,! ,ORIG9AL ,CONT5T ,( ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,PROGRAM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AMADEO ,BORDIGA 

,TEXT 3 

,FIR/ PUBLI%$3 9 ,ITALIAN AS 0,CONT5UTO ORIG9ALE DEL PROGRAMMA COMUNI/A E L'ANNULLAM5TO DELLA P]SONA S+OLA COME SOGGETTO ECONOMICO1 TITOL>E DI DIRITTI $ ATTORE DELLA /ORIA UMANA0 9 ,IL ,PROGRAMMA ,COMUNI/A ,NO4 #b#a1 ,NOVEMB] #a#h-,DECEMB] #c1 #a#i#e#h1 & ,NO4 #b#b1 ,DECEMB] #d-#a#h1 #a#i#e#h4 
,TRANSLAT$3 FROM ! ,ITALIAN BY ,ANY?+,=,PROXIMITY 

,S\RCE ( ! ,ITALIAN TEXT3 ,P>T #a1 ,P>T #b4 

,! ORIG9AL CONT5T ( ! COMMUNI/ PROGRAM IS ! OBLIT]ATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL AS AN ECONOMIC SUBJECT1 RI<TS-HOLD]1 & AG5T ( HUMAN HI/ORY 
,M>XISM & PROP]TY 

,ONE TOPIC ?AT WE HAVE FREQU5TLY F\ND \RSELVES OCCUPI$ ) IS ?AT ( ! =MULA :I* 9 ! COMMUNI/ PROGRAM CORRECTLY C\NT]POSES ! PO/-B\RGEOIS HI/ORICAL ]A TO ! CURR5T ONE4 ,TO ?IS TOPIC WAS D$ICAT$ ! OLD /UDY 9 ! FIR/ ISSUE ( ,PROMETEO ON 0,PROP]TY & ,CAPITAL0 .<#a.>4 ,WE DISCUSS$1 & AT \R LA/ MEET+ 9 ,TUR9 .<#b.> WE RETURN$ TO IT ) ?OR\<NESS1 ! MO/ COMMON PROPAG&I/IC =MULA ( PRE-W> SOCIALISM3 ! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 7& ( EX*ANGE74 ,WE USE ! P>5!SIS BECAUSE ?IS IS H[ IT IS WRITT5 9 A FITT+ TEXT BY ,5GELS4 

,! N\N ABOLITION HAS NEV] BE5 SATISFACTORY4 ,IT REEKS ( A VOLITIONAL ACT1 & AS SU* IT IS GOOD = AN>*I/S & 7LOGICALLY7 = RE=MI/S4 ,! ADJECTIVE PRIVATE RAISES ! QUE/ION ( :E!R ! RELATION%IP :I* WE D5OTE BY ! WORD 'PROP]TY' %\LD DISAPPE> 9 COMMUNI/ SOCIETY1 OR ONLY *ANGE ITS SUBJECT4 

,IT IS 9 ! SE>* = ?IS NEW SUBJECT :]E1 ALL ?+S CONSID]$1 LIES ! :OLE BASIS = DEVIATIONS & = IMM$IATISM - OLD OR NEW BUT ALWAYS PHILI/9E4 ,WILL PROP]TY PASS FROM BE+ PRIVATE 79 ! VULG> S5SE3 BIG [N]S' PROP]TY7 TO GR\PS ( PRODUC]S1 PRODUC]-CONSUM] F$]ATIONS1 ! ,/ATE1 CRAFT ASSOCIATIONS1 OR EV5 TO SOCIAL SUBCLASSES8 

,\R RESE>* C>RI$ \T 9 ,TUR9 & 9 ! 0,COROLL>II0 .<#c.> )9 !SE PAGES 7SEE ISSUES #a#c1 #a#d1 #a#e1 #a#f1 & #a#g7 .<#d.> L$ TO ! !SIS ?AT !RE MU/ NOT SURVIVE ANY SUBJECT ( PROP]TY1 CONTR>Y TO ! HI/ORICALLY /]ILE PETIT-B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGIES1 & ?AT !RE MU/ NOT SURVIVE ANY OBJECT1 EI!R3 MEANS ( PRODUCTION OR EX*ANGE1 L&1 FIX$ PLANT1 NOR CONSUM] GOODS2 NOT EV5 9DIVIDUAL CONSUMPTION GOODS4 

,S9CE =MULAS1 ONCE PICK$ UP1 HAVE A T]RIFIC /AY+ P[]1 ! 0,COROLL>II0 W]E D$ICAT$ TO PROV+ ?AT ?IS IS NOT A NEW !SIS1 BUT AS ALWAYS A CLASSICAL ONE ( ,M>XISM1 & WE D]IV$ IT FROM ! LUM9\S PAGES ( ,5GELS & ,M>X4 ,WE C>RI$ ! DEMON/RATION =W>D UNTIL WE E/ABLI%$1 US+ AN ESS5TIAL PASSAGE FROM ,VOLUME ,I,I,I ( ,CAPITAL1 ?AT COMMUNISM CAN BE DEF9$ NOT EV5 AS [N]%IP ( L& TRANSF]R$ FROM ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ,SOCIETY1 BECAUSE ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 SOCIETY & ! E>?1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT ONE WANTS TO USE A T]M ( ! CONV5TIONAL LEGAL SY/EM1 IS NOT ONE ( PROP]TY BUT RA!R ( TEMPOR>Y USUFRUCT4 

,BUT P]HAPS SOMEONE MAY ?9K ?AT !RE >E /ATEM5TS BY ,M>X :I* MAKE AN EXCEPTION = P]SONAL PROP]TY1 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY2 /ATEM5TS AB\T CONSUM] GOODS - AT LEA/ ?OSE BELONG+ TO ! WAGE WORK]1 :O HAS C]TA9LY NOT TRAFFICK$ 9 ! LABOR ( O!RS4 ,IT IS TO BE %[N ?AT SU* A L9E ( REASON+ IS NOT GR\ND$ 9 ,M>XISM BUT 9 A VAGUE & B>R5 PHILOSOPHY ( EXPLOITATION :I* IS AT ! CORE ( MANY ( TODAY'S FAKE LEFTISMS 7SEE ,*AULIEU ( ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE AS AN EXAMPLE ( A !ORETICIAN :O IS NOT NAIVE BUT NEV]!LESS CONDEMN$ TO ! SAD IMM$IATI/ CIRCLE74 

,= ,M>XI/S1 EV]Y COMMODITY 9 ! CURR5T SOCIETY IS ,CAPITAL - 9ASMU* AS ,CAPITAL IS NO?+ BUT ! MASS ( COMMODITIES ?AT CIRCULATE2 WE'RE TALK+ ! BASICS H]E6 - & CONTA9S A FRACTION ( SURPLUS VALUE1 ( EXTORT$ & UNPAID LABOR4 ,:OEV] BUYS ?AT COMMODITY ) MONEY & CONSUMES IT APPROPRIATES ! WORK ( O!RS1 EV5 IF )9 ! PRODUCTIVE CYCLE O!RS HAVE APPROPRIAT$ HIS [N LABOR 9 !IR TURN4 

,9 ! C\RSE ( ?IS RESE>*1 IT IS NECESS>Y1 :5 WE 5C\NT] !SE AB]RATIONS ( 9NOC5T APPE>ANCE1 TO GO BACK TO ! *>ACT]I/ICS ?AT DI/+UI% CAPITALISM FROM PRE-CAPITALI/ =MS ( PRODUCTION1 & TO ASK \RSELVES :AT IS ! EXACT DEF9ITION ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE 9 CLASSICAL ,M>XISM4 

,IT W\LD BE NAIVE TO SAY ?AT CAPITALISM IS ! SY/EM 9 :I* !RE IS EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN1 BO? BECAUSE EXPLOITATION ALSO EXI/$ 9 O!R MODES ( PRODUCTION SU* AS S]FDOM & SLAV]Y1 & BECAUSE SU* DEF9ITIONS %\LD NOT BE CONC]N$ ) ! RELATION BETWE5 ONE 9DIVIDUAL & ! O!R1 BUT RA!R 9T]PRET ! UNFOLD+ ( ! :OLE SOCIAL DYNAMIC & ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! CLASSES4 ,EV5 ! =MULA ( ! EXPLOITATION ( ONE CLASS BY ANO!R1 :ILE BETT]1 IS NOT COMPLETE4 

,ONE CAN POSIT1 AT LEA/ 9 !ORY1 A SOCIETY ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 & !RE=E ONE :I* IS NOT ! LEA/ BIT SOCIALI/1 )\T EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN OR ( CLASS BY CLASS4 ,JU/ ?9K ( A SOCIETY ( PETTY COMMODITY PRODUCTION1 OR EV5 - IF Y\ LIKE - ( A SOCIETY ( 9DEP5D5T SELF-SUFFICI5T PRODUC]S1 ?AT IS ( PEASANTS & >TISANS1 :O ONLY CONSUME PRODUCTS ?AT !Y HAVE WORK$ ON4 

,EXPROPRIATION1 NOT APPROPRIATION 

,= \R S*OOL1 DEF9+ CAPITALISM DOES NOT MEAN DEF9+ A /RUCTURE \TSIDE ( TIME1 BUT RA!R *>ACT]IZ+ ITS HI/ORICAL ORIG9S4 ,9 ,M>X1 CAPITALISM IS DEF9$ BY ! SEP>ATION ( ! WORK] FROM ! CONDITIONS ( HIS WORK1 AS IS MADE CLE> 9 EV]Y P>TY TEXT4 ,CAPITAL IS =M$ BY ! EXPROPRIATION ( FREE PRODUC]S :O >E LEFT )\T L& OR 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR1 & :O LOSE ALL RI<TS TO ! PRODUCTS ( !IR LABOR4 ,!SE >E ! RELATIONS & CONDITIONS FROM :I* !Y >E =CIBLY COMPELL$ TO DIVORCE !MSELVES1 REMA9+ ONLY BE>]S ( LABOR P[] :I* !Y SELL 9 EX*ANGE = A MONEY WAGE4 ,CAPITAL DOES NOT CREATE 0PRIVATISM0 ?AT WE1 SOCIALI/S1 >E !N GO+ TO DE/ROY2 ! ?+ IS NOT SO BANAL4 ,RA!R1 CAPITAL 0SOCIALIZES10 BECAUSE IT CONC5TRATES 9 L>GE MASSES ! FRAGM5T$ MEANS :I* IT HAS EXTORT$ FROM FREE PRODUC]S1 & 9 DO+ SO ATTA9S AN ECONOMICALLY & HI/ORICALLY POSITIVE OBJECTIVE 9S(> AS IT LEADS TO L>GE-SCALE COOP]ATION AMONG WORK]S4 ,9ITIALLY1 ?IS SY/EM SATISFIES BETT] ?AN ! OLD ONE ! NE$S NOT JU/ ( ! CAPITALI/S1 BUT ( ! :OLE SOCIETY & ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 ABOVE ALL 9 ! FIELD ( MANUFACTUR$ GOODS1 :I* W]E PRACTICALLY UNKN[N TO ! POOR ( PRE-B\RGEOIS TIMES4 

,! DIALECTIC ( EXPROPRIATION ( ! EXPROPRIATORS - :I* WE HAVE READ AB\T A HUNDR$ TIMES 9 ! ,MANIFE/O1 9 ,CAPITAL1 & 9 ,ANTI-,DUHR+ - CANNOT BE R$UC$ TO A S9 R$EEM$1 TO ! RE/ITUTION ( LOOT1 TO A BANAL 'GIVE ,CES> :AT IS ,CES>'S'1 AS IT SEEMS TO ! N>R[-M9D$ IMM$IATI/1 BUT IT IS ! HI/ORICAL ADDITION ( ONE LEAP =W>D TO ANO!R1 ( A REVOLUTION TO A REVOLUTION1 :I* W]E G5]ALLY WIDELY SEP>AT$ 9 TIME BUT :I* BO? DID A GOOD JOB4 

,9 CAPITALISM1 ! MO/ COLLECTIVE =M ( PRODUCTION REPLAC$ PRIVATE PRODUCTION1 & 9 ESS5CE ?IS !SIS ALSO APPLIES TO ! APPROPRIATION ( PRODUCTS4 ,?OSE PRODUCTS ?AT W]E FIR/ DI/RIBUT$ 9 M9IMAL QUANTITIES AMONG AUTONOM\S PRODUC]S1 :O C\LD CONSUME !M OR EX*ANGE !M1 N[ BECOME AVAILABLE 9 BULK TO ! FEW1 OR TO ?OSE :O >E /ILL FEW] 9 NUMB]3 ! [N]S ( 5T]PRISES4 

,?AT PORTION ( PRODUCTS :I* WE TODAY CALL CAPITAL GOODS OR 9/RUM5TAL GOODS 7! FIR/ T]M IS BETT] BECAUSE1 9 ADDITION TO TOOLS & MA*9ES1 IT ALSO 9CLUDES ! SEMI-F9I%$ PRODUCTS ?AT WILL 5T] ANO!R PROCESS+ CYCLE7 CONT9UES TO CIRCULATE 9 L>GE MASSES1 :ILE ONLY ?AT PORTION ( F9AL PRODUCTS :I* IS CALL$ 'CONSUM] GOODS' F9DS ON ! M>KET AN OPPORTUNITY TO BE MORE F9ELY SUBDIVID$ & WIDELY DI/RIBUT$ BY BE+ EX*ANG$ AGA9/ MONEY ?AT COMES FROM ! WAGES ( ! PROLET>IANS1 OR FROM ! REV5UE ( ! CAPITALI/S1 OR EV5 FROM ?OSE BELONG+ TO O!R CLASSES 9H]IT$ FROM ANCI5T SOCIETIES4 

,!RE=E CAPITALISM IS A MODE ( PRODUCTION ?AT IS NO LONG] 9DIVIDUAL BUT SOCIAL1 & IT IS ONLY ITS MODE ( DI/RIBUTION :I* IS 9DIVIDUAL4 ,H[EV]1 EV5 ?IS SECOND P>T ( ! !SIS CANNOT REF] TO CAPITAL GOODS1 :I* =M ! L>GE/ PORTION .<( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT.>1 BUT ONLY TO DIRECT CONSUMPTION GOODS1 :I* EV]YONE DOES !IR %>E ( BUY+1 AL?\< C]TA9LY NOT 9 EQUAL QUANTITIES4 

,IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT NOT EV5 ?IS 9EQUALITY1 JU/ LIKE ! PREVI\S 9JU/ICE1 IS A VALID DEF9+ FEATURE ( CAPITALISM 9 \R DOCTR9E1 :I* RA!R DEF9ES IT AS ! SUPPRESSION ( ! FRE$OM ( ! PRODUC]4 ,NONE ( ?IS HAS PREV5T$ ! POLITICAL SUP]/RUCTURE ( CAPITALISM FROM DECK+ ITSELF \T 9 FRE$OM1 EQUALITY1 & JU/ICE4 

,9DE$1 SOCIALISM WILL DO MU* BETT] ?AN TO SUBDIVIDE L&1 MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & PRODUCTS 9TO AS MANY P>TICLES AS !RE >E HUMAN BE+S2 A ?+ ?AT W\LD BE MANIFE/LY ABSURD :5 IT COMES TO ALL GOODS ?AT >E NOT DIRECTLY CONSUMABLE1 & *ILDI%LY EXPRESS$ :5 IT COMES TO ?OSE ?AT >E4 

,L59'S !ORETICAL RIGOR 

,!RE IS A WRIT+ P5N$ BY ,L59 AT ! 5D ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 :I* WILL BE FUR!R USEFUL TO US1 DEAL+ ) ! VITAL SUBJECT ( ,CRISIS ,!ORY & BE>+ ! FOLL[+ TITLE 7MAK+ A MOCK]Y ( ! REVISIONI/S73 0,A ,*>ACT]IZATION ( ,ECONOMIC ,ROMANTICISM40 ,P]HAPS ! READ] WILL RECALL ?AT WE HAVE (T5 EMPLOY$ ! DEF9ITION ( ROMANTICISM = ! ,/AL9I/ DEG5]ATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION4 

,?IS WRIT+ IS USEFUL TO US = SOME QUOTATIONS :I* %[ ?AT C]TA9 =MULATIONS1 :I* SOME TODAY /ILL F9D IT H>D TO GET 9TO !IR HEADS1 HAVE BE5 ! NATURAL H]ITAGE ( \R S*OOL = A LONG TIME4 

,L59 RIDICULES ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMI/ ,EFRUSSI = HIS MANGL$ DEF9ITION ( CRISIS1 :I* WAS ALSO %>$ BY ! GREAT ,SISMONDI & BY ,RODB]TUS 7! ,G]MAN :O 9SI/$ ?AT ,M>X HAD PLAGI>IZ$ HIS !ORY ( WAGES74 ,L59 %[$ H[ C]TA9 DE=MATIONS ( PO/-,M>XI/S DID NO?+ BUT REHA% ! MI/AKES ?AT HAD ALREADY BE5 OV]COME & ELIM9AT$ BY ,M>X2 WE CAN N[ EXT5D ?IS TRU? TO ! PRES5T DAY1 ?AT IS1 = MORE ?AN ANO!R HALF A C5TURY4 ,KEYNES & ! WELF>I/S 9 FACT PICK UP :]E ,EFRUSSI LEFT (F & :]E ,RODB]TUS & ,SISMONDI LEFT (F2 CRISIS IS AN UNFAVORABLE RELATION%IP BETWE5 PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION1 & SOLV+ IT IS A MATT] ( /IMULAT+ & 5HANC+ CONSUMPTION1 ABOVE ALL ! CONSUMPTION ( WAGE LABOR]S4 

,L59 D]IDES ?IS LAPALISSADE .<#e.> :I* CLAIMS ?AT CRISES HAPP5 BECAUSE NOT EV]Y?+ ?AT IS PRODUC$ IS B\<T1 BECAUSE !RE IS NO BALANCE BETWE5 PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION1 OR ?AT ?IS BALANCE FALLS %ORT BECAUSE ! PRODUC] 7CAPITALI/7 DID NOT =ESEE ! DEM&4 ,?IS IS ! EFFECT1 BUT NOT ! EXPLANATION1 ( ! CAUSE4 ,L59 PO9TS \T ?AT UND]CONSUMPTION IS A PH5OM5ON *>ACT]I/IC ( ALL ECONOMIES1 BUT ?AT CRISES *>ACT]IZE ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY ONLY4 

,MAL?US & ,SISMONDI /& AGA9/ ! CLASSICAL ECONOMI/S BECAUSE !Y D]IVE SOCIAL WEAL? NOT FROM PRODUCTION BUT FROM CONSUMPTION3 ,RODB]TUS ONLY TOOK IT ONE SMALL /EP FUR!R :5 HE ID5TIFI$ ! 9SUFFICI5T CONSUMPTION ( ! WORK]S AS ! CAUSE & GAVE RISE TO ! RE=MI/ & GRADUALI/ IMM$IATISM4 ,/ILL FOLL[+ ?IS !ORETICAL L9E TODAY >E ! ECONOMI/S :O BELIEVE !Y CAN SAY MORE ?AN ,M>X & 7AS WE SAID AT ,A/I .<#f.>7 EXALT ,MAL?US :O DELEGAT$ CONSUMPTION TO ! NOBLE L&[N]S & PRIE/S 9 ORD] TO SOLVE ! ECONOMIC RIDDLE6 ,9 ,AM]ICA1 ! IDEAL TYPE ( ?IS MOD]N PRIE/L+ IS ! EMPLOYEE :O - ) HIS C>1 FAMILY HOME1 ,T,V SET1 ETC4 - %>ES 9 ! PR(ITS4 

,BUT LET'S GET TO ! MEAT ( ! MATT]4 ,L59 EXCUSES ,SISMONDI & ,RODB]TUS1 BUT WE CANNOT EXCUSE ,*AULIEU OR ,KEYNES4 ,! =M] W]E NOT 0CAPABLE0 ( UND]/&+ ?AT 0! CRITICISM ( CAPITALISM CANNOT BE BAS$ ON PHRASES AB\T UNIV]SAL PROSP]ITY 7,SISMONDI71 OR AB\T ! FALLACY ( CIRCULATION LEFT TO ITSELF 7,RODB]TUS71 BUT MU/ BE BAS$ ON ! *>ACT] ( ! EVOLUTION ( PRODUCTION RELATIONS0 .<#g.>4 ,!Y W]E NOT ABLE TO UND]/& IT BECAUSE !Y W]E WRIT+ BE=E ! RISE ( ,M>XISM4 

,:AT DID !Y NOT KN[8 ,NO ONE CAN SAY IT BETT] ?AN ,L593 0,CRISES >E 9EVITABLE BECAUSE ! COLLECTIVE *>ACT] ( PRODUCTION COMES 9TO CONFLICT ) ! 9DIVIDUAL *>ACT] ( APPROPRIATION0 .<#h.>4 ,?IS FUNDAM5TAL !OREM ( ,M>XISM IS REPEAT$ A LITTLE LAT] ) ! ADDITION ( A P>5!SIS3 0CONTRADICTION ?AT IS ! DI/+UI%+ FEATURE ( ONLY ONE SY/EM-! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 NAMELY1 ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! SOCIAL *>ACT] ( PRODUCTION 7SOCIALIZ$ BY CAPITALISM7 & ! PRIVATE1 9DIVIDUAL MODE ( APPROPRIATION0 .<#i.>4 

,L59 ADDS3 0',AN>*Y ( PRODUCTION1' 'UNPLANN$ PRODUCTION'-:AT DO !SE 7WELL-KN[N7 EXPRESSIONS TELL US8 ,!Y TELL US AB\T ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! SOCIAL *>ACT] ( PRODUCTION & ! 9DIVIDUAL *>ACT] ( APPROPRIATION0 .<#a.>4 

,WE TAKE FROM ?IS PASSAGE BY ,L59 ! NOTION ( UND]CONSUMPTION4 ,MANY ]AS HAVE BE5 M>K$ BY ?IS PH5OM5ON1 ! REACTION TO :I* WAS ! DECIMATION ( ! POPULATION4 ,! CAPITALI/ ]A FEIGNS TO ABHOR IT1 & FROM ?IS /EMS ! MY? ( OV]PRODUCTION1 = :I* OV]CONSUMPTION & OV]POPULATION >E REQUIR$4 ,IT IS TIME TO RID \RSELVES ( YET ANO!R IMITATIVE FIXATION ON ! B\RGEOIS ORD]3 ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION CANNOT HESITATE TO GO ?R\< A P]IOD ( UND]CONSUMPTION IF ?AT IS :AT IT TAKES TO OV]?R[ CAPITALISM4 ,L59'S REVOLUTION F\RTY YE>S AGO TAU<T US ?AT !RE WAS NO NE$ TO HESITATE1 BUT ! GOAL HAD TO BE ! VICTORY ( ! SOCIALI/ SY/EM1 & NOT ( ! SY/EM ( CAPITALISM4 ,NEV]!LESS1 !RE REMA9S A GREAT LESSON = ! PROLET>IAT & ITS P>TY3 ! REVOLUTION>Y DICTATOR%IP WILL HAVE ! *>ACT] ( A DICTATOR%IP OV] CONSUMPTION - ! ONLY WAY TO DETOXIFY ! S]VANTS ( MOD]N ,CAPITAL1 & RID !M ( ! CLASS /IGMA :I* IT BR&$ 9TO !IR FLE% & 9TO !IR M9DS4 

,?IS IS SOME?+ 9COMPREH5SIBLE TO EV]Y IMM$IATI/ CIRCLE3 COMMUNE1 F$]ATION1 CATEGORY1 CLASS ( PRODUC]S 7WE ALSO NE$ TO RECALL ,M>X'S 9CISIVE PHRASE AB\T ! CONTROL ( SOCIETY ?AT IS NOT TO BE SURR5D]$ TO ONE CLASS ( PRODUC]S .<#a#a.> - ?AT IS1 NOT EV5 TO A CLASS ( ! NON-IDLE & ( NON-EXPLOIT]S74 ,& IT IS SOME?+ ?AT ADDS TO ! *A9S ( IMPOT5CE :I* CON/RA9 EV]Y =M ( ORGANIZATION ?AT IS NOT ! POLITICAL P>TY3 UNIONS1 5T]PRISE C\NCILS1 LOCAL C\NCILS4 

,! CORRECT =MULATION 

,ONCE AGA9 WE CLAIM ! FULL MANTLE ( ,M>XI/ DECL>ATORY JUDGM5T4 

,! SEP>ATION ( WORK]S FROM ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( !IR WORK IS ! CAPITALI/ =M4 ,BY REALIZ+ ?IS SEP>ATION US+ MEANS ?AT >E VIOL5T & EV5 9HUMAN1 CAPITALISM TRANS=MS 9DIVIDUAL PRODUCTION 9TO SOCIAL PRODUCTION1 BUT LEAVES TO ! APPROPRIATION ( PRODUCTS ITS 9DIVIDUAL *>ACT]4 

,! FREE PRODUC]S EXPROPRIAT$ BY CAPITALISM >E R$UC$ TO PROLET>IANS :O HAVE NO RES]VES & LIVE BY SELL+ !IR LABOR P[] = MONEY1 ) :I* !Y REALIZE ! PUR*ASE ( A PORTION ( ! PRODUCTS = !IR [N P]SONAL CONSUMPTION - ?AT IS1 ! REPRODUCTION ( LABOR P[]4 

,9 ! SOCIALI/ =M1 PRODUCTION REMA9S SOCIAL1 & !RE=E !RE IS NO PROP]TY ON ANYONE'S P>T 9 ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION1 9CLUD+ L& & FIX$ PLANT4 ,9 ?IS SOCIETY1 !RE WILL BE NO 9DIVIDUAL APPROPRIATION1 NOT EV5 = ! PURPOSES ( CONSUMPTION4 ,RA!R1 DI/RIBUTION WILL BE SOCIAL & = SOCIAL PURPOSES4 

,SOCIAL CONSUMPTION DIFF]S FROM 9DIVIDUAL CONSUMPTION 9 ?AT ! PHYSICAL ALLOCATION ( CONSUMABLE GOODS IS NOT DONE ?R\< ! M$IATION ( COMMODITY PUR*ASE & ) MONET>Y MEANS4 

,:5 SOCIETY SATISFIES ALL ?OSE NE$S ( ITS MEMB]S ?AT >E NOT 9CONSI/5T ) ! BE/ C\RSE ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 REG>DLESS ( !IR LESS] OR GREAT] CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIAL LABOR1 ALL P]SONAL PROP]TY HAS CEAS$ TO EXI/ & ) IT ITS MEASURE1 ?AT IS VALUE1 & ITS SYMBOL1 MONEY4 

,9 ! BEG9N+ ( ! /RUGGLE ( ! MOD]N PROLET>IAT1 9COMPLETE =MULAS W]E (T5 US$1 :I* IS NOT TO SAY1 H[EV]1 ?AT !SE CONTA9$ ! OV]ALL EXPRESSION ( ! DOCTR9E4 ,TO ?IS MU/ BE ATTRIBUT$ ! FREQU5T RECURR5CE ( ! EXPRESSIONS3 0SOCIALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION10 OR RA!R3 0RESPECT = ! P]SONAL PROP]TY ( ! WORK]40 ,HI/ORICALLY1 ?IS DID NOT LEAD TO ANY S]I\S AMBIGUITIES1 S9CE G5]AL PLUND] ( ! 9DEP5D5T LABOR]S' MEASLY P]SONAL PROP]TY 9 TOOLS & PRODUCTS WAS ! NORM UNTIL V]Y REC5TLY4 ,IT IS ANALOG\S TO H[ ,M>X HIMSELF HAD TO PUT UP ) ! FACT ?AT 9 ! G5]AL ADDRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION !RE W]E LEFT PHRASES AB\T JU/ICE & ! FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & ( ! PEOPLES1 :I* HE MADE SURE W]E RELEGAT$ TO :]E !Y C\LD NOT CAUSE H>M4 

,TODAY WE F9D CAPITALISM AT A MU* HI<] PO9T ON ! CURVE ( ITS DEVELOPM5T1 NAMELY ?AT :I* CLASSICAL ,M>XISM FULLY ANTICIPAT$2 & IT IS NOT 5\< - AS IT WAS !N - = AN AGITATION =MULA TO BE USEFUL TO ! WORK+ CLASS ?AT IT IS DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! P[]S ?AT BE4 

,CONT9U+ ! WORK ( ! 0,COROLL>II0 .<#a#b.>1 WE HAVE A DUTY TO KEEP GIV+ ! DEMON/RATION :I* 9 ! CASE ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL WAS GIV5 BY ,M>X'S WELL-KN[N LETT] TO ,5GELS1 9 ORD] TO REMOVE ANY SUSPICION ?AT :]E O!RS MAKE CUTS TO ,M>XISM1 WE WANT$ TO GIVE Y\ SOME ADDITIONS ( \R [N4 

,R\< \TL9ES ( FUTURE SOCIETY 

,! EV] MORE EXT5SIVE RESE>* 9TO ! ,M>XI/ LIT]ATURE ?AT IS UND]WAY ON ALL SIDES1 CONDUCT$ EV5 BY ?OSE CURR5TS :I* MA9TA9 ?AT IT IS TIME TO F9I% ) ALL ( ?IS REF]R+ TO ,M>X - ?\<T BY MANY TO BE TOO \TDAT$ - HAS HAD ! RESULT ( TRACK+ D[N & PUBLI%+ EV5 ! SIMPLE M>G9AL NOTES ?AT ,M>X JOTT$ ON ! PAGES ( ! BOOKS :I* HE READ & TO :I* HE D$ICAT$ HIS CRITICISM4 

,! PASSAGE ?AT WILL S]VE US N[ DES]VES ATT5TIVE READ+1 & IT IS REGRETTABLE ?AT IT IS 9T]RUPT$ BY A COMM5T ?AT DIM9I%ES ITS CONT9UITY1 & ?US ITS P[]4 ,IT IS TAK5 FROM ! NOTES WRITT5 ON ! WORK ( ,JAMES ,MILL1 ! ,5GLI% ECONOMI/ :O WAS ! FA!R ( ! BETT]-KN[N ECONOMI/ & PHILOSOPH] ,JOHN ,/U>T ,MILL1 & :OM ,M>X CIT$ EXT5SIVELY 9 HIS LAT] WORKS & 9 HIS HI/ORY ( ! ,!ORIES ( ,SURPLUS ,VALUE4 ,H]E WE >E DEAL+ ) SIX PAGES WRITT5 9 A NOTEBOOK ?AT 9T]E/ US NOT SO MU* AS A CRITIQUE ( ,MILL ,S5IOR'S SY/EM1 BUT AS A FREE EXCURSION ( ,M>X'S M9D 9TO ! FIELDS ( COMMUNI/ SOCIETY1 :I* HE WAS ALWAYS RELUCTANT TO UND]TAKE4 

,WE MU/ BE> 9 M9D ?AT ! Y\NG ,M>X HAD ALREADY DEVELOP$ ! COMPLETE CRITIQUE ( ,HEGEL'S IDEALISM1 :I* HE DECL>$ TO HAVE COMPLET$ ) HIS WORK ON ! ,CRITIQUE ( ,HEGEL'S ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,RI<T ?AT DATES FROM ?OSE YE>S4 ,H[EV]1 HIS PREF]R$ =M ( EXPOSITION1 P>TICUL>LY 9 A NOTE NOT 9T5D$ = ! PUBLIC1 C\LD NOT BUT 0FLIRT0 ) ! ,HEGELIAN ME?OD1 A ?+ HE EV5 ADMITT$ DO+ 9 ! PREFACE TO ,VOLUME ,I ( ,CAPITAL MORE ?AN TW5TY YE>S LAT]4 

,IT IS !RE=E NO WOND] ?AT ?IS EXC]PT1 :I* WE *OOSE AS A TRUE ,MANIFE/O AGA9/ EV]Y =M ( 9DIVIDUALISM1 SETS UP ! POLEMIC 9 ! 9DIVIDUALIZ$ =M ( A DIALOGUE BETWE5 ! *>ACT]S 0,Y\0 & 0,ME02 ?IS IS PROBABLY ! CASE BECAUSE ,MILL'S TEXT1 :5 IT DEALT ) ! !ORY ( EX*ANGE BETWE5 ! PRODUC]S ( COMMODITIES ?AT SATISFY DIFF]5T NE$S1 DID SO AFT] ! OLD FA%ION ( ECONOMI/S BY TRADE 7/ILL NOT DEAD AFT] ALL ?IS TIME71 & BAS$ ALL ITS ANALYSIS ?AT W\LD COME TO ! DEF5SE ( ! M>KET & ( ! LAW ( EX*ANGE ON ! ELEM5T>Y CASE ( ,TOM :O HAD PRODUC$ A COMMODITY ?AT IS USEFUL TO ,H>RY4 

,M>X ADOPTS ?IS SC5>IO ( A P]SONAL RELATION%IP1 & DIALECTICALLY LAYS ! F\NDATION = ! CON/RUCTION ( A CRITIQUE ?AT FROM ! EGOISM ( ! TWO 9DIVIDUALS1 MEASURABLE ACCORD+ TO ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S 9 T]MS ( VALUE & MONEY & ! EXACT T]MS ON :I* BO? ( !M APPROA* ! DEAL1 RISES ABOVE ! BASE & VILE BORD]S ( A M>KET SOCIETY4 ,!RE IS AN EVID5T CONC]N ?R\<\T TO PLACE EV]Y?+ ON ! FIRM BASIS ( MAT]IAL & REAL RELATIONS1 EV5 ?\< ! LIT]>Y =M MAY HAVE AN AB/RACT FLAVOR4 

0,AS A MAN Y\ HAVE1 ( C\RSE1 A HUMAN RELATION TO MY PRODUCT3 Y\ HAVE NE$ ( MY PRODUCT4 ,H5CE IT EXI/S = Y\ AS AN OBJECT ( Y\R DESIRE & Y\R WILL4 ,BUT Y\R NE$1 Y\R DESIRE1 Y\R WILL1 >E P[]LESS AS REG>DS MY PRODUCT40 .<#a#c.> 

,WE APOLOGIZE = ?IS FIR/ 9T]RUPTION2 WE WANT TO CL>IFY ?AT H]E WE >E DESCRIB+ A SOCIETY ( PRODUCT [N]S4 ,! MEMB] 0,Y\0 CANNOT SIMPLY REA* \T A H& & GRAB ! PRODUCT ( ! MEMB] 0,ME0 ?AT 0,Y\0 CRAVE SO MU*1 BECAUSE ! SOCIAL =M =BIDS IT4 

0,?AT .<?IS P[]LESSNESS.> MEANS1 !RE=E1 ?AT Y\R HUMAN NATURE1 :I* ACCORD+LY IS B\ND TO /& 9 9TIMATE RELATION TO MY HUMAN PRODUCTION1 IS NOT Y\R P[] OV] ?IS PRODUCTION1 Y\R POSSESSION ( IT1 = IT IS NOT ! .<FACULTY ( APPROPRIATION 7?US WE TRANSLATE ! T]M ,EIG5TUEMLI*KEIT7.>1 NOT ! P[]1 ( MAN'S NATURE ?AT IS RECOGNIZ$ 9 MY PRODUCTION40 .<#a#d.> 

,WE'LL TRANSLATE ! MEAN+1 IF WE MAY3 ! SOCIAL =M DOES NOT RECOGNIZE ! RI<T ( ANY & ALL HUMAN BE+S .<#a#e.> TO CONSUME MY PRODUCTION2 IT GRANTS ?AT RI<T ONLY TO ME OR TO ?OSE :O PAY ME - & ?AT'S IT = ! F\L LANGUAGE4 ,?AT WAS ,HEGEL4 

0,!Y 7Y\R NE$1 Y\R 9N] DESIRE7 CON/ITUTE RA!R ! TIE :I* MAKES Y\ DEP5D5T ON ME1 BECAUSE !Y PUT Y\ 9 A POSITION ( DEP5D5CE ON MY PRODUCT4 ,F> FROM BE+ ! MEANS :I* W\LD GIVE Y\ P[] OV] MY PRODUCTION1 !Y 7Y\R DESIRES7 >E 9/EAD ! MEANS = GIV+ ME P[] OV] Y\40 .<#a#f.> 

,UP TO H]E1 ! DESCRIPTION HAS BE5 ?AT ( ! GRE$Y SOCIETY ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION4 ,EX*ANGE1 AS A TWO-P>T SUB/ITUTE = PRIMITIVE B>T]1 IS DESCRIB$ BY ! V>I\S ,MILLS AS A MATT] ( FREE WILLS ?AT SMILE AT ONE ANO!R AS !Y MEET EA* O!R HALFWAY4 ,BUT 9/EAD IT IS AB\T TWO ACTS ( CONSUMMATION ( AN 9HUMAN P[]4 ,MY P[] OV] ! BREAD ?AT WILL QUELL Y\R HUNG] IS TO MAKE Y\ DIE1 & Y\ CAN ONLY SAVE Y\RSELF IF Y\ HAVE ! MONEY ?AT CAN SLIP UND]NEA? MY P[]1 ! MONEY ?AT Y\ RECEIV$ BECAUSE Y\ HAD TO SELL A G>M5T ON PA9 ( ! HUMAN BE+-BUY] DY+ FROM ! COLD4 ,GR\NDLESS FE>S ( ! Y\NG ,M>X8 ,BUT :O DOES NOT RECOGNIZE 9 ?IS ! *APT] ( ,CAPITAL ON ,! FETI%-LIKE *>ACT] ( ! COMMODITY & ITS SECRET1 9 :I* ! RELATION BETWE5 COMMODITIES1 M>K$ BY A C&ID >I?METIC EQUALITY1 BECOMES A RELATION BETWE5 M51 & ONE :I* PROVES TO BE WORSE ?AN ?AT BETWE5 WOLVES8 

,AT ! REC5T CONGRESS ( PHILOSOPH]S .<#a#g.>1 ,M>X SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 ON EV]YONE'S M9D4 ,A ,JESUIT CALLS HIM A MORE F]TILE PHILOSOPH] 9 ! WORKS FROM HIS Y\?1 ANO!R PR(ESSOR CALLS HIM MORE MATURE 9 HIS OLD AGE1 SOME ,RUSSOPHILES CALL HIM ALWAYS CONSI/5T4 ,= N[1 ?AT'S 5\< AB\T ?AT CONGRESS1 BUT \R MESSAGE IS ?AT NONE ( ! ?REE GR\PS HAS UND]/OOD ,M>X1 :OM ,/AL9'S DISCIPLES COOK UP 9TO A 0DUALI/06 

,! FLI<T ?R\< TIME 

,! WRIT] !N MAKES A LEAP 7& )\T W>N+1 TOO1 LIKE HE ALWAYS DOES TO ! CONFUSION ( HIS C5SORS71 GOES BEYOND ! HI/ORICAL COMMODITY =M1 & TAKES ! BOLD APPROA* ( ASSUM+ ?AT ! CITIZ5S ,Y\ & ,ME CONT9UE !IR DIALOGUE1 ONLY WE N[ KN[ WELL ?AT IT IS ! ,SOCIAL ,MAN :O SPEAKS ) HIMSELF4 ,BUT ! LITTLE PHILOSOPHICAL /ORY IS !RE TO SAY ?AT WE HAVE KILL$ ! P]SON 9 HIM1 HIS ASC5T TO ,FRE$OM & ,VALUE /OPP$ ) \R COLLECTIVISM1 ,SPIRIT NAIL$ TO MATT] 9 ORD] TO MAKE ( ! TWO ONE4 

,M>X DOES NOT /OP AT ANNIHILAT+ ! ALL-TIME ADV]S>Y ) ONE ( HIS FI]Y S>CASMS4 ,HE IS GO+ TO %[ JU/ TO :AT HEI<TS ! HUMAN BE+ %\LD RISE ONCE M]CANTILE EGOISM HAS BE5 KILL$ 9 IT1 HEI<TS ( ! JOY ( A LIFE UNKN[N UNTIL !N4 

0,LET US SUPPOSE ?AT WE HAD C>RI$ \T PRODUCTION AS HUMAN BE+S40 .<#a#h.> ,WE MU/ /OP H]E2 ! READ] WILL WANT TO R]EAD ?IS1 EV5 IF HE HAS PREVI\SLY SKIPP$ OV] \R DULLNESS4 ,TODAY WE PRODUCE NOT AS HUMAN BE+S BUT AS SLAVES & AS HUCK/]S4 ,S9CE WE >E N[ ASSUM+ ?AT WE PRODUCE )\T GETT+ PAID & NOT = ! OBJECTIVE ( GETT+ PAID1 ?IS MEANS WE HAVE E>LI] ASSUM$ TO HAVE TRANSPORT$ \RSELVES 9TO COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 

0,EA* ( US W\LD HAVE 9 TWO WAYS AFFIRM$ HIMSELF & ! O!R P]SON40 .<#a#i.> ,NO ONE HAS !RE=E ABNEGAT$ !MSELVES NOR !IR HUMANITY1 CONTR>Y TO ! SNE]+ ( ! PHILI/9E4 

0#a7 ,9 MY PRODUCTION ,I W\LD HAVE OBJECTIFI$ MY 9DIVIDUALITY1 ITS SPECIFIC *>ACT]1 & !RE=E 5JOY$ NOT ONLY AN 9DIVIDUAL MANIFE/ATION ( MY LIFE DUR+ ! ACTIVITY1 BUT ALSO :5 LOOK+ AT ! OBJECT ,I W\LD HAVE ! 9DIVIDUAL PLEASURE ( KN[+ MY P]SONALITY TO BE OBJECTIVE1 VISIBLE TO ! S5SES & H5CE A P[] BEYOND ALL D\BT4 #b7 ,9 Y\R 5JOYM5T OR USE ( MY PRODUCT ,I W\LD HAVE ! DIRECT 5JOYM5T BO? ( BE+ CONSCI\S ( HAV+ SATISFI$ A HUMAN NE$ BY MY WORK1 ?AT IS1 ( HAV+ OBJECTIFI$ MAN'S ESS5TIAL NATURE1 & ( HAV+ ?US CREAT$ AN OBJECT CORRESPOND+ TO ! NE$ ( ANO!R MAN'S ESS5TIAL NATURE4 #c7 ,I W\LD HAVE BE5 = Y\ ! M$IATOR BETWE5 Y\ & ! SPECIES1 & !RE=E W\LD BECOME RECOGNIZ$ & FELT BY Y\ Y\RSELF AS A COMPLETION ( Y\R [N ESS5TIAL NATURE & AS A NECESS>Y P>T ( Y\RSELF1 & CONSEQU5TLY W\LD KN[ MYSELF TO BE CONFIRM$ BO? 9 Y\R ?\<T & Y\R LOVE4 #d7 ,9 ! 9DIVIDUAL EXPRESSION ( MY LIFE ,I W\LD HAVE DIRECTLY CREAT$ Y\R EXPRESSION ( Y\R LIFE1 & !RE=E 9 MY 9DIVIDUAL ACTIVITY ,I W\LD HAVE DIRECTLY CONFIRM$ & REALIZ$ MY TRUE NATURE1 MY HUMAN NATURE1 MY COMMUNAL NATURE40 .<#b.> 

,9 ! SUP]B WRIT+ ( ?IS PASSAGE1 ONE C\LD WELL SAY ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! EGO /AY 9 ! GAME AS A LOGICAL SUBJECT & AS A PHILOSOPHICAL CATEGORY2 !RE IS NO?+ CONTRADICTORY 9 ?IS - RA!R IT IS A VALID GAME ( \R MAT]IALI/ DIALECTIC4 ,WE WANT TO >RIVE AT ! EXPULSION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL FROM HI/ORY & FROM SOCIETY NOT ) METAPHYSICAL EX]CISES SUB SPECIE AET]NITATIS .<#b#a.> BUT AS A RESULT ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT LOOKS LIKE ! 0,Y\0 & ! 0,ME0 %\LD BE \R DRAMATIS P]SONAE .<#b#b.>1 BUT ! EPILOGUE IS !IR FUSION 9 \R CATEGORY 7UNKN[N TO ! IDEOLOGICAL SUP]/RUCTURES ( ! PRE-COMMUNI/ ]AS7 ( ! HUMAN NATURE1 ! COMMUNAL NATURE2 A CATEGORY 9 :I* WE DISCOV] - 9 CONFIRMATION ( ! HI/ORICAL 9V>IANCE ( ,M>X'S ?\<T - ! ,SOCIAL ,MAN ( ! ,GRUNDRISSE FROM #a#h#e#i1 ALREADY KN[N TO US1 :I* CO9CIDES ) ?IS PO9T ( >RIVAL FROM #a#h#d#d3 0,MY HUMAN NATURE1 MY COMMUNAL NATURE40 

,WE HAVE NO REASON TO BE SURPRIS$ ?AT WE F9D !SE S5T5CES 9 ,M>X'S /UDY TEXTS & NOT 9 ?OSE 9T5D$ = PUBLICATION4 ,M>X WROTE AT A TIME :5 ,G]MANY HAD NOT YET COMPLET$ ! TRANSITION FROM 7B\RGEOIS7 CRITICAL PHILOSOPHY TO LIB]AL REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS1 :I* =M TWO COMPLEM5T>Y ASPECTS ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ S*OLA/IC AU?ORITY 9 !OLOGY & ABSOLUTI/ DESPOTISM 9 POLITICS4 ,WE ,M>XI/S DE/ROY ! 9DIVIDUAL1 BUT TO MAKE ?AT HAPP5 WE HI/ORICALLY NE$ ! LIB]AL REVOLUTION TO HAVE EMANCIPAT$ HIM4 

,M>X />T$ FROM ! CRITIQUE ( AN ECONOMI/ :O WANT$ TO DEMON/RATE ?AT ! TWO-SID$NESS ( EX*ANGE WAS A 0NATURAL LAW40 ,HIS P[]FUL D$UCTION 9 ITS LUM9\S C\RSE /RIPS ! RELATION ( ITS GIVE-&-TAKE1 QUID PRO QUO ATTRIBUTES1 & FREES ! PRODUCTIVE ACT FROM ITS COMMODITY *>ACT]4 ,9 ! SOCIETY ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION1 ! PRODUC] WORKS 9 ORD] TO F9D A BUY]1 ! TEXT UND] EXAM9ATION TELLS US2 BUT 9 ! COMMUNI/ SOCIETY ?AT WILL REPLACE IT1 ! PRODUC] WILL WORK NOT 9 ORD] TO SELL & TO F9D HIS 9DIVIDUAL 0CONTRACTOR10 BUT = A ONE-SID$ PURPOSE ?AT UNFOLDS 9 A GLORI\S SEQU5CE 9 :I* !RE IS NO LONG] ANY RECOMP5SE = ANO!R'S WORK NOR = ANO!R'S MONEY4 ,! HI/ORICAL DIALOGUE BETWE5 ! 0,Y\0 & ! 0,ME0 IS NO LONG] RESOLV$1 AS IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 ?R\<\T HI/ORY1 ) ! SUBJUGATION ( ONE ( ! TWO1 BUT NEI!R IS IT RESOLV$ ) !IR BALANCE & EQUIPOLL5CE 9 A SOCIETY ( FREE PRODUC]S1 A COMMODITY-PRODUC+ DEMOCRACY1 OR1 IF Y\ WILL1 0POPUL> DEMOCRACY10 ?AT VA9 PETTY-B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY4 ,! RESOLUTION ( ! DIALOGUE COMES AFT] ! VICTORY ( PROLET>IAN COMMUNISM ) ! FUSION ( BO? TRADITIONAL *>ACT]S 9 ! S+LE REALITY ( ! ,SOCIAL ,MAN4 

,! ULTIMATE VISION ( ! PRODUC] :O F9DS SATISFACTION NOT 9 ! CRAV+ =1 & CONSUMPTION (1 ANO!R'S PRODUCT1 BUT 9 ! ONE-SID$ ACT ( PRODUC+ & 9 ?AT ACT ALONE1 & CONSEQU5TLY1 9 (F]+ - ?IS VISION SKET*$ \T H]E AS A MATT] ( DOCTR9E CANNOT BE UND]/OOD AS REF]R+ TO A SOCIETY ( AUTONOM\S PRODUC]S1 BUT ONLY TO A SOCIETY ( COOP]ATIVE PRODUC]S1 NO LONG] DIVID$ BY ANY T]RITORIAL OR /ATI/ICAL BORD]S4 

,WE SPEAK H]E ( HAV+ ATTA9$ ! =M ( SOCIETY-WIDE PRODUCTION TI$ TO SOCIETY-WIDE 5JOYM5T1 9 :I* ! 5D ( PRODUCTION IS NOT ! CONSUMPTION ( ! PRODUC]1 BUT ! DONATION ( HIS PRODUCT TO SOCIETY1 9 :I* HE RECOGNIZES HIMSELF4 

,AS A PRO( ?AT ?IS IS NOT \R ADDITION1 OR A VEIL ?AT ONLY ! PA/ C5TURY ALL[$ US TO LIFT ON PROPHETIC SAY+S1 WE CAN ONLY QUOTE ! WORDS ?AT CLOSE ! CITATION 9 ! TEXT 9 \R POSSESSION4 0,\R PRODUCTS W\LD BE SO MANY MIRRORS 9 :I* WE SAW REFLECT$ \R ESS5TIAL NATURE40 .<#b#c.> 

,! TRIUMPHANT 9V>IANCE 

,BUT ALL ( ,M>X'S TEXTS SPREAD \T ?R\<\T HIS IMM5SE BODY ( WORK CONV]GE AMONG !MSELVES4 ,:AT WE HAVE EXP\ND$ SO F> ALL[S US TO COMPLETE ! EXEGESIS ( ! WRIT+ ON L&$ PROP]TY1 CONDUCT$ 9 ! 0,COROLL>II0 FROM ,TUR91 :I* CONTA9$ ! CLASSICAL !OREM CIT$ ABOVE3 0,TO GIVE UP ! SOIL TO ! H&S ( ASSOCIAT$ RURAL LABOR]S1 W\LD BE TO SURR5D] ALL SOCIETY TO ONE EXCLUSIVE CLASS ( PRODUC]S40 .<#b#d.> 

,M>X SEES ! NATIONALIZATION ( L&1 A TRANSITIONAL MEASURE1 AS AN ACT ?AT 0WILL WORK A COMPLETE *ANGE 9 ! RELATIONS BETWE5 LABOR & CAPITAL & F9ALLY DO AWAY ALTOGE!R ) CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 :E!R 9DU/RIAL OR RURAL4 ,ONLY !N ! CLASS DI/9CTIONS & PRIVILEGES WILL DISAPPE> TOGE!R ) ! ECONOMICAL BASIS FROM :I* !Y ORIG9ATE & SOCIETY WILL BE TRANS=M$ 9TO AN ASSOCIATION ( 'PRODUC]S' 7ITALICS 9 ! TEXT .<#b#e.>74 ,TO LIVE UPON O!R PEOPLE'S LABOR WILL BECOME A ?+ ( ! PA/4 ,!RE WILL NO LONG] EXI/ A GOV]NM5T NOR A ,/ATE DI/9CT FROM ,SOCIETY ITSELF40 .<#b#f.> 

,LET US RECALL ?AT ?IS WRIT+ DATES FROM AFT] #a#h#f#h4 ,:AT SPL5DID 9V>IANCE6 ,! TEXT CONT9UES AS FOLL[S3 

0,AGRICULTURE1 M9+1 MANUFACTURE1 9 ONE WORD ALL BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION WILL GRADUALLY BE ORGANIZ$ 9 ! MO/ EFFECTIVE =M4 ,NATIONAL C5TRALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION WILL BECOME ! NATURAL BASIS ( A SOCIETY COMPOS$ ( ASSOCIATIONS ( FREE & EQUAL PRODUC]S CONSCI\SLY ACT+ UPON A COMMON & RATIONAL PLAN40 .<#b#g.> 

,QUITE LIT]ALLY1 ?IS PASSAGE IS CLE> 5\< TO %[ ?AT ANY ECONOMY ORGANIZ$ BY ,REGIONS 7,RUSSIA7 OR WORSE YET BY ,COMMUNES 7,*9A7 IS \TSIDE ( ! HI/ORICAL ROAD ?AT PASSES ?R\< ! FIR/ /AGE ( SOCIALISM & (F]S ! ONLY BASIS = ATTA9+ FULL COMMUNISM2 & !RE=E TO PROVE GUILTY ( 9CURABLE DOCTR9AL ]ROR ! RESOLUTION ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,*9ESE ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY FROM ,AUGU/ #b#c1 #aieh .<#b#h.>1 :I* CONCLUDES ) ! FOLL[+3 

0,! PRIM>Y PURPOSE ( E/ABLI%+ PEOPLE'S COMMUNES 79 :I* !RE CAN BE 9TRODUC$ ! SY/EM ( WAGES67 IS TO ACCEL]ATE ! SPE$ ( SOCIALI/ CON/RUCTION & ! PURPOSE ( BUILD+ SOCIALISM IS TO PREP>E ACTIVELY = ! TRANSITION TO COMMUNISM4 ,IT SEEMS ?AT ! ATTA9M5T ( COMMUNISM 9 ,*9A IS NO LONG] A REMOTE FUTURE EV5T 7SIC674 ,WE %\LD ACTIVELY USE ! =M ( ! PEOPLE'S COMMUNES TO EXPLORE ! PRACTICAL ROAD ( TRANSITION TO COMMUNISM40 .<#b#i.> 

,9 ! MEANTIME1 ANO!R TEXT IS TITL$3 0,! ,COMMUNE1 ! PRIM>Y UNIT ( ! FUTURE COMMUNI/ SOCIETY40 

,UNLESS ! POSSESSION ( A DOCTR9E IS USELESS BAGGAGE1 ?IS EXPLORATION IS ALREADY OV] & NO LONG] 9 ! NE$ ( SPACE PROBES6 ,! ROAD IS NOT1 AS ! ,*9ESE W\LD LIKE3 COMMUNALISM1 SOCIALISM1 COMMUNISM2 BUT IT IS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 NATIONAL CONC5TRATION1 SOCIALISM 79T]NATIONAL & COMMODITY-LESS671 COMMUNISM4 

,BUT ,M>X'S PASSAGE C\LD /ILL LEAD ?OSE READ]S :O >E SOME:AT444 CONS]VATIVE TO A MISUND]/&+3 ?AT ! DESCRIB$ COMMUNI/ SOCIETY W\LD BE COMPOS$ ( MULTIPLE ASSOCIATIONS1 9 ! S5SE ?AT EA* ONE W\LD HAVE ITS [N PRODUCT AT ITS DISPOSAL1 & W\LD EX*ANGE IT ) ! O!RS4 ,?AT W\LD BE AN 5ORM\S MIS9T]PRETATION4 ,IT W\LD MEAN RETURN+ TO ! ]ROR1 ALREADY OV]COME A LONG TIME AGO1 ( SURR5D]+ SOCIETY TO ! COOP]ATIVE ( AGRICULTURAL PRODUC]S OR TO A CONF$]ATION !RE(4 ,! ASSOCIATIONS ( PRODUC]S ( FUTURE SOCIETY1 :OSE MEMB]%IP WILL NORMALLY *ANGE MANY TIMES OV] ! C\RSE ( A P]SON'S ACTIVE LIFE1 WILL BE ASSOCIATIONS ?AT WILL HAVE AS !IR SOLE PURPOSE ! FUNCTION1 ! ACT1 ! JOY ( PRODUC+4 ,NOT ONLY BECAUSE !Y WILL FOLL[ A RATIONAL COMMON PLAN1 & BECAUSE SOCIETY WILL BE TRANS=M$ 9TO A S+LE .<#c.> ASSOCIATION ( PRODUC]S1 AS 9 ! SAME CONTEXT1 BUT ABOVE ALL BECAUSE !SE GR\P+S - TE*NICAL & NOT ECONOMIC - WILL PUT ALL ( !IR PRODUCT AT ! DISPOSAL ( SOCIETY & ( ITS C5TRAL CONSUMPTION PLAN4 

,WE CONSID] \RSELVES TO HAVE SUCCESSFULLY PROV$ ?AT ACCORD+ TO 9V>IANT ,M>XISM1 COMMUNI/ SOCIETY DOES NOT P]MIT [N]%IP BY GR\PS 7JU/ AS IT DOES NOT CONTA9 9DIVIDUAL [N]S71 NOT EV5 OV] ! PRODUCT ( !IR LABOR & OV] ! OBJECT ( !IR CONSUMPTION4 ,PRODUCTION1 LIFE1 & 5JOYM5T >E 9 ?IS SY/EM ! SAME ACT1 AN ACT :I* IS ITS [N REW>D1 & :I* IS NO LONG] C>RI$ \T UND] ! VILE :IP ( CONSUM]I/ APPETITES4 ,! DIALECTICAL SYN!SIS ( WORK & NE$ IS ONLY REALIZ$ AT ! LEVEL ( ! ,SOCIAL ,MAN4 

,NATURALLY1 = ! B\RGEOIS PHILI/9E1 ,RUSSIAN HI/ORY HAS ALREADY DEMON/RAT$ ?AT ?IS WAS A NOBLE BUT FOOLI% & IMPOSSIBLE DREAM4 

,BUT ! ,WE/]N PHILI/9E WILL UND]/& ?AT HE CANNOT CRY VICTORY :5 ! ,RUSSIAN PHILI/9E SPITS \T ! CONFESSION ?AT HIS SY/EM HAS NO?+ TO DO ) ,M>XI/ COMMUNISM4 

,MAN & NATURE 

,! BRILLIANT PIECE BY ,M>X ?AT WAS ( S]VICE TO ! PRES5T SPEAK] 9 ELUCIDAT+ QUE/IONS ( ECONOMICS & SOCIAL HI/ORY BR+S 9TO ! >GUM5T ! EVOCATIVE SUBJECT ( ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY 9 !IR DEVELOPM5T1 AS WELL AS ! QUE/ION ( :E!R IT IS POSSIBLE = HUMAN KN[L$GE 7NOT 9DIVIDUAL BUT COLLECTIVE & ( ! P>TY1 !RE LIES ! CRUCIAL PO9T7 TO E/ABLI% ! LAWS ( ! SOCIETY ( ! FUTURE1 & 9 DO+ SO1 LEADS US ONTO ! GR\ND ( :AT IS COMMONLY CALL$ PHILOSOPHY4 ,IT ALSO GAVE RISE TO SOME CRITICISMS DIRECT$ BY ! PRES5T SPEAK] AT ! SPEE*ES & REF]5CES ( ! ,M>XI/S 7( ! ,/AL9I/ V>IETY1 ALAS7 AT ! CURR5T CONGRESS ( PHILOSOPH]S 9 ,V5ICE4 

,WE MA9TA9 ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO 9VE/IGATE ! LAWS ( FUTURE SOCIETY 9S(> AS WE IMBUE ! SCI5CE ( HUMAN SOCIETY1 AS MU* AS IT IS /ILL 9 ITS 9FANCY1 ) ! SAME CAPABILITY AS ! SCI5CE ( NATURE1 :I* WAS ALREADY 9 FULL BLOOM AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! B\RGEOIS EPO* F\R C5TURIES AGO4 

,) ?IS ! ,M>XI/ HAS OV]COME ! REV]5CE = AN 9SURM\NTABLE B>RI] BETWE5 ! =MS ( KN[L$GE ( ! FACTS ( NATURE & ?OSE ( HUMAN FACTS4 ,\R CLAIM TO BE ABLE TO DESCRIBE FUTURE SOCIETY RE/S ON ! CLAIM ( ! A/RONOM] TO PR$ICT ECLIPSES1 A V]Y ANCI5T A*IEVEM5T1 & EV5 ! ?\S&-YE>-LONG /AGES 9 ! LIFE CYCLE ( A /> OR A NEBULA4 

,!RE IS NO REASON = ! PHILOSOPHY ( HI/ORY TO BE DIFF]5T FROM ! PHILOSOPHY ( NATURE1 & ?IS CAN BE MORE CORRECTLY EXPRESS$ BY SAY+ ?AT1 H[EV] DIFF]5T !IR DEGREES ( DEVELOPM5T1 ! SCI5CES ( NATURE & ( HI/ORY MAKE USE ( ! SAME ME?ODS ( 9VE/IGATION = ! SOLE PURPOSE ( E/ABLI%+ ! UNI=MITY BETWE5 ! PA/ & PRES5T EV5TS1 & FROM ?IS RISE TO =ECA/+ FUTURE EV5TS4 

,?IS W\LD NOT OBTA9 IF ONE W5T ALONG ) ! .<HYPO!SIS ( !.> E/RANGEM5T ( TWO WORLDS1 ?AT ( MAT]IAL NATURE & ?AT ( SPIRIT4 ,ON ! BASIS ( !SE ELEM5T>Y DI/9CTIONS1 ALL ,M>XI/S :O HAVE CONC]N$ !MSELVES ) PHILOSOPHY & ) CRITIQUE ( ! CONV5TIONAL PHILOSOPHIES ( ! B\RGEOIS WORLD HAVE PROCLAIM$ !MSELVES MONI/S1 ON ! GR\NDS ( BE+ MAT]IALI/S4 ,MONI/ PHILOSOPHY C\LD ALSO BE ONE ?AT IS BAS$ ON ! SOLE WORLD ( ,SPIRIT1 ( :I* ! MAT]IAL WORLD C\LD BE CONSID]$ AN EMANATION OR 79 LESS AB/RUSE WORDS7 A CREATION4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ?OSE SY/EMS :I* HOLD ! TWO WORLDS TO BE DI/9CT & OPPOS$ TO EA* O!R >E CALL$ DUALI/4 ,M>X & ,5GELS CALL$ !MSELVES MONI/S 9 ! FACE ( ,HEGEL & ,G]MAN IDEALISM1 ,PLEKHANOV & ,L59 RECLAIM$ ?IS POSITION :5 FAC$ ) ! MORE REC5T B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPH]S & ) ?OSE :O CONTORT$ CLASSICAL ,M>XISM EV5 ON ! PHILOSOPHICAL LEVEL4 

,BUT ! SO-CALL$ ,M>XI/S ( ! ,V5ICE ,CONGRESS PRIDE !MSELVES ON NOT BE+ 0MONI/S0 & ATTRIBUTE ?IS LABEL TO 0VULG> & B\RGEOIS MAT]IALISM40 ,M>X'S MAT]IALISM IS SAID TO BE1 US+ ,/AL9'S FAVORITE WORD1 DIALECTIC1 & ACCORD+ TO !SE P>ROT]S1 ! ROLE ( DIALECTICS 9 ?IS PHRASE CONSI/S 9 GRANT+ AN AUTONOM\S POSITION TO ! WORLD ( MAN1 AGA9/ & C\NT]POS$ TO ! WORLD ( NATURE4 

,MAN & NATURE WAS ONE ( ! TOPICS 9 ,V5ICE1 & ?IS HAS L$ TO A LOT ( TALK AB\T ,M>XISM3 BUT :AT ,M>XISM8 ,ACCORD+ TO A REPORT 9 ,SEPTEMB]'S ,UNITA .<#c#a.>1 ! ,CONGRESS HAS BE5 OPPOS$ TO ! T5D5CY TO RESOLVE ! TWO ELEM5TS 9 EA* O!R1 0NATURE 9 MAN 7IDEALISM7 OR MAN 9 NATURE 7ME*ANISM OR VULG> MAT]IALISM740 ,! 9T]PRETATION ?AT IS 0FA%IONABLE0 TODAY HAS E/ABLI%$ ?AT ! TWO ELEM5TS >E 0CORRELATIVE10 & ?AT ,M>XISM IS ! MO/ VIVID IF NOT ! ONLY 7SIC67 EXPRESSION ( ?IS4 

,! V]Y FACT ?AT A NEWSPAP] ?AT CALLS ITSELF ,M>XI/ GOES LOOK+ = SUCCESS 9 A SYMPOSIUM ( (FICIAL & PR(ESSIONAL PHILOSOPH]S IS 5\< TO ILLU/RATE ! TREM5D\S CONFUSION ( PR9CIPLES 9 :I* IT F9DS ITSELF4 

,DIALECTICS IS WRONGLY 9VOK$ TO SMUGGLE 9 ! CLAIM ?AT ! FIELD ( HUMAN FACTS IS OPPOS$ FROM ! \TSIDE BY ! FIELD ( FACTS ( NATURE1 & ?IS IS NO?+ BUT A SLIPP]Y SLOPE TO ! CONFESSION ?AT NATURAL CAUSES MU/ NOT BE ADMITT$ TO DET]M9E HUMAN PROCESSES1 & !RE=E1 ?AT ONE MI<T AS WELL 9TRODUCE NON-MAT]IAL FACTORS ( :I* ! ?9K+ MAN IS ! BE>] & :I* *ANGE ! WORLD4 

,?AT IS TO SUPPOSE ?AT NATURE IS FA%ION$ AFT] MODELS ?AT MADE !IR FIR/ APPE>ANCE 9 ,?\<T1 ?AT IS 9 SPIRIT1 & F9D !RE !IR :OLE G5ESIS4 ,! GAME ( DIALECTICS %\LD 9/EAD BE SET UP )9 A V]Y DIFF]5T RELATION3 NOT BETWE5 NATURE & MAN1 BUT BETWE5 HUMAN SOCIETY & ! 9DIVIDUAL4 

,ALL ! IDEOLOGIES ?AT WANT TO PUT MAN ABOVE ! PHYSICAL WORLD & GIVE HIM REIGN OV] IT ?AT FREES HIM FROM BE+ DET]M9$ BY IT1 EV5 :5 !Y DO NOT SAY SO1 DO NOT ?9K ( ,MAN ! SPECIES1 BUT ( MAN ! P]SON4 ,ALL IDEALISMS >E 9DIVIDUALISMS4 ,ALL ! ,CROCES .<#c#b.> :O SAY ?AT ! ORIG9 ( KN[L$GE LIES 9 ! ACT ( ?9K+ ALONE TAKE = !IR >EA ( RESE>* ! M9D & BRA91 :I* BELONGS TO AN 9DIVIDUAL MAN4 

,! DIFF]5T MAT]IALISMS 

,:AT IS ,M>X TRY+ TO SAY :5 HE SPEAKS ( VULG> MAT]IALISM 9 CONTRADI/9CTION TO HIS HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM8 ,SOME?+ ANALOG\S TO :5 HE CONTRA/S VULG> ECONOMY ) ! E>LI] CLASSICAL ECONOMY1 EV5 ?\< BO? >E B\RGEOIS4 ,VULG> MAT]IALISM IS NOT ?AT :I* DATES FROM BE=E1 BUT RA!R FROM AFT] ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,9 ! ,5CYCLOP$IE !RE IS A PHILOSOPHICAL MAT]IALISM :I* ,M>X 9DE$ CALLS CLASSICAL1 & TO :I* HE ATTRIBUTES ! POT5TIAL TO LEAD FROM ! DE/RUCTION ( ALL FIDEISM 9 NATURE TO ?AT ( FIDEISM & SPIRITUALISM 9 HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,BUT ! VICTORY ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY HALTS !SE CLASSICAL DOCTR9AL DEVELOPM5TS & R$UCES ! ECONOMIC SCI5CE TO VULG> ECONOMY1 :I* CONCEALS ! EXTORTION ( SURPLUS VALUE & SURPLUS LABOR1 JU/ AS IT R$UCES ! CLASSICAL MAT]IALISM ( ,DID]OT & D',ALEMB]T TO A VULG> PHILOSOPHY ?AT DOES NOT UND]M9E B\RGEOIS DOM9ATION & MAKES APOLOGIES = ECONOMIC OPPRESSION AFT] HAV+ CONDEMN$ CULTURAL & JURIDICAL OPPRESSION4 ,VULG> MAT]IALISM 9 ,M>X'S S5SE ( ! WORD IS ?AT :I* LAT] DEVELOPS 9TO ! RI<TLY RIDICUL$ & SCI5TI/ POSITIVISM ( ,SP5C]1 ,COMTE1 ,>DIGO .<#c#c.>1 & ITS V>I\S NATIONAL V]SIONS1 :I* DECADES AGO PROV$ TO BE SO 5TIC+ = ! REVISIONI/ SOCIALI/S ( ,ANGLO-,LAT9 C\NTRIES1 :ILE ! OLD-FA%ION$ IDEALISM LUR$ 9 ! ,G]MANS & ! ,RUSSIANS4 

,WE WILL TRY TO ID5TIFY ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 VULG> MAT]IALISM & ,M>XI/ MAT]IALISM 9 A MORE L9E> MANN]4 ,LET US ASSUME ?AT 9 BO?1 ! SUB/RUCTURE & MAT]IAL FACTS >E F\NDATIONAL1 & ?AT ONE WANTS TO D]IVE FROM ! DYNAMICS !RE( ! SCI5CE ( HUMAN ACTIONS & BEHAVIORS AS WELL AS ! EXPLANATION ( HUMAN OP9IONS & IDEOLOGIES4 ,! MYOPIA ( VULG> MAT]IALISM CONSI/S 9 PLAC+ ?IS RELATION )9 ! N>R[ SCOPE ( ! HUMAN 9DIVIDUAL4 

,= \R HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM1 A T]M ,M>X CONSID]$ EQUIVAL5T TO ECONOMIC DET]M9ISM1 ! QUE/ION EXP&S ITS SCOPE TO ! :OLE SOCIETY & ITS HI/ORY1 & ! RESE>* IS NO LONG] CONC]N$ ) ! BEHAVIOR & ?\<T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 BUT ) ! PR$ISPOSITIONS & IDEOLOGY ( SOCIAL CLASSES & SOCIAL =MS ?AT SUCCE$ ONE ANO!R ?R\<\T ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY4 

,! DET]M9ISM ( ! POSITIVI/S R$UCES TO A CAUSATION BETWE5 PHYSIOLOGY & PSY*OLOGY2 ! DET]M9ISM ( ,M>XI/ MAT]IALI/S TAKES ! SOCIAL ECONOMY AS ITS PO9T ( DEP>TURE 9 ORD] TO CON/RUCT ! EXPLANATION ( ! LAW1 ! RELIGION1 ! MORALITY1 & ALSO ! PHILOSOPHY ( SUCCESSIVE EPO*S4 

,! =M] VIEW IS /]ILE & 9SUFFICI5T1 & MOREOV] SETS \T ON A D>K & 5DLESS PA?4 ,LIKE \RS1 IT DOES TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! EFFECT ( ! PHYSICAL 5VIRONM5T EXT]NAL TO MAN1 BUT 9 A ?\S& ( IRR$UCIBLE SPECIFICITIES1 :ILE WE >E 9T]E/$ 9 CIRCUM/ANCES & G5]AL RELATIONS SU* AS ?AT BETWE5 A GIV5 GEOGRAPHICAL CLIMATE & ! ADAPTATIONS & BEHAVIORS IT 9DUCES 9 ! PEOPLE :O LIVE 9 IT1 AS A CON/ANT AV]AGE OV] ALL 9DIVIDUALS4 

,SCI5CE IS V]Y F> FROM BE+ ABLE TO 9F] FROM ! PHYSICAL FACTS ( ! 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* A HUMAN ORGANISM LIVES1 & FROM444 ! M5U ( ! DI%ES ?AT >E S]V$ ON HIS TABLE1 ! G5]ATION ( ?\<TS 9 HIS BRA91 BECAUSE ! L9K BETWE5 VEGETATIVE & NEUROPSY*IC SY/EMS HAS NOT YET BE5 DISCOV]$4 ,BUT 9 \R MAT]IALISM WE BELIEVE WE CAN APPLY SCI5TIFIC RIGOR1 ?AT IS1 SUB/ANTIAL R$UCTION ( ]ROR EFFECTS1 TO ! /UDY ( ! CAUSAL RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE ( A HUMAN COLLECTIVE1 SU* AS ITS RELATION TO NATURE & RELATIONS BETWE5 M5 7BETWE5 SOCIAL CLASSES71 & ! FEATURES ( ITS JURIDICAL POLITICAL ORGANIZATION & SO ON4 

,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TWO MAT]IALISMS DOES NOT LIE 9 ! FABRICATION ?AT ,M>X DECAMP$ FROM ! T]RA9 ( MONISM TO E/ABLI% AN EMPTY DIGNIFI$ P>ITY BETWE5 NATURE & MAN1 A TYPE ( NEO-DUALISM1 BUT 9 ! FUNDAM5TAL CRIT]ION ?AT WE DO NOT *ASE ?AT SLIPP]Y DET]M9ATION :I* PLAYS ITSELF \T )9 ! 9DIVIDUAL ORGANISM & ! P]SONAL BRA91 WE DO NOT SE>* = ! VACU\S PHANTASMA ( 0P]SONALITY10 BUT RA!R BASE ! RELATION ON ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( A SOCIAL COMMUNITY & ! 5TIRE S]IES ( ITS MANIFE/ATIONS & HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5TS4 

,ON !SE GR\NDS WE FIRMLY BELIEVE1 ) WEAL? ( HI/ORICAL EVID5CE1 ?AT ! 9FLU5CE ( A P]SONALITY ON SOCIAL EV5TS IS NIL1 & ?AT ! HI/ORY ( HUMAN SOCIOLOGY MU/ BE TREAT$ AS ONE ( ! FIELDS ( DESCRIPTION 9TO :I* ! KN[L$GE ( NATURE CAN BE RI<TFULLY CONSID]$ TO BE P>TITION$1 )\T SU* A DI/9CTION & SEP>ATION HAV+ ANY PREEM95T VALUE OV] ALL O!RS4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 IT IS QUITE RI<T TO SAY ?AT ACCORD+ TO ! ,M>XI/ DOCTR9E1 ! SCI5CE ( HUMAN SOCIETY IS CONTA9$ )9 ! SCI5CE ( MAT]IAL NATURE2 9DE$1 ! LATT] MU/ 9 ITS CON/RUCTION 9EVITABLY PREC$E ! =M]4 

,:Y DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM 

,NOT)/&+ ! FACT ?AT DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM WAS V]Y POORLY PRES5T$ BY ,/AL9 9 HIS BOOK ON ! SUBJECT1 :I* HAD AS ITS SOLE AIM ! JU/IFICATION - ) CONCESSIONS TO AN AB]RANT HI/ORICAL VOLUNT>ISM - ( ! PRET5SE ( BUILD+ >TIFICIAL SOCIALISM 9 ISOLAT$ & BACKW>D ,RUSSIA1 WE CAN N[ MAKE A CL>IFICATION ) REG>D TO ! FACT ?AT ! EXPRESSION 0DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM0 CAN BE ACCEPT$ AS ! P]FECT EQUIVAL5T ( 0HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM40 ,! DIALECTIC %\LD NOT BE 9T]PRET$ AS CONSI/+ ( SAY+3 ! ECONOMY MAKES POLITICS1 BUT !N POLITICS 7BASELY R$UC$ TO /ATE PRACTICE7 9 ITS [N WAY ALT]S ! ECONOMY4 ,?AT IS A !SIS TURN$ UPSIDE D[N1 RA!R ?AN ! SYN!SIS ( A !SIS & A FRUITFUL ANTI!SIS4 ,M>X SAID ?AT M5 MAKE !IR [N HI/ORY - AN OLD OBJECTION ( V>I\S P>ROT]S4 ,)\T D\BT !Y DO MAKE IT1 ) !IR H&S1 FEET1 EV5 M\?S1 & ) !IR WEAPONS2 MAT]IALLY !Y MAKE IT1 BUT :AT WE D5Y IS ?AT !Y MAKE IT ) !IR HEADS1 NAMELY1 ?AT !Y SO MU* AS 0CON/RUCT IT0 7A DETE/ABLE PHRASE1 & ONE FITT+ = ! B\RGEOIS 5TREPR5EUR7 ACCORD+ TO A MODEL1 OR A PROJECT - EV]Y?+ ALREADY ?\<T \T4 ,!Y MAKE IT1 YES1 BUT NOT 9 ! WAY !Y UND]/OOD & BELIEV$ !Y W\LD1 NOR ! WAY !Y EXPECT$ & DESIR$ TO MAKE IT4 ,?AT IS ! PO9T4 

,! DIALECTIC >ISES FROM ASK+3 DOES ?IS IMPOT5CE1 ?IS NEGATION ( HUMAN FREE WILL1 CONC]N ! 9DIVIDUAL1 OR DOES IT CONC]N HUMAN SOCIETY AS WELL8 

,H]E1 ! ,M>XI/ RESPONSE IS A CLASSIC ONE4 ,! P]SONAL SUBJECT IS IMM]S$ 9 ?IS IMPOT5CE TO =ESEE & LEAD TO ! UTMO/1 & 9 SOCIETIES ) AN 9DIVIDUALI/ /RUCTURE ALL ! MORE SO4 ,9 !SE SOCIETIES1 & ABOVE ALL 9 ?OSE ?AT TAKE GR&ILOQU5T LIB]ALISM = !IR IDEOLOGY1 ! HI<] ! LEVEL ?AT AN 9DIVIDUAL OCCUPIES 9 ! HI]>*Y1 ! MORE ( A PUPPET ON ! /R+ ( DET]M9ISM HE IS4 

,EV5 SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 AS LONG AS IT IS A SOCIETY DIVID$ 9TO CLASSES1 POSSESSES NO VISION OR DIRECTION = ITS [N FUTURE2 )9 IT1 ! 9T]E/S ( ! CONT5D+ CLASSES DISGUISE !MSELVES OV] ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY AS ANTICIPATIONS 7PROPHECIES7 & CONTRA/+ IDEOLOGIES1 BUT !Y DO NOT ATTA9 ! P[] TO =ESEE & PREP>E ! FUTURE4 

,ONLY ?AT S+LE CLASS :I*1 PRES5T 9 ?IS CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 HAS AN 9T]E/ 9 ! ABOLITION ( SOCIETY DIVID$ 9TO CLASSES1 CAN ASPIRE TO ! ABILITY TO FI<T = ?IS 5D & TO OBTA9 )9 ITSELF KN[L$GE & A VISION2 & ?IS CLASS 7,M>XISM REVEAL$7 IS ! MOD]N PROLET>IAT4 

,BUT AS LONG AS ?IS CLASS EXI/S 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 ! CONSCI\S VISION ( ITS FUTURE CANNOT >ISE 9 EA* ( ITS MEMB]S OR EV5 9 ITS TOTALITY1 & IT IS SIMPLY FOOLI% TO DEM& ?IS CONSCI\SNESS & WILL ( ! MAJORITY ( ! CLASS2 ?IS IS NO?+ BUT ONE ( ! GREAT MANY B\RGEOIS D]IVATIVES :I* MUDDLE ! M9DS ( PROLET>IANS & :I* ONLY ! PASS+ ( G5]ATIONS CAN ]ASE4 

,!RE=E AN 9DIVIDUAL CANNOT RISE TO ! VISION ( COMMUNI/ SOCIETY AS A RESULT ( REFLECT+ ON HIS P]SONAL 9T]E/S & B5EFITS2 ?AT W\LD BE VULG> MAT]IALISM4 ,NOR CAN HE CONC5TRATE 9 HIMSELF ! VISION ( ! CLASS & ! FUTURE ( HUMAN SOCIETY EXCEPT AS A CONV]G5CE ( CLASS =CES4 

,! CONTRADICTION IS ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL CANNOT1 & NEI!R CAN ! COLLECTIVITY2 & ?IS W\LD LEAD TO AN ET]NAL 9ABILITY TO NOT ONLY WANT ! FUTURE1 BUT ALSO TO =ESEE IT4 

,! DIALECTICAL EXIT FROM ?IS D\BLE !SIS 7?AT ! PROLET>IAT BO? CAN & CANNOT1 ?AT IT IS ! FIR/ CLASS :I* T5DS T[>D CLASSLESS SOCIETY1 BUT ?AT IT DOES NOT POSSESS ! LI<T :I* WILL %9E ON ! HUMAN SPECIES AFT] ! DEA? ( CLASSES7 LIES 9 ! D\BLE /EP DESCRIB$ 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O3 FIR/1 P>TY2 !N1 DICTATOR%IP4 ,! AMORPH\S MASS ( ! PROLET>IAT ORGANIZES ITSELF 9TO A POLITICAL P>TY & BECOMES A CLASS4 ,ONLY BY LEV]AG+ ?IS FIR/ CONQUE/ DOES IT ORGANIZE ITSELF 9TO ! DOM9ANT CLASS4 ,>M$ ) A CLASS DICTATOR%IP1 IT GOES ON TO ABOLI% CLASSES4 ,DIALECTIC6 

,! ABILITY TO DESCRIBE 9 ADVANCE & TO HA/5 ! >RIVAL ( ! COMMUNI/ FUTURE1 DIALECTICALLY S\<T NEI!R )9 ! 9DIVIDUAL NOR )9 ! UNIV]SAL1 IS F\ND 9 ! FOLL[+ =MULA ?AT SYN!SIZES HI/ORICAL POT5TIALITY3 ! POLITICAL P>TY1 ACTOR & SUBJECT ( ! DICTATOR%IP4 

,E/ABLI%$ PASSIVITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL 

,! !SIS WE HAVE E/ABLI%$ PUTS VULG> OR B\RGEOIS MAT]IALISM & ITS COMMUNI/ C\NT]P>T 9 !IR PLACE4 ,! =M]1 EV5 9 ITS CLASSICAL ORIG9S1 H+ES ON ! P]SON4 ,:5 ! ,FR5*MAN D',HOLBA* SAYS 0NIHIL E/ 9 9TELLECTU QUOD PRIUS NON FU]IT 9 S5SU0 .<#c#d.>1 ?AT IS1 NO?+ IS 9 ! 9TELLECT ?AT WAS NOT FIR/ 9 ! S5SES1 HE E/ABLI%ES A RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! MAT]IAL 9FLU5CE ( NATURE OV] ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! 9DIVIDUAL'S M5TAL MANIFE/ATIONS2 HIS OP9IONS4 ,EV5 = ,M>X1 ?IS WAS A /EP =W>D1 BECAUSE IT MADE IT POSSIBLE TO OV]COME FIDEISM - ACCORD+ TO :I* !RE IS AN 9NATE GIV5 7S\L7 9 EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL'S M9D ?AT HAS A DIV9E ORIG9 - & ALSO CONTEMPOR>Y ,SAXON IDEALISM1 = :I* TOO1 EV5 ?\< IT DISP5S$ ) ,GOD1 !RE WAS AN IDEAL SUB/RATE LOCAT$ 9SIDE EV]Y HEAD ?AT DID NOT DEVELOP FROM ANY MAT]IAL S5SATIONS4 

,BUT ! POSITION ( B\RGEOIS MAT]IALISM FALLS F> %ORT ( \RS4 ,9 ,M>X1 ! RELATION%IP IS 9/EAD E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 ! AV]AGE MAT]IAL CONDITIONS 9 :I* A C]TA9 SOCIAL AGGREGATE LIVES & !IR CORRESPOND+ MANIFE/ATIONS 9 ! REALMS ( ! 9TELLECT1 :I* >E TAK5 TO 9CLUDE RELIGION1 IDEOLOGY1 >T1 CULTURE1 & POLITICS4 ,! PASSIVITY ( 0SPIRIT0 ) RESPECT TO MATT] )9 ! 9DIVIDUAL CONT9UES TO BE AN E/ABLI%$ FACT = US1 BUT ITS ME*ANICS REMA9S 9ACCESSIBLE TO ! SCI5CE ( ! CAPITALI/ ]A1 :I* HAS *AS$ AFT] IT 9 VA9 & :I* TODAY F9DS ITSELF 9 A FULL-BL[N DEG5]ATIVE CRISIS4 ,CONV5TIONAL ?\<T - & IT ONLY GETS WORSE AT PHILOSOPHICAL CONGRESSES - DOES NOT POSSESS ! DIALECTICAL KEY NE$$ TO UNLOCK ITS CONTRADICTIONS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! FIDEI/1 IT WAS ,GOD :O >RANG$ EV]Y?+ 9 MAN'S HEAD 7AS 9 EV]Y NOOK & CRANNY ( ! PHYSICAL NATURE ?AT SURR\NDS HIM71 BUT ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE IS /ILL A P]SON1 5D[$ ) FREE WILL TO OP9E & ACT & ) RESPONSIBILITY 7! 9DISP5SABLE COMPLEM5T ( ?AT ANNOY+ FETI%1 P]SONALITY73 H5CE ! SY/EM ( REW>DS & PUNI%M5TS4 

,! B\RGEOIS A!I/ AT FIR/ KNOCK$ FREE WILL (F ITS P$E/AL & SUBORD9AT$ ! HEAD TO ! BELLY1 BUT S9CE 7TO PUT IT BRIEFLY7 HIS NEW 0=M ( PRODUCTION0 REQUIR$ EMPTY BELLIES1 HE AU?ORIZ$ ! CORRESPOND+ BRA9S TO ?9K & =M OP9IONS1 & F\ND$ ! SY/EM ( G5]AL ELECTORAL DEMOCRACY & LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY1 GO+ SO F> AS TO MAKE HIS ,/ATE - ! ,/ATE ( ! DOM9ANT CLASS - 9TO ! SOCIAL .<&.> E?ICAL ,ABSOLUTE4 ,MOD]N CULTURE1 :I* ! DES]T]S ( ! REVOLUTION BASELY BL5D 9TO1 OSCILLATES BETWE5 !SE TWO PAPI]-MA*E PUPPETS3 ! 9DIVIDUAL 5D[$ ) RESPONSIBILITY1 & ! ABSOLUTE E?ICAL ,/ATE4 

,WE HOLD ! RESULT ( ! UNCONSCI\S PASSIVITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO BE TRUE1 BUT 9 \R DET]M9ISM WE DO NOT EXPECT TO BE ABLE TO V]IFY IT NOR TO MAKE PR$ICTIONS ON ITS BASIS AT ! 9DIVIDUAL SCALE4 ,WE DEMON/RATE IT 9 ! SOCIAL REALM BY MEANS ( HI/ORICAL 7& ECONOMICAL7 ANALYSIS1 & WE DO NOT RULE \T ! POSSIBILITY ?AT ! G5]AL1 AV]AGE RULE %\LD BE CONTRADICT$ BY A MO/ DIV]SE >RAY ( 9DIVIDUAL CASES1 )\T ?IS AFFECT+ \R !ORY4 ,WE DO NOT ATTEMPT TO F9D ! PRO( ( DET]M9ISM 9 ! OP9IONS LOCAT$ 9 ! HEADS ( M5 TAK5 9DIVIDUALLY1 NOR DO WE SEEK A BREAK !RE) 9 P]SONS' CONSCI5CE1 WILL1 OR DRIVE = ACTION1 H[EV] SMALL OR L>GE ?OSE MAY BE4 

,! BREAK ) DET]M9ISM DOES TAKE PLACE1 H[EV]1 & OV] ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY ! FACT ( ! BREAK HAS G5]ALLY ALWAYS PREC$$ ! EXACT !ORETICAL CONSCI\SNESS !RE(4 ,! BREAK ?AT WILL FOLL[ ! DET]M9ATION ( ! B\RGEOIS ]A1 ON ACC\NT ( :I* ! VICTIMS ( ! SY/EM ?9K 9 T]MS ( ITS [N IDEOLOGY1 WILL COME1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+2 BUT = ! FIR/ TIME EV]1 ITS COM+ WILL TAKE PLACE 9 HI/ORY 7& !RE=E NOT 9 ! DIV9E CREATIVE ACT ?R\< ! 9NATE EFFECT !RE(1 NOR 9 ! IMMAN5CE ( ! ,IDEA7 - & 9 ?IS CONSI/S ! 0OV]TURN+ ( ! PRAXIS0 .<#c#e.> - AS A RESULT ( ! APPE>ANCE ( A KN[+ & WILL+ SUBJECT ACT+ ON ITS [N 9ITIATIVE1 :I* IS NOT A P]SON BUT ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY4 ,! P>TY EXPRESSES ! ORGANIZATION ( ! MOD]N PROLET>IAN CLASS1 BUT RA!R ?AN REPRES5T+ ! CLASS 9 ! B\RGEOIS S5SE ( A DEMOCRATIC M&ATE1 IT REPRES5TS IT 9 ITS PROGRAM & 9 ! FUTURE IMPLEM5TATION ( ?IS PROGRAM2 IT REPRES5TS ! COMMUNI/ SOCIETY ( TOMORR[1 & ?IS IS ! MEAN+ ( ! LEAP 7,M>X-,5GELS7 FROM ! REALM ( NECESSITY TO ?AT ( FRE$OM1 :I* IS ACCOMPLI%$ NOT BY ! 9DIVIDUAL ) RESPECT TO SOCIETY1 BUT BY ! HUMAN ,SPECIES ) RESPECT TO ,NATURE4 

,P[]FUL OR?ODOXY 

,NEGATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 AFFIRMATION ( ! ,SOCIAL ,MAN1 ( ! ,SPECIES EM]G+ \T ( ITS TORM5T$ PREHI/ORY3 WE >E DEAL+ H]E ) A CONT9UUM &1 WE REPEAT TIRELESSLY1 ) A DEMON/RATION ?AT ! !SIS IS AN ORIG9AL ONE ( ! ,M>XI/ S*OOL1 & ?AT IT DISPELS ALL ! /UBBORN & SICKLY IMM$IATISMS1 :OSE COMMON DIAGNOSIS IS ! P>ALYZES ( ! DIALECTIC1 :I* MU/ BE UNIV]SAL RA!R ?AN CONT+5T & PETTY TO BE FITT+ = REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM4 

,TO DEMON/RATE ! FIR/ ( !SE EFFECTS1 LET US RETURN TO ,M>X'S CLASSICAL PASSAGE F\ND 9 ! PAGES ( ! PREFACE TO ! ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY4 ,:5 WE MAKE ! 5TIRETY ( M5 APPE> ON ! SC5E1 9/EAD ( JU/ ! 9DIVIDUAL1 WE C>RY \T NOT ONLY A QUANTITATIVE &1 IT MI<T BE SAID1 SPATIAL 9TEGRATION FROM ONE TO MANY1 BUT A TEMPORAL 9TEGRATION AS WELL4 ,! LIFE ( ! SPECIES HAS NO TEMPORAL LIMITS COMP>ABLE TO ?OSE ( ! FLEET+ ,P]SON2 & 9 ,M>XISM1 ,PRODUCTION NOT ONLY KEEPS ! 9DIVIDUAL HUMAN ANIMAL ALIVE1 BUT ALSO CON/ITUTES A L9K 9 ! *A9 ( HIS ,REPRODUCTION4 ,! A=EM5TION$ B>ON-PHILOSOPH] 7:O1 AS A P]SON1 ESCAP$ ! DET]M9ISM ( HIS FEUDAL CLASS7 W\LD NOT HAVE RUL$ \T H]ITABILITY3 EV]Y BRA9 DRAWS NOT ONLY UPON ! S5SATIONS ( ITS [N LIFE1 BUT ALSO UPON ?OSE ( ITS PROG5ITORS4 ,?AT IS COMPLETELY SCI5TIFIC1 BUT NO LESS SO IS ! /ATEM5T - ITSELF QUITE MAT]IALI/ - ?AT EV]YONE ?9KS NOT ONLY ) !IR [N BRA9 BUT ) ! BRA9S ( O!RS AS WELL1 EV5 ) ?OSE ( !IR CONTEMPOR>IES4 ,IT IS ALL WELL & GOOD TO SAY ?AT ! BRA9 IS A GL& ?AT SECRETES ?\<T1 BUT 9 ?IS REG>D WE >E NOT VULG> MAT]IALI/S1 & WE >E NOT WAIT+ = SOMEONE TO DISCOV] ! ?\<T-HORMONE2 = US1 TRUE MAT]IALI/S1 !RE IS A COLLECTIVE BRA91 & ! ,SOCIAL ,MAN %ALL SEE A DEVELOPM5T - NEGLECT$ BY ANCI5T G5]ATIONS - ( ! ,SOCIAL ,BRA94 ,?AT ONE ?9KS ) ! HEADS ( O!RS1 H[EV]1 IS A C]TA9 FACT1 PA/ & PRES5T4 

0,9 ! SOCIAL PRODUCTION ( !IR EXI/5CE1 M5 9EVITABLY 5T] 9TO DEF9ITE RELATIONS1 :I* >E 9DEP5D5T ( !IR WILL1 NAMELY RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION APPROPRIATE TO A GIV5 /AGE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( !IR MAT]IAL =CES ( PRODUCTION0 .<#c#f.>4 

,! TEXT GOES ON TO DEF9E AS ! F\NDATION ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION ?AT CON/ITUTE ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY4 

,ON ?IS REAL F\NDATION !RE 0>ISES A LEGAL & POLITICAL SUP]/RUCTURE .<444.> TO :I* CORRESPOND DEF9ITE =MS ( SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS0 .<#c#g.>4 ,AS 9 \R FAI?FUL RETREAD1 ! P]SON DID NOT APPE> ON ! SC5E AT ALL4 ,IT IS NOT ! SOCIO-ECONOMIC POSITION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ?AT DET]M9ES HIS IDEOLOGY2 ?IS HAS BE5 SAID JU/ AS FREQU5TLY AS 9CORRECTLY4 ,M>X'S =MULA IS3 0,! MODE ( PRODUCTION ( MAT]IAL LIFE CONDITIONS ! G5]AL PROCESS ( SOCIAL1 POLITICAL & 9TELLECTUAL LIFE0 .<#c#h.>4 ,:AT FOLL[S IS ! WELL-KN[N PRES5TATION ( ! CONFLICT BETWE5 ! PRODUCTIVE =CES & ! =MS ( PRODUCTION OR PROP]TY RELATIONS - ?AT IS1 ! !ORY ( REVOLUTIONS 7( ALL REVOLUTIONS74 ,AT ?IS /AGE1 ! CRITIQUE GOES /RAI<T TO ! PO9T1 AFT] MAK+ %ORT WORK ( ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! P]SON & ( ANY GIV5 SOCIETY1 ?AT SAME 0CONSCI\SNESS :I* ! REVOLUTION HAS ( ITSELF40 ,! TEXT SAYS3 0,JU/ AS ONE DOES NOT JUDGE AN 9DIVIDUAL BY :AT HE ?9KS AB\T HIMSELF1 SO ONE CANNOT JUDGE SU* A P]IOD ( TRANS=MATION 7&1 WE ADD1 EV5 LESS SO A P]IOD ( CON=MISM7 BY ITS CONSCI\SNESS0 .<#c#i.>4 

,:5 A LITTLE LAT] ON ,M>X1 AFT] HAV+ LI/$ ! CLASSICAL SEQU5CE ( HI/ORICAL MODES ( PRODUCTION1 DECL>ES ?AT 0.<T.>HE PREHI/ORY ( HUMAN SOCIETY ACCORD+LY CLOSES0 .<#d.> ) ! B\RGEOIS =M1 S9CE ! PRODUCTIVE =CES HAVE BECOME SU* AS TO RESOLVE ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 RELATIONS & =MS ( PRODUCTION1 ?AT IS1 TO TRANSITION TO A SOCIETY )\T CLASSES1 IT IS CL>IFI$ ?AT !SE B\RGEOIS RELATIONS1 ! LA/ TO BE ANTAGONI/IC1 >E SU* 0NOT 9 ! S5SE ( 9DIVIDUAL ANTAGONISM BUT ( AN ANTAGONISM ?AT EMANATES FROM ! 9DIVIDUALS' SOCIAL CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE0 .<#d#a.>4 

,?US \R R$UCTION TO Z]O ( ! 9DIVIDUAL FACTOR 9 HI/ORY1 9 REVOLUTIONS1 & 9 ! COMMUNI/ REVOLUTION IS SCRUPUL\SLY TRADITIONAL4 ,SO IS ! ELIM9ATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL P]SON AS ! SUBJECT ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION1 & EV5 ( SOCIAL ANTAGONISM 7CLASS /RUGGLE74 

,REQUIEM = IMM$IATISM 

,! DEMOCRATIC =M ( OPPORTUNISM HAS A LONG 7& 9FAM\S7 HI/ORY REA*+ BACK TO ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL2 IT WAS BURI$ BY ,L59 & EXHUM$ BY ,KHRU%*EV4 ,IT SAYS ?AT SOCIALISM CAN BE REALIZ$ BY ! MAJORITY US+ ! P>LIAM5T>Y ME*ANISM4 ,! CRASS REASON+ IS A DESPICABLE P>ODY ( ! POLEMICAL =MULA ( ! ,MANIFE/O3 COMMUNISM IS ! MOVEM5T ( ! IMM5SE MAJORITY 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! IMM5SE MAJORITY4 ,IF ?IS DI/ORT$ =MULA W]E TRUE1 ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION W\LD BE ! FIR/444 TO NOT BE A REVOLUTION AT ALL1 & TO RESOLVE )\T BLOOD%$ ! CONFLICT BETWE5 PRODUCTIVE =CES & =MS ( PROP]TY1 ! SOCIAL ANTAGONISM 9TR9SIC TO ! PREVI\S =M1 TO ! CAPITALI/ ]A6 ,! ,M>XI/ D5IAL ( ?IS POSSIBILITY LIES 9 ! BASIC !SIS ( DET]M9ISM3 ! RUL+ IDEOLOGY ( EV]Y EPO* IS A SUP]/RUCTURAL MIRROR ( ITS ECONOMICO-PRODUCTIVE BASE1 :I* TODAY CONSI/S ( CAPITALI/ PROP]TY4 ,! RUPTURE 9 ! SUP]/RUCTURE WILL BE A RESULT ( ! RUPTURE 9 ! BASE2 ! OPPRESS$ CLASS ( ! WORK]S WILL MOVE 5 MASSE 9 VIOL5T REVOLUTION1 BUT ONLY AFT] ?IS REVOLUTION WILL !Y ACQUIRE 5 MASSE ! NEW SUP]/RUCTURE3 ! COMMUNI/ IDEOLOGY4 ,TO CONSULT !IR OP9IONS BE=E ! FACT1 EV5 IF IT W]E TRUE ?AT PROLET>IANS COMPRISE ! MAJORITY ( VOT]S1 W\LD MEAN MAK+ ! REVOLUTION IMPOSSIBLE & CAPITALISM ET]NAL4 

,H]E9 LIES ! CORN]/ONE ( TOTAL OPPORTUNISM1 SU* AS ?AT ( ! RE=MI/S AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY - *AMPIONS ( LEGALITY TURN$ NA/Y - OR ?AT ( ! MU*-VAUNT$ ,M>XI/S-,L59I/S1 FA!R$ BY ,/AL9 & BROOD$ BY ,KHRU%*EV & O!R SU* MO!R H5S4 

,BUT WE CLAIM$ TO R$UCE TO AN ANALOG\S D5IAL ( ! BASIC !SIS1 ( ! FIR/ PR9CIPLE ( ,M>XISM ALSO ! POSITIONS ( ! IMM$IATI/S4 ,>E !SE ALSO OPPORTUNI/8 ,UND\BT$LY YES 9 !IR SUB/ANCE1 A LITTLE LESS P]HAPS 9 !IR =M2 ?AT IS1 9 ! PHONY 0CONSCI\SNESS :I* !Y HAVE ( !MSELVES40 ,A TYPE1 !N1 ( ?IRD-/AGE SYPHILIS3 NON-LE?AL BUT H]$IT>Y4 ,! OPPOSITE W\LD BE PREF]ABLE4 

,! LIB]T>IAN POSITION IS HOPELESSLY 9DIVIDUALI/4 ,ONCE ! KN[L$GE IS ACQUIR$ ?AT SOCIETY IS UNJU/1 ! REBEL1 ) HIS POSSIBLY H]OIC UNSELFI%NESS1 CONSID]S HIMSELF AWAK5$3 ! SPIRIT BE=E ! BODY4 ,?IS IS ! EXACT OPPOSITE ( DET]M9ISM4 ,AS F> AS O!RS >E CONC]N$1 HE DOES NOT WANT TO USE VIOL5CE AGA9/ !M3 ?AT W\LD MEAN ACCEPT+ ! POSITION ( ,M>X & ,5GELS ?AT A REVOLUTION IS AN AU?ORIT>IAN ACT P> EXCELL5CE4 ,EV]YONE WILL !RE=E HAVE TO LIB]ATE !MSELVES1 />T+ AS MU* ) ! P]SON AS ) ! SUP]/RUCTURE3 ,M>XISM TURN$ UPSIDE D[N4 7,! RE/ WE DO NOT C>E AB\T3 EV]YONE IS ALL[$ TO D5Y ,M>XISM444 UNTIL TRUE ,M>XISM IS 9 P[]47 

,! WORK]I/ POSITION1 :I* COMPRISES BO? ! LABORALISM ( ! RI<T & ! SYNDICALISM ( ! LEFT1 FALLS UND] ! SAME ANALYSIS4 ,IT IS NOT A POLITICAL P>TY ?AT HAS TO LEAD ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE1 BUT RA!R ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS UNIT+ ALL WORK]S 7& ONLY WORK]S71 !Y SAY4 ,BUT ! ASSOCIATION ( WORK] ) WORK] 7& ONE ?AT FUR!RMORE TAKES PLACE )9 ! RE/RICT$ CIRCLE ( ONE'S TRADE7 DOES NOT DETRACT FROM ! FACT ?AT ! WORK] LIVES AS A WAGE E>N] )9 ! B\RGEOIS RELATION ( PRODUCTION & AS SU* %\LD BE PR$E/9$ = ! B\RGEOIS SUP]/RUCTURAL IDEOLOGY4 ,TO ASSOCIATE ! WORK]S /RANGL$ BY ! CAPITALI/ RELATION1 & TO BELIEVE ?AT 9 SO DO+ ! CONDITIONS = SOCIALI/ SOCIETY HAVE BE5 PREP>$ - ?AT IS ! COLOSSAL ]ROR ( ! WORK]I/S4 ,TO DEM& ( !SE PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATIONS1 ( !IR 9T]NAL DEMOCRACY1 DOCTR9AL & PROGRAMMATIC ELABORATION2 TO DEM& ?AT !Y TAKE ACTION - 9 ?IS CONSI/S ! IMM$IATI/ ILLUSION4 ,SU* A ME*ANISM WILL NEV] RISE ABOVE ! IMM$IATE CONTACT ) ! B\RGEOIS /RUCTURE ( PRODUCTION1 & !RE=E ) ! IDEOLOGY D]IV$ !REFROM1 :I* MU/ BE DE/ROY$ RA!R ?AN D5I$ & :I*1 BY FOLL[+ ?IS =MULA1 W\LD BE NEI!R D5I$ NOR DE/ROY$4 

,A NEGATION ( ! IMM$IATISM ?AT LIES AT ! ROOT ( EV]Y FAKE LEFTISM 7ATTRIBUTABLE TO ALL HI/ORICAL GR\PS EXCEPT \R SO-CALL$ ',ITALIAN' ,LEFT71 CONSI/S 9 ACKN[L$G+1 9 ACCORDANCE ) S\ND ,M>XISM1 ?AT JU/ LIKE A MEMB] ( ! OPPRESS$ CLASS MAY WELL HAPP5 TO BELONG TO ONE ( ! P>TIES ( ! RUL+ CLASS1 CONV]SELY IT MAY WELL HAPP5 ?AT A MEMB] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY DOES NOT BELONG TO ! OPPRESS$ CLASS4 ,9 A M$IAT$ WAY RA!R ?AN IMM$IATELY1 EV5 ?OSE ELEM5TS ?AT HAVE NO DIRECT 9T]E/ 9 ! REVOLUTION 5D UP CONTRIBUT+ TO IT4 ,TO IMM$IATISM1 ?IS IS 9COMPREH5SIBLE4 

,BUT ?AT IS :AT ! ,MANIFE/O1 BAS+ ITSELF ON SOCIAL HI/ORY1 EXPRESSES 9 ITS DESCRIPTION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y CLIMAX 9 ! FOLL[+ WORDS3 09 TIMES :5 ! CLASS /RUGGLE NE>S ! DECISIVE H\R .<444.> A SMALL SECTION ( ! RUL+ CLASS CUTS ITSELF ADRIFT1 & JO9S ! REVOLUTION>Y CLASS1 ! CLASS ?AT HOLDS ! FUTURE 9 ITS H&S .<444.>0 .<#d#b.> & SO ON1 %[+ ?AT B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGUES GO OV] TO ! PROLET>IAT & TO ! REVOLUTION1 JU/ LIKE SECTIONS ( ! NOBILITY W5T OV] TO ! 5LI<T5M5T1 TO ITS PHILOSOPHY1 & SOMETIMES TO ! EXTREMISM ( ! SANSCULOTTES4 

,H]E1 WE F9D ! IMM$IATI/ C\PL$ ) - NO1 TRIPL$ )6 .<#d#c.> - ! HYPOCRITE & ! DEMAGOGUE 9 ONE & ! SAME P]SON4 ,! OPPORTUNI/ DANG]1 WE >E TOLD1 DOES NOT CONSI/ 9 ! BL9DNESS ( IMM$IATISM1 BUT RA!R 9 ?IS ACCEPTANCE ( NON-WORK] IDEOLOGUES & LEAD]S6 ,:]E IS ! REM$Y TO BE F\ND8 ,WE ANSW] )\T HESITATION3 9 ! POLITICAL P>TY1 ONCE IT HAS OV]COME ! DISEASES ( OPPORTUNISM & IMM$IATISM & ONCE ! DECISIVE CRIT]ION IS AFFIRM$ ?AT ! CAUSE ( ! REVOLUTION PREVAILS OV] EV]Y CONSULTATIVE MAJORITY4 

,REC5TLY1 WE QUOT$ A /ATEM5T MADE BY ,5GELS AT ! 5D ( HIS LIFE1 AS D>K & UNSELFI% AS ?AT ( ,M>X3 0.<,W.>E CAN USE 9 \R ,P>TY 9DIVIDUALS FROM EV]Y CLASS ( SOCIETY1 BUT WE HAVE NO USE :ATEV] = ANY GR\PS REPRES5T+ CAPITALI/1 MIDDLE-B\RGEOIS OR MIDDLE-PEASANT 9T]E/S0 .<#d#d.>4 ,IF Y\ R$UCE ! P>TY - ! DEPOSITORY ( ! REVOLUTION - TO A COMPLEX ( ECONOMIC ASSOCIATIONS OR 5T]PRISE C\NCILS1 Y\ CAN BOA/ AB\T ITS MEMB]%IP BE+ LIMIT$ /RICTLY TO WORK]S AS MU* AS Y\ LIKE1 BUT ! FACT IS ?AT Y\ HAVE MADE IT A SLAVE TO PETTY B\RGEOIS & B\RGEOIS 9T]E/S4 ,! HI/ORICAL EXAMPLES >E 9NUM]ABLE1 FIR/ AMONG !M ! ,5GLI% ONE4 ,WE ONLY NE$ TO RECALL ,L59'S MO/ RESOLUTE POSITION ON ?IS MATT]1 AS ILLU/RAT$ 9 \R ,RUSSIAN /UDIES1 9 !ORETICAL WORKS SU* AS ,:AT IS TO BE DONE81 & 9 ! HI/ORICAL REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS2 9 ! CONDEMNATION ( EV]Y RISIBLE 0ECONOMISM0 & 05T]PRISE SOCIALISM40 

,ONLY A WORK+ CLASS CAPABLE ( ASSOCIATION CAN TAKE ! DIRECT REVOLUTION>Y ROAD4 ,BUT AN IMM$IATE COLLAGE1 AN 9]T BOND IS NOT 5\<4 ,!RE >E DIALECTICAL & DYNAMIC M$IAT+ T]MS1 9DISP5SABLE & MUTUALLY RE9=C+3 ! REVOLUTION>Y !ORY ( HI/ORICAL DET]M9ISM1 ! PROGRAM ( COMMUNI/ SOCIETY1 ! P>TY-=M ( ORGANIZATION2 & IT IS ONLY 9 !SE ?AT ! SUBJECT & ! 5G9E1 ! WILL & ! P[] ( COMPLETE REVOLUTION F9D !IR REALIZATION4 

,FRE$OM & VALUE8 

,ONE ( ! SUBJECTS DISCUSS$ AT ! PHILOSOPHIZ+ ,CONGRESS EXCIT$ ! ,/AL9I/S1 :O W]E UNABLE TO SEE ?AT ! TOPIC ,MAN & ,NATURE WAS RAIS$ ) B\RGEOIS AIMS 9 M9D1 & 9 A CON=MI/ MANN] TO :I* ONE CAN APPLY ! FOLL[+ TRITE B9OMIAL3 0,I0 & ! 0,UNIV]SE10 FOLL[$ BY MAK+ TWO AUTONOM\S SPH]ES ( !SE1 & WORSE /ILL1 BY R$UC+ ! ,UNIV]SE TO A DE=M$ FUNCTION ( ! 0,I0 - & IT IS C]TA9LY NOT ! OPPORTUNI/ OR IMM$IATI/ EX-,M>XI/S :O CAN C\NT]POSE TO ?IS ! CORRECT =MULATION1 ?AT ( ,NATURE & ,SPECIES1 BETWE5 :I* !RE DOES NOT >ISE A DUALISM BUT A MONISM4 ,?IS MONISM PLACES ! SCI5CE ( ! SPECIES )9 ! DOMA9 ( NATURE1 & IT DOES SO US+ ?AT SAME SCI5TIFIC ME?ODOLOGY - OR A UNIFI$ PHILOSOPHY1 AS WE CAN CALL IT UNTIL WE F9ALLY SEE BO? ! N\N & ! PR(ESSION ABOLI%$4 ,ONLY SO LONG AS WE SPEAK ( PHILOSOPH]S WILL WE CONT9UE TO HAVE DISCUSSIONS AB\T ! NOBL5ESS OR DIGNITY ( ! ELEM5TS3 BUT IF WE WI%$ TO ACCEPT ! USE ( ?IS LANGUAGE = A MOM5T1 WE W\LD DECL>E ?AT !RE IS MORE ,BEAUTY1 ,H>MONY1 & ,DIGNITY TO BE F\ND 9 EXTRAHUMAN NATURE ?AN ! HI/ORY ( HUMAN NATURE HAS HI!RTO (F]$4 

,9 A WAY1 ?IS BR+S US TO ! SECOND TOPIC ( ! ,CONGRESS1 ALSO EXPRESS$ AS A B9OMIAL3 ,FRE$OM & ,VALUE4 ,H]E1 TOO1 ! EX-,M>XI/S HAVE GRAZ$ 9 ! PA/URES ( PETTY B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY4 ,= !M IT W\LD BE A MATT] ( AN ET]NAL1 LABORI\S SE>* ?AT HUMANITY HAS BE5 TRAGICALLY LAUN*$ 9TO1 & ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y BATTLES W\LD HAVE BE5 V>IATIONS ON ! SAME !ME3 TAK+ A /EP FUR!R T[>D ABSOLUTE ,FRE$OM1 & ! ,DISCOV]Y ( ! TRUE ,VALUES ( LIFE4 ,! MO/ D>+ ( PHILOSOPH]S HAVE ADMITT$ ?AT ?IS RACE IS NOT YET OV]1 = ,MAN - IT IS UND]/OOD ?AT IT IS ALWAYS ! 9DIVIDUAL :OM !Y >E ?9K+ ( :5 US+ ?AT WORD - :ILE NO LONG] A SLAVE OR A FEUDAL S]F1 IS NEV]!LESS NOT FREE4 ,BUT ?IS IS NOT SO BECAUSE HE IS A COMMODITY-PRODUC+ WAGE E>N]1 BUT RA!R BECAUSE VIOL5CE IS /ILL US$ 9 ! W>S AMONG ,/ATES & CLASSES1 PRODUC+ TOTALIT>IAN P[] & ! SUPPRESSION ( OP9IONS4 ,H5CE A VAGUE DESIRE TO 5D 0EXPLOITATION0 & W>1 PH5OM5A :I* MAKE IT DIFFICULT TO TALK AB\T FRE$OM & VALUES4 ,A SIMIL> /ALE PACIFISM & TOL]ANTISM HAS ALSO BE5 ADOPT$ BY ! ,/AL9I/S TO BE PLAC$ SIDE BY SIDE ) ?AT FUNDAM5TAL REQUIREM5T ( ,M>XISM1 HUMANISM6 ,& H]E WE HAVE ANO!R DISGU/+ COMMONPLACE TO JO9 ! ALREADY SWELL+ RANKS ( ! PHILI/9E REP]TOIRE4 

,IT MU/ BE DECL>$ V]Y =CEFULLY ?AT REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM HAS NO?+ TO DO ) VAGUE PROCLAMATIONS ( HUMANISM1 :I* CAN BE HI/ORICALLY DEF9$ 9 DIFF]5T WAYS - ALL ( :I*1 H[EV]1 >E PR(\NDLY ALI5 TO US4 

,HI/ORICALLY1 HUMANI/S W]E ! FIR/ B\RGEOIS :O 9 ! FIELDS ( >T & PHILOSOPHY REACT$ AGA9/ !OLOGICAL DOM9ATION BY R$ISCOV]+ ! REAL & NON-MY/ICAL VALUES ( ! PAGAN LIFE ( ,CLASSICAL TIMES3 VALUES :I* W]E USEFUL = ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION 9 ! BROAD S5SE BUT :I* HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 :I* F9DS ITSELF PITT$ AGA9/ ! A!I/ AS WELL AS MY/ICAL B\RGEOISIE4 ,9 MORE REC5T TIMES1 ! (T-ABUS$ T]M HUMANISM HAS BECOME NO?+ BUT A COV] = ALL ! DECEITS :I* C]TA9 SECTORS ( ?IS CAPITALI/ WORLD ( BRIG&AGE HAVE US$ 9 ?IS C5TURY = !IR UGLY LITTLE COM$Y - ! PRIME CAUSE ( OPPORTUNI/ BETRAYALS - ( POMP\SLY CONDEMN+ AGGRESSION1 ATROCITIES1 P]SONICIDE1 & G5OCIDE4 

,TO !SE PEOPLE1 ,M>X GAVE HIS CLASSIC REPLY ?AT UP TO N[ & 9 ONE MORE /AGE /ILL TO COME - & WORSE /ILL IF1 AS ! PHILI/9E W\LD HAVE IT1 \R ULTRA-OPTIMI/IC !ORY1 ACCORD+ TO :I* WE >E ! LA/ ( ! CLASS SOCIETIES1 %\LD BE MI/AK5 - ! 9EXORABLE ADVANCE ( HI/ORY HAS PASS$ & WILL PASS RI<T ?R\< P]SONS & 9DIVIDUALS1 & ?US ?R\< HUMAN BODIES & 0SPIRITS02 & ALSO 7IT MI<T WELL BE ADD$1 EV5 ?\< WE HAVE NO QUOTATION H&Y7 ?R\< :OLE NATIONS - A FACT ?AT ! PURITAN CIVILIZATION ( ULTRA-HUMANI/ ,AM]ICA KN[S A ?+ OR TWO AB\T6 

,! ,M>XI/ POSITION 

,! FIR/ TOPIC ( ! ,CONGRESS ?AT A BUN* ( OH-SO-LE>N$ PR(ESSORS HELD 9 ,V5ICE PROMPT$ US AT \R LITTLE MEET+ 9 ,P>MA .<#d#e.> TO VIVIDLY HI<LI<T \R ANTI-9DIVIDUALI/ !SIS1 :I* RESOLVES ! OLD /&(F BETWE5 MONI/S & DUALI/S1 BETWE5 MATT] & SPIRIT4 ,! SECOND TOPIC1 AP>T FROM ! OBVI\S CONNECTIONS BETWE5 ! TWO1 GIVES US AN OPPORTUNITY TO RE/ATE \R ANTI-M>KET !SIS4 ,JU/ AS \R REVOLUTION WILL BE ! FIR/ & ONLY TO DECISIVELY BREAK ) P]SONALISM1 SO TOO WILL IT BE ! FIR/ & ONLY TO OV]COME ANO!R PLAGUE ?AT TAKES ON MANY =MS3 ?AT ( PRODUCTION = ! M>KET4 

,! CATEGORY ( VALUE1 N[ V]Y FA%IONABLE1 IS NO?+ BUT A HOLL[ SUP]/RUCTURE ?AT CORRESPONDS TO ! ECONOMIC BASE ( EX*ANGE VALUE4 ,WE >E NOT JO9+ ! PROCESSION ( ?OSE :O SE>* = NEW VALUES1 NOR DO WE /& AT ! HEAD ( IT4 ,:5 ! PRODUCT ( HUMAN LABOR & ?IS LABOR ITSELF NO LONG] HAVE AS !IR PURPOSE ?AT ( BE+ EX*ANG$ = ANO!R PRODUCT OR = !IR EQUIVAL5T 9 MONEY2 :5 WORK & PRODUCTION IS P]=M$ = ITS [N 9TR9SIC JOY1 GO+ BEYOND ! RE/RICTIVE AIM ( CONSUMPTION - !N !RE WILL REMA9 NO IDEOLOGICAL VALUES TO BLA!R AB\T 9 LIT]ATURE & AT CONGRESSES4 ,JU/ AS ! CATEGORY ( FRE$OM1 :I* HAS HI/ORICALLY ALWAYS SIGNIFI$ ! /RUGGLE ( M5 AGA9/ !IR OPPRESSORS1 WILL LOSE ITS SUBJECTIVE MEAN+ 9 A SOCIETY FREE ( HIR$ WORK1 & ?US ( ANTAGONISMS - & FRE$OM WILL ACCORD+LY NO LONG] HAVE ! 9DIVIDUAL OR ! OPPRESS$ CLASS AS ITS SUBJECT1 BUT RA!R ! ,SOCIAL ,MAN1 :O WILL HAVE NO ONE & NO?+ TO LOSE IT TO ASIDE FROM ! LIMITS IMPOS$ BY NATURAL1 PHYSICAL NECESSITY - SO TOO ! CATEGORY ( VALUE1 EMPTI$ ( ITS CONT5T 9 ! REALM ( ECONOMY1 WILL DISAPPE> AS A TOPIC ( V]BAL EX]CISES ) ONLY %E] NO?+NESS BEH9D !M4 

,A FEW PAGES FUR!R 9 \R ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 WE READ3 

0,AS USEFUL ACTIVITY DIRECT$ TO ! APPROPRIATION ( NATURAL FACTORS 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R1 LABOR IS A NATURAL CONDITION ( HUMAN EXI/5CE1 A CONDITION ( MAT]IAL 9T]*ANGE BETWE5 MAN & NATURE1 QUITE 9DEP5D5T ( ! =M ( SOCIETY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! LABOR :I* POSITS EX*ANGE VALUE IS A SPECIFIC SOCIAL =M ( LABOR40 .<#d#f.> 

,! TEXT GOES ON TO GIVE ! EXAMPLE ( A TAILOR :OSE WORK1 9 ITS ASPECT AS CONCRETE LABOR1 PRODUCES COATS BUT NOT EX*ANGE VALUE1 BUT :I* TODAY NEV]!LESS DOES PRODUCE EX*ANGE VALUE AS AB/RACT G5]IC LABOR1 :I* IS UNIQUE TO A SPECIFIC SOCIAL FRAMEWORK 7>TISANAL OR CAPITALI/ M>KET PRODUCTION7 0?AT WAS NOT SEWN ) ! TAILOR'S NE$LE40 

,9 ANCI5T TIMES1 WEAV]S PRODUC$ COATS )\T PRODUC+ ! EX*ANGE VALUE ( COATS1 ADDS ,M>X4 ,& WE CONFID5TLY ADD3 9 COMMUNI/ SOCIETY1 TOO1 COATS WILL BE PRODUC$1 JU/ LIKE EV]Y?+ ELSE1 )\T PRODUC+ EX*ANGE VALUES4 ,SOCIALISM - ALWAYS 9 A DIALOGUE ) ,/AL96 .<#d#g.> - IS ! ECONOMY )\T EX*ANGE VALUES1 BO? 9 ! L[] PHASE & 9 ! HI<]4 

,IF ,M>XI/S1 !N1 ELIM9ATE VALUE FROM ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( ! BASE 9 !IR !ORY1 :AT VALUES WILL !Y HAVE LEFT TO PURSUE 9 ! SUP]/RUCTURE8 ,:5 !RE APPE>S AN ECONOMIC VALUE1 !N1 BY ! LAW ( EX*ANGE1 = ANO!R P>TY IT MU/ HAVE NECESS>ILY DISAPPE>$4 ,:]E !RE IS VALUE1 !RE IS SUBJUGATION4 ,?AT SAME 0ABOLITION ( ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION0 IS A =MULA ?AT WE HAVE ALREADY CRITICIZ$ 7SEE ABOVE7 = BE+ 9ADEQUATE & HI/ORICALLY 9COMPLETE1 & WE SAY MORE PRECISELY ?AT IT WILL BE A QUE/ION ( ABOLI%+ EV]Y =M ( EX*ANGE VALUE & EV]Y =M ( VALUE PRODUCTION BY LABOR4 ,IF NO VALUES >E BE+ PRODUC$ BY LABOR1 :AT VALUES %\LD !RE REMA9 9 ! SPH]E ( 0PHILOSOPHICAL0 RESE>*1 :I* WE GLADLY LEAVE TO ! PHILI/9ES8 ,9 CONCLUSION1 ! B9OMIAL FRE$OM & VALUE ONLY RESONATES ) SOME MEAN+ )9 A SOCIETY LIKE ! PRES5T ONE :]E ! RIPP+ (F ( MAN BY MAN IS NOT AN ISOLAT$1 MORE OR LESS CRIM9AL 9CID5T1 BUT RA!R ! V]Y BASIS ( ITS /RUCTURE ( PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION1 & ?US ( ITS ?\<T4 

,!RE=E1 ! SE>* = FRE$OM & VALUE DOES NOT 9T]E/ REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM1 :I* 9 ! DOCTR9E ( ITS P>TY POSITS ! /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 A WAY COMPLETELY DIFF]5T FROM ANY P>TICIPATION 9 ! UNIV]SAL COMPETITION = A NEW =MULA TO BE ADD$ TO ?AT DECEPTIVE SEQU5CE :I* ANTAGONI/IC SOCIETIES HAVE (F]$ TO M5 ?R\<\T ! VICISSITUDES ( !IR PREHI/ORY4 ,?IS SEQU5CE 5DS ) ! PRES5T-DAY B\RGEOIS ]A1 :I* LEAVES US ) JU/ ONE MORE /EP TO CLIMB1 BUT :I* IS ! MO/ ADV]S>IAL & HO/ILE ( ALL1 & ! MO/ DES]V+ ( TOTALIT>IAN DE/RUCTION AS WELL AS ! RU?LESS NEGATION ( ALL ! LIE-PACK$ VALUES TO :I* IT SO TORTU\SLY ASPIRES 9 ITS (FICIAL MASQU]ADES :ILE DEG5]AT+ TO ! EXTREME4 

,P]SON & ,P>TY 

,! VULG> TRAP :I* \R ADV]S>IES LAY BE=E ! =MIDABLE ,M>XI/ CON/RUCTION ( ! !ORY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY CONSI/S 9 ?IS3 AFT] \R CRITIQUE HAS OV]COME ! PROBLEM ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY1 !Y T5D5TI\SLY PUT =W>D ?AT ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! P]SON & ! P>TY - OR 9 O!R WORDS1 ! OLD SUBJECT ( ! LEAD] & HI]>*IES4 ,?IS SUBJECT CONC]NS EV]Y =M ( ORGANIZATION & NOT JU/ ! POLITICAL P>TY1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT EV]Y TYPE ( ORGANIZATION HAS ITS NOTORI\S 0APP>ATUS40 ,!RE=E1 WE HAVE %[N ON NUM]\S OCCASIONS 7AMONG O!RS1 AT ! ,P5TECO/ MEET+ .<#d#h.>7 ?AT IF !RE >E DANG]S1 !Y CAN ONLY BE BR\<T UND] CONTROL & OV]COME )9 ! P>TY-=M - 9 OPPOSITION TO ALL O!RS1 :OSE HI/ORY IS FULL ( DEG5]ATIVE PH5OM5A ?AT HAVE ACCOMPANI$ ! SUCCESSIVE WAVES ( OPPORTUNISM4 ,! CLASSIC 0BOSS RULE0 ( ! EXECUTIVES1 COMM&+ LAVI% SAL>IES & R5D]$ UNCRITICIZABLE BY A /UPID REV]5TIAL FE> AGA9/ :I* WE F\<T TOO? & NAIL 9 ,L59'S TIMES1 WAS ! CONNECTIVE TISSUE ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 & SPREAD TO ! UNION & ELECTORAL =MS1 /IFL+ ! VITALITY ( ! ORGANIC C5T]S ( ! POLITICAL MOVEM5T & SUBJUGAT+ !M TO ITSELF4 ,H]E9 LIES ! CRUX ( ,L59'S DE/RUCTIVE CRITIQUE ( OPPORTUNISM - 9 ALL C\NTRIES4 

,:5 RESPOND+ TO ?IS 9S9UATION ON ! P>T ( ! DETRACTORS ( ,M>XISM1 IT %\LD NOT BE =GOTT5 ?AT WE >E NOT DEF5D+ ! 0P>TY0 9 G5]AL1 :ATEV] HI/ORICAL P>TY AMONG MANY1 BUT RA!R ?AT SPECIAL & UNIQUE =M :I* IS ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY3 ?AT REVOLUTION>Y P>TY :I* IS ! FIR/ & ONLY ONE TO EMBODY ! HI/ORICAL TASK ( ! MOD]N PROLET>IAN CLASS1 & MAKES ?AT TASK NOT JU/ AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 BUT A MEANS TO ! REALIZATION ( ! COMMUNI/ PROGRAM4 ,SOCIALISM1 SAID ,5GELS 9 HIS FIR/ CATE*ETICAL DRAFT ( ! ,MANIFE/O .<#d#i.>1 IS ! DOCTR9E ( ! CONDITIONS ( ! LIB]ATION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,NO LESS COMMON IS IT TO QUOTE ! S5T5CE ?AT ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S MU/ BE ! ACT ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 ,!SE >E DIALECTICAL POSITIONS1 MEANT TO CONFRONT ! CLAIM ?AT ! MOD]N PROLET>IAT HAS ALREADY BE5 EMANCIPAT$ BY B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM 9 ! LATT]'S F9AL /AGE1 & ! EV5 WORSE & N[ P]VASIVE CLAIM ?AT IT CAN BE EMANCIPAT$ BY ! PETTY B\RGEOIS MASS ( 0! PEOPLE0 - ! CLAIM ( POPULISM4 

,& ANO!R MAXIM1 ?IS TIME ,L59'S1 ?AT ! REVOLUTION HAS TO S]VE ! PROLET>IAT 9/EAD ( ! PROLET>IAT HAV+ TO S]VE ! REVOLUTION1 MU/ BE UND]/OOD DIALECTICALLY 7EA* ( \R !SES %\LD BE US$ ONLY AFT] CL>IFY+ ! ANTI!SIS ?AT GAVE RISE TO IT7 9 ! S5SE ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS IS NOT A =CE AT ! S]VICE ( ANY REVOLUTION :ATEV] 7AT ! TIME1 IT REF]R$ TO ! REVOLUTION ?AT CREAT$ ! ,G]MAN ,WEIM> ,REPUBLIC7 BUT ?AT = US1 ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE HAS TO BE C>RI$ \T = ! PROLET>IAT'S [N 5DS1 NAMELY = ! COMMUNI/ PROGRAM4 

,! OBJECTION ?AT ! LEAD]S WILL RU9 EV]Y?+ IS A C5TURIES-OLD RESORT ( ! ANTI-SOCIALI/ POLEMIC ( ! GILD$ BELLIES .<#e.>1 :O SAY TO ! WORK]S3 Y\ WANT TO UNITE SO AS TO DEF5D Y\RSELVES8 ,V]Y WELL1 BUT Y\ WILL NE$ SOMEONE TO ORGANIZE Y\1 & Y\ WILL HAVE TO (F] !M ! SAME SACRIFICES ?AT Y\ CLAIM TO N[ BE MAK+ = US1 ! BOSSES4 ,! HI<LY MOD]N TIMIDITY DISPLAY$ BY ! EMBITT]$ SP9/]S ( ! REVOLUTION 9 ! FACE ( ! BRAVE1 FAIR1 & DIS9T]E/$ CLAIM ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! COMMUNI/ P>TY TO REPRES5T ! ONLY REAL =M ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT IS NO?+ BUT YET ANO!R IT]ATION ( ?IS TRADITIONAL REACTION>Y OBJECTION4 

,! ONLY =M ?AT WILL AVOID DEG5]ATION 9TO BOSS RULE IS ! ONE 9 :I* ! OP5 PROCLAMATION BY ! P>TY ( EX]CIS+ TOTAL CONTROL OV] ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE WILL NOT BE REPLAC$ BY ! HYPOCRITICAL (F] TO DEMOCRATICALLY CONSULT ! MASSES1 MORE OR LESS 0POPUL>10 & TO S]VE !IR WILL ?US EXPRESS$1 :ATEV] IT MI<T BE4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 9 PRACTICAL EXP]I5CE1 ! =MULA ( S]V+ ! PROLET>IAT HAS HI/ORICALLY BE5 US$ BY ALL TRAITORS TO ! REVOLUTION1 SELL\TS AS WELL AS DEMAGOGUES2 BESIDES1 IT E*OES ) A FIL?Y B\RGEOIS M5TALITY4 ,S]VICE 7ONE PR(ITS MO/ :O S]VES BE/7 IS ! SLOGAN ( ! 9T]NATIONAL ,ROT>Y ,CLUB1 ?AT IS1 ( ! WORLD ORGANIZATION ( PLUND]]S ( SURPLUS VALUE 9T]E/$ 9 MAK+ A %[ ( C>+ AB\T ! CU/OM>Y COMMON GOOD4 

,! LONG & BLOODY HI/ORY ( ! TRAVAILS ( ! WORK]S' CLASS P>TY WILL 5D :5 ! P>TY HAS OV]COME ! %AMEFUL PHASE ( /UPIDLY C\RT+ ! PROLET>IANS1 :OM IT WANTS TO TURN 9TO VOT]S OR DUES-PAY+ UNION MEMB]S1 BUT :OM IT DOES NOT REVOLUTION>ILY FREE FROM ! *A9S ( !IR S]VITUDE1 *A9S ?AT >E LESS VISIBLE & AGA9/ :I* ALL H]OISM IS P[]LESS - ! *A9S ?AT !Y C>RY )9 !MSELVES4 

,WE WILL !RE=E NOT REPEAT ! HI/ORY ( ! PA/ ]RORS & ( ! DANG]S 9H]5T 9 NONP>TY =MS4 ,IS IT POSSIBLE1 = EXAMPLE1 TO F9D A REM$Y = ! PROBLEMS ( BOSSY LEAD]S1 ( ! MU*-FE>$ CLIQUES & GANGS USURP+ P[]1 ( PALACE C\PS1 & ( O!R SU* NOVEL-LIKE S9I/] %AD[S 9 DEC5TRALIZATION1 9 ! DEVOLUTION ( P[] FROM ! ,/ATE TO LOCAL COMMUNES1 AS SOME ,*9ESE IDEOLOGUES SEEM TO HAVE DELUD$ !MSELVES 9TO ?9K+8 ,IT IS 5\< TO RESPOND TO ?IS BABY TALK ) AN EPISODE ?AT HAS BE5 REC\NT$ TO G5]ATIONS ( Y\NG/]S4 ,AFT] PASS+ ?R\< A POOR ,ALP9E VILLAGE1 ,JULIUS ,CES>1 ! DICTATOR P> EXCELL5CE 79 COMP>ISON ) :OM ! MOD]N ONES >E NO?+ BUT PISS-POOR LOS]S71 MANFULLY EXCLAIM$3 ,I HAD RA!R BE ! FIR/ MAN 9 ?IS VILLAGE ?AN ! SECOND MAN 9 ,ROME6 

,IF ! P]SON POSES A DANG] - :ILE 9 ACTUALITY1 ! P]SON IS NO?+ BUT A ?\S&-YE> OLD DAYDREAM ( M5 W&]+ 9 ! %AD[S1 :I* CUTS !M (F FROM !IR SPECIES HI/ORY - ! MEANS TO COMBAT IT IS ONLY TO BE F\ND 9 ! UNIV]SAL QUALITATIVE UNIT>9ESS ( ! P>TY1 9 :I* !RE IS EFFECT$ REVOLUTION>Y CONC5TRATION BEYOND ! LIMITS ( ONE'S LOCALITY1 NATIONALITY1 CATEGORY ( WORK1 BEYOND ! LIMITS EV5 ( ! 5T]PRISE1 ?AT LIFE S5T5CE ( WAGE E>N]S2 9 :I* !RE LIVES-9-WAIT+ .<VIVE ANTICIPATA.> ! FUTURE SOCIETY )\T CLASSES & )\T EX*ANGE4 

,! 0*>ISMATIC0 P>TY 

,! TYPICAL B\RGEOIS AS WELL AS SOME LEFT-W+]S GONE BAD SEE 9/EAD ANO!R REM$Y = ! REC5T =MS ( B\RGEOIS DEG5]ATION2 = ! OLIG>*IES1 PRETORIAN CLIQUES1 CRIM9AL GANGS1 PACKS ( P[]-HUNGRY VAMPIRES1 & O!R C>TOON-LIKE FIGURES :I*1 ?ANKS TO ! GULLIBILITY ( IDIOTS1 FILL ! PAGES ( ! PRESS & =M ! SUBJECT ( SO MU* CONTEMPOR>Y *ATT]4 ,! REM$Y3 A 0GU>ANTEE0 BORR[$ NO LESS IDIOTICALLY FROM ! >S5ALS ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 0DEMOCRACY0 TRANSPORT$ FROM ! REALM ( CON/ITUTIONAL UNIV]SALITY TO ! MORE RE/RICT$ T]RA9 - :]E IT REPRES5TS AN EV5 MORE HOLL[ ILLUSION - ( ! CLASS & ( ! P>TY4 

,)9 WELL-DEF9$ HI/ORICAL LIMITS1 ! ELECTIVE & CONSULTATIVE ME*ANISM HAS A C]TA9 EFFECTIVE ROLE TO PLAY1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT CAN NEV] ESCAPE FROM ! CON/ITUTIONAL & M>KET-IMPOS$ B\RGEOIS CONF9ES1 BUT IT CAN S]VE TO MITIGATE - = CLE>LY C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y PURPOSES - SOME ( ! WOR/ BLUND]S ( MISMANAGEM5T & ABUSE ( P[]1 :I* B5EFIT 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]S ( ! RUL+ CLASS BUT NOT ! CAUSE ( SELF-PRES]VATION ( ! RUL+ CLASS AS A :OLE4 ,BUT EV5 )9 !SE SPECIFIC CONF9ES1 WE W\LD LIKE TO OBS]VE1 ! GU>ANTEE ?AT ABUSE ( AU?ORITY WILL BE AVOID$ OR SUPPRESS$ DOES NOT LIE 9 ! AUTONOMY ( ! P]IPH]IES OR ( TRADES BUT RA!R 9 ! EXT5SION ( ! SCOPE ( ORGANIZATION & P[]1 :I*1 AS IT RISES & EXT5DS FUR!R & FUR!R1 APPLIES HI<] AU?ORITIES & CORRECTIVE P[]S TO L[] & LIMIT$ ONES4 

,! 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION ( ! P>TY WAS 7& WILL BE7 ABLE TO MAKE USE ( A SIMIL> SY/EM = PURELY ME*ANICAL PURPOSES1 A SY/EM :I* UND\BT$LY HAS A HI]>*ICAL *>ACT]1 BUT ?IS 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION DOES NOT1 BY VIRTUE ( ITS 9N] WORK+S1 CONF] ANY 0SAFEGU>D0 AGA9/ HI/ORICAL CRISES :OSE CAUSES LIE ELSE:]E4 ,!RE=E1 \R ,LEFT HAS BE5 SAY+ = DECADES ?AT NOT EV5 ! P>TY IS 9FALLIBLE AT ANY GIV5 TIME1 & ?AT ITS /RUCTURE IS DIALECTICALLY AFFECT$ BY ITS [N \TW>D-FAC+ ACTIONS2 ?AT IT SUFF]S CRISES & AILM5TS1 & :5 IT DEVIATES FROM ! 9V>IANT CLASSICAL DOCTR9E OR MUDDIES ITS 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION & /RATEGIC OP]ATION1 IT PAYS ! PRICE ) CURATIVE SCISSIONS & LONG HI/ORICAL P]IODS ( WAIT+3 H5CE \R CONDEMNATION ( BLOCS1 FRONTS1 AMALGAMATIONS1 NETWORKS EMB$D$ 9 O!R P>TIES & SO ON4 ,?IS IS NOT ! PLACE TO DEMON/RATE H[ ALL LAPSES 9TO OPPORTUNISM >E HI/ORICALLY L9K$ TO EPISODES ( ?IS NATURE2 ?AT WILL BE %[N 9 GREAT] DETAIL 9 A 0HI/ORY0 ( ! /RUGGLES ( ! ,LEFT CURR5TLY 9 PREP>ATION .<#e#a.>4 

,?IS DIFFICULT PROBLEM ( CONTEMPOR>Y LIFE IS ONLY COMPREH5D$ 9 A BANAL WAY BY B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGUES1 :O TREAT DEVELOPM5TS 9 ! /RUCTURE ( ALL MOD]N P>TIES 9 ALL C\NTRIES 9 ! SAME METAPHYSICAL WAY1 COMPLETELY G5]ALLY1 REG>DLESS ( !IR PROGRAM1 OR AS WE W\LD MORE ACCURATELY PUT IT1 !IR CLASS BASE4 

,9 ! LIB]AL REVOLUTION1 ! PURE & HEAL?Y =M ( ! P>TY W\LD PLAY BY ! RULES ( 9T]NAL DEMOCRACY & ! FREE ASSOCIATION ( MEMB]S RESULT+ FROM !IR *]I%$ OP9IONS1 !IR BELIEFS4 ,?IS ME*ANISM IS N[ PRES5T$ AS A PR$OM9ANCE ( 0CULTURE0 OV] 0POLITICS40 ,IT DID NOT RULE \T ! POSSIBILITY ?AT ! G5]AL P>TY %\LD BE HI]>*ICALLY ORGANIZ$1 BUT IT DEF5D$ ?IS HI]>*Y ) ! FOLL[+ +5U\S S*EMA3 ! LEAD] W\LD BE ! WISE/ & MO/ LE>N$ P]SON ( ALL1 & 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY1 ?AT SWEET HEYDAY ( ! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE1 ! POLITICAL LEAD]%IP W\LD HAVE BE5 EX]CIS$ BY TEA*]S OV] PUPILS2 AU?ORITY )9 ! P>TIES W\LD !RE=E HAVE HAD 9TELLECTUAL CONT5T TO IT4 ,?IS POLITICAL APP>ATUS W\LD HAVE EV5 PROVID$ A CORRECTIVE TO ! BURD5SOME ADM9I/RATIVE BUREAUCRACY6 

,IT IS OBVI\S1 H[EV]1 ?AT DEMOCRACY WAS ! PANACEA1 & ?AT 9 !SE P>TY-S*OOLS ! PUPILS ELECT$ !IR [N TEA*]S4 ,OV] ! LA/ C5TURY1 H[EV]1 SU* ILLUSIONS W]E DISPELL$1 BECAUSE !RE >OSE 0MASS P>TIES0 9 :I* ! BASE LO/ ITS DEMOCRATIC RI<TS1 :ILE ! LEAD]S SOMEH[ FELL FROM ! SKY & W]E MY/]I\SLY LEGITIMIZ$ AFT] ! FACT4 ,! :OLE LESSON ?AT WE CAN D]IVE FROM ?IS HI/ORICAL RECAPITULATION CONSI/S 9 SAY+ ?AT ! H]D FOLL[S ! LEAD] & ! SMALL 5T\RAGE ?AT BACKS HIM UP BECAUSE !Y SEE 9 HIM C]TA9 0*>ISMA10 ?AT IS TO SAY DIV9E-LIKE GRACE1 :I* IS POSSESS$ BY HIM ALONE & :I* HE CAN CONF] ON O!RS IF HE SO WI%ES4 ,CULTURE 5D$ UP SCREW$2 9 #b? C5TURY SOCIETY1 POLITICS W\LD TRAMPLE 0CULTURE0 UND]FOOT4 ,! ,LEAD] DOES NOT BECOME :O HE IS BECAUSE HE IS ! WISE/ MAN ( ALL2 RA!R1 HIS WORD BECOMES LAW BECAUSE HE IS ! ,LEAD]4 ,EV5 IF HE IS A FOOL1 HE %ALL BE ! ,BE/ .<#e#b.>4 

,=CE OR REASON 

,WE FAM\SLY CRITICIZ$ ! CONCEPTION ( ! MASS P>TY & ! MANN] ( LEAD]%IP ( COMMUNI/ P>TIES ?AT WAS 9TRODUC$ 9 ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL UND] ! MAL=M$ NAME ( ,BOL%EVIZATION1 BUT WE HAVE NEV] WANT$ TO SEE ?IS CRITICISM ( \RS CONFUS$ ) A CRITICISM CONDUCT$ FROM ! /&PO9T ( APOLOGETICS = G5]AL DEMOCRACY1 :I* PROPOSES AN IDEAL MODEL TO BE ADOPT$ BY P>TIES ( ALL /RIPES1 & :I* LEADS TO ! EXACT SAME PLACE :]E ! ,/AL9I/S1 AS WE W]E EASILY ABLE TO PR$ICT1 5D$ UP AS WELL3 A DULL SOCIAL PACIFISM4 

,?US WE >E DEAL+ ) TWO V]Y DIFF]5T QUE/IONS3 ?AT ( ! NATURE ( ! COMMUNI/ P>TY1 & ?AT ( ! EVOLUTION ( ! P>TY-=M DUR+ ! B\RGEOIS AGE1 OR ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 POLITICS & CULTURE4 

,?IS PRES5T-DAY =MULA ( TURN+ SU* A RELATION ON ITS HEAD 9 FAVOR ( ! POLITICAL T]M & AT ! EXP5SE ( ! CULTURAL ONE WE F9D ATTRIBUT$ 9 ,P]TICONE'S .<#e#c.> >TICLES TO ! R5[N$ ,G]MAN SOCIOLOGI/ ,MAX ,WEB]1 :O AT ! TIME ( ! ,GREAT ,W> /ILL !ORIZ$ ! 0DEMO-CULTURAL0 P>TY1 ONLY = IT TO BE LAT] SWEPT AWAY 9 ! ,HITL]I/-,/AL9I/ DISILLUSION4 ,IT IS1 IT W\LD APPE>1 ALWAYS ! =M] SEMI-,M>XI/S :O GET 9 ! WAY ( GOOD 9T5TIONS444 

,WE >E 9T]E/$ 9 E/ABLI%+1 BE=E WE GO ON TO SAY ANY?+ AB\T ! MO/ REC5T TOTALIT>IAN =MS & BE=E WE EXPLA9 7& LAM5T7 ! 0*>ISMATIC0 CONCEPTION1 ?AT ,M>XISM HAS NEV] HAD ANY?+ 9 COMMON ) ?OSE !ORIES 0( P>TIES0 9 :I* ! DYNAMIC ( !SE P>TIES IS DET]M9$ BY ! MASS EQUILIBRIUM ( ! OP9IONS ( !IR ADH]5TS4 ,9 \R CONCEPTION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY1 SAID P>TY HAS ITS DOCTR9E ?AT ALL ( ITS MEMB]S ACCEPT & %>E1 BUT ?AT DOES NOT GIVE !M ! ABILITY TO *ANGE IT AT EV]Y TURN ) NUM]ICAL CONSULTATIONS1 BECAUSE ! DOCTR9E IS BORN COLLECTIVE BUT UNIT>Y - DUE TO ! =CE ( HI/ORICAL EV5TS RA!R ?AN ANY ASSOCIATION ( 9DIVIDUAL CELLS4 ,BUT !N1 \R CONCEPTION IS ?AT ( A S+LE P>TY4 

,AS = O!R P>TIES1 WE CANNOT BUT LAU< AT ! MY? ( A GOLD5 AGE1 DEMOCRATIC & ( A S*OLA/IC OR K9D]G>T5-LIKE *>ACT]4 ,9 ! P]IOD ( B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 !SE O!R P>TIES1 TOO1 RE/$ ON DICTATOR%IP & T]ROR2 !Y CALL$ !MSELVES 5LI<T5$1 BUT ?IS SELF-DECEPTION WAS DE/ROY$ NOT EV5 BY ,M>X1 BUT ALREADY BY ,BABEUF1 :5 HE !ORIZ$ ?AT =CE WAS MORE P[]FUL ?AN REASON 9 ! SOCIAL /RUGGLE4 ,?US ! RATIONAL P>TY 5VISION$ BY ,WEB] HAS NO PROLET>IAN-SOCIALI/ ORIG94 ,WE >E ALWAYS READY2 ! S*OOL ( ! PROLET>IANS WILL BE ! VICTORI\S REVOLUTION1 :I*1 = ! TIME BE+1 ASKS = !IR >M$ H&S BUT CANNOT ASK = !IR DIPLOMA 9 POLITICS2 EV5 ?OSE :O BECOME MEMB]S ( ! P>TY >E NOT ASK$ TO TAKE A 0CULTURAL EXAM0 FIR/4 ,EV] S9CE ! /RUGGLES )9 ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! ,LEFT HAS MOCK$ ! IDEA ( A 0CULTURALI/0 P>TY .<#e#d.>4 

,EV] S9CE !IR 9CEPTION1 ! P>TIES ( ! B\RGEOISIE HAVE EXPRESS$ & DEF5D$ ITS CLASS 9T]E/S 9/EAD ( CRY/ALLIZ+ ITS PR(ESS$ OP9IONS3 ! MANY MIDDLE-B\RGEOIS & PETTY B\RGEOIS P>TIES HAVE E/ABLI%$ ME*ANISMS = TRANS=M+ ! DEM&S ( BIG CAPITAL 9TO POLITICAL SUP]/ITIONS .<#e#e.> ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES & PETTY B\RGEOISIE4 ,?OSE :I* MA9LY RECRUIT$ !IR ADH]5TS FROM ! RANKS ( 09TELLECTUALS0 W]E ! ONES ?AT P]CEIV$ HI/ORY & SOCIETY LESS CLE>LY1 & 5D$ UP SUPPLY+ NAIVE H]OES = ! CONQUE/S & 5DEAVORS ( ,EUROPEAN CAPITALISM BY ALL[+ ITS UNSAVORY APPETITES TO BE TURN$ 9TO HI< IDEALS4 ,9 ! 5TIRE HI/ORY ( ! ,ITALIAN ,RISORGIM5TO .<#e#f.>1 WE F9D ONLY ONE GREAT EXCEPTION TO ?IS MY/IFI$ RATIONALITY & 0CULTURALI/0 POLITICAL /RUGGLE3 9 ! P]SON ( ,C>LO ,PISACANE1 ! ,M>XI/ :O NEV] GOT A *ANCE TO READ ,M>X1 BUT :O NEV]!LESS D$ICAT$ HIS LIFE TO ! NATIONAL CAUSE1 KILL$ BY A MOB ( ILLIT]ATE & CLASS-UNCONSCI\S PEASANT RABBLE BE=E ! POLICE WAS ABLE TO DO SO4 

,! RIDICUL\S EPO* ( ! BIG .<#e#g.> 

,AS = ! CONTRA/ MADE BY ,P]TICONE BETWE5 ! PHASE ( VOLUNT>Y-DEMOCRATIC P>TIES & ?OSE :I* >E *>ACT]IZ$ BY BL9D OB$I5CE TO A C5TRAL DRIV+ =CE1 :I* ! BASE ID5TIFIES ) P>TICUL> NAMES OR WORSE YET1 ) A S+LE ,NAME - & H]E WE DO NOT M\RN A LA ,WEB] ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! =M] TYPE1 & SEE NO POSSIBILITY ( ITS FUTURE REISSUE 9 ! =M ( A NEW LIB]AL PLURALI/ M]RY-GO-R\ND 7:I* NEV] REALLY HAD ANY IMPORTANCE 9 ! PA/7 - IT CAN ONLY BE UND]/OOD 9 ! CONTEXT ( A CRITIQUE ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y DEG5]ATION ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 & 9S(> AS ?IS CRITIQUE IS SUFFICI5TLY DEVELOP$ AS TO NOT METAPHYSICALLY TAKE ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION1 9 :I* ONE W\LD >RIVE1 = EXAMPLE1 AT ! P>TY ( ,/AL91 OR AT ?OSE ( ,HITL]1 ,MUSSOL9I1 OR TODAY1 WE IMAG9E1 ( DE ,GAULLE4 

,:AT IS *>ACT]I/IC ( !SE MON/R\S ORGANIZATIONS - :OSE REAL CAUSE IS ! PASSIVITY ( ! MASSES 9 A DECOMPOS+ SOCIETY1 :I* IS DUE1 NOT TO ANY DEFICIT ( 0CULTURE0 OR LACK ( 0TEA*]S10 BUT RA!R TO ! LACK ( REVOLUTION>Y PHYSICAL =CE1 :OSE CAUSES >E WELL-KN[N .<BUT.> COMPLEX & REMOTE - IS ! /RANGE P>ADOX ?AT ! V]Y SAME MOD]N 0*>ISMATIC0 SY/EM :I*1 :]EV] IT IS F\ND1 UND] ALL SKIES & 9 ALL CLIMES1 MAKE ! LEAD] 9TO AN IDOL 7& :AT A FRAGILE & FLEET+ ONE671 DEF5DS ITSELF FROM ALL SIDES PRECISELY BY EXALT+ ! /UPID DEMOCRATIC PANACEA1 & BOA/S ( HOLD+ PLEBISCITES TO CONSULT ! SO-CALL$ 0CONSCI5CES0 ( ITS MEMB]%IP4 

,TOTALIT>IAN /ATES LIKE ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY1 & ,JAPAN W]E SWEPT AWAY BY ! W>1 & ) !M !IR GOV]NM5TAL P>TIES4 ,AMONG ! W9N]S1 ! ,WE/]N ,ALLIES >E P]MAN5T P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRACIES1 & IT IS TO ?IS JURIDICAL =M ?AT !Y HAVE BE5 9CREAS+LY TRY+ TO CONV]T ! C\NTRIES ( ! WORLD ON :I* EX]T 9FLU5CE4 ,RUSSIA & H] SATELLITE ,/ATES HAVE 9T]NALLY PRES]V$ ! ONE-P>TY SY/EM & HAVE NO P>TIES COMPET+ = P[]1 BUT ! POLICIES :I* ! NOM9ALLY COMMUNI/ P>TIES C>RY \T ABROAD >E ALL BAS$ ON OP5 PROMOTION ( ELECTORAL DEMOCRACY1 :I* !Y DEM& ( LOCAL GOV]NM5TS4 ,9 ! DISPUTE BETWE5 ! TWO BLOCS ( ,/ATES & P>TIES1 ! DEM& = DEMOCRACY IS ALWAYS AT ! =EFRONT1 & ! MO/ COMMON ACCUSATION IS ?AT ( (F5SES AGA9/ ! ELECTORAL MANIFE/ATION ( ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE4 ,EI!R CONT5D] USES ! ACCUSATION ?AT ! O!R P]PETRATES ?IS 9FAMY AS A SELF-EVID5T TRU?4 

,DESPITE ?IS PR(USION ( 9VOCATIONS ( POPUL> SOV]EIGNTY ON ! BROADE/ POSSIBLE BASIS1 EV]Y TIME !SE WORLD P[]S MEET1 !Y OBS]VE A COMMON RULE :ILE CONTRADICT+ EA* O!R3 NAMELY1 ?AT ! MILLIONS ( PEOPLE :OSE 9T]E/S 7WE REFUSE TO SAY3 0:OSE OP9IONS07 >E AT /AKE >E BUT DI/ANT SPECTATORS TO A GA!R+ ( F\R OR FIVE P]SONAGES FIRMLY P]*$ AT ! TOP1 REPRES5T+ ! F\R OR FIVE GOV]NM5TS ( ! MO/ MON/R\S ,/ATES ON ! WORLD1 & EV]Y?+ 9 ?IS DEMOCRATIC & POPUL> WORLD IS DECID$ BY !SE FIVE 0BIGGE/0 .<C9QUE AL MASSIMO 0BIG0.>2 ?AT IS1 BY FIVE SPECIM5S ( ! TWO BILLION MEMB]S ( ! HUMAN SPECIES1 ALL ( !M 0DEMO-SOV]EIGN02 BY ! FIVE HI<E/ FIGURES TO :OM WE D$ICATE ! APO/ROPHE .<#e#h.> ( A =GOTT5 POET1 IRONICALLY CIT$ AS ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL H5DECASYLLABLE .<#e#i.> ( ,ITALIAN LIT]ATURE3 0,O BIG PIRAMIDAL1 *E FAI TU LI80 7,O BIG MAN ATOP ! PYRAMID1 :AT >E Y\ DO+ !RE87 

,C\LD DEMOCRACY POSSIBLY GET MORE DECAD5T & DISGU/+LY %AMELESS ?AN ?IS8 

,AGA9/ ?IS1 :AT *ANCE DOES RATIONAL SOCIOLOGY /&1 ! SOCIOLOGY ( ! OP9IONS ( ! ELITES1 ( ! *OICES MADE BY CULTIVAT$ M51 :O ACCORD+ TO ,WEB]'S FANTASIES %\LD LEAD ! WORLD'S POLITICAL LIFE1 EV]Y SO (T5 EX*ANG+ P[] AMONG !MSELVES1 ALWAYS ) ELEGANT 0FAIR PLAY0 & TOL]ANT *IVALRY8 

,! ,M>XI/ LEFT1 ?AT P]SI/5T DISBELIEV] 9 ! MON/R\S MEGA-P>TY .<P>TITONE.> & 9 ! ADULATION ( ! MASSES1 US$ TO BE ACCUS$ ( HOLD+ A !ORY ( 9TELLECTUAL ELITES4 ,BUT WE >E JU/ AS MU* AGA9/ DEMOCRACY 9 SOCIETY1 9 ! CLASS1 & 9 ! P>TY1 :]E WE CALL = ORGANIC C5TRALITY1 AS WE >E AGA9/ ANY ROLE = EXECUTIVE ELITES1 NA/Y SUB/ITUTES = ! ,LEAD]-P]SON1 A COLLECTIVE PUPPET (F]$ AS A SUB/ITUTE = AN 9DIVIDUAL ONE1 :I* AT GIV5 MOM5TS ACTUALLY REPRES5TS A /EP BACKW>DS4 ,! DIFF]5CE 9 SUB/ANCE CONSI/S 9 ! FACT ?AT \R DOCTR9E DOES NOT PRESCRIBE A :OLE CON/ELLATION ( P>TIES1 BUT ! ROLE ( A S+LE P>TY1 :OSE DIALOGUE ) ALL ! O!RS IS NEI!R 9TELLECTUAL NOR CULTURAL1 & NEV] AGA9 ELECTORAL & P>LIAM5T>Y1 BUT RA!R 5TRU/$ TO CLASS VIOL5CE1 TO ! MAT]IAL =CE ?AT HAS AS ITS AIM ! SUBJUGATION & DE/RUCTION ( ALL O!R P>TIES4 

,! P>TY1 :I* WE >E SURE TO SEE RESURRECT$ 9 A BRI<T FUTURE1 WILL BE COMPOS$ ( A SPIRIT$ M9ORITY ( PROLET>IANS & ANONYM\S REVOLUTION>IES :O1 LIKE ! ORGANS ( ! SAME LIV+ BE+1 MAY P]=M DIFF]5T FUNCTIONS1 BUT :O WILL ALL - :E!R AT ! C5T] OR AT ! BASE - BE B\ND BY AN 9FLEXIBLE RULE ?AT WILL OV]RIDE EV]Y?+ ELSE3 ! RULE ( DEF]R+ TO ! !ORY1 ( CONT9UITY & RIGOR 9 ORGANIZATION1 ( A PRECISE ME?OD = /RATEGIC ACTION4 ,! ACCEPTABLE RANGE ( POSSIBILITIES = SU* ACTION WILL BE DRAWN - & WILL 9 ! SAME MANN] BECOME B9D+ = ALL - FROM ! T]RIBLE HI/ORICAL LESSON ( ! DEVA/ATION 9FLICT$ BY OPPORTUNISM4 

,9 SU* A P>TY - ONE ?AT IS F9ALLY IMP]SONAL - NO ONE WILL BE ABLE TO ABUSE P[]1 P]TA9+ TO ITS 9IMITABLE *>ACT]I/IC ?AT HAS DI/+UI%$ IT 9 AN UN9T]RUPT$ ?READ /RET*+ BACK TO #a#h#d#h4 

,?AT *>ACT]I/IC IS ! ABS5CE ( ANY HESITATION ON ! P>T ( ! P>TY & ITS MEMB]S TO AFFIRM ?AT !IR SOLE PURPOSE IS ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] & ITS C5TRALIZ$ EX]CISE1 )\T EV] CONCEAL+ ?IS PURPOSE EV5 = A MOM5T & UNTIL ALL ! P>TIES ( ,CAPITAL & ITS PETTY B\RGEOIS LACKEYS HAVE BE5 EXT]M9AT$4 

,FOOTNOTES 

#a4 ,PROPRIETA E ,CAPITALE4 ,PROMETEO1 ,S]IES ,I1 ,NO4 #a 7,JUNE-,JULY #a#i#d#h71 ,NO4 #aa 7,NOVEMB]-,DECEMB] #a#i#d#h71 ,NO4 #ab 7,JANU>Y-,M>* #a#i#d#i71 ,NO4 #ac 7,AUGU/ #a#i#d#i71 ,NO4 #ad 7,JANU>Y-,FEBRU>Y #a#i#e72 ,S]IES ,I,I1 ,NO4 #a 7,NOVEMB] #a#i#e71 ,NO4 #c-#d 7,JULY-,SEPTEMB] #a#i#e#b74 ,AVAILABLE 9 ! ORIG9AL ,ITALIAN1 ) SEV]AL P>TS REC5TLY TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,5GLI%4 

#b4 ,! ,9T]NATIONALI/ ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY MEET+ ?AT ,BORDIGA REF]S TO WAS HELD 9 ,TUR9 ON ,JUNE #a-#b1 #a#i#e#h4 ,! M9UTES W]E PUBLI%$ 9 ,IL ,PROGRAMMA ,COMUNI/A ,NO4 #ab 7,JUNE #b1 #a#i#e#h71 ,NO4 #ac 7,JULY #e1 #a#i#e#h71 ,NO4 #ad 7,JULY #b1 #a#i#e#h71 & ,NO4 #ae 7,AUGU/ #d1 #a#i#e#h7 UND] ! TITLE ,SFREGIO E BE/EMMIA DEI PR9CIPI COMUNI/I NELLA RIVELATRICE DIATRIBA TRA I P>TITI DEI R9NEGATI .<,AFFRONT & BLASPHEMY AGA9/ COMMUNI/ PR9CIPLES 9 ! REVEAL+ DIATRIBE BETWE5 ! R5EGADES' P>TIES.>4 

#c4 ,!ORETICAL 0APP5DICES0 OR 0SUPPLEM5TS0 PUBLI%$ 9 ,IL ,PROGRAMMA ,COMUNI/A AFT] EA* MEET+4 ,! 0,COROLL>II0 TO ! ,TUR9 MEET+ W]E PUBLI%$ UND] ! TITLE ,IL PROGRAMMA RIVOLUZION>IO DELLA SOCIETA COMUNI/A ELIM9A OGNI =MA DI PROPRIETA DEL SUOLO1 DEGLI IMPIANTI DI PRODUZIONE E DEI PRODOTTI DEL LAVORO .<,! REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM ( COMMUNI/ SOCIETY ELIM9ATES ALL =MS ( [N]%IP ( L&1 ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION & ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR.> & >E AVAILABLE ONL9E 9 BO? ,ITALIAN & ,5GLI%4 

#d4 ,MEAN+ ISSUES ( ,IL ,PROGRAMMA ,COMUNI/A2 SEE NOTES #b & #c4 

#e4 ,TRUISM2 A TRITE1 SELF-EVID5T /ATEM5T4 

#f4 ,! MEET+ ?AT ,BORDIGA REF]S TO H]E WAS HELD 9 ,A/I ON ,JUNE #b#f-#b#g1 #a#i#e#d4 ,! M9UTES W]E PUBLI%$ 9 ,IL ,PROGRAMMA ,COMUNI/A ,NO4 #ac 7,JULY #i1 #a#i#e#d71 ,NO4 #ad 7,JULY #b#c1 #a#i#e#d71 ,NO4 #ae 7,AUGU/ #g1 #a#i#e#d71 ,NO4 #af 7,AUGU/ #b#h1 #a#i#e#d71 ,NO4 #ag 7,SEPTEMB] #a#f1 #a#i#e#d71 ,NO4 #ah 7,OCTOB] #a1 #a#i#e#d71 & ,NO4 #ai 7,OCTOB] #a#e1 #a#i#e#d7 UND] ! TITLE ,VULCANO DELLA PRODUZIONE O PALUDE DEL M]CATO8 7,ECONOMIA M>XI/A $ ECONOMIA CONTRORIVOLUZION>IA7 .<,! VOLCANO ( PRODUCTION OR ! SWAMP ( ! M>KET8 ,M>XI/ V]SUS C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y ECONOMY.> & >E AVAILABLE 9 ! ORIG9AL ,ITALIAN4 

#g4 ,5GLI% TRANSLATION ( ,L59'S TEXT QUOT$ H]E IS TAK5 FROM3 ,HANNA1 ,G41 $4 #a#i#g#b4 ,V4 ,I4 ,L593 ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS4 ,VOLUME #b4 #a#h#i#e-#a#h#i#g4 ,PROGRESS ,PUBLI%]S1 ,MOSC[1 PP4 #a#g#a-#a#g#b4 ,! 9S]TIONS >E ,BORDIGA'S4 

#h4 ,IBID41 #a#g4 

#i4 ,IBID41 #a#f#g4 ,H]E ! PASSAGE QUOT$ BY ,BORDIGA DIFF]S SLI<TLY FROM ! ,5GLI% TRANSLATION1 :I* SPLITS ! TEXT 9 QUE/ION 9TO TWO S5T5CES4 ,! TRANSLATION ABOVE CON=MS TO ?AT GIV5 BY ,BORDIGA4 

#a4 ,IBID41 #a#g#a4 ,! 9S]TIONS >E ,BORDIGA'S4 

#a#a4 ,A P>APHRASE ( A S5T5CE FROM ! DRAFT ( ,M>X'S LETT] TO ,ROB]T ,APPLEG>? FROM ,DECEMB] #c1 #a#h#f#i4 ,! LETT] ITSELF WAS LO/ 7SEE ,M,E,C,W ,VOL4 #d#c1 P4 #cic & NOTE #d#i#e71 BUT ITS DRAFT 7V>I\SLY TITL$ 0,NATIONALIZATION ( ,L&0 OR 0,! ,ABOLITION ( ,L&$ ,PROP]TY07 WAS R$ISCOV]$ & PUBLI%$ FIR/ 9 ,RUSSIAN TRANSLATION & !N 9 ! ORIG9AL ,5GLI% 9 ,! ,LABOR ,MON?LY1 ,VOL4 #c#d1 ,NO4 #i 7,SEPTEMB] #a#i#e#b71 PP4 #d#a#e-#d#a#g4 ,NE>LY ID5TICAL PASSAGES CAN ALSO BE F\ND 9 A PAP] TITL$ ,! ,NATIONALIZATION ( ! ,L&1 WRITT5 BY ,M>X & PRES5T$ 9 ONLY A V]Y LI<TLY $IT$ =M BY ,EUG5E ,DUPONT 9 #ahgb AT ! ,MAN*E/] SECTION ( ! ,I,W,M,A 7SEE ,M,E,C,W ,VOL4 #b#c1 PP4 #a#c#a-#a#c#f74 ,BORDIGA APPE>S TO HAVE DRAWN FROM ! =M] TEXT4 

#a#b4 ,SEE ,! REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM ( COMMUNI/ SOCIETY ELIM9ATES ALL =MS ( [N]%IP ( L&1 ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION & ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR4 

#a#c4 ,5GLI% TRANSLATION TAK5 FROM ,M,E,C,W ,VOL4 #c1 P4 #b#b#e4 

#a#d4 ,IBID4 ,NOTE ?AT BO? 9S]TIONS 9 SQU>E BRACKETS >E ,BORDIGA'S1 & ?AT ,M,E,C,W TRANSLATES ! WORD ,EIG5TUMLI*KEIT QUITE DIFF]5TLY1 & >GUABLY MORE ACCURATELY1 AS 0SPECIFIC *>ACT]40 

#a#e4 ,9 ! ORIG9AL ,ITALIAN1 ! PHRASE L'ESS]E UMANO IS US$ BO? = ! TRANSLATION ( ,M>X'S ,G]MAN 7:]E ,M,E,C,W R5D]S IT AS 0HUMAN NATURE07 & 9 ,BORDIGA'S P>APHRASE !RE(1 :]E IT IS MORE APPROPRIATELY TRANSLAT$ AS 0HUMAN BE+40 

#a#f4 ,M,E,C,W ,VOL4 #c1 P4 #b#b#e4 ,! 9S]TIONS >E ,BORDIGA'S4 

#a#g4 ,A REF]5CE TO ! #a#b? ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONGRESS ( ,PHILOSOPHY HELD 9 ,V5ICE FROM ,SEPTEMB] #ab TO ,SEPTEMB] #a#h1 #a#i#e#h4 

#a#h4 ,M,E,C,W ,VOL4 #c1 P4 #b#b#g4 

#a#i4 ,IBID4 

#b4 ,IBID41 PP4 #b#b#g-#b#b#h4 

#b#a4 0,FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( ET]NITY02 A COMMON PHILOSOPHICAL IDIOM FIR/ US$ BY ,B>U* ,SP9OZA4 

#b#b4 ,! *>ACT]S ( A PLAY2 PROTAGONI/S4 

#b#c4 ,M,E,C,W ,VOL4 #c1 P4 #b#b#h4 

#b#d4 ,! ,LABOR ,MON?LY1 ,VOL4 #c#d1 ,NO4 #i1 P4 #d#a#g4 

#b#e4 ,BORDIGA'S 9S]TION1 :I* IS NOT TRUE ( ANY ( ! EXTANT ,5GLI% V]SIONS4 

#b#f4 ,! ,LABOR ,MON?LY1 ,VOL4 #c#d1 ,NO4 #i1 P4 #d#a#g4 

#b#g4 ,IBID4 

#b#h4 ,ACTUALLY ,AUGU/ #b#i1 #a#i#e#h4 

#b#i4 ,5GLI% TRANSLATION TAK5 FROM3 ,B[IE1 ,R4 ,R4 & ,FAIRBANK1 ,J4 ,K41 $S4 #a#i#g#a4 ,COMMUNI/ ,*9A1 #a#i#e#e-#a#i#e#i4 ,POLICY ,DOCUM5TS ) ,ANALYSIS4 ,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 ,CAMBRIDGE1 ,M,A1 P4 #d#e#f4 ,! 9S]TIONS >E ,BORDIGA'S4 

#c4 ,BORDIGA EMPHASIZES ! WORD UNA1 :I* 9 ,ITALIAN CAN CORRESPOND BO? TO ! ,5GLI% 9DEF9ITE >TICLES 7AS 9 ! TRANSLATION ( ,M>X'S PASSAGE ABOVE7 & TO ! MEAN+ ( 07JU/7 ONE40 ,9 ,5GLI%1 ?IS SEMANTIC AMBIGUITY DOES NOT EXI/1 & :AT ,BORDIGA ACCOMPLI%$ BY A SIMPLE %IFT ( EMPHASIS !RE=E REQUIRES 9S]T+ AN EXTRA WORD 9TO ,M>X'S PHRASE4 

#c#a4 ,(FICIAL NEWSPAP] ( ! ,/AL9I/ ,ITALIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 

#c#b4 ,B5$ETTO ,CROCE 7#a#h#f#f-#a#i#e#b71 AN ,ITALIAN LIB]AL & IDEALI/ PHILOSOPH] :O 9FLU5C$ ,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI & :O WAS EXT5SIVELY CRITICIZ$ BY ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 7SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ,COMMUNISM & ,HUMAN ,KN[L$GE74 

#c#c4 ,ROB]TO ,FELICE ,>DIGO 7#a#h#b#h-#a#i#b71 AN ,ITALIAN ,CA?OLIC PRIE/ TURN$ POSITIVI/1 POLITICALLY ASSOCIAT$ ) ! B\RGEOIS REPUBLICANISM ( ,MAZZ9I & ,G>IBALDI4 

#c#d4 ,! ,LAT9 PHRASE ITSELF PR$ATES D',HOLBA*2 IT CAN BE F\ND 9 ,AQU9AS & SUMM>IZES A VIEW ALREADY EXPRESS$ BY ,>I/OTLE4 

#c#e4 ,A CONCEPT ORIG9AT+ ) ! ,ITALIAN PHILOSOPH] ,RODOLFO ,MONDOLFO 7#a#h#g#g-#a#i#g#f71 BAS$ ON ,GIOVANNI ,G5TILE'S 7#a#h#g#e-#a#i#d#d7 MI/RANSLATION ( ! PHRASE 0UMWALZ5DE ,PRAXIS0 OCCURR+ 9 ,5GELS' #ahhh REVISION ( ! ?IRD ( ,M>X'S ,!SES ON ,FEU]BA*4 ,! PHRASE IS USUALLY R5D]$ AS 0REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE0 9 ,5GLI% 79 AGREEM5T ) ,M>X'S ORIG9AL #ahde WORD+1 REVOLUTION>E ,PRAXIS7 & CAN BE MORE LIT]ALLY TRANSLAT$ AS 0OV]TURN+ PRAXIS10 I4E41 A PRAXIS ?AT OV]TURNS4 ,MONDOLFO US$ ! 9CORRECT TRANSLATION 0OV]TURN$ PRAXIS0 TO >GUE = A TWO-WAY1 0DIALECTICAL0 RELATION%IP BETWE5 WILL 7!ORY1 CRITIQUE1 SUBJECTIVITY7 & ACTION 7PRACTICE1 OBJECTIVITY71 & CONSID]$ ?IS 9T]PRETATION TO BE SO PHILOSOPHICALLY F]TILE ?AT EV5 AFT] ACKN[L$G+ ! ]ROR1 HE 9SI/$ ?AT IT CORRESPOND$ TO ! SPIRIT ( ,M>X'S TEXT AT LEA/ AS WELL AS ! ACTUAL WORD+4 ,! CONCEPT BECAME FIRMLY 5TR5*$ 9 ,ITALIAN ,M>XISM2 IT WAS TAK5 UP BY ,GRAMSCI ) 5?USIASM1 & EV5 ,BORDIGA1 :ILE CRITICIZ+ ,GRAMSCI1 TOOK IT = GRANT$ AS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ,M>X'S !ORY1 AS DOCUM5T$ BY HIS REPORT ON ,! REV]SAL ( PRAXIS 9 ,M>XI/ !ORY1 PRES5T$ AT ! ,ROME MEET+ ( ! ,9T]NATIONALI/ ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ON ,APRIL #a1 #a#i#e#a4 

#c#f4 ,5GLI% TRANSLATION TAK5 FROM ,M,E,C,W ,VOL4 #b#i1 P4 #b#f#c4 

#c#g4 ,IBID4 

#c#h4 ,IBID4 

#c#i4 ,IBID4 ,! 9S]TIONS >E ,BORDIGA'S4 

#d4 ,IBID41 #b#f#d4 

#d#a4 ,IBID41 #b#f#d4 

#d#b4,M,E,C,W ,VOL4 #f1 P4 #d#i#d4 

#d#c4 ,9 ! ORIG9AL TEXT1 A PLAY ON WORDS MAK+ USE ( ! ,FR5* V]B SE D\BL]4 

#d#d4 ,FROM ! >TICLE ,! ,PEASANT ,QUE/ION 9 ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY1 WRITT5 BY ,5GELS 9 ,NOVEMB] #ahid AS A CRITIQUE ( ! AGR>IAN PROGRAM ADOPT$ BY ! ,FR5* ,WORK]S' ,P>TY AT ITS ,NANTES CONGRESS 9 ,SEPTEMB] ( ! SAME YE> 7,5GLI% TRANSLATION TAK5 FROM ,M,E,C,W ,VOL4 #b#g1 P4 #d#i#b74 ,:5 ,BORDIGA SAYS ?AT ! P>TY REC5TLY QUOT$ ?IS TEXT1 HE IS REF]R+ TO ! !ORETICAL APP5DIX ,! REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM ( COMMUNI/ SOCIETY ELIM9ATES ALL =MS ( [N]%IP ( L&1 ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION & ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,IL ,PROGRAMMA ,COMUNI/A TWO MON?S E>LI]4 

#d#e4 ,! 9T]F$]AL MEET+ ( ! ,9T]NATIONALI/ ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ?AT ,BORDIGA REF]S TO H]E TOOK PLACE ON ,SEPTEMB] #b-#b#a1 #a#i#e#h1 & ! PRES5T >TICLE MAKES UP ! M9UTES ( ITS ?IRD SESSION4 

#d#f4 ,M,E,C,W ,VOL4 #b#i1 P4 #b#g#h4 

#d#g4 ,A REF]5CE TO ,BORDIGA'S E>LI] TEXT ( A SIMIL> TITLE1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,IL ,PROGRAMMA ,COMUNI/A ,NO4 #a 7,OCTOB] #a1 #a#i#e#b71 ,NO4 #b 7,OCTOB] #b#d1 #a#i#e#b71 ,NO4 #c 7,NOVEMB] #f1 #a#i#e#b71 & ,NO4 #d 7,NOVEMB] #b1 #a#i#e#b74 

#d#h4 ,! 9T]NATIONALI/ MEET+ ?AT ,BORDIGA IS REF]R+ TO WAS HELD 9 ,P>IS ON ,JUNE #h-#i1 #a#i#e#g4 ,! M9UTES W]E PUBLI%$ 9 ,IL ,PROGRAMMA ,COMUNI/A ,NO4 #ac 7,JULY #c1 #a#i#e#g71 ,NO4 #ad 7,JULY #a#h1 #a#i#e#g71 & ,NO4 #ae 7,AUGU/ #b1 #a#i#e#g7 UND] ! TITLE ,I FONDAM5TI DEL COMUNISMO RIVOLUZION>IO M>XI/A NELLA DOTTR9A E NELLA /ORIA DELLA LOTTA PROLET>IA 9T]NAZIONALE .<,! FUNDAM5TALS ( ,M>XI/ REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNISM 9 ! DOCTR9E & HI/ORY ( ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE.> & >E AVAILABLE ONL9E 9 BO? ,ITALIAN & ,5GLI%4 

#d#i4 ,A REF]5CE TO ,! ,PR9CIPLES ( ,COMMUNISM1 WRITT5 BY ,5GELS 9 ,OCTOB] & ,NOVEMB] #a#h#d#g4 ,9 HIS LETT] TO ,M>X ( ,NOVEMB] #b#d1 #a#h#d#g1 ,5GELS1 REF]R+ TO ?IS WORK1 WROTE3 0,I ?9K WE W\LD DO BE/ TO AB&ON ! CATE*ETICAL =M & CALL ! ?+ ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O40 

#e4 ,BIG CAPITALI/S2 FROM ! TITLE ( ,EMILE ,FABRE'S COM$Y DEAL+ ) ! SAME SUBJECT4 

#e#a4 ,ONLY ! FIR/ VOLUME ( ! 9T5D$ S]IES WAS COMPLET$ BE=E ,BORDIGA'S DEA? 9 #a#i#g3 ,/ORIA DELLA ,S9I/RA COMUNI/A ,VOL4 ,I1 PUBLI%$ 9 #aifd & DEAL+ ) ! P]IOD ( #a#i#a#b-#a#i#a#i4 ,F\R MORE VOLUMES HAVE S9CE BE5 PUBLI%$ BY ,$IZIONI ,IL ,PROGRAMMA ,COMUNI/A 7! LA/ ONE 9 #b#a#g71 /ILL ONLY COV]+ EV5TS UP TO ! FASCI/ (F5SIVE AGA9/ ! ,ITALIAN P>TY 9 ! E>LY MON?S ( #a#i#b#c4 

#e#b4 ,AN ALLUSION TO ,PALMIRO ,TOGLIATTI 7#a#h#i#c-#a#i#f#d71 ! LONG-TIME LEAD] ( ! ,/AL9I/ ,ITALIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 :OSE NICKNAME WAS 0,IL ,MIGLIORE0 70,! ,BE/074 

#e#c4 ,GIACOMO ,P]TICONE 7#a#h#i#b-#a#i#g#i71 AN ,ITALIAN PHILOSOPH] SPECIALIZ+ 9 ! HI/ORY ( POLITICAL P>TIES & MOVEM5TS4 ,HE $IT$ ! PROCE$+S ( ! ABOVE-M5TION$ SESSION ON 0,FRE$OM & ,VALUE0 ( ! #a#b? ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONGRESS ( ,PHILOSOPHY 7PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#f74 

#e#d4 ,CF4 ,BORDIGA AS QUOT$ 9 ,AVANGU>DIA1 ,OCTOB] #b1 #a#i#a#b3 0,! NE$ = /UDY %\LD BE PROCLAIM$ 9 A CONGRESS ( S*OOL-TEA*]S1 NOT SOCIALI/S40 

#e#e4 ,A REF]5CE TO ,! ,HOLY ,FAMILY3 0,ONLY POLITICAL SUP]/ITION /ILL IMAG9ES TODAY ?AT CIVIL LIFE MU/ BE HELD TOGE!R BY ! /ATE1 :]EAS 9 REALITY1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! /ATE IS HELD TOGE!R BY CIVIL LIFE40 7,M,E,C,W ,VOL4 #d1 P4 #a#b#a7 

#e#f4 ,LIT]ALLY 0RESURG5CE02 ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE = ,ITALIAN UNIFICATION1 />T+ 9 ! #a#h#cS & 5D+ 9 #a#h#g#a4 

#e#g4 ,9 ,5GLI% 9 ! ORIG9AL TEXT4 

#e#h4 ,A LIT]>Y DEVICE CONSI/+ ( A SOLEMN EXCLAMATION ADDRESS$ TO SOMEONE :O IS ABS5T OR CANNOT RESPOND4 

#e#i4 ,A L9E ( V]SE CONSI/+ ( ELEV5 SYLLABLES4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #c1 #bba 3 ,! ,ORIG9AL ,CONT5T ,( ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,PROGRAM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,! ,ORIG9AL ,CONT5T ,( ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,PROGRAM -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/