORGANIZATIONS ,GLUCK/E9 PRAISES SO HI<LY8 ,!IR ROLE WAS SIMPLE1 TO PROVIDE A L9K BY :I* ! P>TY CAN IMPLEM5T ITS DECISIONS4 ,?US IT 0WAS 9DISP5SABLE TO HAVE AN ORGANIZATION 9C>NAT+ ! POLITICAL EXP]I5CE ( ! PROLET>IAT0 & BY MEANS ( 0! ,C\NCILS ( ,DEPUTIES 444 ! P>TY C\LD HAVE BE5 9 CONT9UAL CONTACT ) ! MASSES1 KN[N !IR /ATE ( M9D2 ITS LEAD+ C5T] C\LD EA* DAY PUT =W>D A SLOGAN :I*1 ?R\< ! M$IUM ( ! P>TY'S MILITANTS1 W\LD HAVE P5ETRAT$ 9TO ! MASSES1 UNIT+ !IR ?\<T & !IR WILL40 ,! FOCUS IS AT ! TOP1 & ! DECISIONS FL[ D[NW>D - AS IT DOES 9 EV]Y CLASS SY/EM4 ,IRONICALLY1 ,GLUCK/E9 PRAISES ?AT 0ANTI-HI]>*ICAL ATTITUDE ( ! 9SURG5TS40 7P4 #d#g7 

,TROTSKY WAS ALSO DISP>AG+ ( ! MASS DEMOCRACY 9 ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D1 >GU+ ?AT 0.<B.>E=E WIDE MASSES ( SOLDI]S ACQUIRE ! EXP]I5CE ( WELL *OOS+ & SELECT+ COMM&]S1 ! REVOLUTION WILL BE BEAT5 BY ! 5EMY40 .<#a#a#d.>,?IS MEANT ?AT ! 0ME?ODS ( %APELESS DEMOCRACY 7SIMPLE ELECTABILITY7 MU/ BE SUPPLEM5T$ & TO A C]TA9 EXT5T REPLAC$ BY MEASURES ( SELECTION FROM ABOVE4.<#a#a#e.> ,! REVOLUTION MU/ CREATE AN ORGAN COMPOS$ ( EXP]I5C$1 RELIABLE ORGANIZ]S1 9 :I* ONE.<#a#a#f.> CAN HAVE ABSOLUTE CONFID5CE1 GIVE IT FULL P[]S TO *OOSE1 DESIGNATE & $UCATE ! COMM&40 

,GLUCK/E9 /ATES1 )\T IRONY1 ?AT ! 0,NATIONAL ,GU>D'S 9T]NAL DEMOCRACY GU>ANTE$ ?AT CO]CIVE =CE BELONG$ TO ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE1 9/EAD ( BE+ US$ AGA9/ IT40 7P4 #e#b7 ,YET H]E WE HAVE ,TROTSKY ASS]T+ ?AT SU* 09T]NAL DEMOCRACY0 CAN BE REPLAC$ BY APPO9TM5T FROM ABOVE )\T1 APP>5TLY1 AFFECT+ ! NATURE ( ! 0CO]CIVE =CE40 ,! ,R$ ,>MY %[$ :O IS RI<T - ! ,R$ ,>MY 0BELONG$0 TO ! P>TY RUL]S1 NOT TO ! 0MASS ( ! PEOPLE0 & WAS REGUL>LY 0US$ AGA9/ IT0 TO MA9TA9 ,BOL%EVIK RULE4 

,= ,L59ISM1 ELECTIONS W]E A MEANS TO A*IEVE ! 5D ( P>TY P[] & NOT VALU$ 9 !MSELVES4 0,ELECTABILITY1 DEMOCRATIC ME?ODS10 ,TROTSKY /RESS$1 0>E BUT ONE ( ! 9/RUM5TS 9 ! H&S ( ! PROLET>IAT & ITS P>TY0 & MU/ NOT BE CONSID]$ AS 0A FETI%1 A REM$Y = ALL EVILS4 ,! ME?ODS ( ELECTABILITY MU/ BE COMB9$ ) ?OSE ( APPO9TM5TS40 ,! KEY1 !RE=E1 WAS 0?AT AT ITS HEAD1 ABOVE ! W>DS1 ! DI/RICTS1 ! GR\PS1 !RE IS AN APP>ATUS :I* IS C5TRALIZ$ & B\ND TOGE!R BY AN IRON DISCIPL9E40 ,ULTIMATELY1 MASS P>TICIPATION HAS TO BE CONSID]$ A 0WEAK0 SIDE = ,TROTSKYI/S1 = IT 0REFLECTS0 & 0MANIFE/S ! SPIRIT ( 9DECISION1 ( WAIT+1 ! T5D5CY TO BE 9ACTIVE AFT] ! FIR/ SUCCESSES40 ,CAN IT BE ANY WOND]1 !N1 ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD CONCLUD$ ?AT ! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 C\LD ONLY BE A*IEV$ BY P>TY DICTATOR%IP1 I4E4 ! 0DICTATOR%IP OV] ! PROLET>IAT0 ?AT ,BAKUN9 HAD W>N$ (8 

,SO IF1 AS ,GLUCK/E9 /ATES1 0! ,PR\DHONI/S REALIZ$ ?AT MASS POPUL> 9VOLVEM5T WAS ESS5TIAL = ! CREATION ( A NEW SOCIETY0 7P4 #b#f7 ! ,L59I/S QUICKLY CAME TO REALIZE ?AT MASS POPUL> 9VOLVEM5T WAS AN OPTIONAL EXTRA1 SOME?+ :I* C\LD BE ABOLI%$ AS LONG AS ! P>TY HELD P[] - P>TICUL>LY IF ?AT MASS P>TICIPATION CLA%$ ) P>TY 9T]E/S4 ,GIV5 !SE OP9IONS & ! REALITY ( ,BOL%EVISM 9 P[]1 IT SEEMS 9CR$IBLE ?AT ,GLUCK/E9 CAN /ATE ?AT ,L59ISM 0/&S = ! DIRECT DEMOCRACY & LIB]AT+ QUALITIES SO ABUNDANT 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE40 7P4 #b#f7 ,IF1 AS ,M>X /AT$1 0NO?+ C\LD BE MORE =EIGN TO ! SPIRIT ( ! ,COMMUNE ?AN TO SUP]S$E UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE BY HI]>*ICAL 9VE/ITURE0 .<#a#a#g.> !N ,L59ISM CANNOT BE CONSID]$ AS ANY?+ BUT =EIGN TO ?AT SPIRIT4.<#a#a#h.> 

,IT WILL1 ( C\RSE1 BE OBJECT$ ?AT :ILE ! ,COMMUNE WAS DR[N$ 9 BLOOD1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION SUCCESSFULLY REPULS$ ! ,:ITES & ,IMP]IALI/ =CES4 ,YET MILIT>Y VICTORY OBSCURES ! FACT ?AT ! REVOLUTION ITSELF WAS LO/ )9 SIX MON?S ( ! ,BOL%EVIK SEIZURE ( P[]4 ,! C\NT]-REVOLUTION WAS VICTORI\S1 BUT IT WAS DRAP$ 9 ! ,R$ ,FLAG4.<#a#a#i.> 

,MISS+ ! ,P>TY8 

,! /&>D ,L59I/ COMPLA9T AB\T ! ,COMMUNE IS /RESS$1 IT LACK$ A VANGU>D P>TY4 0,! PROBLEM WAS10 IT IS /ATE 0LACK ( IDEOLOGICAL CL>ITY & ABS5CE ( GOOD LEAD]%IP0 7P4 #a#d#i7 ,:ILE FEW AN>*I/S W\LD D5Y ! IMPORTANCE ( !ORETICAL CL>ITY & ! IMPORTANCE ( GIV+ A LEAD1 WE DO HAVE PROBLEMS ) ! NOTION ?AT SU* 9FLU5CE %\LD BE ORGANIZ$ 9 ! ,L59I/ FA%ION4 

,GLUCK/E9 DOES ADMIT ?AT ,M>X RECOMM5D$ ! ,FR5* NOT TO REVOLT AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ! ,EMPIRE4 ,RA!R1 HE URG$ !M TO 0NOT ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE DELUD$ BY ! NATIONAL S\V5IRS ( #a#g#i#b40 7P4 #a#i#f7 ,M>X IS DULY QUOT$1 IT IS SUGGE/$ ?IS WAS ,M>X NOT BE+ A 0M9DLESS SYCOPHANT .<( ! ,COMMUNE.>4 ,HE FE>$1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT ! ,P>ISIAN MOVEM5T MI<T BE MESM]IZ$ BY ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION40 7P4 #a#i#f7 ,9 FACT1 IT WAS A CALL NOT TO CREATE A REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNE - ?AT IS1 NOT TO DO :AT !Y DID ON ,M>* #a#h?1 #a#h#g#a6.<#a#b.> ,9/EAD1 HE URG$ !M TO 0CALMLY & RESOLUTELY IMPROVE ! OPPORTUNITIES ( REPUBLICAN LIB]TY40 7I4E41 ORGANIZE A POLITICAL P>TY & VOTE 9 ! NEXT ELECTION74 

,:I* BR+S UP A PROBLEM = ! ,L59I/ SUPPORT = 0DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM40 ,GLUCK/E9 CLAIMS ?AT !RE :]E TWO PEOPLE :O C\LD BE CONSID]$ ,M>XI/S 9 ! ,COMMUNE4 ,M>X OPPOS$ ANY ATTEMPT AT REVOLUTION4 ,AS A ,L59I/1 ?IS RAISES ! 9T]E/+ ISSUE ?AT IF ! ,COMMUN>DS HAD BE5 ,M>XI/S & HAD FOLL[$ ,M>X'S SUGGE/IONS !N ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE W\LD NEV] HAVE HAPP5$ 7OR1 MORE LIKELY1 LIKE ! ,FEBRU>Y REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g1 IT W\LD HAVE HAPP5$ ANYWAY 9 ! FACE ( ,M>XI/ OPPOSITION74 ,:AT ?IS SAYS AB\T ! 0EFFICI5CY0 ( C5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION IS UNEXPLOR$4 

,?US1 IF WE TAKE ,TROTSKY'S EULOGY TO ! ROLE ( ! P>TY S]I\SLY WE CAN CONCLUDE ?AT IF SU* A P>TY HAD EXI/$ 9 ,P>IS !N ! ,COMMUNE W\LD NEV] HAVE HAPP5$6 ,EQUALLY1 IT WAS NOT 0! ,P>TY0 7I4E41 ,M>X & ,5GELS7 :O DISCOV]$ ! 0POLITICAL =M0 ,M>XI/S HAVE PAID LIP-S]VICE TO1 BUT RA!R ! MASSES !MSELVES4 ,UND\BT$LY1 !Y W]E AID$1 BUT NOT DICTAT$ TO1 BY REVOLUTION>IES )9 !IR MID/ - REVOLUTION>IES :OSE IDEAS W]E DISMISS$ AS NONS5SE BY ! ,G]MAN SOCIALI/S - BUT !Y W]E NOT ORGANIZ$ 9 A ,L59I/ FA%ION4.<#a#b#a.> 

,IT C\LD BE OBJECT$ ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION SUCCE$$ :ILE ! ,COMMUNE1 LIKE ,SPA9 9 #a#i#c#f1 WAS DEFEAT$ & SO1 AS ,TROTSKY CONT9UALLY /RESS$1 ! ROLE ( ! P>TY MU/ HAVE BE5 ! DECISIVE FACTOR4 ,YET ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME WAS H>DLY SOCIALI/ &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 CANNOT BE CONSID]$ A 0SUCCESS0 - =1 SURELY1 ! 0SUCCESS0 ( A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION IS M>K$ BY :E!R IT CREATES SOCIALISM8 ,L59 & ,TROTSKY AT ! HEAD ( A P>TY DICTATOR%IP PRESID+ OV] A /ATE CAPITALI/ ECONOMY IS NOT A SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION1 IT WAS ! PRELUDE TO ,/AL9ISM4 

,AS W\LD BE EXPECT$1 ,GLUCK/E9 PRES5TS ! /&>D ,L59I/ ACC\NT ( ! DEG5]ATION ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION4 ,?US ! 0DEMOCRATIC ,SOVIET SY/EM WAS EV5TUALLY SAPP$ BY CIVIL W> & DE/ROY$ BY 9T]NAL C\NT]-REVOLUTION0.<#a#b#b.> 7P4 #b#a7 & SO IGNORES ! AWKW>D FACT ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD EFFECTIVELY TURN$ ! SOVIETS 9TO IRRELEVANT BODIES BY C5TRALIZ+ /ATE P[] 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,BOL%EVIK EXECUTIVES FROM TOP TO BOTTOM & !N G]RYM&]+ 7& ABOLI%+7 ANY :I* ?REAT5$ TO BE ELECT$ ) 7OR A*IEV$7 A NON-,BOL%EVIK MAJORITY BE=E ! CIVIL W> />T$ 9 ,MAY1 #a#i#a#h4.<#a#b#c.> 

,SOME:AT CONTRADICTORILY1 ,GLUCK/E9 /ATES ?AT 0! SOVIETS OV]CAME !IR 9ITIAL WEAKNESS & WON A CIVIL W>0 7P4 #b#b7 :I* IS NONS5SE1 AS ! ,KRON/ADT REBELLION WAS CRU%$ PRECISELY BECAUSE IT CALL$ = G5U9E SOVIET DEMOCRACY4 ,& :AT WAS ?IS 09ITIAL WEAKNESS0 & H[ WAS IT 0OV]CAME08 ,HE /ATES ?AT 0,TROTSKY BELIEV$ ! PRES5CE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY )9 ! ,SOVIETS WAS CRUCIAL TO !IR SUCCESS10 7P4 #b#b7 MORE PRECISELY 0! P>TY HELP$ OV]COME ! 'WEAK SIDE' ( AN 9EXP]I5C$ DIRECT MASS DEMOCRACY1 & MADE OP]ATIVE ! '/RONG SIDE' - ! ABILITY TO REPRES5T & MOVE VA/ NUMB]S 9TO ACTION1 & LEAD !M TO VICTORY0 7P4 #b#b7 ,IF BY 0OV]CAME0 ,GLUCK/E9 MEANT 0ABOLI%$0 !N HE W\LD BE CLOS] TO ! TRU?6 ,! IDEOLOGICAL CONFUSIONS >E CLE>1 ?\<4 ,! :OLE PO9T ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY IS NOT TO 0REPRES5T0 ! MASSES & ALL[ A FEW P>TY LEAD]S TO 0MOVE0 !M BUT TO ALL[ ! MASSES TO GOV]N !MSELVES & ACT = !MSELVES &1 BY ?IS PROCESS1 REVOLUTIONIZE !MSELVES AS WELL AS SOCIETY4 ,?IS IS ! 0/RONG SIDE0 ( MASS DEMOCRACY4 ,9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 0! P>TY0 ELIM9AT$ 09EXP]I5C$ DIRECT MASS DEMOCRACY0 & REPLAC$ IT ) RULE BY ! P>TY4 

,?IS WAS A KEY LESSON DRAWN BY LEAD+ ,BOL%EVIKS FROM ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION &1 RETROACTIVELY1 FROM ! ,COMMUNE4 ,TROTSKY >GU$ QUITE EXPLICITLY ?AT 0! PROLET>IAT CAN TAKE P[] ONLY ?R\< ITS VANGU>D0 & ?AT 0! NECESSITY = /ATE P[] >ISES FROM AN 9SUFFICI5T CULTURAL LEVEL ( ! MASSES & !IR HET]OG5EITY40 ,ONLY ) 0SUPPORT ( ! VANGU>D BY ! CLASS0 CAN !RE BE ! 0CONQUE/ ( P[]0 & IT WAS 9 0?IS S5SE ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION & DICTATOR%IP >E ! WORK ( ! :OLE CLASS1 BUT ONLY UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! VANGU>D40 ,?US1 RA!R ?AN ! WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE SEIZ+ P[]1 IT IS ! 0VANGU>D0 :I* TAKES P[] - 0A REVOLUTION>Y P>TY1 EV5 AFT] SEIZ+ P[] 444 IS /ILL BY NO MEANS ! SOV]EIGN RUL] ( SOCIETY40 ,?US /ATE P[] IS REQUIR$ TO GOV]N ! MASSES1 :O CANNOT EX]CISE P[] !MSELVES4 ,AS ,TROTSKY PUT IT1 0.<T.>HOSE :O PROPOSE ! AB/RACTION ( ,SOVIETS TO ! P>TY DICTATOR%IP %\LD UND]/& ?AT ONLY ?ANKS TO ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]%IP W]E ! ,SOVIETS ABLE TO LIFT !MSELVES \T ( ! MUD ( RE=MISM & ATTA9 ! /ATE =M ( ! PROLET>IAT40.<#a#b#d.> ,& :AT HAPP5S :5 ! MASSES & ! VANGU>D CLA%8 ,AS ,TROTSKY PUT IT 9 #a#i#c#i3 

0,! V]Y SAME MASSES >E AT DIFF]5T TIMES 9SPIR$ BY DIFF]5T MOODS & OBJECTIVES4 ,IT IS JU/ = ?IS REASON ?AT A C5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION ( ! VANGU>D IS 9DISP5SABLE4 ,ONLY A P>TY1 WIELD+ ! AU?ORITY IT HAS WON1 IS CAPABLE ( OV]COM+ ! VACILLATION ( ! MASSES !MSELVES 444 IF ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT MEANS ANY?+ AT ALL1 !N IT MEANS ?AT ! VANGU>D ( ! PROLET>IAT IS >M$ ) ! RES\RCES ( ! /ATE 9 ORD] TO REPEL DANG]S1 9CLUD+ ?OSE EMANAT+ FROM ! BACKW>D LAY]S ( ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF40.<#a#b#e.> 

,COMP>E ?IS TO ,5GELS >GU+ ?AT ! ,COMMUNE %[$ ?AT ! PROLET>IAT1 09 ORD] NOT TO LOSE AGA9 ITS ONLY JU/ CONQU]$ SUPREMACY10 W\LD HAVE 0TO SAFEGU>D ITSELF AGA9/ ITS [N DEPUTIES & (FICIALS1 BY DECL>+ !M ALL1 )\T EXCEPTION1 SUBJECT TO RECALL AT ANY MOM5T40.<#a#b#f.> ,NOT MU* ROOM = MASS DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 9/ANT RECALL & M&AT$ DELEGATES UND] ,TROTSKY :OSE REGIME1 BE DEF9ITION1 REQUIRES AN >MY AP>T FROM ! PEOPLE1 REQUIRES A /ATE 9 ! USUAL S5SE ( ! WORD AS A P[] EXI/+ AP>T FROM ! G5]AL POPULATION & ABOVE !M4 

,! 9EVITABLE SIDE EFFECT ( ?IS WAS ?AT IT PLAC$ ! PEOPLE BACK 9TO !IR CU/OM>Y ROLE ( GOV]N$1 OPPRESS$ & EXPLOIT$4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IT RECREAT$ ! V]Y CLASS SY/EM :I* ! ,COMMUNE AIM$ TO ELIM9ATE & PRECISELY :Y ! ,COMMUN>DS IMPLEM5T$ ! M&AT IMP]ATIF & :Y ONE ,COMMUN>D >GU$ ?AT ! DEMOCRATICALLY ORGANIZ$ ,NATIONAL ,GU>D 0GIVES TO ! CITY A NATIONAL MILITIA :I* DEF5DS ! CITIZ5S AGA9/ P[]1 9/EAD ( AN >MY :I* DEF5DS ! /ATE FROM ! CITIZ5S40 7P4 #e#a7 

,! REPLACEM5T ( WORK+ CLASS P[] BY P>TY P[] FL[S LOGICALLY BO? FROM ! NATURE ( ! /ATE & FROM ! VANGU>DISM AT ! HE>T ( ,L59ISM4 ,! /ATE1 BY ITS V]Y NATURE1 EMP[]S ?OSE AT ITS C5T] & SO AUTOMATICALLY REPLACES POPUL> P[] ) P[] 9 ! H&S ( A FEW P>TY LEAD]S4 ,& IF ! P>TY IS ! DECISIVE FACTOR 9 A 0SUCCESSFUL0 REVOLUTION ?AN ANY?+ ?AT WEAK5S ITS HOLD ON P[] CANNOT BUT H>M ! REVOLUTION4 ,9CLUD+ WORK+ CLASS DEMOCRACY4 ,AS ,TROTSKY PUT IT 9 #a#i#c#f1 ! 0REVOLUTION>Y DICTATOR%IP ( A PROLET>IAN P>TY IS 444 AN OBJECTIVE NECESSITY0 & ! 0REVOLUTION>Y P>TY 7VANGU>D7 :I* R5\NCES ITS [N DICTATOR%IP SURR5D]S ! MASSES TO ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION0.<#a#b#g.> 

,IRONICALLY1 ,GLUCK/E9 /ATES ?AT TODAY'S POLITICIANS 0MAY PAY LIP-S]VICE TO DEMOCRACY BUT !Y SEEK TO ANES!TIZE PEOPLE ) !IR WORDS40 7P4 #d#f7 ,GIV5 ,TROTSKY'S CRITIQUE ( ! ,COMMUNE1 REPEAT$ MORE TACTFULLY H]E1 WE C\LD SAY ! SAME AB\T ,L59ISM4 ,ALL 9 ALL1 ,L59'S #aie JUDGM5T ?AT ! ,COMMUNE 0CONFUS$ ! TASKS ( FI<T+ = A REPUBLIC ) ?OSE ( FI<T+ = SOCIALISM0 & SO 0IT WAS A GOV]NM5T SU* AS \RS %\LD NOT BE0.<#a#b#h.> SEEMS MORE ?AN APPLICABLE :5 COMP>+ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE TO ! ,BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION & ! LESSONS ,L59 & ,TROTSKY DREW FROM BO?4 

,FROM BEL[ & ABOVE8 

,:I* %[S ! LIMITATIONS ( ,M>XISM & ITS CONFUSIONS AB\T ! /ATE4 ,= ,GLUCK/E91 ! ,COMMUNE 09EXTRICABLY L9K$ *ANGE FROM BEL[ & ! /ATE0 7P4 #e7 & 0,P>ISIAN DIRECT DEMOCRACY MADE ! MASSES P>T ( ! /ATE1 & ! /ATE P>T ( ! MASSES40 7P4 #b#d7 ,HE SUGGE/S ?AT ,M>X SYN!SIZ$ ,PR\DHONISM & ,BLANQUISM 7P4 #h#c71 ?AT ,M>X'S CONTRIBUTION WAS TO 0SYN!SIZE !IR 9SI<TS0 7P4 #b#f7 

,IF 0,PR\DHONISM0 /RESS$ ACTION FROM BEL[ !N ,BLANQUISM /RESSES ACTION FROM ABOVE1 BY ! /ATE1 = !Y RECOGNIZ$ ! NE$ = 0SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION TO OV]COME !IR CAPITALI/ OPPON5TS0 7P4 #b#f7 ,?US ! ,COMMUNE %[S ?AT 0DISCIPL9E.<#a#b#i.> UND] A C5TRALIZ$ COMM& WAS ABSOLUTELY VITAL TO MOLD A FI<T+ =CE \T ( ! WORK]S ( ,P>IS4 ,?IS WAS NOT AN OPTIONAL EXTRA40 7P4 #a#d#a7 ,IT IS CRYPTICALLY NOT$ ?AT 0.<I.>N TIME ! ,COMMUNE'S OP51 DIRECT DEMOCRACY W\LD HAVE SELECT$ MORE EFFECTIVE LEAD]S =M !IR MID/1 BUT IT DID NOT SURVIVE LONG 5\< = ?IS TO OCCUR40 7P4 #a#d#a7 ,DOES ?IS NOT IMPLY ?AT1 :5 PU% COMES TO %OVE1 ! 0REVOLUTION>Y P>TY0 WILL SIMPLY APPO9T 0MORE EFFECTIVE LEAD]S0 FROM ABOVE8 ,?IS IS PRECISELY :AT ! ,BOL%EVIK DID DO4 

,9 #a#i#e1 ,L59 MOCK$ ! ,M5%EVIKS = ONLY WANT+ 0PRESSURE FROM BEL[0 :I* WAS 0PRESSURE BY ! CITIZ5S ON ! REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T40 ,9/EAD1 HE >GU$ = 0PRESSURE 444 FROM ABOVE AS WELL AS FROM BEL[10 :]E 0PRESSURE FROM ABOVE0 WAS 0PRESSURE BY ! REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T ON ! CITIZ5S40 ,HE NOT$ ?AT ,5GELS 0APPRECIAT$ ! IMPORTANCE ( ACTION FROM ABOVE0 & ?AT HE SAW ! NE$ = 0! UTILIZATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5TAL P[]40 ,L59 SUMM>IZ$ HIS POSITION 7:I* HE CONSID]$ AS BE+ 9 L9E ) OR?ODOX ,M>XISM73 0,LIMITATION1 9 PR9CIPLE1 ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION TO PRESSURE FROM BEL[ & R5UNCIATION ( PRESSURE ALSO FROM ABOVE IS AN>*ISM40.<#a#c.> 

,GIV5 ?AT ,L59 HAD REJECT$ ! IDEA ( 0ONLY FROM BEL[0 AS AN AN>*I/ PR9CIPLE 7:I* IT IS71 WE NE$ TO BE> 9 M9D ?AT ,L59I/ CALLS = 0DEMOCRACY FROM BEL[0 >E ALWAYS PLAC$ 9 ! CONTEXT ( A ,L59I/ GOV]NM5T4 ,L59 ALWAYS /RESS$ ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS W\LD 0TAKE OV] FULL /ATE P[]10 ?AT !Y 0CAN & MU/ TAKE /ATE P[] 9TO !IR [N H&S40.<#a#c#a.> ,L59I/ 0DEMOCRACY FROM BEL[0 ALWAYS MEANS REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T1 NOT POPUL> P[] OR SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,SO 9 #aiah IT WAS ! CONCRETE SITUATION ( A 0REVOLUTION>Y0 GOV]NM5T EX]CIS+ P[] 0FROM ABOVE0 ONTO ! V]Y CLASS IT CLAIM$ TO REPRES5T4 ,AS ,L59 SUMM>IZ$ TO HIS POLITICAL POLICE1 ! ,*EKA1 9 #a#i#b3 0,)\T REVOLUTION>Y CO]CION DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! AV[$ 5EMIES ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO BREAK D[N ! RESI/ANCE ( !SE EXPLOIT]S4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 REVOLUTION>Y CO]CION IS B\ND TO BE EMPLOY$ T[>DS ! WAV]+ & UN/ABLE ELEM5TS AMONG ! MASSES !MSELVES40.<#a#c#b.> 

,:I* IS PRECISELY :Y AN>*I/S REJECT SOCIALISM 0FROM ABOVE0 9 FAVOR ( ONE CREAT$ 0FROM BEL[40 ,9 ! /ATE1 IT IS ALWAYS ! LEAD]S AT ! TOP :O HAVE P[]1 NOT ! MASSES4 ,FEW REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/S D5Y ! NE$ = SELF-DISCIPL9E & ! NE$ TO CO-ORD9ATE REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE & DEF5SE4 ,FROM ,BAKUN9 ON1 IT WAS CONSID]$ A TRUISM ?AT !RE WAS A NE$ TO F$]ATE REVOLUTION>Y =CES TO DEFEAT REACTION4.<#a#c#c.> ,:AT WE RECOGNIZE IS ?AT GIV+ P[] TO A FEW LEAD]S IS A FATAL MI/AKE1 ?AT !Y WILL IMPLEM5T :AT !Y CONSID] AS 0SOCIALISM0 & OV]RIDE ! CREATIVE ACTIONS FROM BEL[ SO NECESS>Y TO ! SUCCESS ( A REVOLUTION & ! BUILD+ ( SOCIALISM4.<#a#c#d.> 

,AS HI/ORY %[S1 0FROM BEL[0 & 0FROM ABOVE0 CANNOT BE COMB9$4 ,! LATT] WILL ALWAYS UND]M9E ! =M] SIMPLY BECAUSE ?AT WAS :AT IT WAS DESIGN$ TO DO6 

,L59ISM AS ,BLANQUISM 

,ULTIMATELY1 ! READ] IS LEFT ) ! FEEL+ ?AT = ALL HIS TALK ( MASS P>TICIPATION ! WRIT]'S SYMPA?IES RE/ ) ! ,BLANQUI/S & !IR VISION ( A C5TRALIZ$ REVOLUTION CONDUCT$ BY PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>IES :O KNEW :AT !Y WANT$ 70,SOLID ORGANIZATION & CLE> LEAD]%IP W]E DI/+UI%+ FEATURES ( ,BLANQUISM0.<#a#c#e.> 7P4 #g#h774 ,?IS CAN BE SE5 FROM HIS LESS ?AN CRITICAL ACC\NT ( ,BLANQUI'S POLITICS4 ,GIV5 ! OBVI\S SIMIL>ITIES ( ,L59ISM TO ,BLANQUISM ?IS IS NOT UNSURPRIS+ AS ANY SY/EMATIC CRITIQUE ( ! LATT] W\LD BE APPLICABLE TO ! =M]4 

,= EXAMPLE1 ,GLUCK/E9 QUOTES ,BLANQUI'S OP9ION ?AT SOCIALI/ CONSCI\SNESS HAS TO 9JECT$ 9TO ! WORK+ CLASS BY 0AN ELITE M9ORITY0 ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ?AT ! REVOLUTION'S 0SOLDI]S >E WORK]S ?\< ! LEAD]S >E NOT40 7P4 #g#g7 ,! P>ALLELS ) ,L59'S >GUM5TS 9 0,:AT IS TO BE ,DONE80 >E OBVI\S4.<#a#c#f.> ,!N !RE IS ,BLANQUI'S BELIEF1 QUOT$ BY ,GLUCK/E91 0?AT WORK]S W\LD NE$ TO BE $UCAT$ 9TO COMMUNISM OV] A P]IOD ( TIME BECAUSE '! WORK+ CLASS1 ACCU/OM$ TO ! YOKE BY LONG YE>S OR OPPRESSION & MIS]Y .<IS L$.> BY !IR MA/]S LIKE BL9D BEA/S'0 7P4 #g#h7 ,OR1 AS ,L59 >GU$ 9 #a#i#b1 0! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT CANNOT BE EX]CIS$ ?R\< AN ORGANIZATION EMBRAC+ ! :OLE ( ! CLASS1 BECAUSE 9 ALL CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES 7& NOT ONLY OV] H]E1 9 ONE ( ! MO/ BACKW>D7 ! PROLET>IAT IS /ILL SO DIVID$1 SO DEGRAD$1 & SO CORRUPT$ 9 P>TS 444 ?AT AN ORGANIZATION TAK+ 9 ! :OLE PROLET>IAT CANNOT DIRECTLY EX]CISE PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP4 ,IT CAN BE EX]CIS$ ONLY BY A VANGU>D 444 ,SU* IS ! BASIC ME*ANISM ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 & ! ESS5TIALS ( TRANSITIONS FROM CAPITALISM TO COMMUNISM 444 = ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT CANNOT BE EX]CIS$ BY A MASS PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATION40.<#a#c#g.> 

,GLUCK/E9 DOES PRES5T SOME CRITICISM ( ,BLANQUISM1 NAMELY ?AT IT WAS CONSPIRATORIAL & SO C\LD NOT PLAY ! ROLE ,BLANQUI HOP$ = IT4 ,?US ! ,BLANQUI/S 0CAME CLOSE/ TO HAV+ A REVOLUTION>Y P>TY0 BUT W]E 0NOT L9K$ ORGANICALLY TO ! WID] MOVEM5T ?R\< DAILY P>TICIPATION01 0DEBAT+ & BATTL+ = LEAD]%IP0 & SO DID NOT HAVE 0AN 9/ANT MASS FOLL[+40 7P4 #g#f1 P4 #g#i7 ,:I* MEANT !IR HOPES = SEIZ+ P[] W]E IMPOSSIBLE TO PUT 9TO PRACTICE AS !Y LACK$ MASS SUPPORT - OR EV5 AW>5ESS ?AT !Y EV5 EXI/$ OR ?AT !IR 9SURRECTIONS W]E TAK+ PLACE4 

,:ILE HE LAMBA/ES ,PR\DHON = IDEAS HE 7MO/LY7 DID NOT ACTUALLY HOLD1 ,GLUCK/E9 SIMPLY PRES5TS ! IDEAS ( ,BLANQUI4 ,IT IS SIGNIFICANT ?AT HIS CRITICISM ( ,BLANQUI IS SO MOOT$ 7MU* ! SAME C\LD BE SAID ( ,M>X74 ,HE /ATES ?AT ! ,PR\DHONI/S & ,BLANQUI/S HAVE 0NO DIRECT MOD]N DESC5DANTS0 BUT 0>*ETYPES ( T5D5CIES 9 \R MOVEM5T0 7P4 #g#a7 BUT1 OBVI\SLY1 ?IS IS NOT ! CASE4 ,! 0LEFT-,PR\DHONI/S0 7I4E41 COLLECTIVI/S7 HAVE DESC5DANTS 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T :ILE ! ,BLANQUI/S1 B> !IR SECRECY1 >E ! ,TROTSKYI/S4.<#a#c#h.> 

,CONCLUSIONS 

,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE & ITS LESSONS >E IMPORTANT = CURR5T REVOLUTION>IES1 :E!R /ATE SOCIALI/S OR AN>*I/S4 ,IT %ORT EXI/5CE RAIS$ ALL SORTS ( KEY ISSUES = ?OSE SEEK+ TO *ANGE ! WORLD3 %\LD SOCIALI/S TAKE P>T 9 ELECTIONS1 H[ DO WE FI<T REACTION1 CAN A GOV]NM5T BE REVOLUTION>Y444 

,SADLY1 ,GLUCK/E9'S WORK DOES NOT PRES5T AN ACCURATE ACC\NT ( ! LESSONS LE>N$ FROM ! ,COMMUNE4 ,TOO MU* ! ,L59I/1 HE SIMPLY DOES NOT UND]/& ! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE OR ! LIB]T>IAN POSITION 9 G5]AL4 ,AS HIS NONS5SE AB\T ,PR\DHON %[S1 MO/ ,M>XI/S HAVE NO %AME 9 EXPOS+ !IR IGNORANCE ( AN>*ISM TO ! WORLD4 ,HE IS F> TOO WILL+ TO REPEAT ! /&>D ,M>XI/ DI/ORTIONS AB\T \R IDEAS &1 9 CONSEQU5CE1 DOES NOT PROVIDE HIS READ]S ) A MEANS ( EVALUAT+ :E!R ,KROPOTK9 OR ,L59 W]E RI<T4 ,EQUALLY1 HE FAILS TO CRITICALLY EVALUATE HIS [N IDEOLOGICAL LEAD]S & SO FAILS TO DISCUSS ! OBVI\S CONTRADICTIONS BETWE5 ,M>XI/ ACC\NTS & :AT ACTUALLY HAPP5$4 ,9CONV5I5T >GUM5TS & CONCLUSIONS >E IGNOR$1 PRES5T+ A FALSE PICTURE ( ,L59ISM & ITS RELATION TO ! ,COMMUNE4 

,SO1 9 T]MS ( PRES5T+ A G5]AL HI/ORY ( ! ,COMMUNE IT IS ADEQUATE4 ,9 T]MS ( LE>N+ ITS LESSONS & PRES5T+ AN ACCURATE ACC\NT ( ! LIB]T>IAN CRITIQUE IT IS FLAW$ 7TO ! PO9T ( DESPAIR1 AT TIMES74 ,:ILE ,GLUCK/E9 /ATES ?AT 0,M>XISM LE>NS FROM MASS /RUGGLES RA!R ?AN PREA*+ S]MONS0 7P4 #b#f7 ?AT SEEMS DEBATABLE1 AS HE SEEMS UNWILL+ TO LE>N MU* FROM ! ,COMMUNE BEYOND ! PRESS+ NE$ = A VANGU>D P>TY TO SEIZE P[]4 

,= AN>*I/S1 ,GLUCK/E9'S WORK %[S ?AT \R CRITIQUE ( ! ,COMMUNE1 & ( ,M>XISM1 REMA9S VALID4 ,AN>*I/S %\LD TAKE HE>T ?AT ! IDEAS ?AT WE HAVE BE5 EXP\ND+ S9CE ! #a#h#dS W]E APPLI$ SUCCESSFULLY1 IF 9 A LIMIT$ FA%ION1 9 ! ,COMMUNE & 9 LAT] REVOLUTIONS4 ,WE %\LD ALSO /RESS ?AT :ILE ,M>XI/S SUBSEQU5TLY HAVE TAK5 MANY ( !M UP 7AT LEA/ 9 !ORY7 WE ADVOCAT$ !M FIR/4 ,! ,COMMUNE %[S ?AT !SE LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES CANNOT1 H[EV]1 BE COMB9$ ) /ATISM4 ,RETA9+ A /ATE /RUCTURE1 EV5 ONE COMPLEM5T$ BY POPUL> 9/ITUTIONS1 SUGGE/ SIMPLY CANNOT H&LE ! NUM]\S PROBLEMS FAC+ A REVOLUTION4 ,! ,M>XI/ NOTION ?AT POLITICAL ACTION TO SECURE A WORK]S' GOV]NM5T1 EV5 9 ! UNUSUAL CIRCUM/ANCES ( PO/-9SURRECTION ,P>IS1 SIMPLY ISOLATES REVOLUTION>IES FROM ! MASSES & PUTS B>RI]S 9 ! PA? ( SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION CONFIRMS ?IS4 ,FREE F$]ATIONS ( SELF-MANAG$ GR\PS CAN BE ! ONLY BASIS = A SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION4 

,SOME MAY QUE/ION ! WISDOM ( PRODUC+ A L5G?Y CRITIQUE ( A FLAW$ BOOK BY A MEMB] ( AN OBSCURE ,L59I/ P>TY4 ,H[EV]1 WE HOPE ! >TICLE %[S ?AT IT IS IMPORTANT TO DO SO 9 ORD] TO1 FIR/LY1 LE>N ! LESSONS ( ! PA/ &1 SECONDLY1 CORRECT ! MI/AKES & DI/ORTIONS ( ?OSE :O TRY TO APPROPRIATE REVOLTS :I* >E1 AT !IR CORE1 LIB]T>IAN 9 NATURE4 ,! DI/ORT$ ,L59I/ ACC\NT ( ! ,COMMUNE1 ,AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM HAS BE5 LEFT UN*ALL5G$ = SO LONG ?AT IT HAS1 = MANY HONE/ REVOLUTION>IES1 BECOME ! ONLY ANALYSIS4 ,AS CAN BE SE51 ?IS IS NOT ! CASE ,SO1 YES1 WE CAN AGREE ) ,GLUCK/E9 ?AT ! ,COMMUNE 0DES]VES TO BE MORE ?AN AN OBSCURE1 IF 9SPIR+1 REF]5CE PO9T40 7PP4 #g-#h7 ,IT ALSO DES]VES MORE ?AN TO BE US$ AS A REF]5CE PO9T = ?OSE :OSE PRACTICE & IDEOLOGY >E SO AT DIRECT ODDS ) IT4 

,BIBLIOGRAPHY 

,>*]1 ,JULIAN ,P4 ,W41 ,! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,FRANCE1 #a#h#f#d-#a#h#g#b3 ,ITS ,ORIG9S1 ,!ORIES1 & ,IMPACT1 ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS ( ,AM]ICA1 ,9C41 ,LANHAM_/,OX=D1 #a#i#i#g4 

,BAKUN91 ,MI*EAL1 ,BAKUN9 ON ,AN>*ISM1 #bND ,$ITION1 ,SAM ,DOLG(F 7$471 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS1 ,MONTREAL1 #a#i#h4 

,! ,POLITICAL ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,BAKUN91 ,G4,P4 ,MAXIMOV 7$471 ,! ,FREE ,PRESS1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#e#c4 

,MI*AEL ,BAKUN93 ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S1 ,>?UR ,LEHN+ 7$471 ,JONA?AN ,CAPE1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#g#c4 

,B]KMAN1 ,ALEX&]1 ,! ,BOL%EVIK ,MY?1 ,PLUTO ,PRESS1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#h#i4 

,BOOK*91 ,MURRAY1 ,PO/ ,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM1 #cRD ,$ITION1 ,A,K ,PRESS1 ,$9BUR<_/,OAKL&1 #b#d4 

,! ,?IRD ,REVOLUTION3 ,POPUL> ,MOVEM5TS 9 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,]A1 ,VOLUME #b1 ,CASSEL1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#i#h4 

,BR9TON1 ,MAURICE1 ,= ,WORK]S' ,P[]3 ,! ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S ( ,MAURICE ,BR9TON1 ,DAVID ,GOODWAY 7$471 ,A,K ,PRESS1 ,$9BUR<_/,OAKL&1 #b#d4 

,COLE1 ,G4,D4,H41 ,A ,HI/ORY ,( ,SOCIALI/ ,?\<T1 ,VOL4 #b1 ,MAC,MILLAN1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#f#a4 

,EHR5B]G1 ,JOHN1 ,PR\DHON & HIS ,AGE1 ,HUMANITY ,BOOKS1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#i#f4 

,F>B]1 ,SAMUEL1 ,BE=E ,/AL9ISM3 ,! ,RISE & ,FALL ( ,SOVIET ,DEMOCRACY1 ,POLITY ,PRESS1 ,OX=D1 #a#i#i4 

,GU]91 ,DANIEL1 ,AN>*ISM3 ,FROM ,!ORY TO ,PRACTICE1 ,MON?LY ,REVIEW ,PRESS1 ,NEW ,YORK_/,LONDON1 #a#i#g4 

,GU]91 ,DANIEL 7$471 ,NO ,GODS1 ,NO ,MA/]S3 ,AN ,AN?OLOGY ( ,AN>*ISM 79 TWO VOLUMES71 ,A,K ,PRESS1 ,$9BUR<_/,SAN ,FRANCISCO1 #a#i#i#h4 

,HYAMS1 ,$W>D1 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON3 ,HIS ,REVOLUTION>Y ,LIFE1 ,M9D & ,WORKS1 ,JOHN ,MURRAY1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#g#i4 

,JOHNSON1 ,M>T9 ,PHILLIP1 ,! ,P>ADISE ( ,ASSOCIATION3 ,POLITICAL ,CULTURE & ,POPUL> ,ORGANIZATION 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MI*IGAN ,PRESS1 ,ANN ,>BOR1 #a#i#i#f4 

,K5AFICK1 ,K4,J41 ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN9 & ,K>L ,M>X1 ,MELB\RNE1 #a#i#d#h4 

,KROPOTK91 ,PET]1 ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD & ,O!R ,WRIT+S1 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 ,CAMBRIDGE1#a#i#i#e4 

,WORDS ( A ,REBEL1 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS1 ,MONTREAL1 #a#i#i#b4 

,! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION 79 TWO VOLUMES71 ,ELEPHANT ,$ITIONS1 ,CATANIA1 #a#i#h#f4 

,L591 ,V4 ,I41 ,ESS5TIAL ,WORKS ( ,L591 ,H5RY ,M4 ,*RI/MAN 7$471 ,BANTAM ,BOOKS1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#f#f4 

,M>%ALL1 ,PET]1 ,DEM&+ ! ,IMPOSSIBLE3 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ,AN>*ISM1 ,FONTANA1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#i#c4 

,M>TOV1 ,J41 ,! ,/ATE & ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION1 ,C>L ,SLI5G]1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#g#g4 

,M>X1 ,K>L1 ,CAPITAL3 ,A ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 VOL4 #a1 ,P5GU9 ,BOOKS1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#g#f4 

,CAPITAL3 ,A ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 VOL4 #c1 ,P5GU9 ,BOOKS1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#i#a4 

,M>X1 ,K>L & ,5GELS1 ,FR$]ICK1 ,SELECT$ ,WORKS1 ,PROGRESS ,PUBLI%]S1 ,MOSC[1 #a#i#g#e4 

,! ,M>X-,5GELS ,READ]1 ,SECOND ,$ITION1 ,ROB]T ,C4 ,TUCK] 7$471 ,W4,W4 ,NORTON @& ,CO1 ,LONDON @& ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#g#h4 

,ON ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 ,PROGRESS ,PUBLI%]S1 ,MOSC[1 #a#i#g#a4 

,! ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION1 ,PROGRESS ,PUBLI%]S1 ,MOSC[1 #a#i#g#h4 

,M>X1 ,K>L1 ,5GELS1 ,F$]ICK & ,L591 ,V4,I41 ,AN>*ISM & ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM1 ,PROGRESS ,PUBLI%]S1 ,MOSC[1 #a#i#g#d4 

,PAZ1 ,ABEL1 ,DURRUTI 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#g4 

,PR\DHON1 ,P-,J1 ,:AT IS ,PROP]TY3 AN 9QUIRY 9TO ! PR9CIPLE ( RI<T & ( GOV]NM5T1 ,WILLIAM ,REEVES ,BOOKSELL] ,LTD41 ,LONDON1 #a#i#f#i4 

,SY/EM ( ,ECONOMICAL ,CONTRADICTIONS3 OR1 ! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,MIS]Y 

,! ,G5]AL ,IDEA ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 ,PLUTO ,PRESS1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#h#i4 

,! ,PR9CIPLE ( ,F$]ATION1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,TORONTO ,PRESS1 ,CANADA1 #a#i#g#i4 

,REM+TON1 ,?OMAS ,F41 ,BUILD+ ,SOCIALISM 9 ,BOL%EVIK ,RUSSIA3 ,IDEOLOGY & ,9DU/RIAL ,ORGANIZATION #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#a1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,PITTSBUR< ,PRESS1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#h#d4 

,ROS5B]G1 ,WILLIAM ,G41 0,RUSSIAN ,LABOR & ,BOL%EVIK ,P[]01 CONTA9$ 9 ,D4 ,KAIS] 7$471 ,! ,WORK]S ,REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA3 ! VIEW FROM BEL[1 PP4 #i#h-#a#c#a1 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 ,CAMBRIDGE1 #a#i#h#g4 

,S*ULK9D1 ,EUG5E 7$471 ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a3 ,! ,VIEW FROM ! ,LEFT1 ,JONA?AN ,CAPE1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#g#b4 

,?ORPE1 ,WAYNE1 0,! ,WORK]S ,!MSELVES03 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM & ,9T]NATIONAL ,LABOR1 #a#i#a#c-#a#i#b#c1 ,KLUW] ,ACADEMIC ,PUBLI%]S1 ,DORDRE*T1 #a#i#h#i4 

,TROTSKY1 ,LEON1 ,9 ,DEF5SE ( ,M>XISM1 ,PA?F9D]1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#i#e4 

,WRIT+S #a#i#c#f-#c#g1 ,PA?F9D] ,PRESS1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #b#b4 

,LESSONS ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE 

,V9C5T1 ,K4 ,/EV51 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON & ! ,RISE ( ,FR5* ,REPUBLICAN ,SOCIALISM1 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 ,OX=D1 #a#i#h#d4 

,WOODCOCK1 ,GEORGE1 ,AN>*ISM3 ,A ,HI/ORY ( LIB]T>IAN IDEAS & MOVEM5TS 7#bND ,$ITION71 ,P5GU9 ,BOOKS1 ,5GL&1 #a#i#h#f4 

.<#h#e.>,! ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION1 P4 #e1 P4 #cac 

.<#a.> ,DONNY ,GLUCK/E91 ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE3 ,A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,DEMOCRACY1 ,BOOKM>KS1 #b#f4 

.<#b.> ,G4,D4,H4 ,COLE1 ,A ,HI/ORY ,( ,SOCIALI/ ,?\<T1 ,VOL4 #b1 P4 #afg 

.<#c.> ,GLUCK/E9 D[NPLAYS ! KEY ROLE ! ,FR5* ,PR\DHONI/S PLAY$ 9 SETT+ UP ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,HE DATES IT TO ,LONDON1 #ahfc :51 9 FACT1 ! NEGOTIATIONS ?AT LEAD TO ITS F\ND+ 9 #ahfd BEGAN 9 #ahfb :5 ! ,PR\DHONI/S VISIT$ ! ,LONDON ,9T]NATIONAL ,EXHIBITION4 7,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK1 ,AN>*ISM1 PP4 #a#i#h-#i7 ,M>X PLAY$ NO ROLE 9 SETT+ UP ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 TURN+ UP TO ! F\ND+ MEET+ 9 #ahfd :I* WAS ! PRODUCT ( OV] TWO YE>S PREP>ATION BY ,FR5* & ,BRITI% TRADE UNIONI/S 7BO? ( :OSE IDEAS ,M>X DESPIS$74 

.<#d.> ,AT LEA/ HE RELEGATES ,PR\DHON'S SEXISM & RACISM TO AN 5DNOTE1 :]E !Y %\LD RESIDE AS !Y W]E 9 CONTRADICTION TO HIS BASIC IDEAS - AS SUBSEQU5T LIB]T>IANS >GU$4 

.<#e.> 0,LET US SUPPOSE ! WORK]S >E !MSELVES 9 POSSESSION ( !IR RESPECTIVE MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE !IR COMMODITIES ) ONE ANO!R4 ,!SE COMMODITIES W\LD NOT BE PRODUCTS ( CAPITAL40 7,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #c1 P4 #b#g#f7 

.<#f.> 0,! P]IOD ?R\< :I* WE >E N[ PASS+ - ?AT ( MA*9]Y - IS DI/+UI%$ BY A SPECIAL *>ACT]I/IC1 - ,W,A,G,E,S40 ,HE D5\NC$ 0! RADICAL VICE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY01 NAMELY 0AFFIRM+ AS A DEF9ITIVE /ATE A TRANSITORY CONDITION - NAMELY1 ! DIVISION ( SOCIETY 9TO PATRICIANS & PROLET>ES40 7,SY/EM ( ,ECONOMIC ,CONTRADICTIONS1 P4 #a#i#h1 P4 #f#g7 

.<#g.> ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ,GLUCK/E9 QUOTES ,M>X QUOT+ ,PR\DHON4 ,HE R>ELY QUOTES ,PR\DHON DIRECTLY1 SUGGE/+ A LACK ( FAMILI>ITY ) S\RCE MAT]IAL4 ,IF HE W]E AT ALL FAMILI> ) ,PR\DHON'S WORK1 HE W\LD HAVE KN[N ?AT ! AN>*I/ S\<T TO EXPLA9 :Y ?IS =MULA DID NOT APPLY UND] CAPITALISM & CONCLUD$ ?AT PROP]TY WAS !FT1 I4E41 EXPLOITATION4 

.<#h.> ,:AT IS ,PROP]TY81 P4 #aga 

.<#i.> ,:AT IS ,PROP]TY81 PP4 #a#b#c-#d 

.<#a.> ,= EXAMPLE1 ,JOHN ,5R5B]G NOTES ?AT ,PR\DHON'S IDEAS W]E 0ANTICIPAT+ :AT ,M>X & ,5GELS W]E LAT] TO CALL ! APPROPRIATION ( SURPLUS VALUE0 7,PR\DHON & ,HIS ,AGE1 P4 #e#e7 

.<#a#a.> ,AL?\< ,HYAMS DOES NOT USE ?AT T]M NOR GIVE IT ! C5TRALITY IT DES]VES4 

.<#a#b.> ,$W>D ,HYAMS1 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON3 ,HIS ,REVOLUTION>Y ,LIFE1 ,M9D & ,WORKS1 P4 #d#c4 ,PR\DHON'S [N ACC\NT CAN BE F\ND 9 ,:AT IS ,PROP]TY8 7PP4 #a#b#g-#c7 ,AS ,K4 ,/EV5 ,WRI<T NOTES1 ?IS WAS 0.<O.>ONE ( ! REASONS ,PR\DHON GAVE = REJECT+ 'PROP]TY' .<&.> WAS TO BECOME AN IMPORTANT MOTIF ( SUBSEQU5T SOCIALI/ ?\<T40 ,?US 0COLLECTIVE 5DEAVORS PRODUC$ AN ADDITIONAL VALUE0 :I* WAS 0UNJU/LY APPROPRIAT$ BY ! PROPRIETAIRE40 7,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON ! ,RISE ( ,FR5* ,REPUBLICAN ,SOCIALISM P4 #fd 1 P4 #f#e7 

.<#a#c.> ,$W>D ,HYAMS1 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON1 P4 #de 

.<#a#d.> ,M>X DISCUSS$ H[ A CAPITALI/ BUYS ! LABOR-P[] ( #a M5 & 0CAN SET ! #a M5 TO WORK4 ,HE PAYS !M ! VALUE ( #a 9DEP5D5T LABOR-P[]S1 BUT DOES NOT PAY !M = ! COMB9$ LABOR P[] ( ! #a40 7,CAPITAL1 ,VOL4 #a1 P4 #d#e#a7 

.<#a#e.> ,:AT IS ,PROP]TY81 P4 #b#e#a4 ,&1 LIKE ,M>X ,PR\DHON WAS WELL AW>E ( ! ROLE ECONOMICS PLAY$ 9 DEF5D+1 JU/IFY+1 RATIONALIZ+ CAPITALISM3 0,POLITICAL ECONOMY - ?AT IS1 PROPRIET>Y DESPOTISM - CAN NEV] BE 9 ! WRONG3 IT MU/ BE ! PROLET>IAT40 7,SY/EM ( ,ECONOMIC ,CONTRADICTIONS1 P4 #a#h#h7 

.<#a#f.> ,JOHN ,5R5B]G1 ,PR\DHON & ,HIS ,AGE1 P4 #ef 

.<#a#g.> 0,I HAVE %[N ! CONTRACTOR1 AT ! BIR? ( 9DU/RY1 NEGOTIAT+ ON EQUAL T]MS ) HIS COMRADES1 :O HAVE S9CE BECOME HIS WORKM54 ,IT IS PLA91 9 FACT1 ?AT ?IS ORIG9AL EQUALITY WAS B\ND TO DISAPPE> ?R\< ! ADVANTAGE\S POSITION ( ! MA/] & ! DEP5D5CE ( ! WAGE-WORK]S40 7,PR\DHON1 ,SY/EM ( ,ECONOMICAL ,CONTRADICTIONS1 P4 #b#b7 

.<#a#h.> ,LIKE ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK91 ,PR\DHON HAPPILY CALL$ HIMSELF A SOCIALI/ :ILE1 ( C\RSE1 ATTACK+ /ATE SOCIALISM AS OPPRESSIVE & EXPLOITATIVE4 

.<#a#i.> QUOT$ BY ,JOHN ,EHR5B]G1 ,PR\DHON & HIS ,AGE1 P4 #aaa 

.<#b.> QUOT$ BY ,K4 ,/EV5 ,V9C5T1 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON & ! ,RISE ( ,FR5* ,REPUBLICAN ,SOCIALISM P4 #bbb & P4 #afg 

.<#b#a.> QUOT$ BY ,DORO?Y ,W4 ,D\GLAS1 0,PR\DHON3 ,A ,PROPHET ( #a#h#d#h3 ,P>T ,I,I01 PP4 #c#e-#e#i1 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,J\RNAL ( ,SOCIOLOGY1 ,VOL4 #c#e1 ,NO4 #a1 P4 #ci 

.<#b#b.> ,! ,G5]AL ,IDEA ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 P4 #b#b#b1 P4 #b#b#c1 PP4 #i#h-#i#i & P4 #b#h#a4 ,IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT ?IS TRANSLATION R5D]S 0WAGE LABOR0 AS 0WAGES SY/EM40 

.<#b#c.> QUOT$ BY ,PET] ,M>%ALL1 ,DEM&+ ! ,IMPOSSIBLE1 P4 #bei 

.<#b#d.> ,G5]AL ,IDEA ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 PP4 #b#a#e-#b#a#f 

.<#b#e.> QUOT$ BY ,DORO?Y ,W4 ,D\GLAS1 0,PR\DHON3 ,A ,PROPHET ( #a#h#d#h3 ,P>T ,I,I01 PP4 #c#e-#e#i1 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,J\RNAL ( ,SOCIOLOGY1 ,VOL4 #c#e1 ,NO4 #a1 P4 #de 

.<#b#f.> 0,! S*OOL ( ,SAY10 ,PR\DHON >GU$1 WAS 0! *IEF FOCUS ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION0 & 0HAS = T5 YE>S PA/ SEEM$ TO EXI/ ONLY TO PROTECT & APPLAUD ! EXECRABLE WORK ( ! MONOPOLI/S ( MONEY & NECESSITIES1 DEEP5+ MORE & MORE ! OBSCURITY ( A SCI5CE .<ECONOMICS.> NATURALLY DIFFICULT & FULL ( COMPLICATIONS40 7,! ,G5]AL ,IDEA ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 P4 #b#b#e7 ,ALL ( :I* SEEMS SADLY TOO APPLICABLE TODAY6 

.<#b#g.> 0,M4 DE ,SISMONDI1 LIKE ALL M5 ( PATRI>*AL IDEAS1 W\LD LIKE ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 ) MA*9]Y & MANUFACTURES1 TO BE AB&ON$1 & EA* FAMILY TO RETURN TO ! SY/EM ( PRIMITIVE 9DIVISION1 - ?AT IS1 TO EA* ONE BY HIMSELF1 EA* ONE = HIMSELF1 9 ! MO/ LIT]AL MEAN+ ( ! WORDS4 ,?AT W\LD BE TO RETROGRADE2 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE40 7,PR\DHON1 ,SY/EM ( ,ECONOMIC ,CONTRADICTIONS1 P4 #b#f7 

.<#b#h.> ,SEE 0,ON ,AU?ORITY0 7,! ,M>X-,5GELS ,READ]1 PP1 #g#c-#c74 ,= A CRITIQUE ( HIS >GUM5T1 SEE SECTION ,H4#d ( 0,AN ,AN>*I/ ,F,A,Q0 7WWW4AN>*I/FAQ4ORG74 

.<#b#i.> ,IRONICALLY1 0! ORGANIZATIONAL PR9CIPLE ( OPPORTUNI/ ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY0 WAS 0TO PROCE$ FROM ! BOTTOM UPW>D1 &1 !RE=E1 :]EV] POSSIBLE 444 UPHOLDS AUTONOMISM & 'DEMOCRACY1' C>RI$ 7BY ! OV]ZEAL\S7 TO ! PO9T ( AN>*ISM40 7,COLLECT$ ,WORKS1 VOL4 #g1 PP4 #c#i#f-#g7 

.<#c.> ,COMP>E ?IS TO ONE ,COMMUN>D :O URG$ PEOPLE TO 0.<E.>XPECT NO?+ FROM ! GOV]NM5T2 DO IT Y\RSELF 4444,ASSOCIATE Y\RSELF ) COMRADES 9 ! WORK%OP1 ) Y\R NEI<BORS 9 Y\R QU>TI]40 7QUOT$ BY ,M>T9 ,PHILLIP ,JOHNSON1 ,! ,P>ADISE ( ,ASSOCIATION1 P4 #a#c#e7 

.<#c#a.> ,SY/EM ( ,ECONOMICAL ,CONTRADICTIONS1 VOL4 #a1 P4 #cii 

.<#c#b.> ,NO ,GODS1 ,NO ,MA/]S1 VOL4 #a1 P4 #f#b4 ,?IS POSITION WAS FIR/ RAIS$ 9 0,:AT IS ,PROP]TY80 & ITS CRITIQUE ( 0COMMUNISM0 ALONGSIDE PROP]TY4 ,HE ESS5TIALLY >GU$ ?AT /ATE COMMUNISM 7! ONLY K9D ?AT EXI/$ !N7 W\LD TURN ! 0COMMUNITY0 9TO A PROPRIETOR & ITS MEMB]S 9TO WAGE SLAVES4 

.<#c#c.> ,HE DID OPPOSE COMMUNISM & SO WAS1 AS ,KROPOTK9 DISCUSS$ 9 0,! ,COLLECTIVI/ ,WAGES ,SY/EM0 9 ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD & ELSE:]E1 9 FAVOR ( ! 0WAGES SY/EM0 7I4E41 DI/RIBUTION BY DE$1 NOT NE$7 BUT ?IS IS NOT ID5TICAL ) SUPPORT = WORK]S SELL+ !IR LABOR TO A BOSS4 

.<#c#d.> ,HYMANS1 P4 #ib 

.<#c#e.> ,! ORIG9AL >TICLES :I* W]E ! BASIS ( ,BLANC'S BOOK W]E WRITT5 9 #a#h#c#i1 I4E41 AFT] ! IDEA ( ASSOCIATIONISM WAS RAIS$ BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 

.<#c#f.> ,= AN EXCELL5T OV]VIEW ( ,PR\DHON'S IDEAS ON ASSOCIATIONAL SOCIALISM & !IR EVOLUTION SEE ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON & ! ,RISE ( ! ,FR5* ,REPUBLICAN ,SOCIALISM BY ,K4 ,/EV5 ,V9C5T4 

.<#c#g.> ,QUOT$ BY ,DORO?Y ,W4 ,D\GLAS 7P4 #d#e7 ,%E CORRECTLY NOTES ?AT 0! COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5T 444 SYNDICALISM 444 GUILD SOCIALISM 444 ALL BE> TRACES ( ! K9D ( SELF-GOV]N+ 9DU/RIAL LIFE TO :I* ,PR\DHON LOOK$ =W>D40 7P4 #e#d7 

.<#c#h.> ,NO ,GODS1 ,NO ,MA/]S1 VOL4 #a1 P4 #fb 

.<#c#i.> ,! ,PR9CIPLE ( ,F$]ATION1 P4 #gd 

.<#d.> ,IT MU/ BE PHYSIOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT ?AT ,L59I/S WRITE AB\T ,PR\DHON1 & AN>*I/S 9 G5]AL1 ADVOCAT+ 0SMALL0 & 0T9Y0 WORKPLACES4 ,APP>5TLY SIZE DOES MATT] & ,L59I/S ?9K !IR PRODUCTIVE UNITS >E MU*1 MU* BIGG] ?AN AN>*I/ ONES4 ,9 REALITY1 ( C\RSE1 AN>*I/S ADVOCATE APPROPRIATELY SIZ$ WORKPLACES & >E NOT HUNG-UP AB\T !IR SIZE4 ,?IS APPLIES TO ,PR\DHON JU/ AS MU* AS LAT] AN>*I/S4 

.<#d#a.> ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ,PR\DHON CRITICIZ$ ,BLANC'S SY/EM BECAUSE IT WAS /ATE RUN & F9ANC$4 ,HE SIMPLY DID NOT BELIEVE ?AT ! CAPITALI/ /ATE W\LD PURSUE SU* RE=MS &1 IF IT DID1 IT W\LD SIMPLY MEAN REPLAC+ CAPITALI/S ) BUREAUCRATS4 ,AS HI/ORY %[S1 ,PR\DHON WAS RI<T4 

.<#d#b.> ,B]N>D ,H4 ,MOSS1 0,PRODUC]'S ,ASSOCIATIONS & ! ,ORIG9S ( ,FR5* ,SOCIALISM3 IDEOLOGY FROM BEL[01 PP #f#i-#h#i1 ,J\RNAL ( ,MOD]N ,HI/ORY1 ,VOL4 #d#h1 ,NO4 #a1 P4 #gc 

.<#d#c.> ,ACCORD+ TO ,K4 ,/EV5 ,V9C5T1 !RE WAS 0CLOSE SIMIL>ITY BETWE5 ! ASSOCIATIONAL IDEAL ( ,PR\DHON 444 & ! PROGRAM ( ! ,LYON ,MUTUALI/S0 & 0IT IS LIKELY ?AT ,PR\DHON WAS ABLE TO >TICULATE HIS POSITIVE PROGRAM MORE COH]5TLY BECAUSE ( ! EXAMPLE ( ! SILK WORK]S ( ,LYON4 ,! SOCIALI/ IDEAL ?AT HE *AMPION$ WAS ALREADY BE+ REALIZ$1 TO A C]TA9 EXT5T1 BY SU* WORK]S40 7,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON & ! ,RISE ( ,FR5* ,REPUBLICAN ,SOCIALISM1 P4 #a#f#d7 

.<#d#d.> ,IT %\LD ALSO BE NOT$ ?AT ! BLACK FLAG WAS ALSO RAIS$ BY !SE >TISANS 9 #a#h#c#a1 :I* 0MADE !IR 9SURRECTION A MEMORABLE EV5T 9 ! HI/ORY ( AN>*I/ ?\<T0 AS WELL AS 09 ! HI/ORY ( REVOLUTION>Y SYMBOLS40 7,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 ,! ,?IRD ,REVOLUTION1 VOL4 #b1 P4 #a#e#g7 

.<#d#e.> ,A ,HI/ORY ,( ,SOCIALI/ ,?\<T1 ,VOL4 #b1 P4 #a#d1 P4 #afh 

.<#d#f.> ,AN>*ISM1 P4 #bfc 

.<#d#g.> QUOT$ BY ,JULIAN ,P4 ,W4 ,>*]1 ,! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,FRANCE1 #a#h#f#d-#a#h#g#b1 P4 #aif 

.<#d#h.> ,?IS IS UNSURPRIS+1 AS ,M>XI/S REGUL>LY IGNORE ! OBVI\S L9KS BETWE5 ,BAKUN9'S IDEAS & :AT LAT] BECAME KN[N AS AN>*O-SYNDICALISM - SEE SECTION ,H4#b4#h ( 0,AN ,AN>*I/ ,F,A,Q0 

.<#d#i.> ,JULIAN ,P4 ,W4 ,>*]1 ,! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,FRANCE1 #a#h#f#d-#a#h#g#b1 P4 #ahf 

.<#e.> ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN93 ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S1 P4 #aih 

.<#e#a.> ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK1 ,AN>*ISM1 P4 #bci 

.<#e#b.> 0,! ,9T]NATIONAL DOES NOT REJECT POLITICS ( A G5]AL K9D2 IT WILL BE COMPELL$ TO 9T]V5E 9 POLITICS SO LONG AS IT IS =C$ TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,IT REJECTS ONLY B\RGEOIS POLITICS40 7,BAKUN91 ,! ,POLITICAL ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,BAKUN91 P4 #c#a#c7 

.<#e#c.> 0,! MO/ IMP]FECT REPUBLIC IS A ?\S& TIMES BETT] ?AN ! MO/ 5LI<T5$ MON>*Y 4444 ,! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM GRADUALLY $UCATES ! MASSES TO PUBLIC LIFE40 7,BAKUN91 QUOT$ BY ,DANIEL ,GU]91 ,AN>*ISM1 P4#b7 

.<#e#d.> ,:ILE1 SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! LOCAL ,BOL%EVIKS OPPOS$ ! 9ITIAL PROTE/S 7JU/ AS ,M>X OPPOS$ ATTEMPTS TO RISE 9 9SURRECTION DUR+ ! ,FRANCO-,PRUSSIAN W>74 

.<#e#e.> ,KROPOTK9 ONCE NOT$ ?AT ANY ,FR5* REVOLUTION W\LD />T AS A 0POLITICAL0 ONE1 AS REVOLUTIONS W]E 0NOT MADE TO ORD]0 BUT 0H[EV] ! REVOLUTION BEGAN1 IT W\LD NOT /OP ) A M]E *ANGE ( GOV]NM5T0 & 0ATTEMPTS AT EXPROPRIATION0 W\LD />T4 7,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD & ,O!R ,WRIT+S1 P4 #b#a#a7 ,! ROLE ( AN>*I/S W\LD BE TO TRANS=M IT 9TO A SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

.<#e#f.> QUOT$ BY ,EUG5E ,S*ULK9D1 ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 PP4 #c#b-#c1 P4 #cc 

.<#e#g.> ,BAKUN9 ON ,AN>*ISM1 P4 #bfg 

.<#e#h.> ,ANO!R WAS ?AT ! ,COMMUNE 0TREAT$ ! ECONOMIC QUE/ION AS A SECOND>Y ONE1 :I* W\LD BE ATT5D$ TO LAT] ON1 AFT] ! TRIUMPH ( ! ,COMMUNE 444 ,BUT ! CRU%+ DEFEAT :I* SOON FOLL[$1 & ! BLOOD-?IR/Y REV5GE TAK5 BY ! MIDDLE CLASS1 PROV$ ONCE MORE ?AT ! TRIUMPH ( A POPUL> ,COMMUNE WAS MAT]IALLY IMPOSSIBLE )\T A P>ALLEL TRIUMPH ( ! PEOPLE 9 ! ECONOMIC FIELD40 7,WORDS ( A ,REBEL1 P4 #g#d7 

.<#e#i.> ,WORDS ( A ,REBEL1 P4 #i#g1 P4 #i#c1 P4 #ig 

.<#f.> ,BAKUN9 ON ,AN>*ISM1 P4 #aif 

.<#f#a.> ,M>T9 ,PHILLIP ,JOHNSON1 ,! ,P>ADISE ( ,ASSOCIATION1 PP4 #a#f#b-#c4 ,COMP>E ?IS TO ,BOOK*9'S COMM5T ?AT ! ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL WAS 0L>GELY IGNOR$ 444 AFT] IT WAS 9/ALL$4 ,! 9SURRECTION1 ! ACTUAL MANAGEM5T ( ! CITY'S AFFAIRS & F9ALLY ! FI<T+ AGA9/ ! ,V]SAILLESE1 W]E UND]TAK5 MA9LY BY POPUL> CLUBS1 ! NEI<BORHOOD VIGILANCE COMMITTEES1 & ! BATTALIONS ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D4 ,HAD ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE 7! ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL7 SURVIV$1 IT IS EXTREMELY D\BTFUL ?AT IT C\LD HAVE AVOID$ CONFLICT ) !SE LOOSELY =M$ /REET & MILITIA =MATIONS40 7,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM1 P4 #i7 

.<#f#b.> ,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! EVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ ANALYSIS ( ! /ATE & ! ,M>XI/ METAPHYSICAL ONE IS DISCUSS$ 9 SECTION ,H4#c4#g ( 0,AN ,AN>*I/ ,F,A,Q0 

.<#f#c.> 0,! ,WORK]S ,!MSELVES01 P4 #f 

.<#f#d.> ,! 0,COMMUNE 444 MU/ BREAK ! ,/ATE & REPLACE IT BY ! ,F$]ATION40 7,KROPOTK91 ,WORDS ( A ,REBEL1 P4 #h#c7 

.<#f#e.> ,M>X1 ,5GELS & ,L591 ,AN>*ISM & ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM1 P4 #a#d#f1 P4 #ada 

.<#f#f.> 0,LETT]S TO A ,FR5*MAN01 ,BAKUN9 ON ,AN>*ISM1 P4 #a#i#f1 P4 #b#f1 P4 #ai 

.<#f#g.> ,IT %\LD ALSO BE PO9T$ \T ?AT ,5GELS' DIATRIBE WAS AN ATTACK ON F$]ALISM :51 9 FACT1 F$]ALISM WAS NOT ACTUALLY IMPLEM5T$4 

.<#f#h.> ,M>X-,5GELS ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S1 PP4 #b#e#f-#g 

.<#f#i.> ,M>T9 ,PHILLIP ,JOHNSON1 ,! ,P>ADISE ( ,ASSOCIATION1 PP4 #a#h#e-#f 

.<#g.> ,SAMUEL ,F>B]1 ,BE=E ,/AL9ISM1 P4 #gc 

.<#g#a.> ,WILLIAM ,G4 ,ROS5B]G1 ,RUSSIAN ,LABOR & ,BOL%EVIK ,P[]1 P4 #aaf 

.<#g#b.> QUOT$ BY ,EUG5E ,S*ULK9D1 ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a3 ,! ,VIEW FROM ! ,LEFT1 P4 #a#h#g4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ,L59'S REGIME DID ! SAME BUT FROM ! MOM5T IT TOOK P[]4 ,! FIR/ ACT ( ! REVOLUTION WAS TO CREATE AN EXECUTIVE ABOVE ! SOVIET CONGRESS4 ,AS ,SAMUAL ,F>B] >GUES 0! V]Y FACT ?AT A ,SOVN>KOM HAD BE5 CREAT$ AS A SEP>ATE BODY FROM ! ,C,E,C .<,C5TRAL ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE.> ( ! SOVIETS CLE>LY 9DICATES ?AT1 ,L59'S ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION NOT)/&+1 ! SEP>ATION ( AT LEA/ ! TOP BODIES ( ! EXECUTIVE & ! LEGISLATIVE W+S ( ! GOV]NM5T REMA9$ 9 EFFECT 9 ! NEW ,SOVIET SY/EM40 ,?IS SUGGE/S 0?AT ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION DID NOT PLAY A DECISIVE ROLE AS A S\RCE ( POLICY GUIDEL9ES = ',L59ISM 9 P[]4'0 ,AFT] ALL1 0IMM$IATELY AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION ! ,BOL%EVIKS E/ABLI%$ AN EXECUTIVE P[] 444 AS A CLE>LY SEP>ATE BODY FROM ! LEAD+ BODY ( ! LEGISLATURE444 ,!RE=E1 SOME SECTIONS ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y ,LEFT APPE> TO HAVE GREATLY OV]E/IMAT$ ! IMPORTANCE ?AT ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION HAD = ,L59'S GOV]NM5T40 7,BE=E ,/AL9ISM1 PP4 #b-#a & P4 #c#h7 ,?IS EXECUTIVE SIMPLY DECRE$ ITSELF LEGISLATIVE P[]S %ORTLY AFT]4 

.<#g#c.> ,WORDS ( A ,REBEL1 P4 #adc 

.<#g#d.> ,! /ATE BE+ ! MO/ OBVI\S EXAMPLE ( ?IS1 BUT IT IS EQUALLY APPLICABLE )9 ,L59I/ P>TIES :]E P[] IS EXPLICITLY 5TRU/$ TO A FEW LEAD]S AT ! TOP ( ! P>TY HI]>*Y4 

.<#g#e.> ,UNSURPRIS+LY1 ,GLUCK/E9 DOES NOT M5TION ,M>X'S #ahha EVALUATION ?AT ! ,COMMUNE WAS 0M]ELY ! RIS+ ( A CITY UND] EXCEPTIONAL CONDITIONS1 ! MAJORITY ( ! ,COMMUNE WAS 9 NO WISE SOCIALI/1 NOR C\LD IT BE40 7,ON ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 P4 #b#i#c7 

.<#g#f.> ,ON ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 P4 #g#e1 PP4 #g#b-#c1 P4 #g#a1 P4 #gb 

.<#g#g.> ,NO ,GODS1 ,NO ,MA/]S1 VOL4 #a1 P4 #fc 

.<#g#h.> ,NO ,GODS1 ,NO ,MA/]S1 VOL4 #a1 PP4 #a#e#e-#f 

.<#g#i.> ,! ,G5]AL ,IDEA ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 P4 #bha 

.<#h.> ,NO ,GODS1 ,NO ,MA/]S1 VOL4 #a1 P4 #adb 

.<#h#a.> ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN9 & ,K>L ,M>X1 PP4 #b#a#b-#c 

.<#h#b.> ,ON ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 P4 #gb 

.<#h#c.> ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN93 ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S1 P4 #bfa 

.<#h#d.> ,AS ,GLUCK/E9 NOTES1 ,P>IS WAS REBUILT UND] ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I TO UND]M9E REVOLUTION1 ) ITS NEWLY BUILD BROAD1 /RAI<T B\LEV>DS EXPLICITLY DESIGN$ TO ALL[ EASY TROOP MOVEM5TS & TO MAKE BUILD+ B>RICADES MORE DIFFICULT4 

.<#h#f.> ,9 #a#h#h#a1 ,5GELS HAD >GU$ ?AT 9 ,BRITA91 0:]E ! 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL WORK+ CLASS =MS ! IMM5SE MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE1 DEMOCRACY MEANS ! DOM9ION ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 NEI!R MORE NOR LESS4 ,LET1 !N1 ?AT WORK+ CLASS PREP>E ITSELF = ! TASK 9 /ORE = IT - ! RUL+ ( ?IS GREAT ,EMPIRE 444 ,& ! BE/ WAY TO DO ?IS IS TO USE ! P[] ALREADY 9 !IR H&S1 ! ACTUAL MAJORITY !Y POSSESS 444 TO S5D TO ,P>LIAM5T M5 ( !IR [N ORD]40 ,9 CASE ?IS WAS NOT CLE> 5\<1 HE LAM5T$ ?AT 0.<E.>V]Y:]E ! LABOR] /RUGGLES = POLITICAL P[]1 = DIRECT REPRES5TATION ( HIS CLASS 9 ! LEGISLATURE - EV]Y:]E BUT 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA940 7,COLLECT$ ,WORKS1 VOL4 #b#d1 P4 #d#e7 

.<#h#g.> ,?IS FROM ! PREFACE ( ! #ahgb ,G]MAN $ITION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 :I* 9 TURN QUOT$ ,M>X'S 0,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE40 7,! ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION1 P4 #a#i#c7 

.<#h#h.> ,ON ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 P4 #g#a1 P4 #gc 

.<#h#i.> ,! ,M5%EVIK ,JULIUS ,M>TOV USEFULLY EXPLORES ?IS ISSUE 9 A S]IES ( >TICLES :I* W]E COLLECT$ 9 ! BOOK 0,! /ATE & ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION04 ,?IS IS ESS5TIAL READ+ TO SEE H[ ,L59 RE9V5T$ ,M>XISM TO DI/ANCE IT FROM ! FAILURES ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 JU/IFY HIS [N DEVELOPM5T AWAY FROM :AT WAS MA9/REAM ,M>XISM & HIS ACTIONS DUR+ #a#i#a#g4 

.<#i.> ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION1 P4 #b#f#b4 

.<#i#a.> ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS1 VOL4 #b#g1 P4 #b#b#g4 

.<#i#b.> ,5GELS1 ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION1 P4 #bif 

.<#i#c.> ,M>X-,5GELS ,SELECT$ ,WORKS1 P4 #beh 

.<#i#d.> ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION1 P4 #b#f#f4 

.<#i#e.> ,PR\DHON 9 #a#h#d#i1 HAD >GU$ ?AT ! CLUBS :I* SPRANG UP DUR+ ! #ahdh REVOLUTION 0HAD TO BE ORGANIZ$4 ,! ORGANIZATION ( POPUL> SOCIETIES WAS ! FULCRUM ( DEMOCRACY1 ! CORN]-/ONE ( ! REPUBLICAN ORD]40 7,NO ,GODS1 ,NO ,MA/]S1 VOL4 #a1 P4 #d#h7 

.<#i#f.> ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN93 ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S1 P4 #a#i#g1 P4 #bf 

.<#i#g.> 0,! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE SURR5D]$ ITS P[] TOO SOON40 7,ON ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 P4 #b#h#d7 

.<#i#h.> ,GLUCK/E9 ALSO COMP>ES ! SOCIAL COMPOSITION ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE TO ! ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL :5 DISCUSS+ ! R$UCTION ( WORK+ CLASS 9FLU5CE4 ,IF ! SOCIAL BACKGR\ND ( ?OSE :O MAKE UP A GOV]NM5T HELPS DET]M9E ?AT 9FLU5CE1 :AT DOES ?AT MEAN = ,L59'S GOV]NM5T8 

.<#i#i.> ,?IS IS NOT AS APPLICABLE TO ,BAKUN9 :O1 ELSE:]E1 /RESS$ ! IMPORTANCE ( A 0F$]ATION ( ! B>RICADES0 & ! NE$ TO ORGANIZE A F$]ATION ( GEOGRAPHICAL ORGANIZATIONS AS WELL AS F$]ATIONS ( WORKPLACE BAS$ ONES4 

.<#a.> ,ON ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 P4 #ge 

.<#a#a.> ,! ,M>X-,5GELS ,READ]1 P4 #di 

.<#a#b.> ,ON ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 P4 #bid 

.<#a#c.> ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION1 P4 #c#b1 P4 #cad 

.<#a#d.> ,SOME:AT IRONICALLY1 ,GLUCK/E9 /ATES ?AT 0! COMMUN>DS NO D\BTS ( ! LIMITATIONS ( SUFFRAGE OP]AT+ :]E CAPITALI/ ECONOMICS WAS DOM9ANT40 7P4 #d#f7 ,:I* IS EXACTLY :Y BO? ! ,BLANQUI/S & V>I\S %ADES ( 0,PR\DHONI/S0 W]E AGA9/ /AT+ 9 ELECTIONS4 ,AS HI/ORY %[S1 SOCIAL DEMOCRACY BECAME AS RE=MI/ AS ,BAKUN9 PR$ICT$ 7AS ,GLICK/E9 NOTES 9 ! CASE ( ! ,LABOR ,P>TY1 0!Y 5D UP RUNN+ ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM0 7P4 #b#d77 

.<#a#e.> ,SU* AS LEAV+ P>TICIPATION 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T & O!R /RUGGLES = RE=MS 9 FAVOR ( AN AB/RACT REVOLUTION>Y POSITION :I* MEANT1 9 PRACTICE1 ISOLATION FROM ! WORK+ CLASS4 

.<#a#f.> ,SEE HIS 0,REVOLUTION>Y ,GOV]NM5T0 9 ,WORDS ( A ,REBEL :]E HE USES ! ,COMMUNE AS AN EXAMPLE ( AN ELECT$ GOV]NM5T4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ,GLUCK/E9 DOES NOT REF]5CE ?IS >TICLE4 

.<#a#g.> ,KROPOTK91 ,WORDS ( A ,REBEL1 P4 #ab 

.<#a#h.> ,M>T9 ,PHILLIP ,JOHNSON1 ,! ,P>ADISE ( ,ASSOCIATION1 P4 #ia 

.<#a#i.> ,! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I MADE ! SAME DECISION 9 ,JULY1 #a#i#c#f1 :5 IT AGRE$ TO ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT 9SPIR$ 0,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTI-,FASCI/ ,MILITIAS0 RA!R ?AN FAVOR+ ! F$]ATION ( NEI<BORHOOD 0,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES0 7SEE ,ABEL ,PAZ'S ,DURRUTI 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION = ?IS POSSIBLE 0F$]ATION ( ! B>RICADES07 

.<#a#a.> ,KROPOTK9 >GU$ ?AT !SE PRACTIC$ 0,DIRECT ,SELF-,GOV]NM5T0 & EXPRESS$ 0! PR9CIPLES ( AN>*ISM0 :I*1 !RE=E1 0HAD !IR ORIG91 NOT 9 !ORETICAL SPECULATIONS1 BUT 9 ! DE$S ( ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION40 7,! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 VOL4 #a1 P4 #b#c1 P4 #b#d7 

.<#a#a#a.> ,M>T9 ,PHILLIP ,JOHNSON1 ,! ,P>ADISE ( ,ASSOCIATION1 P4 #a#i#g1 P4 #b 

.<#a#a#b.> ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN93 ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S1 P4 #bb 

.<#a#a#c.> ,9 REALITY1 ( C\RSE1 ONLY ! P>TY LEAD]%IP HELD EFFECTIVE P[]1 AS ,TROTSKY ALSO ACKN[L$G$4 ,HE NOTES ?AT ONE MEMB] ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE DEM&$ 9 ,OCTOB] 0! PROCLAMATION ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! P>TY0 :I*1 ,TROTSKY >GU$1 W\LD HAVE BE5 0ANTICIPAT+ ! LOGICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! /RUGGLE0 7HE WAS AGA9/ ?AT SUGGE/ION SIMPLY BECAUSE ! TIME WAS NOT RI<T & SO IT 0W\LD HAVE PROVOK$ GREAT DISORD] AT ?AT MOM5T074 

.<#a#a#d.> ,W\LD ?IS NOT BE EQUALLY APPLICABLE 9 ! MASS ORGANIZATIONS CREAT$ BY ! REVOLUTION8 ,AS ,BLANQUI W\LD SURELY HAVE >GU$1 WAIT+ = ! MASSES TO GA!R ! EXP]I5CE NE$$ TO ELECT ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY 9TO P[] MAY TAKE TOO LONG444 

.<#a#a#e.> ,IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS DID NOT 0SUPPLEM5T0 9T]NAL DEMOCRACY 9 ! >M$ =CE1 !Y ABOLI%$ IT - & BE=E ! CIVIL W> />T$4 ,AS ,TROTSKY'S DECREE ( ,M>*1 #a#i#a#h1 PUT IT 0! PR9CIPLE ( ELECTION IS POLITICALLY PURPOSELESS & TE*NICALLY 9EXP$I5T1 & IT HAS BE51 9 PRACTICE1 ABOLI%$ BY DECREE0 7QUOT$ BY ,MAURICE ,BR9TON1 ,= ,WORK]S' ,P[]1 P4 #c#c#g7 

.<#a#a#f.> ,AS ,MAURICE ,BR9TON & ,PHILIPPE ,GUILLAUME SO RI<TLY NOTE3 0,:O IS ?IS ANONYM\S & MU/]I\S 'ONE'8 ,:O IS TO BE/[ 'ABSOLUTE CONFID5CE' 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y ORGAN & ! REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZ]S8 ,IS IT ! MASSES8 ,IS IT ! ,P>TY 'ACT+ 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! MASSES'8 ,IS IT ! ,P>TY LEAD]S 'ACT+ 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,P>TY' AS A :OLE8 ,IS ,TROTSKY'S AMBIGUITY ON ?IS PO9T 5TIRELY ACCID5TAL80 70,! ,COMMUNE1 ,P>IS #a#h#g#a01 ,MAURICE ,BR9TON1 ,= ,WORK]S' ,P[]1 P4 #fFN7 

.<#a#a#g.> ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ,ON ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 P4 #gc 

.<#a#a#h.> ,ALSO COMP>E ,M>X'S PRAISE ?AT ! ,COMMUNE ,C\NCIL COMB9$ EXECUTIVE & LEGISLATIVE ROLES ) ,GLUCK/E9'S COMM5TS ?AT ?IS 0CREAT$ A REAL PR$ICAM5T = ! ,COMMUNE40 7P4 #a#e#a7 ,IT %\LD ALSO BE NOT$ ?AT ! FIR/ ACT ( ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME WAS TO CREATE AN EXECUTIVE BODY ABOVE ! NATIONAL SOVIET CONGRESS4 ,A FEW WEEKS LAT]1 ?IS EXECUTIVE SIMPLY DECRE$ LEGISLATIVE P[] = ITSELF4 ,?IS WAS ! EXACT OPPOSITE ( ! ,COMMUNE & 9 DIRECT CONTRADICTION TO ,L59'S 0,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION40 

.<#a#a#i.> ,IT %\LD ALSO BE NOT$ ?AT ! ,COMMUNE WAS BORN 9 9SURRECTION ON ! #a#h? ( ,M>*1 #a#h#g#a4 #e YE>S LAT] SAW ! ,KRON/ADT ,COMMUNE CRU%$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 0,! VICTORS >E CELEBRAT+ ! ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a4 ,TROTSKY & ,Z9OVIEV D5\NCE ,?I]S & ,GALLIFET = ! SLAU<T] ( ! ,P>IS REBELS44440 7,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN1 ,! ,BOL%EVIK ,MY?1 P4 #c#c7 ,AS AN ADDITIONAL IRONY1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS R5AM$ ! DREADN\<T ,SEVA/OPOL :OSE SAILORS LEAD ! REVOLT ! 0,P>IZHSKAYA ,KOMMUNA40 

.<#a#b.> ,SOME:AT IRONICALLY1 ,GLUCK/E9 QUOTES A ,COMMUN>D URG+ ! PEOPLE TO 0=M ! ,COMMUNE & SAVE ! ,REPUBLIC1 AS WAS DONE 9 #a#g#i#c0 7P4 #a#d7 :I* WAS PRECISELY ! OPPOSITE ( ,M>X'S WI%ES & PRECISELY :AT ! ,P>ISIANS DID DO6 

.<#a#b#a.> ,IF ! P>TY IS SO IMPORTANT1 !N 0H[ CAN WE EXPLA9 ?AT ! ,COMMUNE1 ) ITS PETTY-B\RGEOIS LEAD]%IP1 WAS CAPABLE ( 9TRODUC+ TO ! MOD]N WORLD ! MO/ ADVANC$ CONCEPTIONS ( PROLET>IAN DEMOCRACY80 7,BR9TON & ,GUILLAUME1 0,! ,COMMUNE1 ,P>IS #a#h#g#a01 ,= ,WORK]S' ,P[]1 P4 #e#c7 

.<#a#b#b.> ,HE REF]5CES ,*RIS ,H>MAN'S DEEPLY FLAW$ 0,H[ ! ,REVOLUTION WAS ,LO/0 :I* ,I HAVE CRITIQU$ 9 DETAIL 9 ,BLACK ,FLAG 7NUMB]S #bbf TO #b#b#h7 

.<#a#b#c.> ,= MORE DETAILS SEE SECTION #f ( ! APP5DIX 0,:AT ,HAPP5$ ,DUR+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION0 ( 0,AN ,AN>*I/ ,F,A,Q04 

.<#a#b#d.> 0,/AL9ISM & ,BOL%EVISM01 PP4 #d#g#i-#i#f1 ,WRIT+S #a#i#c#f-#c#g1 P4 #d#i1 P4 #d#h#h1 P4 #die 

.<#a#b#e.> ,! ,MORALI/S & ,SYCOPHANTS1 P4 #ei 

.<#a#b#f.> ,M>X-,5GELS ,SELECT$ ,WORKS1 P4 #b#e#g2 ,COMP>E ?IS TO ,5GELS ATTACK ON AN>*I/ SUPPORT = B9D+ M&ATES4 ,!N IT WAS A CASE ( ?IS BE+ P>T ( ,BAKUN9'S PLANS TO CONTROL ! 9T]NATIONAL 0= A SECRET SOCIETY 444 !RE IS NO?+ MORE CONV5I5T ?AN ! IMP]ATIVE M&ATE0 AS ALL ITS MEMB]S VOTE ON ONE WAY1 :ILE ! O!RS WILL 0CONTRADICT ONE ANO!R40 ,)\T !SE B9D+ M&ATES1 0! COMMON S5SE ( ! 9DEP5D5T DELEGATES WILL SWIFTLY UNITE !M 9 A COMMON P>TY AGA9/ ! P>TY ( ! SECRET SOCIETY40 ,OBVI\SLY ! NOTION ?AT DELEGATES FROM A GR\P %\LD REFLECT ! WI%ES ( ?AT GR\P WAS LO/ ON ,5GELS4 ,HE EV5 QUE/ION$ ! UTILITY ( ?IS SY/EM = 0IF ALL ELECTORS GAVE !IR DELEGATES IMP]ATIVE M&ATES CONC]N+ ALL PO9TS 9 ! AG5DA1 MEET+S & DEBATES ( ! DELEGATES W\LD BE SUP]FLU\S40 7,COLLECT$ ,WORKS1 VOL4 #b#b1 P4 #bha & P4 #b#g#g7 ,IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT ,TROTSKY %>$ ,5GELS DISLIKE ( 0REPRES5TATIVES0 BE+ =C$ TO ACTUALLY REPRES5T ! VIEWS ( !IR CON/ITU5TS )9 ! P>TY4 7,9 ,DEF5SE ( ,M>XISM1 PP4 #h-#a7 

.<#a#b#g.> ,WRIT+S #a#i#c#f-#c#g1 PP4 #e#a#c-#d2 ,?IS IS ID5TICAL TO HIS #aiba POSITION1 :5 ! P>TY WAS 05TITL$ TO ASS]T ITS DICTATOR%IP EV5 IF ?AT DICTATOR%IP CLA%$ ) ! PASS+ MOODS ( ! WORK]S' DEMOCRACY60 0,AS IF ! ,P>TY W]E NOT 5TITL$ TO ASS]T ITS DICTATOR%IP EV5 IF ?AT DICTATOR%IP TEMPOR>ILY CLA%$ ) ! PASS+ MOODS ( ! WORK]S' DEMOCRACY60 7QUOT$ BY ,MAURICE ,BR9TON1 ,= ,WORK]S' ,P[]1 P4 #c#g#a7 ,:]E IS ! ROOM = RECALL+ REPRES5TATIVES UND] SU* A REGIME8 

.<#a#b#h.> ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS1 VOL4 #i1 P4 #ha 

.<#a#b#i.> ,SOME:AT 9CR$IBLY1 ,GLUCK/E9 REF]5CES ,TROTSKY ON ! NE$ = A 0,COMMUNI/ DISCIPL9E0 NOT BAS$ ON 0! ROD06 7P4 #a#d#a7 ,9 REALITY1 ! ,R$ ,>MY WAS BAS$ ON ! ROD1 ) ITS APPO9T$ (FIC]S HAV+ NUM]\S TE*NIQUES TO 5=CE OB$I5CE UP TO & 9CLUD+ FIR+ SQUADS4 

.<#a#c.> ,M>X1 ,5GELS & ,L591 ,AN>*ISM & ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM1 PP4 #a#h#i-#i1 P4 #a#i#c1 P4 #a#i#e1 P4 #a#i#f2 ,?IS SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 A COMMON ,BOL%EVIK POSITION AT ! TIME1 ) ,/AL9 /RESS+ 9 ! SAME YE> ?AT 0ACTION ONLY FROM 'BEL[0 WAS 0AN AN>*I/ PR9CIPLE1 :I* DOES1 9DE$1 FUNDAM5TALLY CONTRADICT ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC TACTICS40 7,COLLECT$ ,WORKS1 VOL4 #a1 P4 #a#d#i7 

.<#a#c#a.> ,SELECT$ ,WORKS1 VOL4 #b1 P4 #ceb 

.<#a#c#b.> ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS1 VOL4 #d#b1 P4 #ag 

.<#a#c#c.> ,SEE SECTION ,H4#b4#a ( 0,AN ,AN>*I/ ,F,A,Q0 = DETAILS4 

.<#a#c#d.> ,= EXAMPLE3 0,ON ?REE OCCASIONS 9 ! FIR/ MON?S ( ,SOVIET P[]1 ! .<FACTORY.> COMMITTEES LEAD]S S\<T TO BR+ !IR MODEL .<( SOCIALISM BAS$ ON WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY.> 9TO BE+4 ,AT EA* PO9T ! P>TY LEAD]%IP OV]RUL$ !M4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK ALT]NATIVE WAS TO VE/ BO? MANAG]IAL & CONTROL P[]S 9 ORGANS ( ! /ATE :I* W]E SUBORD9ATE TO ! C5TRAL AU?ORITIES1 & =M$ BY !M40 7,?OMAS ,F4 ,REM+TON1 ,BUILD+ ,SOCIALISM 9 ,BOL%EVIK ,RUSSIA1 P4 #c#h7 ,?IS WAS 9-L9E ) PRE-,OCTOB] ,BOL%EVIK NOTIONS ON BUILD+ 0SOCIALISM0 & 5SUR$ ?AT ! REVOLUTION DEVELOP$ 9 A /ATE CAPITALI/ FA%ION 7BO? 9 ! S5SE ,L59 DESIR$ & 9 ! S5SE :I* AN>*I/S W>N$ W\LD BE ! 9EVITABLE RESULT ( /ATE SOCIALISM74 

.<#a#c#e.> ,A BIT LIKE ! ,/AL9I/ 7& ,TROTSKYI/7 EULOGIZ+ ( ,L59 AS ! KEY FACTOR PRODUC+ ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION1 ,GLUCK/E9 /ATES ?AT 0IF ,BLANQUI HAD BE5 AT ! HELM SOME ( ! MO/ DISA/R\S ]RORS ( ! ,COMMUNE'S MILIT>Y CAMPAIGN W\LD HAVE BE5 AVOID$40 7P4 #h7 ,HE QUOTES ,M>X 9DULG+ 9 ?IS 7,BLANQUI W\LD 0GIVE ! ,COMMUNE A LEAD]0 7P4 #h77 

.<#a#c#f.> 0,CLASS POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS CAN BE BR\<T TO ! WORK]S ONLY FROM )\T1 ?AT IS1 ONLY \TSIDE ( ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE40 ,L59 /RESS$ ! ,M>XI/ OR?ODOXY ( HIS CLAIMS & QUOT$ ! 0PR(\NDLY TRUE & IMPORTANT0 COMM5TS ( ,K>L ,KAUTSKY ?AT IT WAS 0ABSOLUTELY UNTRUE0 ?AT 0SOCIALI/ CONSCI\SNESS0 WAS A 0NECESS>Y & DIRECT RESULT ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE40 ,RA!R1 0SOCIALISM & ! CLASS /RUGGLE >ISE SIDE BY SIDE & NOT ONE \T ( ! O!R 444 ,MOD]N SOCIALI/ CONSCI\SNESS CAN >ISE ONLY ON ! BASIS ( PR(\ND SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE 444 ,! VEHICLES ( SCI5CE >E NOT ! PROLET>IAT1 BUT ! B\RGEOIS 9TELLEG5TSIA3 IT WAS ON ! M9DS ( SOME MEMB]S ( ?IS /RATUM ?AT MOD]N SOCIALISM ORIG9ATE40 ,?US 0SOCIALI/ CONSCI\SNESS IS SOME?+ 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE FROM )\T40 7,ESS5TIAL ,WORKS ( ,L591 P4 #a#a#b1 PP4 #h#a-#b7 

.<#a#c#g.> ,L591 ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS1 VOL4 #c#b1 P4 #ba 

.<#a#c#h.> ,GLUCK/E9 PROBABLY W\LD CONSID] ! 9SURRECTIONI/S &1 P]HAPS1 ! 0,BLACK ,BLOC0 AS ! AU!NTIC DESC5DANTS ( ,BLANQUI BUT1 UNLIKE ! ,TROTSKYI/S1 !Y DO NOT ADVOCATE P>TY RULE AFT] ! REVOLUTION4 ,ON BALANCE1 ! ,TROTSKYI/S >E CLOS] TO ,BLANQUISM OV]ALL4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #a#a1 #bba 3 ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 ,M>XISM & ,AN>*ISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 ,M>XISM & ,AN>*ISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/