,! ,NEW ,MIDDLE ,CLASS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK 

,TEXT 3 

,! MIDDLE CLASS IS ! ONE :I* /&S BETWE5 ! HI<E/ & 
! L[E/ /RATA ( SOCIETY4 ,ABOVE IT IS ! CLASS ( GREAT CAPITALI/S2 BEL[ 
IT ! PROLET>IAT1 ! CLASS ( WAGE-WORK]S4 ,IT CON/ITUTES ! SOCIAL GR\P 
) M$IUM 9COMES4 ,ACCORD+LY1 IT IS NOT DIVID$ ) EQUAL %>PNESS FROM 
BO? ( ! O!R TWO CLASSES4 ,FROM ! GREAT CAPITALI/ ! SMALL B\RGEOIS IS 
DI/+UI%$ ONLY BY A DIFF]5CE ( DEGREE2 HE HAS A SMALL] AM\NT ( 
CAPITAL1 A MORE MODE/ BUS9ESS4 ,!RE=E ! QUE/ION AS TO :O BELONGS TO 
?IS SMALL B\RGEOIS CLASS IS DIFFICULT TO ANSW]4 ,EV]Y CAPITALI/ :O SUFF]S 
FROM ! COMPETITION ( /ILL GREAT] CAPITALI/S D5\NCES ?OSE ABOVE HIM & 
CRIES \T = HELP ON BEHALF ( ! MIDDLE CLASS4 

,FROM ! PROLET>IAT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! SMALL B\RGEOIS IS DIVID$ BY A 
DIFF]5CE 9 K9D1 9 ECONOMIC FUNCTION4 ,BE HIS BUS9ESS & HIS 9COME EV] SO 
SMALL1 HE IS 9DEP5D5T4 ,HE LIVES BY VIRTUE ( HIS [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( 
PRODUCTION1 LIKE ANY O!R CAPITALI/1 & NOT FROM ! SALE ( HIS LABOR P[]1 
LIKE A PROLET>IAN4 ,HE BELONGS TO ! CLASS ?AT UND]TAKES 5T]PRISES1 ?AT 
MU/ POSSESS SOME CAPITAL 9 ORD] TO C>RY !M ON2 (T5 HE EMPLOYS LABOR]S 
HIMSELF4 ,FROM ! WAGE-WORK+ CLASS HE IS1 !RE=E1 %>PLY 
DIFF]5TIAT$4 

,9 =M] TIMES ?IS CLASS ( SMALL CAPITALI/S CON/ITUT$ ! MA9 BODY ( 
! 9DU/RIAL POPULATION4 ,SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 H[EV]1 HAS GRADUALLY BR\<T 
AB\T ITS DE/RUCTION4 ,! MOTIVE P[] ( ?IS DEVELOPM5T WAS COMPETITION4 ,9 
! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE ! GREATE/ CAPITALI/S1 ! ONES F9ANCIALLY & 
TE*NICALLY BE/ FITT$ TO SURVIVE1 CR[D$ \T ! POOR] & MORE BACKW>D 
ONES4 ,?IS PROCESS HAS GONE ON TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT AT PRES5T 9DU/RIAL 
PRODUCTION IS C>RI$ ON ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY ON A L>GE SCALE2 9 9DU/RY SMALL 
PRODUCTION SURVIVES ONLY 9 ! =M ( REPAIR WORK OR SPECIAL >TI/IC 
ACTIVITIES4 ,( ! MEMB]S ( ! E>LI] MIDDLE CLASS A SMALL NUMB] HAVE 
WORK$ !MSELVES UP TO ! RANK ( GREAT CAPITALI/S2 ! GREAT MAJORITY HAVE 
LO/ !IR 9DEP5D5CE & SUNK D[N 9TO ! PROLET>IAT4 ,= ! PRES5T 
G5]ATION ! 9DU/RIAL MIDDLE CLASS HAS ONLY A HI/ORICAL EXI/5CE4 

,! CLASS ?AT ,I REF]R$ TO 9 MY FIR/ P>AGRAPH IS ! COMM]CIAL MIDDLE 
CLASS4 ,?IS SOCIAL /RATUM WE \RSELVES HAVE SE51 & /ILL SEE1 DECAY+ 
BE=E \R EYES4 ,IT IS MADE UP ( SMALL M]*ANTS1 %OPKEEP]S1 ETC4 ,ONLY DUR+ 
! LA/ DECADES HAVE ! GREAT CAPITALI/S GONE 9TO ! RETAIL BUS9ESS2 ONLY 
REC5TLY HAVE !Y BEGUN TO E/ABLI% BRAN* CONC]NS & MAIL-ORD] H\SES1 
?US EI!R DRIV+ \T ! SMALL CONC]NS OR =C+ !M 9TO A TRU/4 ,IF 
DUR+ REC5T TIMES !RE HAS BE5 GREAT LAM5TATION OV] ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( 
! MIDDLE CLASS WE MU/ KEEP 9 M9D ?AT IT IS ONLY ! COMM]CIAL MIDDLE 
CLASS ?AT IS 9 QUE/ION4 ,! 9DU/RIAL MIDDLE CLASS LONG AGO W5T D[N & 
! AGR>IAN MIDDLE CLASS BECAME SUBORD9ATE TO CAPITALISM )\T LOS+ ! 
=MS ( 9DEP5D5CE4 

,9 ?IS ACC\NT ( ! DECL9E ( ! MIDDLE CLASS WE HAVE ! !ORY ( 
,SOCIALISM 9 A NUT-%ELL4 ,! SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T :I* RESULT$ 9 ?IS 
PH5OM5ON MADE ( ,SOCIALISM A POSSIBILITY & A NECESSITY4 ,SO LONG AS ! GREAT 
MASS ( ! PEOPLE W]E 9DEP5D5T PRODUC]S ,SOCIALISM C\LD EXI/ ONLY AS ! 
UTOPIA ( 9DIVIDUAL !ORIZ]S OR LITTLE GR\PS ( 5?USIA/S2 IT C\LD NOT BE 
! PRACTICAL PROGRAM ( A GREAT CLASS4 ,9DEP5D5T PRODUC]S DO NOT NE$ 
,SOCIALISM2 !Y DO NOT EV5 WANT TO HE> ( IT4 ,!Y [N !IR MEANS ( 
PRODUCTION & !SE >E TO !M ! GU>ANTEE ( A LIVELIHOOD4 ,EV5 ! SAD 
POSITION 9TO :I* !Y >E =C$ BY COMPETITION ) ! GREAT CAPITALI/S 
CAN H>DLY R5D] !M FAVORABLE TO ,SOCIALISM4 ,IT MAKES !M ONLY ! MORE 
EAG] TO BECOME GREAT CAPITALI/S !MSELVES4 ,!Y MAY WI%1 OCCASIONALLY1 TO 
LIMIT ! FRE$OM ( COMPETITION -- P]HAPS UND] ! NAME ( ,SOCIALISM2 
BUT !Y DO NOT WANT TO GIVE UP !IR [N 9DEP5D5CE OR FRE$OM ( 
COMPETITION4 ,SO LONG1 !RE=E1 AS !RE EXI/S A /RONG MIDDLE CLASS IT ACTS 
AS A PROTECT+ WALL = ! CAPITALI/S AGA9/ ! ATTACKS ( ! WORK]S4 ,IF 
! WORK]S DEM& ! SOCIALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 !Y F9D 9 
?IS MIDDLE CLASS JU/ AS BITT] AN OPPON5T AS 9 ! CAPITALI/S 
!MSELVES4 

,! DECAY ( ! MIDDLE CLASS SIGNIFIES ! CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL & ! 
GR[? ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,CAPITAL FACES1 !RE=E1 AN EV]-9CREAS+ >MY ( 
OPPON5TS & IS SUPPORT$ BY A CON/ANTLY DECREAS+ NUMB] ( DEF5D]S4 ,= 
! PROLET>IAT ,SOCIALISM IS A NECESSITY2 IT CON/ITUTES ! ONLY MEANS ( 
PROTECT+ LABOR AGA9/ ROBB]Y BY A HORDE ( USELESS P>ASITES1 ! ONLY 
BULW>K AGA9/ WANT & POV]TY4 ,AS ! GREAT MASS ( ! POPULATION COMES MORE 
& MORE TO CONSI/ ( PROLET>IANS1 ,SOCIALISM1 9 ADDITION TO BE+ A 
NECESSITY1 COMES MORE & MORE TO BE A POSSIBILITY2 = ! BODYGU>D ( PRIVATE 
PROP]TY GR[S CON/ANTLY WEAK] & BECOMES P[]LESS AGA9/ ! CON/ANTLY 
M\NT+ =CES ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,IT GOES )\T SAY+1 !RE=E1 ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE VIEWS ) AL>M ! 
DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! MIDDLE CLASS4 ,! NEW DEVELOPM5T :I* 9SPIRES ! 
PROLET>IAT ) HOPE & CONFID5CE FILLS ! RUL+ CLASS ) FE> = ITS 
FUTURE4 ,! FA/] ! PROLET>IAT1 ITS 5EMY 9CREASES 9 NUMB]S1 ! FA/] 
! [N+ CLASS DECREASES1 ! MORE C]TA9LY ! B\RGEOISIE SEES ! APPROA* 
( ITS DOOM4 ,:AT IS TO BE DONE8 

,A RUL+ CLASS CANNOT VOLUNT>ILY GIVE UP ITS [N PR$OM9ANCE2 = ?IS 
PR$OM9ANCE APPE>S TO IT ! SOLE F\NDATION ( ! WORLD ORD]4 ,IT MU/ 
DEF5D ?IS PR$OM9ANCE2 & ?IS IT CAN DO ONLY SO LONG AS IT HAS HOPE & 
SELF-CONFID5CE4 ,BUT ACTUAL CONDITIONS CANNOT GIVE SELF-CONFID5CE TO ! 
CAPITALI/ CLASS2 !RE=E IT CREATES = ITSELF A HOPE ?AT HAS NO SUPPORT 9 
REALITY4 ,IF ?IS CLASS W]E EV] TO SEE CLE>LY ! PR9CIPLES ( SOCIAL 
SCI5CE1 IT W\LD LOSE ALL FAI? 9 ITS [N POSSIBILITIES2 IT W\LD SEE ITSELF 
AS AN AG+ DESPOT ) MILLIONS ( P]SECUT$ VICTIMS M>*+ 9 UPON HIM FROM 
ALL DIRECTIONS & %\T+ HIS CRIMES 9TO HIS E>S4 ,FE>FULLY HE %UTS HIMSELF 
91 CLOSES HIS EYES TO ! REALITY & ORD]S HIS HIREL+S TO 9V5T FABLES TO 
DISPEL ! AWFUL TRU?4 ,& ?IS IS EXACTLY ! WAY ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,9 ORD] 
NOT TO SEE ! TRU?1 IT HAS APPO9T$ PR(ESSORS TO SOO! ITS TR\BL$ SPIRIT 
) FABLES4 ,PRETTY FABLES !Y >E1 :I* GLORIFY ITS OV]LORD%IP1 :I* 
DAZZLE ITS EYES ) VISIONS ( AN ET]NAL LIFE & SCATT] ITS D\BTS & 
DREAMS AS SO MANY NI<TM>ES4 ,CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL8 ,CAPITAL IS ALL ! TIME 
BE+ DEMOCRATIZ$ ?R\< ! 9CREAS+ DI/RIBUTION ( /OCKS & BONDS4 
,GR[? ( ! PROLET>IAT8 ,! PROLET>IAT IS AT ! SAME TIME GR[+ MORE 
ORD]LY1 MORE TRACTABLE4 ,DECAY ( ! MIDDLE CLASS8 ,NONS5SE2 A NEW MIDDLE CLASS 
IS RIS+ TO TAKE ! PLACE ( ! OLD4 

,IT IS ?IS DOCTR9E ( ! NEW MIDDLE CLASS ?AT ,I WI% TO DISCUSS 9 SOME 
DETAIL 9 ! PRES5T PAP]4 ,TO ?IS NEW CLASS BELONG1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ! 
PR(ESSORS4 ,!IR FUNCTION IS TO COM=T ! B\RGEOISIE ) !ORIES AS TO ! 
FUTURE ( SOCIETY1 & IT IS AMONG !M ?AT ?IS FABLE ( ! NEW MIDDLE CLASS 
F\ND ITS ORIG94 ,9 ,G]MANY !RE W]E ,S*MOLL]1 ,WAGN]1 ,MAS>< & A HO/ ( 
O!RS :O DEVOT$ !MSELVES TO ! LABOR ( ELABORAT+ IT4 ,!Y EXPLA9$ 
?AT ! ,SOCIALI/ DOCTR9E AS TO ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! MIDDLE CLASS WAS ( 
SMALL IMPORTANCE4 ,EV]Y TABLE ( /ATI/ICS %[$ ?AT M$IUM 9COMES REMA9$ 
ALMO/ EXACTLY AS NUM]\S AS 9 =M] TIMES4 ,9 ! PLACES ( ! DISAPPE>+ 
9DEP5D5T PRODUC]S !RE W]E APPE>+ O!R GR\PS ( ! POPULATION4 
,9DU/RY ON A L>GE SCALE DEM&$ AN IMM5SE >MY ( 9T]M$IAT+ 
FUNCTION>IES3 OV]SE]S1 SKILL$ WORK]S1 5G9E]S1 MANAG]S ( DEP>TM5TS1 
BOSSES1 ETC4 ,!Y =M$ A COMPLETE HI]>*Y ( (FICIALS2 !Y W]E ! 
(FIC]S & SUBALT]NS ( ! 9DU/RY >MY1 AN >MY 9 :I* ! GREAT 
CAPITALI/S >E ! G5]ALS & ! WORK+M5 ! COMMON SOLDI]S4 ,MEMB]S ( 
! SO-CALL$ 0FREE0 VOCATIONS1 PHYSICIANS1 LAWY]S1 AU?ORS1 ETC41 
BELONG$ ALSO TO ?IS CLASS4 ,A NEW CLASS1 !N1 CON/ANTLY 9CREAS+ 9 
NUMB]S1 WAS SAID TO BE TAK+ ! PLACE =M]LY OCCUPI$ BY ! OLD MIDDLE 
CLASS4 

,?IS OBS]VATION 9 ITSELF IS CORRECT1 ?\< NOT AT ALL NEW4 ,ALL ?AT !RE 
IS NEW AB\T IT IS ITS EXPOSITION ) A VIEW TO DISPROV+ ! ,SOCIALI/ 
!ORIES ( CLASSES4 ,IT WAS EXPRESS$ CLE>LY1 E4 G41 BY ,S*MOLL] AT AN 
,EVANGELICAL ,SOCIAL ,CONGRESS HELD AT ,LEIPZIG AS F> BACK AS #a#h#i#g4 ,! AUDI5CE 
BUR/ 9TO JOYFUL 5?USIASM AT ! GOOD NEWS1 & DECL>$ 9 A RESOLUTION3 
0,! CONGRESS NOTES ) PLEASURE ! REASSUR+ & SCI5TIFICALLY 
GR\ND$ CONVICTION ( ! SPEAK] ?AT ! ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ( MOD]N TIMES 
DOES NOT NECESS>ILY LEAD TO ! DE/RUCTION ( A CLASS SO USEFUL TO ! WELF>E 
( SOCIETY AS ! MIDDLE CLASS40 ,& ANO!R PR(ESSOR DECL>$3 0,HE 
HAS FILL$ US ) OPTIMISM = ! FUTURE4 ,IF IT IS NOT TRUE ?AT ! MIDDLE 
CLASS & ! SMALL B\RGEOISIE >E DISAPPE>+1 WE %ALL NOT BE =C$ TO 
ALT] ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY40 

,! FACT ?AT SCI5CE IS M]ELY ! S]VANT ( CAPITALISM C\LD NOT BE MORE 
CLE>LY EXPRESS$ ?AN 9 SU* /ATEM5TS4 ,:Y IS ?IS DECL>ATION ?AT ! 
MIDDLE CLASS IS NOT DECAY+ HAIL$ AS REASSUR+8 ,:Y DOES IT CREATE CONT5T 
& OPTIMISM8 ,IS IT BECAUSE ?R\< IT ! WORK]S WILL ATTA9 BETT] 
CONDITIONS1 BE LESS EXPLOIT$8 ,NO4 ,JU/ ! OPPOSITE4 ,IF ?IS /ATEM5T IS TRUE1 
! WORK] WILL BE KEPT =EV] 9 SLAV]Y BY A P]MAN5T >MY ( 5EMIES2 :AT 
APPE>S TO PREV5T HIS LIB]ATION IS PRON\NC$ REASSUR+ & OPTIMI/IC4 ,NOT 
! DISCOV]Y ( TRU?1 BUT ! REASSURANCE ( AN 9CREAS+LY SUP]FLU\S CLASS 
( P>ASITES IS ! OBJECT ( ?IS SCI5CE4 ,NO WOND] ?AT IT COMES 9TO 
CONFLICT ) ! TRU?4 ,IT FAILS1 NOT ONLY 9 ITS D5IAL ( ,SOCIALI/ TEA*+1 
BUT 9 ITS REASSURANCE ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,! COM=T ?AT IT GIVES IS 
NO?+ MORE ?AN SELF-DECEPTION4 

,! ,SOCIALI/ DOCTR9E AS TO ! CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL DOES NOT IMPLY ! 
DISAPPE>ANCE ( M$IUM 9COMES4 ,IT HAS NO?+ TO DO ) RELATIVE 9COMES2 IT 
DEALS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ) SOCIAL CLASSES & !IR ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS4 ,= 
\R !ORY SOCIETY CONSI/S1 NOT ( POOR1 WELL-TO-DO & RI*1 ( ?OSE :O [N 
NO?+1 LITTLE1 OR MU*2 BUT RA!R ( CLASSES1 EA* ONE ( :I* PLAYS A 
SEP>ATE P>T 9 PRODUCTION4 ,A M]ELY EXT]NAL1 SUP]FICIAL CLASSIFICATION 
ACCORD+ TO 9COMES HAS ALWAYS BE5 A MEANS :]EBY B\RGEOIS WRIT]S HAVE 
CONFUS$ ACTUAL SOCIAL CONDITIONS & PRODUC$ UNCLE>NESS 9/EAD ( CLE>NESS4 
,! ,SOCIALI/ !ORY RE/ORES CLE>NESS & SCI5TIFIC EXACTNESS BY 
CONC5TRAT+ ATT5TION UPON ! NATURAL DIVISIONS ( SOCIETY4 ,?IS ME?OD HAS 
MADE IT POSSIBLE TO =MULATE ! LAW ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T2 PRODUCTION ON A 
L>GE SCALE CON/ANTLY REPLACES PRODUCTION ON A SMALL SCALE4 ,SOCIALI/S 
MA9TA91 NOT ?AT M$IUM 9COMES1 BUT RA!R SMALL1 9DEP5D5T PRODUC]S1 T5D 
MORE & MORE TO DISAPPE>4 ,?IS G5]ALIZATION ! PR(ESSORS DO NOT ATTACK2 
EV]YONE ACQUA9T$ ) SOCIAL CONDITIONS1 EV]Y J\RNALI/1 EV]Y GOV]NM5T 
(FICIAL1 EV]Y PETTY B\RGEOIS1 EV]Y CAPITALI/ KN[S ?AT IT IS CORRECT4 ,9 
! V]Y DECL>ATION ?AT ! MIDDLE CLASS IS BE+ RESCU$ BY A NEW1 RIS+ 
CLASS IT IS SPECIFICALLY ACKN[L$G$ ?AT ! =M] IS DISAPPE>+4 

,BUT ?IS NEW MIDDLE CLASS HAS A *>ACT] ALTOGE!R DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( 
! OLD ONE4 ,?AT IT /&S BETWE5 CAPITALI/S & LABOR]S & SUBSI/S ON A 
M$IUM 9COME CON/ITUTES ITS ONLY RESEMBLANCE TO ! SMALL B\RGEOISIE ( 
=M] TIMES4 ,BUT ?IS WAS ! LEA/ ESS5TIAL *>ACT]I/IC ( ! SMALL 
B\RGEOIS CLASS4 ,9 ITS ESS5TIAL *>ACT]1 9 ITS ECONOMIC FUNCTION1 ! NEW 
MIDDLE CLASS DIFF]S ABSOLUTELY FROM ! OLD4 

,! MEMB]S ( ! NEW MIDDLE CLASS >E NOT SELF-SUPPORT+1 9DEP5D5T 
9DU/RIAL UNITS2 !Y >E 9 ! S]VICE ( O!RS1 ?OSE :O POSSESS ! 
CAPITAL NECESS>Y TO ! UND]TAK+ ( 5T]PRISES4 ,ECONOMICALLY CONSID]$1 
! OLD MIDDLE CLASS CONSI/$ ( CAPITALI/S1 EV5 IF !Y W]E SMALL 
CAPITALI/S2 ! NEW CONSI/S ( PROLET>IANS1 EV5 IF !Y >E HI<LY PAID 
PROLET>IANS4 ,! OLD MIDDLE CLASS LIV$ BY VIRTUE ( ITS POSSESSION ( ! 
MEANS ( PRODUCTION2 ! NEW MAKES ITS LIVELIHOOD ?R\< ! SALE ( ITS LABOR 
P[]4 ,! ECONOMIC *>ACT] ( ! LATT] CLASS IS NOT AT ALL MODIFI$ BY ! 
FACT ?AT ?IS LABOR P[] IS ( A HI<LY DEVELOP$ QUALITY2 ?AT1 !RE=E1 IT 
RECEIVES COMP>ATIVELY HI< WAGES2 NO MORE IS IT MODIFI$ BY ! FACT ?AT ?IS 
LABOR P[] IS *IEFLY ( AN 9TELLECTUAL SORT1 ?AT IT DEP5DS MORE ON ! 
BRA9 ?AN ON ! MUSCLES4 ,9 MOD]N 9DU/RY ! *EMI/ & ! 5G9E] >E 
DEALT ) AS M]E WAGE-WORK]S2 !IR 9TELLECTUAL P[]S >E WORK$ TO ! 
LIMIT ( EXHAU/ION JU/ LIKE ! PHYSICAL P[]S ( ! COMMON LABOR]4 

,) ! /ATEM5T ( ?IS FACT ! PR(ESSORIAL TALK AB\T ! NEW MIDDLE 
CLASS /&S REVEAL$ 9 ALL ITS FOOLI%NESS2 IT IS A FABLE1 A PIECE ( 
SELF-DECEPTION4 ,AS A PROTECTION AGA9/ ! DESIRE ( ! PROLET>IAT = 
EXPROPRIATION ! NEW MIDDLE CLASS CAN NEV] TAKE ! PLACE ( ! OLD4 ,! 
9DEP5D5T SMALL CAPITALI/S ( =M] TIMES FELT !MSELVES 9T]E/$ 9 ! 
MA9T5ANCE ( PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION BECAUSE !Y W]E 
!MSELVES [N]S ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! NEW MIDDLE CLASS HAS NOT ! 
SLI<TE/ 9T]E/ 9 KEEP+ = O!RS A PRIVILEGE 9 :I* !Y !MSELVES 
HAVE NO P>T4 ,TO !M IT IS ALL ONE :E!R !Y /& 9 ! S]VICE ( AN 
9DIVIDUAL MANUFACTUR]1 A /OCK COMPANY1 OR A PUBLIC ORGANIZATION1 LIKE ! 
COMMUNITY OR /ATE4 ,!Y NO LONG] DREAM ( SOMETIME C>RY+ ON AN 9DEP5D5T 
BUS9ESS2 !Y KN[ ?AT !Y MU/ REMA9 ALL !IR LIVES 9 ! POSITION ( 
SUBORD9ATES4 ,! SOCIALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION W\LD NOT *ANGE 
!IR POSITION EXCEPT AS IT W\LD IMPROVE IT BY LIB]AT+ !M FROM ! CAPRICE 
( ! 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/4 

,IT HAS (T5 BE5 REM>K$ BY B\RGEOIS WRIT]S ?AT ! NEW MIDDLE CLASS HAS 
A MU* MORE C]TA9 POSITION ?AN ! OLD ONE &1 !RE=E1 LESS GR\ND = 
DISCONT5T4 ,! FACT ?AT /OCK COMPANIES DE/ROY ! SMALL BUS9ESS M5 IS A 
*>GE ?AT CANNOT BE ALL[$ TO C\NT AGA9/ ITS MANY ADVANTAGES2 IT IS REALLY 
9SIGNIFICANT 9 VIEW ( ! FACT ?AT ! SMALL BUS9ESS M51 AFT] BE+ 
RU9$1 >E GIV5 POSITIONS 9 ! S]VICE ( ! COMPANY1 :]E1 AS A RULE1 
!IR LIFE IS MU* FRE] FROM C>E ?AN IT WAS 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 7,HEMBURG47 
,/RANGE1 !N1 ?AT !Y /RUGGL$ SO LONG1 SACRIFIC$ !IR WEAL? & EX]T$ 
!IR /R5G? TO ! UTMO/1 TO MA9TA9 !MSELVES 9 !IR OLD POSITIONS 
:ILE ALL ! TIME SU* AN ALLUR+ B]? WAS 9VIT+ !M6 ,:AT !SE 
APOLOGI/S ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM C>EFULLY CONCEAL IS ! GREAT DIFF]5CE 
BETWE5 PRES5T DEP5D5CE & =M] 9DEP5D5CE4 ,! MIDDLE CLASS MAN ( 
=M] TIMES NO D\BT FELT ! PRESSURE ( WANT1 ( COMPETITION2 BUT ! NEW 
MIDDLE CLASS MAN MU/ OBEY A /RANGE MA/]1 :O MAY AT ANY MOM5T >BITR>ILY 
DIS*>GE HIM4 

,N[ IT IS C]TA9LY TRUE ?AT ?OSE :O S]VE ! MOD]N CAPITALI/ AS 
SKILL$ TE*NICAL WORK]S OR COMPANY (FICIALS >E NOT TORTUR$ BY ! C>ES 
:I* WEI<$ D[N ! SPIRIT ( ! SMALL B\RGEOIS ( =M] DAYS4 ,(T51 
ALSO1 !IR 9COMES >E GREAT]4 ,BUT SO F> AS ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! CAPITALI/ 
SY/EM IS CONC]N$ !Y >E WOR?LESS4 ,NOT P]SONAL DISCONT5T1 BUT CLASS 
9T]E/1 IS ! MOTIVE P[] ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,9 MANY CASES EV5 ! 
9DU/RIAL WAGE-WORK] ( TODAY IS 9 A BETT] POSITION ?AN ! 9DEP5D5T 
SMALL F>M]4 ,NEV]!LESS ! F>M]S1 BY VIRTUE ( ! POSSESSION ( !IR 
LITTLE PIECES ( GR\ND1 HAVE AN 9T]E/ 9 ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! SY/EM ( 
PRIVATE [N]%IP1 :ILE ! WAGE-WORK] DEM&S ITS DE/RUCTION4 ,! SAME IS 
TRUE ( ! MIDDLE CLASS3 ! OPPRESS$1 DISCONT5T$ SMALL CAPITALI/S1 DESPITE 
! DISADVANTAGES ( !IR POSITION1 W]E PROPS ( CAPITALISM2 & ?IS ! 
BETT] SITUAT$1 C>E-FREE MOD]N TRU/ EMPLOYES CAN NEV] BE4 

,?IS FACT MEANS NO?+ MORE ?AN ?AT ! PR(ESSORIAL PHRASES1 9T5D$ TO 
REASSURE ! B\RGEOISIE ) ! NOTION ( ?IS NEW MIDDLE CLASS & SO HIDE 
FROM !M ! TREM5D\S TRANS=MATION :I* HAS TAK5 PLACE1 HAVE TURN$ \T 
TO BE PURE TRICK]Y1 )\T EV5 ! REMOTE/ RESEMBLANCE TO SCI5CE4 ,! 
/ATEM5T ?AT ! NEW CLASS OCCUPIES ! SAME POSITION 9 ! CLASS-/RUGGLE AS 
DID ! SMALL B\RGEOISIE ( ! PA/ HAS PROV$ TO BE A WOR?LESS DECEPTION4 
,BUT AS TO ! REAL POSITION ( ?IS NEW CLASS1 ITS ACTUAL FUNCTION 9 \R SOCIAL 
ORGANISM1 ,I HAVE ?US F> H>DLY T\*$ UPON IT .<#a.>4 

,! NEW 9TELLECTUAL MIDDLE CLASS HAS ONE ?+ 9 COMMON ) ! RE/ ( 
! PROLET>IAT3 IT CONSI/S ( ! PROP]TYLESS1 ( ?OSE :O SELL !IR LABOR 
P[]1 & !RE=E HAS NO 9T]E/ 9 ! MA9T5ANCE ( CAPITALISM4 ,IT HAS1 
MOREOV]1 9 COMMON ) ! WORK]S1 ! FACT ?AT IT IS MOD]N & 
PROGRESSIVE1 ?AT ?R\< ! OP]ATION ( ! ACTUAL SOCIAL =CES IT GR[S 
CON/ANTLY /RONG]1 MORE NUM]\S1 MORE IMPORTANT4 ,IT IS1 !RE=E1 NOT A 
REACTION>Y CLASS1 AS WAS ! OLD SMALL B\RGEOISIE2 IT DOES NOT YE>N = ! 
GOOD OLD PRE-CAPITALI/IC DAYS4 ,IT LOOKS =W>D1 NOT BACKW>D4 

,BUT ?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ! 9TELLECTUALS >E TO BE PLAC$ SIDE BY SIDE 
) ! WAGE-WORK]S 9 EV]Y RESPECT1 ?AT LIKE ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT 
!Y >E PR$ISPOS$ TO BECOME RECRUITS ( ,SOCIALISM4 ,TO BE SURE1 9 ! 
ECONOMIC S5SE ( ! T]M1 !Y >E PROLET>IANS2 BUT !Y =M A V]Y SPECIAL 
GR\P ( WAGE-WORK]S1 A GR\P ?AT IS SOCIALLY SO %>PLY DIVID$ FROM ! REAL 
PROLET>IANS ?AT !Y =M A SPECIAL CLASS ) A SPECIAL POSITION 9 ! 
CLASS-/RUGGLE4 

,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 !IR HI<] PAY IS A MATT] ( IMPORTANCE4 ,!Y KN[ 
NO?+ ( ACTUAL POV]TY1 ( MIS]Y1 ( HUNG]4 ,!IR NE$S MAY EXCE$ !IR 
9COMES & SO BR+ AB\T A DISCOM=T ?AT GIVES REAL MEAN+ TO ! 
EXPRESSION 0GILD$ POV]TY02 /ILL IMM$IATE NE$ DOES NOT COMPEL 
!M1 AS IT DOES ! REAL PROLET>IANS1 TO ATTACK ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,!IR 
POSITION MAY R\SE DISCONT5T1 BUT ?AT ( ! WORK]S 9 UN5DURABLE4 ,= !M 
,SOCIALISM HAS MANY ADVANTAGES2 = ! WORK]S IT IS AN ABSOLUTE NECESSITY4 

,9 ADDITION TO ?IS1 IT MU/ BE REMEMB]$ ?AT ?IS BODY ( 9TELLECTUALS 
& HI<LY-PAID 9DU/RIAL EMPLOYES DIVIDES ITSELF 9TO A L>GE NUMB] ( WIDELY 
V>Y+ /RATA4 ,!SE /RATA >E DET]M9$ *IEFLY BY DIFF]5CES 9 9COME & 
POSITION4 ,WE BEG9 AT ! TOP ) HEADS ( DEP>TM5TS1 SUP]9T5D5TS1 
MANAG]S1 ETC41 & GO ON D[N TO BOSSES & (FICE EMPLOYES4 ,FROM !SE IT IS 
BUT A /EP TO ! HI<E/ PAID WORK]S4 ,?US1 SO F> AS 9COME & POSITION >E 
CONC]N$1 !RE IS REALLY A GRADUAL DESC5T FROM CAPITALI/ TO PROLET>IAN4 ,! 
HI<] /RATA HAVE A DEF9ITELY CAPITALI/IC *>ACT]2 ! L[] ONES >E MORE 
PROLET>IAN1 BUT !RE IS NO %>P DIVID+ L9E4 ,ON ACC\NT ( !SE DIVISIONS 
! MEMB]S ( ?IS NEW MIDDLE CLASS LACK ! UNITY ( SPIRIT :I* MAKES 
COOP]ATION EASY = ! PROLET>IAT4 

,! /ATE ( AFFAIRS JU/ DESCRIB$ H9D]S !M 9 !IR /RUGGLE TO IMPROVE 
!IR POSITION4 ,IT IS TO !IR 9T]E/1 AS IT IS TO ?AT ( O!R WORK]S1 TO 
SELL !IR LABOR P[] AT ! HI<E/ POSSIBLE PRICE4 ,WORK+M5 BR+ ?IS 
AB\T ?R\< JO9+ =CES 9 UNIONS2 AS 9DIVIDUALS !Y >E DEF5SELESS 
AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/S1 BUT UNIT$ !Y >E /RONG4 ,NO D\BT ?IS UPP] CLASS 
( EMPLOYES C\LD DO MORE TO CO]CE ! CAPITALI/S IF !Y =M$ !MSELVES 
9TO A GREAT UNION4 ,BUT ?IS IS 9F9ITELY MORE DIFFICULT = !M ?AN = 
WORK+M54 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE !Y >E DIVID$ 9TO NUMB]LESS GRADES & 
RANKS1 RANG$ ONE ABOVE ! O!R2 !Y DO NOT MEET AS COMRADES1 & SO CANNOT 
DEVELOP ! SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY4 ,EA* 9DIVIDUAL DOES NOT MAKE IT A MATT] ( 
P]SONAL PRIDE TO IMPROVE ! CONDITION ( HIS 5TIRE CLASS2 ! IMPORTANT ?+ 
IS RA!R ?AT HE P]SONALLY /RUGGLE UP 9TO ! NEXT HI<] RANK4 ,9 ORD] TO 
DO ?IS IT IS FIR/ ( ALL NECESS>Y NOT TO CALL D[N ON HIMSELF ! DISFAVOR ( 
! MA/] CLASS BY OPPOS+ IT 9 AN 9DU/RIAL /RUGGLE4 ,?US MUTUAL 5VY ( 
! UPP] & L[] RANKS PREV5TS COOP]ATIVE ACTION4 ,A /RONG BOND ( 
SOLID>ITY CANNOT BE DEVELOP$4 ,IT RESULTS FROM ?IS CONDITION ?AT EMPLOYES ( 
! CLASS 9 QUE/ION DO NOT CO-OP]ATE 9 L>GE BODIES2 !Y MAKE !IR EF=TS 
SEP>ATELY1 OR ONLY A FEW TOGE!R1 & ?IS MAKES C[>DS ( !M2 !Y DO NOT 
FEEL 9 !MSELVES ! P[] :I* ! WORK+M5 DRAW FROM CONSCI\SNESS ( 
NUMB]S4 ,& !N1 TOO1 !Y HAVE MORE TO FE> FROM ! DISPLEASURE ( ! 
MA/]S2 A DISMISSAL = !M IS A MU* MORE S]I\S MATT]4 ,! WORK] /&S 
ALWAYS ON ! V]GE ( />VATION & SO UNEMPLOYM5T HAS FEW T]RORS = HIM4 
,! HI< CLASS EMPLOYEE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 HAS A COMP>ATIVELY AGREEABLE LIFE1 & 
A NEW POSITION IS DIFFICULT TO F9D4 

,= ALL !SE REASONS ?IS CLASS ( 9TELLECTUALS & HI<] EMPLOYES IS 
PREV5T$ FROM 9/ITUT+ A FI<T ALONG UNION L9ES = ! IMPROVEM5T ( 
!IR POSITION4 ,ONLY 9 ! L[] RANKS1 :]E GREAT NUMB]S LABOR UND] ! 
SAME CONDITIONS & ! WAY TO PROMOTION IS DIFFICULT1 >E !RE ANY SIGNS ( A 
UNION MOVEM5T4 ,9 ,G]MANY TWO GR\PS ( EMPLOYES ( ?IS CLASS HAVE LATELY MADE 
A BEG9N+4 ,ONE ( !SE GR\PS CONSI/S ( =EM5 9 COAL M9ES4 ,!SE M5 
CON/ITUTE A V]Y HI< CLASS ( LABOR1 = 9 ADDITION TO SUP]9T5D+ 
9DU/RY !Y HAVE OV]SI<T ( >RANGEM5TS DESIGN$ TO 9SURE SANIT>Y 
CONDITIONS & SAFETY FROM ACCID5TS4 ,SPECIAL CONDITIONS HAVE FAIRLY =C$ !M 
TO ORGANIZE4 ,! MILLIONAIRE OP]ATORS1 9 !IR GRE$ ( PR(ITS1 HAVE 
NEGLECT$ SAFETY DEVICES TO AN EXT5T ?AT MAKES CATA/ROPHES 9EVITABLE4 
,SOME?+ HAD TO BE DONE4 ,?US F> ! ORGANIZATION IS /ILL WEAK & TIMID1 BUT 
IT IS A BEG9N+4 ,! O!R GR\P IS MADE UP ( MA*9I/S & 5G9E]S4 ,IT 
HAS SPREAD ALL OV] ,G]MANY1 HAS BECOME SO IMPORTANT1 9 FACT1 AS TO BE MADE A 
PO9T ( ATTACK BY ! CAPITALI/S4 ,A NUMB] ( RU?LESS EMPLOY]S DEM&$ ?AT 
!IR M5 DES]T ! ORGANIZATION1 & :5 !Y REFUS$ TO COMPLY DIS*>G$ 
!M4 ,= ! PRES5T ! UNION HAS BE5 ABLE TO DO NO?+ = !SE VICTIMS 
EXCEPT TO SUPPORT !M2 BUT EV5 9 ?IS IT HAS TAK5 UP ! CUDGELS AGA9/ ! 
CAPITALI/ CLASS4 

,= ! CAUSE ( ,SOCIALISM WE CAN C\NT ON ?IS NEW MIDDLE CLASS EV5 LESS 
?AN = ! LABOR UNION /RUGGLE4 ,= ONE ?+1 !Y >E SET OV] ! WORK]S 
AS SUP]9T5D5TS1 OV]SE]S1 BOSSES1 ETC4 ,9 !SE CAPACITIES !Y >E 
EXPECT$ TO SPE$ UP ! WORK]S1 TO GET ! UTMO/ \T ( !M4 ,SO1 
REPRES5T+ ! 9T]E/ ( CAPITAL 9 RELATION TO LABOR1 !Y NATURALLY ASSUME 
A POSITION A BITT] 5MITY TO ! PROLET>IAT & F9D IT ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE TO 
/& %\LD] TO %\LD] ) !M 9 ! /RUGGLE = A S+LE GOAL4 

,9 ADDITION1 A SET ( IDEAS1 P>TICUL>LY NOTIONS ( !MSELVES & !IR 
POSITION1 T5DS TO ALLY !M TO ! CAPITALI/S4 ,MO/ ( !M COME FROM 
B\RGEOIS1 OR AT LEA/ SMALL CAPITALI/1 CIRCLES & BR+ ) !M ALL ! 
PREJUDICES :I* /& OPPOS$ TO ,SOCIALISM4 ,AMONG ! WORK]S SU* PREJUDICES 
>E UPROOT$ BY !IR NEW 5VIRONM5T1 BUT AMONG !SE HI<]1 9TELLECTUAL 
EMPLOYES !Y >E ACTUALLY /R5G!N$4 ,SMALL PRODUC]S HAD1 = EXAMPLE1 AS 
! FIR/ >TICLE ( !IR FAI?1 ! IDEA ?AT EA* ONE C\LD /RUGGLE UPW>D 
9 COMPETITIVE /RIFE ONLY BY VIRTUE ( HIS [N 5]GY2 AS A COMPLEM5T TO ?IS 
TEA*+ /OOD ! NOTION ?AT ,SOCIALISM W\LD PUT AN 5D TO P]SONAL 
9ITIATIVE4 ,?IS 9DIVIDUALI/IC CONCEPTION ( ?+S IS1 AS ,I HAVE REM>K$1 
/R5G!N$ 9 ! 9TELLECTUALS BY !IR NEW 5VIRONM5T2 AMONG !SE V]Y 
TE*NICAL & (T5 HI< PLAC$ EMPLOYES ! MO/ EFFICI5T SOMETIMES F9D IT 
POSSIBLE TO CLIMB 9TO ! MO/ IMPORTANT POSITIONS4 

,ALL ! REGUL> B\RGEOIS PREJUDICES /RIKE DEEPE/ ROOT 9 ?IS CLASS1 
FUR!R1 BECAUSE ITS MEMB]S >E N\RI%$ ON ! /UDY ( UNSCI5TIFIC 
!ORIES4 ,!Y REG>D AS SCI5TIFIC TRU? ?AT :I* EXI/$ AMONG ! SMALL 
B\RGEOIS AS SUBJECTIVE1 UNREASON$ OP9ION4 ,!Y HAVE GREAT NOTIONS ( !IR 
[N $UCATION & REF9EM5T1 FEEL !MSELVES ELEVAT$ F> ABOVE 0! 
MASSES02 IT NATURALLY NEV] OCCURS TO !M ?AT ! IDEALS ( !SE MASSES 
MAY BE SCI5TIFICALLY CORRECT & ?AT ! 0SCI5CE0 ( !IR 
PR(ESSORS MAY BE FALSE4 ,AS !ORIZ]S1 SEE+ ! WORLD ALWAYS AS A MASS ( 
AB/RACTIONS1 LABOR+ ALWAYS ) !IR M9DS1 KN[+ NO?+ ( LITTLE ( 
MAT]IAL ACTIVITIES1 !Y >E FAIRLY CONV9C$ ?AT M9DS CONTROL ! WORLD4 
,?IS NOTION %UTS !M \T FROM ! UND]/&+ ( ,SOCIALI/ !ORY4 ,:5 !Y 
SEE ! MASSES ( LABOR]S & HE> ( ,SOCIALISM !Y ?9K ( A CRUDE 
0LEVEL+ D[N0 :I* W\LD PUT AN 5D TO !IR [N SOCIAL & 
ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! WORK]S !Y ?9K ( !MSELVES AS 
P]SONS :O HAVE SOME?+ TO LOSE1 & =GET1 !RE=E1 ! FACT ?AT !Y 
>E BE+ EXPLOIT$ BY ! CAPITALI/S4 

,TAKE ?IS ALTOGE!R & ! RESULT IS ?AT A HUNDR$ CAUSES SEP>ATE ?IS 
NEW MIDDLE CLASS FROM ,SOCIALISM4 ,ITS MEMB]S HAVE NO 9DEP5D5T 9T]E/ :I* 
C\LD LEAD !M TO AN 5]GETIC DEF5SE ( CAPITALISM4 ,BUT !IR 9T]E/ 9 
,SOCIALISM IS EQUALLY SLI<T4 ,!Y CON/ITUTE AN 9T]M$IATE CLASS1 )\T 
DEF9ITE CLASS IDEALS1 & !RE=E !Y BR+ 9TO ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE AN 
ELEM5T :I* IS UN/EADY & 9CALCULABLE4 

,9 GREAT SOCIAL DI/URBANCES1 G5]AL /RIKES1 E4 G41 !Y MAY SOMETIMES 
/& BY ! WORK]S & SO 9CREASE !IR /R5G?2 !Y WILL BE ! MORE 
LIKELY TO DO ?IS 9 CASES 9 :I* SU* A POLICY IS DIRECT$ AGA9/ REACTION4 
,ON O!R OCCASIONS !Y MAY SIDE ) ! CAPITALI/S4 ,?OSE ( !M 9 ! 
L[] /RATA WILL MAKE COMMON CAUSE ) A 0REASONABLE0 ,SOCIALISM1 
SU* AS IS REPRES5T$ BY ! ,REVISIONI/S4 ,BUT ! P[] :I* WILL OV]?R[ 
CAPITALISM CAN NEV] COME FROM ANY:]E \TSIDE ! GREAT MASS ( 
PROLET>IAN4 

#a4 ,BECAUSE ! P>T ( ! 9TELLECTUAL 9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T HAS REC5TLY BE5 ! SUBJECT ( CONTROV]SY1 ,I FEEL OBLIG$ TO REM>K ?AT WE >E H]E DEAL+ ) AN ALTOGE!R DIFF]5T SUBJECT4 ,9 ! P>TY DISCUSSIONS ! QUE/ION HAS BE51 ,:AT ROLE CAN 9DIVIDUAL 9TELLECTUALS PLAY )9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T8 ,H]E WE HAVE UND] CONSID]ATION ! PROBLEM1 ,:AT IS ! ROLE ( ! :OLE CLASS ( 9TELLECTUALS 9 ! G5]AL /RUGGLE ( ! CLASSES8 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #a1 #bba 3 ,! ,NEW ,MIDDLE ,CLASS -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,! ,NEW ,MIDDLE ,CLASS -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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