,*APT] #b 
,DEMOCRATIC ,EXP]IM5T 

#aifaaifa 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,FR$Y ,P]LMAN 

,TEXT 3 

,ON ! ,AM]ICAN CONT95T1 ON FRE% GR\ND UNSOIL$ BY ! 0FRAUD1 DECEIT444 MALICE0 ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 9DEP5D5T F>M]S & LEFT W+ 9TELLECTUALS DREAM$ ( ATTEMPT+ A DEMOCRATIC EXP]IM5T4 ,!Y DREAM$ ( A GOV]NM5T 9 :I* EV]Y MAN1 :E!R F>M]1 >TISAN OR LAWY]1 W\LD HAVE A VOICE4 ,IT WAS TO BE A GOV]NM5T :]E =CE OR ! ?REAT ( =CE W\LD BE REPLAC$ BY RATIONAL DISCUSSION & DECISIONS BAS$ ON COMMON CONS5T4 ,! DECISIONS ( ! ,K+'S ,PRIVATE ,*AMB] W]E TO BE PLAC$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! PUBLIC :O >E AFFECT$ BY !M4 ,ALL M5 W]E TO RECEIVE A ?OR\< $UCATION :I* W\LD FAMILI>IZE !M ) ! PROBLEMS & PROJECTS ( ! WORLD 9 :I* !Y LIVE1 ( ! PA/ EXP]I5CE ( MANK9D1 ( ! LAWS ( NATURE4 ,!Y W\LD BE FULLY 9=M$ ON ALL IMPORTANT SOCIAL & POLITICAL ISSUES1 = ONLY ?US C\LD !Y P>TICIPATE 9TELLIG5TLY 9 =M+ PUBLIC POLICY1 REA*+ DECISIONS1 9T]PRET+ CRITICISM4 

,TO GA9 !IR RI<T TO ATTEMPT ! DEMOCRATIC EXP]IM5T1 ! ,AM]ICANS DISSOLV$ !IR COLONIAL RELATION%IP ) ! ,BRITI%4 

,WE HAVE REM9D$ !M ( ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( \R EMIGRATION & SETTLEM5T H]E4 ,WE HAVE APPEAL$ TO !IR NATIVE JU/ICE & MAGNANIMITY1 & WE HAVE CONJUR$ !M1 BY ! TIES ( \R COMMON K9DR$1 TO DISAV[ !SE USURPATIONS1 :I* W\LD 9EVITABLY 9T]RUPT \R CONNECTIONS & CORRESPOND5CE4 ,!Y 444 HAVE BE5 DEAF TO ! VOICE ( JU/ICE & CONSANGU9ITY4444 

,WE1 !RE=E1 ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA1 9 G5]AL ,CONGRESS ASSEMBL$ 444 DO1 9 ! NAME1 & BY ! AU?ORITY ( ! GOOD PEOPLE ( !SE COLONIES1 SOLEMNLY & DECL>E1 ?AT !SE UNIT$ COLONIES >E1 & ( RI<T \<T TO BE1 FREE & 9DEP5D5T /ATES4.<#b.> 

,= ! ,BRITI%1 ! FUNCTION ( COLONIES WAS TO 9CREASE ! PRIVILEGES ( ,5GL&'S WEAL?IE/ M53 0444NOT CONT5T+ !MSELVES ) ! YE>LY REV5UES & PR(ITS ?AT W]E WONT TO GR[ TO !IR =EFA!RS & PR$ECESSORS ( !IR L&S1 NOR BE+ CONT5T ?AT !Y LIVE 9 RE/ & PLEASURE1 NO?+ PR(IT+1 YEA1 MU* NOY+ ! WEAL PUBLIC1 LEAVE NO GR\ND = TILLAGE3 !Y 5CLOSE ALL 9 PA/URES4440.<#b#a.> & !Y E/ABLI% COLONIES 9 ALL P>TS ( ! WORLD TO 9CREASE YET FUR!R !IR YE>LY REV5UES & PR(ITS4 ,IF AS A RESULT ( ?IS AV>ICI\S ACCUMULATION1 ! COLONIAL SUBJECTS SUFF] MIS]Y & H>D%IP1 ! WEAL?Y ,5GLI%M5 CAN H>DLY FEEL PITY'1 REMOV$ AS !Y >E FROM !M BY OCEANS4 

,9 ORD] TO CONV9CE ! ,BRITI% ?AT !Y'D HAD 5\< ( ! OPPRESSION NECESS>Y TO SUPPORT A PRIVILEG$ CLASS1 ! ,AM]ICANS F\<T A W> ) ,5GL&1 BY MEANS ( PASSIVE RESI/ANCE AS WELL AS BY VIOL5CE4 ,! ONLY GOAL ! ,AM]ICAN REVOLUTION>IES HAD 9 COMMON WAS TO PUT AN 5D TO PRIVILEGE & OPPRESSION4 ,NONE F\<T TO EX*ANGE =EIGN = DOME/IC OPPRESSORS4 ,NO MAN RISK$ HIS LIFE TO BECOME ONCE AGA9 A SLAVE TO SOMEONE ELSE'S PRIVILEGE4 ,MO/ M5 TOOK IT = GRANT$ ?AT !RE W]E NONE ON ! ,AM]ICAN CONT95T W'HO W\LD SEEK TO RE9TRODUCE PRIVILEGE MIS]Y4 ,HAD NOT ,DID]OT SAID ?AT SU* A MAN 0%\LD BE LOCK$ UP AS AN 5EMY ( HUMANITY & A DANG]\S LUNATIC60.<#b#b.> ,?IS WAS TO BE A SOCIETY RE/+ ON 0HONE/Y1 SELF- GOV]NM5T1 JU/ICE & KN[L$GE40.<#b#c.> 

,BEYOND ! G5]AL AIM ( ABOLI%+ PRIVILEGE & MIS]Y1 ! REVOLUTION>IES HAD LITTLE 9 COMMON4 ,NOR W]E !Y AGRE$ ON ! PRECISE NATURE ( PRIVILEGE OR ! CAUSE ( MIS]Y4 ,H[EV]1 NONE W]E SO COMPLETELY 9 ! D>K AB\T ! SOCIAL EFFECTS ( WEAL? & PROP]TY' AS M5 ( A LAT] AGE W]E TO BECOME4 ,MANY HAD COME TO ! NEW WORLD BECAUSE H]E WAS TRULY A 0COMMON TREASURY0 TO BE %>$ BY ALL ! CREATURES :O LIV$ ON IT4 ,SOME1 H[EV]1 HAD COME ) ,BRITI% IDEAS ( 0[N]%IP0 & !Y CLAIM$ A RI<T TO COLLECT DEBTS & TAXES FROM O!RS4 ,%ORTLY AFT] ! REVOLUTION1 ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 !SE TWO GR\PS BROKE \T 9 ,%AY'S REBELLION--A REBELLION :I* %OOK ! SECURITY ( ! NEW L&'S M5 ( WEAL? & PROP]TY1 & BR\<T 9TO ! OP5 ! CONFLICT ?AT WAS TO DIVIDE 9TO HO/ILE CAMPS 0! GOOD PEOPLE ( !SE COLONIES40 ,NEI!R CONS]VATIVES NOR RADICALS W]E 9 ! D>K AB\T ! S\RCE ( ! CONFLICT1 NOR DID ANYONE TRY TO D5Y ?AT !RE WAS A CONFLICT4 ,HALF A C5TURY AGO1 ! HI/ORIAN ,*>LES ,BE>D %[$1 9 HIS EXCELL5T & HI<LY DOCUM5T$ /UDIES1.<#b#d.> ?AT EI<TE5? C5TURY ,AM]ICANS W]E LUCIDLY AW>E ?AT ! SUCCESS ( ! DEMOCRATIC EXP]IM5T DEP5D$ ON ! TYPE ( ECONOMIC /RUCTURE DEVELOP$ ON ! ,AM]ICAN CONT95T4 ,?AT PROP]TY WAS A S\RCE ( FACTION AS WELL AS ! ORIG9 ( ! DIVISION ( CLASSES WAS WELL KN[N TO ,JAMES ,MADISON4 0,! MO/ COMMON & DURABLE S\RCE ( FACTIONS HAS BE5 ! V>I\S & UNEQUAL DI/RIBUTION ( PROP]TY4 ,?OSE :O HOLD & ?OSE :O >E )\T PROP]TY HAVE EV] =M$ DI/9CT 9T]E/S 9 SOCIETY4 ,?OSE :O >E CR$ITORS1 & ?OSE :O >E DEBTORS1 FALL UND] A LIKE DISCRIM9ATION4 ,A L&$ 9T]E/1 A MANUFACTUR+ 9T]E/1 A M]CANTILE 9T]E/1 A MONEY$ 9T]E/1 ) MANY LESS] 9T]E/S1 GR[ UP ( NECESSITY 9 CIVILIZ$ NATIONS & DIVIDE !M 9TO DIFF]5T CLASSES1 ACTUAT$ BY DIFF]5T S5TIM5TS & VIEWS40.<#b#e.> ,& ! CONS]VATIVE ,JOHN ,ADAMS KNEW ?AT :]EV] PROP]TY EXI/S1 !RE WILL BE A /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! RI* & ! POOR1 BECAUSE 0,! G5DEM5 >E MORE 9TELLIG5T & SKILLFUL1 AS WELL AS G5]ALLY RI*] & BETT] CONNECT$1 & !RE=E HAVE MORE 9FLU5CE & P[] ?AN AN EQUAL NUMB] ( COMMON PEOPLE3 !RE IS A CON/ANT EF=T & 5]GY 9 ! M9DS ( ! =M] TO 9CREASE ! ADVANTAGES !Y POSSESS OV] ! LATT]1 & TO AUGM5T !IR WEAL? & 9FLU5CE AT !IR EXP5SE40.<#b#f.> ,ADAMS1 9 FACT1 9T]PRET$ ,ROMAN HI/ORY 9 T]MS ( A !ORY ( CLASS /RUGGLE4 0,9 ,ROMAN HI/ORY WE SEE A CON/ANT /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! RI* & ! POOR FROM ,ROMULUS TO ,CES>4 ,! GREAT DIVISION WAS NOT SO MU* BETWE5 PATRICIANS & PLEBIANS1 AS BETWE5 DEBTOR & CR$ITOR4 ,SPECULATION & USURY KEPT ! /ATE 9 P]PETUAL BROILS4 ,! PATRICIANS USURP$ ! L&S & TBE PLEBIANS DEM&$ AGR>IAN LAWS4 ,! PATRICIANS L5T MONEY AT EXORBITANT 9T]E/ & ! PLEBIANS W]E SOMETIMES UNABLE & ALWAYS UNWILL+ TO PAY IT4 ,!SE W]E ! CAUSES ( DIVID+ ! PEOPLE 9TO TWO P>TIES1 AS DI/9CT & JEAL\S1 & ALMO/ AS HO/ILE TO EA* O!R1 AS TWO NATIONS40.<#b#g.> ,NOR DID ,ADAMS HAVE ANY D\BT ?AT SU* A DIVISION EXI/$ ON ! ,AM]ICAN CONT95T4 0,WE DO POSSESS ONE MAT]IAL :I* ACTUALLY CON/ITUTES AN >I/OCRACY ?AT GOV]NS ! NATION4 ,?AT MAT]IAL IS WEAL?40.<#b#h.> 

,JOHN ,ADAMS1 SECOND PRESID5T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & SUCCESSOR ( ,GEORGE ,WA%+TON AS HEAD ( ! CONS]VATIVE ,F$]ALI/ ,P>TY1 DID NOT HAVE ! ILLUSION ?AT ! RI* GOV]N 9 ! BE/ 9T]E/S ( ! NATION4 0,IT IS NOT TRUE1 9 FACT1 ?AT ANY PEOPLE EV] EXI/$ :O LOV$ ! PUBLIC BETT] ?AN !MSELVES1 !IR PRIVATE FRI5DS1 NEI<BORS1 ETC4440 ,:AT IS MORE1 S9CE ! RI* 0HAVE MO/ ADDRESS & CAPACITY1 !Y GA9 MORE & MORE CONT9UALLY1 UNTIL !Y BECOME EXORBITANTLY RI* & ! O!RS MIS]ABLY POOR40.<#b#i.> ,! AGR>IAN DEMOCRAT LOHN ,TAYLOR1 \TSPOK5 OPPON5T ( ,ADAMS & HIS P>TY1 WAS PA9FULLY AW>E ?AT ! RI* WILL GOV]N 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! RI*4 0,IF IT IS A MORAL TRU?1 ?AT MANK9D PREF] !MSELVES TO O!RS1 !N IT IS A MORAL C]TA9TY1 ?AT MEMB]S1 BO? ( ! GOV]NM5T & ( ! CORPORATION1 WILL PREF] ! 9T]E/ ( ! CORPORATION TO ! 9T]E/ ( ! NATION40.<#c.> ,TAYLOR >GU$ ?AT A VIRTUE ?AT HAD NOT BE5 SUPPLI$ BY RELIGION 9 ! FEUDAL ]A C\LD H>DLY BE SUPPLI$ BY WEAL?4 0,IF RESPONSIBILITY TO ,GOD CANNOT CURE PRIE/S ( ! VICES :I* 9FECT LEGISLATIVE P>TIES ( 9T]E/1 :AT SECURITY LIES 9 A RESPONSIBILITY TO MAN8 ,IF ! LOVE ( S\LS CANNOT AWAK5 9TEGRITY1 LAID TO SLEEP BY ?IS SPECIES ( LEGISLATIVE PATRONAGE1 WILL IT BE AWAK5$ BY A LOVE ( WEAL? & P[]80.<#c#a.> ,IF ! RI* >E P]MITT$ TO AUGM5T !IR WEAL? & 9FLU5CE CON/ANTLY1 !N1 ACCORD+ TO ,ADAMS1 0,?IS EF=T PRODUCES RES5TM5TS & JEAL\SIES1 CONTEMPT1 HATR$1 & FE> BETWE5 ! ONE SORT & ! O!R40.<#c#b.> ,& ACCORD+ TO ,TAYLOR1 0,:ATEV] DE/ROYS AN UNITY ( 9T]E/ BETWE5 A GOV]NM5T & A NATION1 9FALLIBLY PRODUCES OPPRESSION & HATR$40.<#c#c.> ,9 SUM1 EI<TE5? C5TURY ,AM]ICANS ( DIFF]5T POLITICAL P]SUASIONS W]E NOT UNAW>E ( ! OBS]VATION ,?OMAS ,MORE HAD MADE ALMO/ ?REE C5TURIES E>LI]1 ?AT 0:]ESOEV] POSSESSIONS BE PRIVATE1 :]E MONEY BE>E? ALL ! /ROKE1 IT IS H>D & ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE ?AT !RE ! WEAL PUBLIC MAY JUSDY BE GOV]N$ & PROSP]\SLY FL\RI%40.<#c#d.> 

,BY & L>GE1 ,AM]ICAN REVOLUTION>IES W]E QUITE LUCIDLY AW>E1 & G5]ALLY AGRE$1 ?AT ! SUCCESS ( ! DEMOCRATIC EXP]IM5T DEP5D$ ON ! NATURE & PURPOSE ( ! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC /RUCTURE DEVELOP$ ON ! ,AM]ICAN CONT95T4 ,:]E !Y DIFF]$ WAS ON ! EMPHASIS ONE GAVE TO PROP]TY & ANO!R TO DEMOCRACY4 ,HAMILTON1 = EXAMPLE1 FE>$ DEMOCRACY AS IF IT W]E A PLAGUE1 PRECISELY BECAUSE HE WAS AW>E ?AT DEMOCRACY 5TAIL$ ! ABOLITION ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASS ( 0! RI* & WELL BORN40 ,O!RS1 LESS COMMITT$ TO ! OLD WORLD'S >I/OCRACIES ?AN ,HAMILTON1 BUT NOT OV]LY 5?USIA/IC AB\T DEMOCRACY1 ACCEPT$ ! 9/ITUTIONS ( WEAL? & PROP]TY1 BUT WANT$ ! GOV]NM5T TO BE A NEUTRAL M$IATOR BETWE5 ! CLASSES1 UNCOMMITT$ TO ! M9ORITY ( ! RI* AS WELL AS ! MAJORITY ( ! POOR4 ,JAMES ,MADISON1 = EXAMPLE1 ACCEPT$ PRIVATE PROP]TY & ! CONSEQU5T DIVISION 9TO CLASSES AS A 0NECESSITY10 & URG$ A GOV]NM5T ?AT W\LD 0REGULATE0 ! DIFF]5T CLASSES4 0,! MO/ COMMON & DURABLE S\RCE ( FACTIONS HAS BE5 ! V>I\S & UNEQUAL DI/RIBUTION ( PROP]TY4444 9T]E/S GR[ UP ( NECESSITY 9 CIVILIZ$ NATIONS & DIVIDE !M 9TO DIFF]5T CLASSES1 ACTUAT$ BY DIFF]5T S5TIM5TS & VIEWS4 ,! REGULATION ( !SE V>I\S & 9T]F]+ 9T]E/S =MS ! PR9CIPAL TASK ( MODEM LEGISLATION1 & 9VOLVES ! SPIRIT ( P>TY & FACTION 9 ! NECESS>Y & ORD9>Y OP]ATIONS ( ! GOV]NM5T40.<#c#e.> ,! MORE CONS]VATIVE ,JOHN ,ADAMS ALSO ACCEPT$ ! 0NECESSITY0 ( CLASSES & CLASS P>TIES1 BUT HE WAS JU/ AS AW>E AS ,MADISON AB\T ! NE$ = GOV]NM5T TO M$IATE BETWE5 ! CLASSES4 0,TWO SU* P>TIES 444 ALWAYS WILL EXI/1 AS !Y ALWAYS HAVE EXI/$1 9 ALL NATIONS1 ESPECIALLY 9 SU* AS HAVE PROP]TY1 & MO/ ( ALL1 9 COMM]CIAL C\NTRIES4 ,EA* ( !SE P>TIES MU/ BE REPRES5T$ 9 ! LEGISLATURE1 & ! TWO MU/ BE *ECKS ON EA* O!R4 ,BUT1 )\T A M$IATOR BETWE5 !M1 !Y WILL OPPOSE EA* O!R 9 ALL ?+S & GO TO W> TILL ONE SUBJUGATES ! O!RS40.<#c#f.> ,ADAMS1 H[EV]1 WAS NO REVOLUTION>Y1 & NO DEMOCRAT4 ,9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT WEAL? & PROP]TY REPRES5T$ ! GREATE/ ?REAT TO ! WELL BE+ ( ! NATION1 9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT CLASSES BR$ 0RES5TM5TS & JEAL\SIES1 CONTEMPT1 HATR$1 & FE>10 ,ADAMS WAS NOT WILL+ TO DISC>D ! 9/ITUTIONS ( WEAL?1 PROP]TY1 & PRIVILEGE4 0,! MOM5T ! IDEA IS ADMITT$ 9TO SOCIETY1 ?AT PROP]TY IS NOT AS SACR$ AS ! LAWS ( ,GOD & ?AT !RE IS NOT A =CE ( LAW & PUBLIC JU/ICE TO PROTECT IT1 AN>*Y & TYRANNY COMM5CE40 ,& ,ADAMS FE>FULLY DEPICT$ SOME ( DIE 0CATA/ROPHES0 :I* W\LD ACCOMPANY ! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY4 0,! TIME W\LD NOT BE LONG BE=E C\RAGE & 5T]PRISE W\LD COME1 & PRETEXTS BE 9V5T$ BY DEGREES1 TO C\NT5ANCE ! MAJORITY 9 DIVID+ ALL ! PROP]TY AMONG !M1 OR AT LEA/ 9 %>+ IT EQUALLY ) ITS PRES5T POSSESSORS4 ,DEBTS W\LD BE ABOLI%$ FIR/2 TAXES LAID HEAVY ON ! RI*1 & NOT AT ALL ON ! O!RS2 & AT LA/ A D[NRI<T EQUAL DIVISION ( EV]Y?+ BE DEM&$ & VOT$4 ,:AT W\LD BE ! CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS80.<#c#g.> 

,! AGR>IAN DEMOCRAT ,JOHN ,TAYLOR C>RI$ ! LOGIC ( ,MADISON & ,ADAMS TO ITS CONCLUSIONS1 & HE ATTACK$ ,ADAMS = ASSUM+ ?AT ! %ORTCOM+S ( O!R SOCIAL SY/EMS MU/ NECESS>ILY BE TRANSPORT$ TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 0,MR4 ,ADAMS'S SY/EM PROMISES NO?+4 ,IT TELLS US ?AT HUMAN NATURE IS ALWAYS ! SAME3 ?AT ! >T ( GOV]NM5T CAN NEV] *ANGE2 ?AT IT IS CONTRACT$ 9TO ?REE SIMPLE PR9CIPLES2 & ?AT MANK9D MU/ EI!R SUFF] ! EVILS ( ONE ( !SE SIMPLE PR9CIPLES2 AS AT ,A!NS1 ,V5ICE1 OR ,CON/ANT9OPLE2 OR ?OSE SAME PR9CIPLES COMP\ND$1 AS AT ,LONDON1 ,ROME OR ,LAC$EMON4444 ,SU* A COMPUTATION IS A SPECT]1 CALCULAT$ 0TO >RE/ \R EF=TS1 & APPALL \R HOPES1 9 PURSUIT ( POLITICAL GOOD4 ,IF IT BE CORRECT1 :AT MOTIVES ( PREF]5CE BETWE5 =MS ( GOV]NM5T REMA98 ,ON ONE H&1 ,AIR4 ,ADAMS CALLS \R ATT5TION TO HUNDR$S ( WISE & VIRTU\S PATRICIANS1 MANGL$ & BLE$+ VICTIMS ( POPUL> FURY2 ON ! O!R1 HE MI<T HAVE EXHIBIT$ MILLIONS SACRIFIC$ TO ! PRIDE1 FOLLY & AMBITION ( MON>*Y & >I/OCRACY2 &1 TO COMPLETE ! PICTURE1 HE \<T TO HAVE PLAC$ RI<T BE=E US1 ! EFFECTS ( !SE ?REE PR9CIPLES COMMIX$1 9 ! W>S1 REBELLIONS1 P]SECUTIONS & OPPRESSIONS ( ! ,5GLI% =M1 CELEBRAT$ BY ,MR4 ,ADAMS AS ! MO/ P]FECT ( ! MIX$ CLASS ( GOV]NM5TS4 ,IS IT POSSIBLE TO CONV9CE US1 ?AT WE >E COMPELL$ TO ELECT ONE ( !SE EVILS8 444 ,BUT IF ! MORAL QUALITIES ( HUMAN NATURE >E NOT ALWAYS ! SAME1 BUT >E DIFF]5T BO? 9 NATIONS & 9DIVIDUALS2 & IF GOV]NM5T \<T TO BE CON/RUCT$ 9 RELATION TO !SE MORAL QUALITIES1 & NOT 9 RELATION TO FACTITI\S ORD]S2 !SE AU?ORITIES DO NOT PRODUCE A CONCLUSION SO DEPLORABLE4 ,! V>IETY 9 ! K9DS & DEGREES ( POLITICAL MIS]Y1 IS ALONE CONCLUSIVE EVID5CE ( DI/9CT DEGREES ( MORAL *>ACT]1 CAPABLE ( UNKN[N MORAL EF=TS40.<#c#h.> ,TAYLOR CONCLUD$1 IF ! MONOPOLY ( PRIVILEGE & P[] BEGETS FACTION & MIS]Y1 !N ! FUNCTION ( GOV]NM5T MU/ BE TO PREV5T SU* A MONOPOLY4 ,& S9CE VE/$ MILIT>Y1 RELIGI\S1 OR MONEY$ 9T]E/S 9EVITABLY ACQUIRE A MONOPOLY ( WEAL? & P[]1 BECAUSE 0.<S.>U* 9T]E/S >E 9CAPABLE 444 ( 9CLUD+ ! MAJORITY ( A NATION1 OR ( A G5]AL DIVISION AMONG ITS MEMB]S10 !N SU* 9T]E/S MU/ BE ABOLI%$1 & ! FUNCTION ( LAW MU/ BE ! CON/ANT R$I/RIBUTION ( L&1 :I* CANNOT BE A 0PURELY FACTITI\S0 9T]E/4 0,L& IS NOT CREAT$ BY LAW2 !RE=E IT IS UND] NO APPREH5SION ( ITS DEA? /ROKE FROM LAW4 ,IT DOES NOT SUBSI/ UPON O!R 9T]E/S2 !RE=E IT IS NOT BESET BY AN HO/ ( 5EMIES1 :OSE V5GEANCE IT IS CONSCI\S ( DES]V+4 ,BY ! OP]ATION ( LAWS ADV]SE TO ITS MONOPOLY1 IT QUICKLY ADJU/S ITSELF TO ! 9T]E/ ( A MAJORITY ( A NATION2 !NCE=W>D IT IS 9CAPABLE ( ! AV>ICE & 9JU/ICE ( A FACTITI\S LEGAL 9T]E/ BECAUSE NO TEMPTATION TO S$UCE IT 9TO EI!R1 EXI/S4 ,TO ?IS PO9T ( IMPROVEM5T1 A L&$ 9T]E/ WILL 9V>IABLY BE BR\<T1 BY LAWS = DIVID+ L&S2 NOR CAN IT BE CORRUPT$1 EXCEPT BY LAWS :I* CONF9E L&S TO A M9ORITY4 ,!N IT BECOMES 9 A DEGREE A FACTITI\S LEGAL MONOPOLY1 CAPABLE ( BE+ FAVOR$ BY LAW1 & 9FECT$ ) A PORTION ( ?AT MALIGNITY1 :I* CON/ITUTES ! 5TIRE ESS5CE ( A M9OR SEP>ATE 9T]E/ PURELY FACTITI\S40.<#c#i.> 

,?US ! 0,FA!RS0 ( ! ,AM]ICAN REVOLUTION W]E LUCIDLY AW>E ?AT ! SUCCESS1 OR FAILURE1 ( ! DEMOCRATIC EXP]IM5T DEP5D$ ON H[ M5 LIV$ & :AT M5 DID4 ,!Y W]E P]FECTLY AW>E ?AT DEMOCRACY WAS 9COMPATIBLE ) A SOCIAL /RUCTURE 9 :I* A MONOPOLY ( WEAL?1 P[]1 & PRIVILEGE WAS LODG$ 9 ONE CLASS ( M54 ,& !IR ACCEPTANCE OR REJECTION ( DEMOCRATIC IDEALS CANNOT BE UND]/OOD EXCEPT 9 ?AT CONTEXT4 ,IF WEAL?1 P[] & 9FLU5CE W]E NOT EQUALLY DI/RIBUT$ AMONG ALL M51 !RE C\LD BE NO DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS4 

 "9"9"9 

,ONCE A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY IS E/ABLI%$1 H[ DOES IT REMA9 DEMOCRATIC8 ,IT WAS ?IS QUE/ION ?AT GUID$ ! SE>* = 0DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS40 ,SU* 9/ITUTIONS >E DEMOCRATIC ONLY IF !Y MA9TA9 EQUALITY2 CLE>LY AN 9/ITUTION ?AT CAN S]VE AS WELL = ! MA9T5ANCE ( PRIVILEGE & OPPRESSION IS NOT1 9 ITSELF1 A DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTION4 ,AM]ICAN DEMOCRATS W]E CONC]N$ ) F9D+ 9/ITUTIONS ?AT W\LD FUNCTION ON A VA/ SCALE NOT ONLY TO MA9TA91 BUT ALSO TO ADVANCE1 ! DEMOCRATIC EXP]IM5T ONCE E/ABLI%$4 ,ONE SU* 9/ITUTION WAS ! ,NEW ,5GL& ,T[N ,MEET+1 :]E ALL CITIZ5S P>TICIPAT$1 DISCUSS$ IMPORTANT ISSUES1 & REA*$ PUBLIC DECISIONS4 ,BUT ! ,T[N ,MEET+ C\LD ONLY BE PRACTIC$ EFFECTIVELY ON A SMALL SCALE4 ,= ALL ! CITIZ5S ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES TO GA!R 9 ONE PLACE & DISCUSS ALL PUBLIC QUE/IONS W\LD HAVE BE5 IMPRACTICAL4 ,AM]ICAN DEMOCRATS REJECT$ ?IS TYPE ( 0VILLAGE DEMOCRACY10 P]HAPS )\T HAV+ EXPLOR$ ITS POSSIBILITIES ADEQUATELY4 ,& IF ,V DEMOCRACY0 IS AB&ON$1 0REPRES5TATIVES0 >E APP>5TLY ! ONLY ALT]NATIVE4 ,:E!R OR NOT A PEACEFUL CONF$]ATION ( SELF- GOV]N+ VILLAGES IS POSSIBLE HAS NEV] BE5 ANSW]$4 ,IT HAS NEV] BE5 TRI$ ON A SIGNIFICANT SCALE4 ,BUT BE ?AT AS IT MAY1 9 ,AM]ICA ! SMALL GOV]N+ VILLAGES W]E AB&ON$4 0,REPRES5TATIVES0 W]E ACCEPT$ AS A SUB/ITUTE4 

,YET :E!R 0REPRES5TATIVES0 >E1 OR CAN BE1 A DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTION IS /ILL AN OP5 QUE/ION4 ,IF A MAN TRULY 0REPRES5TS0 ! IDEAS & WI%ES ( ?\S&S ( M51 HE !REBY CEASES TO BE AN 9DIVIDUAL ) IDEAS & WI%ES ( HIS [N2 HE BECOMES ! EMBODIM5T ( A ,SOCIAL ,CONSCI5CE1 A ,G5]AL ,WILL4 ,?IS WAS ,R\SSEAU'S V]SION ( ,REPRES5TATIVE ,DEMOCRACY4 ,9 ,R\SSEAU'S MODEL1 ! ,REPRES5TATIVE ACTS = ?\S&S ( M5 ON ! BASIS ( !IR CONS5T4 ,BUT ACQUIESC5CE (T5 TAKES ! APPE>ANCE ( CONS5T1 & 9 HUMAN SOCIETY !RE >E NO IMP>TIAL JUDGES :O CAN EFFECTIVELY DI/+UI% BETWE5 ! TWO4 ,YET IF A MAN IS NOT ! EMBODIM5T ( ! ,G5]AL ,WILL1 IF HE IS M]ELY ONE AMONG ?\S&S & HAS NO SPECIAL QUALIFICATION EXCEPT HIS DESIRE TO 0REPRES5T0 ! RE/1 !N :AT IS HIS JU/IFICATION = 0REPRES5T+0 ?\S&S ( M58 ,S9CE HE IS NOT ! EMBODIM5T ( ! WI%ES & IDEALS ( O!R M51 :AT IS TO KEEP HIM FROM US+ HIS POSITION = ! IRRESPONSIBLE FULFILLM5T ( PURELY P]SONAL DESIRES8 ,ACCORD+ TO ,JEFF]SON1 A REPRES5TATIVE CAN BE MADE RESPONSIBLE IF ! PEOPLE >E $UCAT$ & FULLY 9=M$1 IF !Y EX]T CONTROL OV] & DIRECTLY P>TICIPATE 9 ! REA*+ ( PUBLIC DECISIONS4 0,EV]Y GOV]NM5T DEG5]ATES :5 TRU/$ TO ! RUL]S ( ! PEOPLE ALONE4 ,! PEOPLE !MSELVES >E ITS ONLY SAFE DEPOSITORIES4 ,& TO R5D] EV5 !M SAFE1 !IR M9DS MU/ BE IMPROV$ TO A C]TA9 DEGREE4444 ,! 9FLU5CE OV] GOV]NM5T MU/ BE %>$ AMONG ALL ! PEOPLE4 ,IF EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL 444 P>TICIPATES ( ! ULTIMATE AU?ORITY1 ! GOV]NM5T WILL BE SAFE40.<#d.> ,H[EV]1 IF IGNORANCE IS MA9TA9$ & 9=MATION SUPPRESS$1 ! GOV]NM5T WILL 9EVITABLY DEG5]ATE 9TO OPPRESSIVE TYRANNY4 0,IF A NATION EXPECTS TO BE IGNORANT & FREE1 9 A /ATE ( CIVILIZATION1 IT EXPECTS :AT NEV] WAS & NEV] WILL BE4 ,! FUNCTION>IES ( EV]Y GOV]NM5T HAVE PROP5SITIES TO COMM& AT WILL ! LIB]TY & PROP]TY ( !IR CON/ITU5TS4 ,!RE IS NO SAFE DEPOSIT = !SE BUT ) ! PEOPLE !MSELVES2 NOR CAN !Y BE SAFE ) !M )\T 9=MATION40.<#d#a.> ,?US1 !RE MU/ BE $UCATION ?AT GIVES TO ALL 9HABITANTS AN UND]/&+ ( SOCIAL PROBLEMS & IDEALS1 & !RE MU/ BE M$IA ( COMMUNICATION ?AT >E CONTROLL$ BY NO 9T]E/ & >E RESPONSIBLE TO 9=M1 NOT DEFRAUD1 ! PUBLIC4 ,H[EV]1 IF 0! WEI<T ( TAL5TS WILL FOLL[ LEISURE & WEAL?10.<#d#b.> IF WEAL? ACQUIRES A MONOPOLY ( $UCATION AS WELL AS COMMUNICATION1 !N ! PUBLIC WILL BE $UCAT$ AS WELL AS 9=M$ BY ! V]Y GR\P :OSE 9T]E/ IT IS TO DEFRAUD !M4 0,A GOV]NM5T1 A SECTION ( IT1 OR A MEASURE F\ND$ 9 AN EVIL MORAL PR9CIPLE1 SU* AS FRAUD1 AMBITION1 AV>ICE OR SUP]/ITION1 MU/ PRODUCE CORRESPOND5T EFFECTS1 & DEFEAT ! 5D ( GOV]NM5T40.<#d#c.> 

,?US ! EI<TE5? C5TURY DEMOCRATIC IDEAL MAY BE DIVID$ 9TO F\R 9DISP5SABLE P>TS1 )\T :I* IT CANNOT BE REALIZ$4 ,! FIR/ IS ?AT ALL M5 HAVE EQUAL WEAL?1 P[]1 & 9FLU5CE1 & ?AT ?IS EQUALITY BE MA9TA9$ BY SOME =M ( AGR>IAN RE=M LAW4 ,!N1 TO 5SURE EQUALITY1 & TO DEVELOP ! TAL5TS & M9DS ( CITIZ5S1 !RE MU/ BE UNIV]SAL $UCATION1 !RE MU/ BE UNTRAMMEL$ COMMUNICATION1 & !RE MU/ BE P>TICIPATION BY EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL 9 ! IMPORTANT AFFAIRS ( SOCIETY4 ,)\T !SE F\R REQUIREM5TS1 EQUALITY1 $UCATION1 COMMUNICATION1 & P>TICIPATION1 APPLI$ 9 ! SPIRIT 9 :I* !Y W]E CONCEIV$1 !RE CAN BE NO DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY4 

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,ONE MU/ ASSUME ?AT ! GREAT MAJORITY ( PEOPLE :O F\<T & KILL$ 9 ! ,AM]ICAN REVOLUTION DID SO TO PUT A P]MAN5T 5D TO OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION4 ,MEMB]S ( A MILIT>Y SOCIETY WILL MURD] M]ELY BECAUSE !Y'VE BE5 TRA9$ TO DO SO4 ,BUT 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS A CIVILIAN SOCIETY1 & NONMILIT>Y M5 WILL R>ELY RISK !IR [N OR O!RS' LIVES M]ELY TO EX*ANGE ONE =M ( OPPRESSION = ANO!R4 ,MO/ ,AM]ICANS W]E !N AGRE$ ?AT PRIVILEGE MU/ BE ABOLI%$2 ?AT PROP]TY G5]ATES A PRIVILEG$ CLASS & ?US BR+S FACTION & MIS]Y2 ?AT WEAL? CANNOT JU/LY GOV]N A NATION BECAUSE IT WILL 9EVITABLY GOV]N 9 ITS [N 9T]E/4 ,BUT !Y DID NOT AGREE ON ! BE/ MEANS ( 5SUR+ ?AT WEAL? %\LD NOT AGA9 GIVE BIR? TO A TYRANNICAL >I/OCRACY1 ?US RE-CONV]T+ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9TO A NATION ( MA/]S & S]VANTS4 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 ,MADISON WANT$ A MODIFI$ >I/OCRACY RE/RA9$ BY A GOV]NM5T ( DETA*$ M5 DEVOT$ TO ! BE/ 9T]E/S ( ! NATION1 PRESUMABLY A GOV]NM5T ( ,MADISONIAN PHILOSOPH]S4 ,ADAMS WANT$ A NEUTRAL GOV]NM5T :I* W\LD M$IATE BETWE5 ! 9T]E/S ( ! RI* & POOR1 W\LD GU>D ! RI* FROM ! POOR & ! POOR FROM ! RI*1 BUT ESPECIALLY IT W\LD PROTECT ! RI* FROM ! POOR4 7,ADAMS APP>5TLY C\LD NOT REMEMB] ?AT ! RI*1 ) !IR WEAL?1 C\LD BUY !IR [N PROTECTION )\T /ATE AID1 :]EAS ! POOR C\LD NOT47 ,FROM ! DEMOCRATIC CAMP1 ,JOHN ,TAYLOR >GU$ ?AT A MODIFI$ >I/OCRACY W\LD QUICKLY DEG5]ATE 9TO AN UNLIMIT$ & REPRESSIVE >I/OCRACY1 & ?AT A GOV]NM5T SEEK+ TO M$IATE BETWE5 ?OSE :O POSSESS A MONOPOLY ( WEAL? & P[]1 & ?OSE :O LACK IT1 W\LD QUICKLY BECOME AN 9/RUM5T US$ BY WEAL? & P[] TO SUBJUGATE ! RE/4 ,& !RE W]E O!RS1 MORE NUM]\S BUT LESS 9FLU5TIAL1 :O FOLL[$ TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT PRIVATE WEAL? & PROP]TY %\LD BE ALTOGE!R ABOLI%$1 ?US PREV5T+ ONCE & = ALL ! MONOPOLY ( P[] & PRIVILEGE1 &1 AS ,W9/ANLEY HAD URG$1 CONV]T+ ! E>? 9TO A 0COMMON TREASURY0 :I* IS 0FREE = EV]Y SON & DAU<T] ( MANK9D TO LIVE FREE UPON40 

,H[EV] DIV]G5T ! SOLUTIONS1 H[EV] CLA%+ ! VIEWS1 !Y W]E TO BE RESOLV$ EXP]IM5TALLY2 DECISIONS W]E TO BE1 ABOVE ALL1 T5TATIVE4 ,MANY PROBLEMS HAD BE5 SOLV$1 MANY W]E 9 ! PROCESS ( SOLUTION1 BUT ! EXP]IM5TAL SE>* = A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY W\LD BE ! WORK ( G5]ATIONS4 0,WE HAVE *ANC$ TO LIVE 9 AN AGE :I* WILL PROBABLY BE DI/+UI%$ 9 HI/ORY = ITS EXP]IM5TS 9 GOV]NM5T ON A L>G] SCALE ?AN HAS YET TAK5 PLACE4 ,BUT WE %ALL NOT LIVE TO SEE ! RESULT4 ,! GROSS] ABSURDITIES1 SU* AS H]$IT>Y MAGI/RACIES1 WE %ALL SEE EXPLOD$ 9 \R DAY1 LONG EXP]I5CE HAV+ ALREADY PRON\NC$ CONDEMNATION AGA9/ !M4 ,BUT :AT IS TO BE ! SUB/ITUTE8 ,?IS \R *ILDR5 & GR&*ILDR5 WILL ANSW]4 ,WE MAY BE SATISFI$ ) ! C]TA9 KN[L$GE ?AT NONE CAN EV] BE TRI$1 SO /UPID1 SO UNRI<TE\S1 SO OPPRESSIVE1 SO DE/RUCTIVE ( EV]Y 5D = :I* HONE/ M5 5T] 9TO GOV]NM5T1 AS ?AT :I* !IR =EFA!RS HAD E/ABLI%$1 & !IR FA!RS ALONE V5TURE TO TUMBLE HEADLONG40.<#d#d.> ,! EXP]IM5T WAS TO FULFILL ! NE$S & IDEALS ( LIV+ M54 ,! MI/AKES1 ! BLUND]S1 ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ONE G5]ATION C\LD NOT1 9 AN EXP]IM5TAL DEMOCRACY1 BE B9D+ ON ANO!R G5]ATION4 0,! E>? BELONGS TO ! LIV+1 NOT TO ! DEAD10 WROTE ,JEFF]SON4 0,WE MAY CONSID] EA* G5]ATION AS A DI/9CT NATION1 ) A RI<T1 BY ! WILL ( ITS MAJORITY1 TO B9D !MSELVES1 BUT NONE TO B9D ! SUCCE$+ G5]ATIONS1 MORE ?AN ! 9HABITANTS ( ANO!R C\NTRY40.<#d#e.> 

,?US DESPITE ! DIV]G5T VIEWS ( ! REVOLUTION>IES AS TO ! DIVISION1 CONTROL1 OR M$IATION ( PROP]TY1 AS TO ! RESPONSIBILITY ( REPRES5TATIVES1 DEMOCRATIC SOLUTIONS C\LD 5DLESSLY BE S\<T & TRI$ SO LONG AS ! EXP]IM5T CONT9U$4 ,BUT IF ! EXP]IM5T WAS LIMIT$ OR CURB$1 OPPRESSION & BLOOD%$ W\LD RETURN4 0,EA* G5]ATION 444 HAS A RI<T TO *OOSE = ITSELF ! =M ( GOV]NM5T IT BELIEVES ! MO/ PROMOTIVE ( ITS [N HAPP9ESS10 WROTE ,JEFF]SON4 0,A SOLEMN OPPORTUNITY ( DO+ ?IS EV]Y #ai OR #b YE>S %\LD BE PROVID$ BY ! CON/ITUTION4444 ,?IS CORPOREAL GLOBE1 & EV]Y?+ UPON IT1 BELONGS TO ITS PRES5T CORPOREAL 9HABITANTS1 DUR+ !IR G5]ATION4 ,!Y ALONE HAVE A RI<T TO DIRECT :AT IS ! CONC]N ( !MSELVES ALONE4444 ,IF ?IS AV5UE BE %UT4441 IT WILL MAKE ITSELF HE>D ?R\< ?AT ( =CE1 & WE %ALL GO ON1 AS O!R NATIONS >E DO+1 9 ! 5DLESS CIRCLE ( OPPRESSIONS1 REBELLIONS1 RE=MATIONS2 & OPPRESSION1 REBELLION1 RE=MATION1 AGA92 & SO ON =EV]40.<#d#f.> ,?IS MU* WAS KN[N TO EI<TE5? C5TURY ,AM]ICANS1 = !Y HAD WRITT5 9TO !IR ,DECL>ATION ( ,9DEP5D5CE 0?AT1 :5EV] ANY =M ( GOV]NM5T BECOMES DE/RUCTIVE ( !SE 5DS1 IT IS ! RI<T ( ! PEOPLE TO ALT] OR TO ABOLI% IT1 & TO 9/ITUTE A NEW GOV]NM5T1 LAY+ ITS =MATION ON SU* PR9CIPLES1 & ORGANIZ+ ITS P[]S 9 SU* =M1 AS TO !M %ALL SEEM MO/ LIKELY TO EFFECT !IR SAFETY & HAPP9ESS40 

 "9"9"9 

,H[EV]1 = A SMALL NUMB] ( M51 ! REVOLUTION WAS NOT ! BEG9N+ ( A VA/ EXP]IM5T 9 SOCIAL ORGANIZATION2 IT DID NOT PROMISE ! POSSIBILITY = A BETT] SOCIETY2 IT REPRES5T$ NO?+ MORE ?AN AN OP5+ = L>GE-SCALE ECONOMIC SPECULATION4 ,AS 9 ALL W>S1 SOME M5 DID NOT LI<T ) !IR BODIES BUT ) !IR MONEY1 & NOT = IDEALS BUT = P]SONAL PR(IT4 ,! ,AM]ICAN REVOLUTION WAS NOT EXEMPT$ FROM SU* M51 & 9 A FRI<TFULLY %ORT TIME !SE M5 UND]M9$ ! IDEALS = :I* ! REVOLUTION HAD BE5 F\<T4 

,:5 ! COLONIES W5T TO W> ) ,5GL&1 ! ,AM]ICAN ECONOMY WAS DISRUPT$1 & ! VALUE ( MONEY DET]IORAT$4 ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES NE$$ FUNDS TO C>RY ON ! W>-- ESPECIALLY TO SUPPORT & EQUIP ! REVOLUTION>Y >MIES4 ,:5 !SE FUNDS W]E PROVID$1 ! M5 :O CONTRIBUT$ RECEIV$ SECURITIES = ! AM\NT !Y LOAN$4 ,! SECURITIES W]E MADE \T 9 ! NOM9AL AM\NT ( MONEY GIV51 AL?\< ! REAL VALUE ( ! MONEY HAD FALL5 TO A FRACTION ( ! NOM9AL AM\NT4 ,A L>GE NUMB] ( ! CONTRIBUTORS MU/ HAVE BE5 POOR1 BECAUSE MO/ ( !M SEEM TO HAVE SOLD ! SECURITIES1 G5]ALLY = AN EV5 SMALL] AM\NT ?AN !Y HAD PAID = !M--SOMETIMES AT ONE T5? !IR ORIG9AL VALUE4.<#d#g.> ,9 ANY CASE1 BY #a<g A GOOD P>T ( ! SECURITIES W]E 9 ! H&S1 NOT ( ! M5 :O HAD L5T MONEY TO ! REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T1 BUT ( CAPITALI/ SPECULATORS :O HAD NOT L5T ANY?+ BUT HAD MONOPOLIZ$ SECURITIES BY BUY+ !M *EAPLY FROM ORIG9AL HOLD]S4 ,!SE E>LY CAPITALI/S W]E TO BECOME ! GRAV$IGG]S ( EV]Y DEMOCATIC IDEAL ?AT HAD BE5 BR\<T TO ! ,AM]ICAN CONT95T4 

,PR(ESSOR ,*>LES ,A4 ,BE>D BRILLIANTLY ANALYZ$ ?IS MO/ CRUCIAL *APT] ( ,AM]ICAN HI/ORY 9 HIS ,AN ,ECONOMIC ,9T]PRETATION ( ! ,CONSITNTION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & FUR!R ELABORAT$ HIS CONCLUSIONS 9 ,ECONOMIC ,ORIG9S ( ,JEFF]SONIAN ,DEMOCRACY4 _<#a_> ,BE>D'S /UDY ( ! ,CON/ITUTION BECAME A CLASSIC 9 ,AM]ICAN HI/ORY1 &1 AS (T5 HAPP5S TO CLASSICS1 ! BOOK WAS REV]$1 & ITS CONCLUSIONS W]E CONV5I5TLY =GOTT54 

,9 ,MAY #a#g#h#g1 A CONV5TION TO DRAFT A CON/ITUTION = ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ASSEMBL$ 9 ,PHILADELPHIA4 ,FIFTY-FIVE M5 REPRES5T+ TWELVE /ATES ATT5D$ ! CONV5TION4 0,=TY ( ! MEMB]S HELD PUBLIC SECURITIES1 F\RTE5 W]E L& SPECULATORS1 ELEV5 W]E 9T]E/$ 9 M]CANTILE1 MANUFACTUR+ & %IPP+ ACTIVITIES1 & FIFTE5 W]E SLAVEHOLD]S4 ,! SMALL F>M] & DEBTOR CLASSES W]E VIRTUALLY )\T REPRES5TATION40.<#d#h.> ,! M5 :O P>TICIPAT$ 9 ?IS CONV5TION W]E NOT 0REPRES5TATIVES0 9 ,R\SSEAU'S S5SE4 ,!Y DID NOT EMBODY A ,G5]AL ,WILL4 ,NOR W]E !Y 0REPRES5TATIVES0 9 ,JEFF]SON'S S5SE ( HAV+ BE5 *OS51 AFT] C>EFUL CONSID]ATION1 BY AN $UCAT$ & WELL 9=M$ PUBLIC4 0,NO POPUL> VOTE WAS TAK5 DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY ON ! PROPOSITION TO CALL ! ,CONV5TION :I* DRAFT$ ! CON/ITUTION40.<#d#i.> ,!SE M5 W]E NOT EV5 REPRES5TATIVES 9 ! S5SE ( ,ADAMS & ,MADISON--9 BE+ DIS9T]E/$ M$IATORS BETWE5 DIFF]5T FACTIONS1 CONC]N$ ) ! GOOD ( ! NATION AS A :OLE4 0,! MEMB]S ( ! ,PHILADELPHIA ,CONV5TION :I* DRAFT$ ! ,CON/ITUTION W]E1 ) A FEW EXCEPTIONS1 IMM$IATELY1 DIRECTLY1 & P]SONALLY 9T]E/$ 91 & D]IV$ ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES FROM1 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! NEW SY/EM40.<#e.> 

,! *AIRMAN ( ?IS CONV5TION WAS ,GEORGE ,WA%+TON1 POPUL> H]O ( ! REVOLUTION>Y W> & ,FA!R ( HIS ,C\NTRY4 ,! *AIRMAN'S QUALIFICATIONS ESPECIALLY SUIT$ HIM TO HEAD SU* A CONV5TION1 = 0,WA%+TON1 ( ,VIRG9IA1 WAS PROBABLY ! RI*E/ MAN 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 HIS TIME1 & HIS F9ANCIAL ABILITY WAS NOT SURPASS$ AMONG HIS C\NTRYM5 ANY:]E40.<#e#a.> ,! UNACKN[L$G$ LEAD] ( ! CONV5TION1 & ! MO/ ELOQU5T DEF5D] ( ! DOCUM5T ?AT EM]G$1 WAS ,ALEX&] ,HAMILTON1 PROBABLY ! CLEV]E/ MAN 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,AM]ICAN POLITICS4 ,HAMILTON DID NOT %>E ! DEMOCRATIC IDEALS ( ,?OMAS ,MORE1 ,C]VANTES1 ,GRAC*US ,BABEUF1 OR ,?OMAS ,JEFF]SON4 ,HE DID NOT EV5 %>E ! MILD HOPES EXPRESS$ BY ,ADAMS & ,MADISON1 ?AT IF AN >I/OCRACY ( WEAL? WAS NECESS>Y1 IT %\LD AT LEA/ BE CURB$ & MADE TO S]VE ! PUBLIC GOOD4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,HAMILTON1 0,ALL COMMUNITIES DIVIDE !MSELVES 9TO ! FEW & ! MANY4 ,! FIR/ >E ! RI* & WELL BORN1 ! O!R ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE4 ,! VOICE ( ! PEOPLE HAS BE5 SAID TO BE ! VOICE ( ,GOD2 & H[EV] G5]ALLY ?IS MAXIM HAS BE5 QUOT$ & BELIEV$1 IT IS NOT TRUE 9 FACT4 ,! PEOPLE >E TURBUL5T & *ANG+2 !Y SELDOM JUDGE OR DET]M9E RI<T4 ,GIVE !RE=E TO ! FIR/ CLASS A DI/9CT1 P]MAN5T %>E 9 ! GOV]NM5T4 ,!Y WILL *ECK ! UN/EAD9ESS ( ! SECOND1 & AS !Y CANNOT RECEIVE ANY ADVANTAGE BY A *ANGE1 !Y !RE=E WILL EV] MA9TA9 GOOD GOV]NM5T4 ,CAN A DEMOCRATIC ASSEMBLY :O ANNUALLY REVOLVE 9 ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE1 BE SUPPOS$ /EADILY TO PURSUE ! PUBLIC GOOD8 ,NO?+ BUT A P]MAN5T BODY CAN *ECK ! IMPRUD5CE ( DEMOCRACY4444 0,IT IS ADMITT$ ?AT Y\ CANNOT HAVE A GOOD EXECUTIVE UPON A DEMOCRATIC PLAN40.<#e#b.> ,HAMILTON1 UNLIKE HIS LESS C&ID DESC5DANTS1 DID NOT DEEM IT NECESS>Y TO GIVE LIP-S]VICE TO DEMOCRACY :ILE DEF5D+ ! RI* & WELL BORN4 ,HE KNEW :AT DEMOCRACY MEANT1 & HE DEVOT$ HIS LIFE TO ! TASK ( SUPPRESS+ IT4 ,HE WAS A BRILLIANT MAN1 & HE ACCOMPLI%$ HIS TASK ) TREM5D\S SUCCESS4 ,HAMILTON'S GREATE/ FE>1 BE=E1 DUR+1 & AFT] ! REVOLUTION1 WAS ?AT ! REVOLUTION W\LD SPREAD4 ,HE KNEW ?AT ! MAJORITY ( HIS C\NTRYM5 W]E NOT MEMB]S ( HIS [N CLASS1 ! CLASS ( 0! RI* & WELL BORN40 ,HE KNEW ?AT ! MAJORITY ( HIS C\NTRYM5 DID NOT %>E HIS ADMIRATION = A GOV]NM5T ( 0! RI* & WELL BORN40 ,9 #agie HE WROTE1 0 ,!RE >E TOO MANY PRO(S ?AT A CONSID]ABLE P>TY AMONG US IS DEEPLY PROCE$ 9FECT$ ) ?OSE HORRID PR9CIPLES ( ,JACOB9ISM :I*1 PROCE$+ FROM ONE EXCESS TO ANO!R1 HAVE MADE ,FRANCE A !AT] ( BLOOD40.<#e#c.> ,HE WAS ALSO AW>E ?AT ! M5 :O HAD P>TICIPAT$ 9 ,%AY'S REBELLION 9 ,NEW ,5GL& %ORDY BE=E ! ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,CONV5TION W]E NOT WILL+ TO BE DUP$ 9TO BELIEV+ ?AT !IR HOPES = A BETT] LIFE W\LD BE REALIZ$ 9 ! GRAVE4 ,!Y DEM&$ ?AT ! WORLD BE %>$ AMONG ! LIV+4 0,! CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS1 EV5 9 IMAG9ATION1 >E SU* AS TO MAKE ANY VIRTU\S MAN %UDD]40.<#e#d.> ,ALEX&] ,HAMILTON WAS1 ABOVE ALL ELSE1 A VIRTU\S MAN4 

,! O!R MEMB]S ( ! ,CONV5TION W]E AS UNREPRES5TATIVE ( ,AM]ICA'S DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION AS ,HAMILTON4 ,MO/ ( !M %>$ ,HAMILTON'S POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY4 ,SOME HAD NO PHILOSOPHY :ATEV]3 !Y ATT5D$ ! ,CONV5TION M]ELY = ! F9ANCIAL PROMISES & P]SONAL GA9 !Y C\LD D]IVE FROM IT4 ,AMONG !M1 ! PHILOSOPHIC >I/OCRAT ,MADISON WAS A RADICAL4 ,& ,MADISON DID1 9 FACT1 JO9 ! OPPOSITION YE>S LAT]--BUT NOT BE=E ! ,CONV5TION'S &1 ESPECIALLY ,HAMILTON'S1 PROGRAM HAD BE5 FULLY C>RI$ \T4 ,A FEW ,DEMOCRATS DID ATT5D ! ,CONV5TION1.<#e#e.> BUT !Y OPPOS$ ITS PROCE$+S1 AS WELL AS ! DOCUM5T ?AT EM]G$4 ,?OMAS ,JEFF]SON DID NOT ATT5D ! ,CONV5TION2 HE WAS 9 ,FRANCE4 

,AS A RESULT ( !IR DELIB]ATIONS1 ! SECURITY-HOLD+ MAJORITY AT ! ,CONV5TION1 :O CON/ITUT$ A FRACTION ( ! ,AM]ICAN POPULATION1 DRAFT$ A DOCUM5T :I* GAVE A LEGAL BASIS TO !IR EF=T TO PUT AN 5D TO ! DEMOCRATIC EXP]IM5T4 ,AS ,BE>D PO9T$ \T1 0,! ,CON/ITUTION WAS ESS5TIALLY AN ECONOMIC DOCUM5T BAS$ UPON ! CONCEPT ?AT FUNDAM5TAL PRIVATE RI<TS ( PROP]TY >E ANT]IOR TO GOV]NM5T & MORALLY BEYOND ! REA* ( POPUL> MAJORITIES40.<#e#f.> ,BUT ! DRAFT+ ( ! ,CON/ITUTION WAS ONLY ! FIR/ GREAT /EP ( ! CAPITALI/ C\P D'ETAT4 ,! FEA/ ( ! SECURITY-HOLD]S1 ?IS ORGY ( 0PAP] & PATRONAGE10 AS ,JOHN ,TAYLOR DESCRIB$ CAPITALISM1 HAD ONLY BEGUN4 ,! ,CON/ITUTION HAD YET TO BE MADE ACCEPTABLE TO ! ,/ATES1 & !N HAD TO BE PUT 9TO PRACTICE1 BE=E ! LABOR & +5UITY ( ! CAPITALI/S W]E REW>D$4 ,A ,MASSA*USETTS NEWSPAP] PUBLI%$ AN ELOQU5T 5UM]ATION ( ! VIRTUES ( ! ,CON/ITUTION4 ,! GR\NDS ON :I* ! DOCUM5T IS H]E DEF5D$ HAVE LITTLE TO DO ) ,MORE'S ,UTOPIA1 ,W9/ANLEY'S 0COMMON TREASURY0 OR ,BABEUF'S ,SOCIETY ( ,EQUALS OR ,JEFF]SON'S DEMOCRATIC EXP]IM5T4 0,IT IS 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! M]*ANTS TO 5C\RAGE ! NEW CON/ITUTION1 BECAUSE COMM]CE MAY !N BE A NATIONAL OBJECT1 & NATIONS WILL =M TREATIES ) US4444 ,IT IS ! 9T]E/ ( ALL G5TLEM5 & M5 ( PROP]TY1 BECAUSE !Y WILL SEE MANY L[ DEMAGOGUES R$UC$ TO !IR TOOLS1 :OSE UP/>T DOM9ION 9SULTS !IR FEEL+S1 & :OSE PASSIONS = POPUL>ITY WILL DICTATE LAWS1 :I* RU9 ! M9ORITY ( CR$ITORS & PLEASE ! MAJORITY ( DEBTORS4 ,IT IS ! 9T]E/ ( ! ,AM]ICAN SOLDI] AS ! MILIT>Y PR(ESSION WILL !N BE RESPECTABLE & ,FLORIDA MAY BE CONQU]$ 9 A CAMPAIGN4 ,! SPOILS ( ! ,WE/-,9DIES & ,S\? ,AM]ICA MAY 5RI* ! NEXT G5]ATION ( ,C9C9NATI40.<#e#g.> 

,:5 ! ,CON/ITUTION WAS RATIFI$1 IT WAS NOT BY 0,! ,PEOPLE40 ,ACCORD+ TO ! FIR/ ,*IEF ,JU/ICE ( ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT1 ,JOHN ,M>%ALL1 A FIRM SUPPORT] ( ! DOCUM5T1 0EV5 AFT] ! SUBJECT HAD BE5 DISCUSS$ = A CONSID]ABLE TIME1 ! FATE ( ! CON/ITUTION C\LD SC>CELY BE CONJECTUR$2 & SO SMALL 9 MANY 9/ANCES1 WAS ! MAJORITY 9 ITS FAVOR1 AS TO AF=D /RONG GR\ND = ! OP9ION ?AT1 HAD ! 9FLU5CE ( *>ACT] BE5 REMOV$1 ! 9TR9SIC M]ITS ( ! 9/RUM5T W\LD NOT HAVE SECUR$ ITS ADOPTION4 ,9DE$ IT IS SC>CELY TO BE D\BT$ ?AT 9 SOME ( ! ADOPT+ /ATES A MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE W]E 9 ! OPPOSITION4 ,9 ( ALL ( !M1 ! NUM]\S AM5DM5TS :I* W]E PROPOS$ DEMON/RATE ! RELUCTANCE ) :I* ! NEW GOV]NM5T WAS ACCEPT$2 & ?AT A DREAD ( DISMEMB]M5T1 NOT AN APPROBATION ( ! P>TICUL> SY/EM UND] CONSID]ATION1 HAD 9DUC$ AN ACQUIESC5CE 9 IT4444 ,NOR? ,C>OL9A & ,RHODE ,ISL& DID NOT AT FIR/ ACCEPT ! CON/ITUTION1 & ,NEW ,YORK WAS APP>5TLY DRAGG$ 9TO IT BY A REPUGNANCE ( BE+ EXCLUD$ FROM ! CONF$]ACY40.<#e#h.> ,BE>D CONCLUD$ HIS C>EFULLY DOCUM5T$ /UDY ( ! ,CON/ITUTION ) A D5IAL ?AT 0WE ! PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES0 HAD EV] GIV5 !IR 0UNANIM\S CONS5T0 TO ! DOCUM5T :I* WAS H5CE=? TO SAFEGU>D ! RI<TS ( PROP]TY FROM ! 9TRUSION ( HUMAN LIFE4 0,9 ! RATIFICATION ( ! ,CON/ITUTION1 AB\T ?REE-F\R?S ( ! ADULT MALES FAIL$ TO VOTE ON ! QUE/ION1 HAV+ AB/A9$ FROM ! ELECTIONS AT :I* DELEGATES TO ! /ATE CONV5TIONS W]E *OS51 EI!R ON ACC\NT ( !IR 9DIFF]5CE OR !IR DISFRAN*ISEM5T BY PROP]TY QUALIFICATIONS40 ,!RE IS EV5 D\BT ?AT A MAJORITY ( ! FEW :O VOT$ W]E1 9 ALL /ATES1 9 FAVOR ( ! ,CON/ITUTION4 0,IT IS QUE/IONABLE :E!R A MAJORITY ( ! VOT]S P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! ELECTIONS = ! /ATE CONV5TIONS 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,MASSA*USETTS1 ,NEW ,HAMP%IRE1 ,VIRG9IA1 & ,S\? ,C>OL9A1 ACTUALLY APPROV$ ! RATIFICATION ( ! ,CON/ITUTION40 ,BUT !RE'S NO D\BT AS TO :I* 9T]E/S GAVE !IR UNWAV]+ SUPPORT TO ! DOCUM5T4 0,! LEAD]S :O SUPPORT$ ! ,CON/ITUTION 9 ! RATIFY+ CONV5TIONS REPRES5T$ ! SAME ECONOMIC GR\PS AS ! MEMB]S ( ! ,PHILADELPHIA ,CONV5TION2 & 9 A L>GE NUMB] ( 9/ANCES !Y W]E ALSO DIRECTLY & P]SONALLY 9T]E/$ 9 ! \TCOME ( !IR EF=TS40.<#e#i.> 

,SO ! ,CON/ITUTION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS DRAFT$ & RATIFI$4 ,! ?IRD & LA/ /EP ( ! ,FA!RS ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,WAY ( ,LIFE WAS TO ADOPT & PUT 9TO EFFECT ,HAMILTON'S ECONOMIC PLAN4 ,) ! ADOPTION ( ?IS PROGRAM ! DEMOCRATIC EXP]IM5T W\LD 5D1 & NOT EV5 ,JEFF]SON W\LD BE ABLE1 EV5 IF WILL+1 TO CONT9UE IT4 

,9 ! FIR/ GOV]NM5T UND] ! ,CON/ITUTION1 ,WA%+TON WAS ,PRESID5T & ,ALEX&] ,HAMILTON WAS ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,TREASURY4 ,! LEGISLATURE WAS COMPOS$1 BY & L>GE1 ( ! SAME M5 :O HAD DRAFT$ & SUPPORT$ ! ,CON/ITUTION4 ,FROM HIS PO/ 9 ! ,TREASURY1 ,HAMILTON P]PETRAT$ ! GREATE/ SEQU5CE ( FRAUDS RECORD$ 9 HI/ORY4 ,HAMILTON'S PROGRAM CONSI/$ ( NO?+ LESS ?AN A CAPITALI/ C\P D'ETAT :I*1 AT ONE BL[1 CREAT$ A P[]FUL CAPITALI/ CLASS 9 ,AM]ICA & 9SUR$ ITS P]PETUAL & UN9T]RUPT$ GR[? %ORT ( A SOCIAL UPHEAVAL4 ,! CLASS ?AT WAS TO TAKE UP ! CRY ( ,LAISSEZ ,FAIRE WAS CREAT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T1 MA9TA9$ BY ! GOV]NM5T1 & PROTECT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T4 

,HAMILTON'S FIR/ FISCAL MEASURE UND] ! NEW GOV]NM5T WAS TO HAVE ! PUBLIC DEBT FUND$ AT FACE VALUE4 ,! =EIGN DEBT AM\NT$ TO @s#a#c MILLION1 [$ MO/LY TO ,BRITI% CAPITALI/S1 & ! DOME/IC DEBT AM\NT$ TO @s#d MILLION1 [$ TO ! SECURITY-HOLD]S4 ,! SECURITIES HAD BE5 B\<T = LESS ?AN FACE VALUE BECAUSE ! DOLL> HAD DET]IORAT$4 ,:5 ! DOLL> DET]IORAT$ EV5 FUR!R1 ! M5 :O HAD ORIG9ALLY L5T MONEY TO ! GOV]NM5T SOLD ! SECURITIES = EV5 LESS4 ,HAMILTON PLANN$ NO?+ %ORT ( PAY+ ! SPECULATORS = ! FACE VALUE ( ! SECURITIES !Y HAD B\<T = NEXT TO NO?+4 ,9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 @s#d MILLION WAS NOT ! TRIFL+ SUM EXP5DABLE ON MILIT>Y BUNGL+ IT HAS S9CE BECOME 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,BE>D1 0,! AM\NT GA9$ BY PUBLIC SECURITY HOLD]S ?R\< ! ADOPTION ( ! NEW SY/EM WAS R\<LY EQUIVAL5T TO ! VALUE ( ALL ! L&S AS LI/$ = TAXATION 9 ,CONNECTICUT4 ,IT WAS BUT LITTLE LESS ?AN ! VALUE ( ! L&S 9 ,NEW ,HAMP%IRE1 ,V]MONT1 & ,RHODE ,ISL&4 ,IT WAS AB\T EQUIVAL5T TO ONE-HALF ! VALUE ( ! L&S 9 ,NEW ,YORK & TWO-?IRDS ! VALUE ( ! L&S 9 ,MASSA*USETTS4 

,IT AM\NT$ TO AT LEA/ T5 DOLL>S = EV]Y MAN1 WOMAN1 & *ILD 9 ! :OLE ,UNIT$ ,/ATES FROM ,NEW ,HAMP%IRE TO ,GEORGIA40.<#f.> ,! DI/RIBUTION ( ?AT MU* MONEY AMONG A SMALL GR\P ( M5 MEANT ! CREATION1 AT ONE /ROKE1 ( AN >I/OCRACY ( GREAT WEAL? :I* HAD NOT PREVI\SLY EXI/$4 

,MANY FELT ?AT ! ONLY JU/ SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEM W\LD HAVE BE5 TO SEEK A DISCRIM9ATION BETWE5 ORIG9AL HOLD]S & PRES5T HOLD]S ( SECURITIES1 & TO PAY ! ORIG9AL HOLD]S AT FACE VALUE1 BUT TO PAY ! PRES5T HOLD]S 7! SPECULATORS :O HAD NOT ORIG9ALLY L5T MONEY BUT HAD B\<T UP SECURITIES7 AT ! DEPRECIAT$ VALUE1 IF AT ALL4 ,BUT ! ,CONGRESSM5 VOT$ AGA9/ SU* A DISCRIM9ATION1 & NONE WAS MADE2 & IT WILL PROBABLY NEV] BE KN[N H[ MANY MEMB]S ( ! ,FIR/ ,ADM9I/RATION W]E ORIG9AL HOLD]S1 & H[ MANY SPECULATORS4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! ,HAMILTONIAN FUND+ BILL WAS TO COMMIT ! ,AM]ICAN GOV]NM5T TO PAY ! HOLD]S ( PUBLIC SECURITIES1 ! MAJORITY ( :OM HAD NOT L5T ANY?+ TO ! REVOLUTION>Y EF=T1 A SUM F> GREAT] ?AN HAD BE5 LOAN$ BY ! MORE NUM]\S ORIG9AL HOLD]S ( ! SECURITIES4 ,AS ,BE>D PO9T$ \T1 0,IT REQUIRES NO V]Y SUBTLE ANALYSIS TO DISCOV] ?AT ! IMM$IATE B5EFICI>IES ( !SE V>I\S PROPOSALS BY ! ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,TREASURY W]E ! HOLD]S ( PUBLIC SECURITIES & CAPITALI/S G5]ALLY4 ,A /UDY ( ! ,TREASURY ,BOOKS & ! RECORDS ( F9ANCE ( ! P]IOD 9DICATES ?AT ! GREAT CAPITALI/S W]E ALSO L>GE HOLD]S ( PUBLIC SECURITIES4444 ,! IMM$IATE B5EFICI>IES ( ,HAMILTON'S PLANS W]E QUITE G5]ALLY M]*ANTS1 TRAD]S1 %IPP]S1 & MANUFACTUR]S40.<#f#a.> ,9 %ORT1 A TREM5D\SLY WEAL?Y & P[]FUL CLASS ( CAPITALI/S W\LD BE CREAT$ BY GOV]NM5T FIAT4 

,MOREOV]1 9 ! ,CONGRESS :I* APPROV$ ?IS MEASURE1 0,( ! ?IRTY-FIVE1 TW5TY-ONE W]E /OCKHOLD]S OR DEAL]S 9 ! FUNDS1 & ?REE ( !SE LATT] BANK DIRECTORS & :OSE DEGREE ( ZEAL WAS OBVI\SLY 9 ! RATIO ABOVE /AT$1 AS !IR RELATIVE PR(ITS2 ! BANK DIRECTORS BE+ CONSID]ABLY MORE ACTIVE & ZEAL\S ?AN ! O!R MEMB]S ( ! CORPS40.<#f#b.> ,SU* A ,CONGRESS C\LD H>DLY TAKE ISSUE ) SO AMBITI\S A PROGRAM AS ?IS4 ,HAMILTON KNEW EXACTLY :I* MEMB]S ( ,CONGRESS HELD PUBLIC SECURITIES1 S9CE ! LI/S W]E KEPT 9 ! ,TREASURY ,DEP>TM5T4 ,HE WAS (F]+ !SE SECURITY-HOLD]S A PLAN :I*1 IF !Y APPROV$ IT1 W\LD MAKE !M & !IR K9D EXTREMELY RI* & P[]FUL4 ,C\LD !Y REFUSE8 0,BE+ ON ! GREAT !AT] ( SPECULATION & GA9 & POSSESS$ ( MORE CORRECT 9=MATION1 ) ! MEANS ( TURN+ IT TO BETT] ACC\NT1 WILL !Y AB&ON !IR OCCUPATION & SLI<T ! OPPORTUNITY (F]$ ( BECOM+ ?RIFTY80.<#f#c.> ,AS ,BE>D PO9T$ \T1 !Y !REBY CEAS$ TO ACT AS 0REPRES5TATIVES ( ! PEOPLE0 & BECAME REPRES5TATIVES ( NO?+ BUT !IR [N LU/ = GA94 ,BUT C\LD !Y BE CALL$ DI%ONORABLE8 ,H>DLY4 ,HAMILTON WAS AN EXTREMELY HONORABLE MAN4 ,!Y W]E ALL HONORABLE M54 ,!IR HONOR LEFT !M NO O!R C\RSE ( ACTION4 ,!Y W]E ALL HONORABLE M54 ,!IR HONOR LEFT !M NO O!R C\RSE ( ACTION4 ,!Y W]E ALL UND\BT$LY IMBU$ ) ! 0DUE S5SE ( ! SACR$ OBLIGATION ( A JU/ DEBT0 :I* ,HAMILTON DESCRIB$ ON A DIFF]5T OCCASION4 ,JACKSON1 ( ,GEORGIA1 APPEAL$ TO HIS FELL[ ,CONGRESSM54 0,LET US NOT RE> A MONUM5T TO MANK9D ( ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( PRES]V+ REPUBLICAN MANN]S1 BY AP+ ,EUROPEAN NATIONS & LAY+ ! F\NDATION ( \R GOV]NM5T 9 IMM5SE DEBTS4 ,SIR1 \R T]MS ( S]VICE1 HAPPILY ,I BELIEVE = ! C\NTRY1 >E NE> EXPIR+4 ,WE %ALL RETURN TO ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE1 & P>TICIPATE 9 ! BURD5S WE IMPOSE4 ,:5 ! COOL H\R ( 9VE/IGATION >RIVES1 HAPPY 9DE$ WILL IT BE = US IF1 AMID ! MURMURS ( AN OPPRESS$ PEOPLE1 WE HAVE NOT TO SAY1 9 SELF- CONDEMNATION1 ,I TOO HAVE BE5 GUILTY ( BR++ ?IS LOAD ( FETT]S ON ! PEOPLE4 ,AM]ICA1 SIR1 WILL NOT ALWAYS ?9K AS IS ! FA%ION ( ! PRES5T DAY2 & :5 ! IRON H& ( TYRANNY IS FELT1 D5UNCIATIONS WILL FALL ON ?OSE :O1 BY IMPOS+ ?IS 5ORM\S & 9IQUIT\S DEBT1 WILL BEGG> ! PEOPLE & B9D !M 9 *A9S40.<#f#d.> ,BUT ! CALL W5T UNHE$$1 ! MONUM5T WAS RE>$1 & ! IRON H& FELL4 ,! BILL WAS PASS$1 & ) ITS PASSAGE ! NATION ( M5 ) APPROXIMATELY EQUAL WEAL?1 P[]1 VOICE & CONTROL WAS EXT+UI%$ FROM ! ,AM]ICAN CONT95T4 0,ALAS6 IS IT TRUE1 ?AT AGES >E NECESS>Y TO UND]/&1 :IL/ A MOM5T WILL SUFFICE TO 9V5T1 AN IMPO/URE80.<#f#e.> 

,P]HAPS ! GREATE/ IRONY RELAT$ TO ! FUND+ BILL WAS ! ROLE ,JEFF]SON PLAY$ 9 ITS PASSAGE4 ,JEFF]SON HAD BE5 9 ,FRANCE /UDY+ ! MAK+S ( ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION4 ,HE WAS APPO9T$ ,SECRET>Y ( ,/ATE ( ! FIR/ ADM9I/RATION1 P>TLY BECAUSE ! EXT5T & DEP? ( HIS DEMOCRATIC LEAN+S WAS NOT KN[N1 & P>TLY BECAUSE HE HAD EXPRESS$ NO OP9ION ( ! ,CON/ITUTION4 ,:5 HE HAD RETURN$ TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 HE WAS IGNORANT ( ! ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS ( ! FUND+ BILL4 ,:5 ! ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,TREASURY TOLD ,JEFF]SON ?AT ! FUND+ BILL WAS DESIGN$ 0= ! NATIONAL GOOD10 ,JEFF]SON BELIEV$ IT4 ,:5 ,HAMILTON TOLD HIM ?AT C]TA9 ,S\!RN ,CONGRESSM5 W]E OPPOS$ TO ! BILL & ?US ?REAT5$ ! UNITY ( ! NATION1 ,JEFF]SON WAS IMPRESS$4 ,:5 ,HAMILTON SUGGE/$ ?AT ,JEFF]SON'S 9FLU5CE1 IF EX]T$ 9 ! PROP] MANN]1 C\LD *ANGE ! VOTES ( !SE ,S\!RN ,CONGRESSM51 ,JEFF]SON LI/5$4 ,:5 ,HAMILTON PROPOS$ ?AT ! ,S\!RN]S W\LD VOTE 9 FAVOR ( ! FUND+ BILL IF !Y W]E PROMIS$1 9 EX*ANGE1 ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES CAPITAL- CITY W\LD BE LOCAT$ 9 ! ,S\?1 ON ! ,POTOMAC1 ,JEFF]SON AGRE$4 ,)\T ,JEFF]SON'S 9FLU5CE1 ! FUND+ BILL MI<T NOT HAVE PASS$4 ,BUT ,JEFF]SON TALK$ TO ! ,S\!RN]S1 B>GA9$ ) !M1 & ! CAPITAL ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS /ILL TODAY SITUAT$ ON ! ,POTOMAC4 

,JEFF]SON QUICKLY BECAME AW>E ( ! MON/R\S IMPLICATIONS ( ,HAMILTON'S PROGRAM1 BUT HIS REVELATION >RIV$ TOO LATE4 ,HE RESIGN$ FROM HIS PO/ AS ,SECRET>Y ( ,/ATE4 ,HE WROTE AN ANGRY LETT] TO ,PRESID5T ,WA%+TON4 0,I WAS DUP$ 444 BY ! ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,TREASURY1 & MADE A TOOL = =W>D+ HIS S*EMES1 NOT !N SUFFICI5TLY UND]/OOD BY ME2 & ( ALL ! ]RORS ( MY POLITICAL LIFE1 ?IS HAS OCCASION$ ME ! DEEPE/ REGRET40'.<#f#f.> ,JEFF]SON D5\NC$ ,HAMILTON1 & HE D5\NC$ ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC PROGRAM4 0,HIS SY/EM FL[$ FROM PR9CIPLES ADV]SE TO LIB]TY1 & WAS CALCULAT$ TO UND]M9E & DEMOLI% ! ,REPUBLIC1 BY CREAT+ AN 9FLU5CE ( HIS DEP>TM5T OV] ! MEMB]S ( ! ,LEGISLATURE4 ,I SAW ?IS 9FLU5CE ACTUALLY PRODUC$1 & ITS FIR/ FRUITS TO BE ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! GREAT \TL9ES ( HIS PROJECT BY ! VOTES ( ! V]Y P]SONS :O1 HAV+ SWALL[$ HIS BAIT1 W]E LAY+ !MSELVES \T TO PR(IT BY HIS PLANS2 & ?AT HAD !SE P]SONS )DRAWN1 AS ?OSE 9T]E/$ 9 A QUE/ION EV] %\LD1 ! VOTE ( ! DIS9T]E/$ MAJORITY WAS CLE>LY ! REV]SE ( :AT !Y MADE IT4 ,!SE W]E NO LONG] ! VOTES !N ( ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! PEOPLE1 BUT ( DES]T]S FROM ! RI<TS & 9T]E/S ( ! PEOPLE2 & IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO CONSID] !IR DECISIONS1 :I* HAD NO?+ 9 VIEW BUT TO 5RI* !MSELVES1 AS ! MEASURES ( ! FAIR MAJORITY1 :I* \<T ALWAYS TO BE RESPECT$40.<#f#g.> ,BUT NEI!R ,JEFF]SON'S ELOQU5CE NOR HIS 9DIGNATION C\LD ABOLI% AN 5TIRE CLASS ( NEWLY CREAT$ CAPITALI/S4 ,H5CE=?1 NO?+ %ORT ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION W\LD UNDO ,HAMILTON'S +5I\S A*IEVEM5T4 

,! NEXT GREAT MEASURE ( ,HAMILTON'S S*EME CONC]N$ ! ME?OD ( DI/RIBUT+ ! FUNDS TO ! SECURITY-HOLD+ CAPITALI/S4 ,= ?IS PURPOSE HE PROPOS$ ?AT ,CONGRESS %\LD AU?ORIZE ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A NATIONAL BANK4 ,! BANK W\LD HAVE ! RI<T TO ISSUE PAP] MONEY 9 EX*ANGE = ! PUBLIC SECURITIES4 ,ALL ! FUNDS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES GOV]NM5T W\LD GO 9TO ! BANK4 ,! AGR>IAN ,CONGRESSMAN ,JACKSON1 ( ,GEORGIA1 :O DID NOT HIMSELF HOLD SECURITIES1 PROBABLY DID NOT KN[ ?AT HE WAS ADDRESS+ ! BILL'S DIRECT B5EFICI>IES :5 HE D5\NC$ ! ,BANK ,BILL & TOLD HIS FELL[ ,CONGRESSM5 ?AT IT WAS DESIGN$ TO TAX ! NATION'S POOR 9 ORD] TO SUPPORT ! RI*4 ,! ,ANNALS ( ,CONGRESS REPORTS ,JACKSON'S MESSAGE TO ! 0REPRES5TATIVES ( ! PEOPLE0 9 ,CONGRESS ASSEMBL$4 0,?IS PLAN ( A ,NATIONAL ,BANK IS CALCULAT$ TO B5EFIT A SMALL P>T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! M]CANTILE 9T]E/ ONLY2 ! F>M]S1 ! YEOMANRY1 WILL D]IVE NO ADVANTAGE FROM IT2 AS ! BANK BILLS WILL NOT CIRCULATE TO ! EXTREMITIES ( ! ,UNION4 ,HE SAID1 HE HAD NEV] SE5 A BANK BILL 9 ! /ATE ( ,GEORGIA1 NOR WILL !Y EV] B5EFIT ! F>M]S ( ?AT /ATE1 OR ( ,NEW ,HAMP%IRE4444 ,HE URG$ ! UNCON/ITUTIONALITY ( ! PLAN2 CALL$ IT A MONOPOLY1 SU* A ONE AS CONTRAV5ES ! SPIRIT ( ! ,CON/ITUTION2 A MONOPOLY ( A V]Y EXTRAORD9>Y NATURE2 A MONOPOLY ( ! PUBLIC MONEYS = ! B5EFIT ( ! CORPORATION TO BE CREAT$40.<#f#h.> ,JAMES ,MADISON1 PROBABLY ?R\< A LEAK FROM ! ,TREASURY ,DEP>TM5T1 HAD BY ?IS TIME BECOME AW>E ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS BE+ GOV]N$ BY A LEGISLATURE ( SECURITY-HOLD]S1 & NOT BY MAN 9T]E/$ 9 0! REGULATION ( 444 9T]F]+ 9T]E/S40 ,CONSEQU5TLY ,MADISON WAS ABLE TO 9T]PRET ! 5?USIASM ( HIS COLLEAGUES = ! ,BANK ,BILL1 & HE OPPOS$ ITS ADOPTION4 ,YET HIS MA9 >GUM5T AGA9/ ! BILL WAS ! SAME AS ,JACKSON'S3 ?AT IT WAS UNCON/ITUTIONAL4 ,BUT SURELY ,MADISON1 :OSE ,J\RNAL ( ! ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,CONV5TION'S PROCE$+S IS ! FULLE/ ACC\NT EXTANT1 MU/ HAVE REMEMB]$ ?AT ! SAME M5 HAD EXPRESS$ ! SAME VEHEM5CE DUR+ ! ,CONV5TION4 ,WAS ,MADISON SUGGE/+ ?AT ! M5 AT ! ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,CONV5TION HAD DRAFT$ A DOCUM5T :I* MI<T BE US$ AGA9/ !IR 9T]E/S8 

,! ,BANK ,BILL WAS PASS$4 ,! SECURITY-HOLD]S :O HAD VOT$ !MSELVES & ! RE/ ( !IR CLASS SU* A L>GE AM\NT ( WEAL? W]E NOT1 AT ?IS PO9T1 TO PREV5T !MSELVES FROM COLLECT+ !IR PRIZE4 ,!Y HAD1 AFT] ALL1 WORK$ LONG & H>D4 ,BUT N[ ?AT !Y HAD COME ?IS F>1 :]E WAS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES GOV]NM5T TO GET ! MONEY ) :I* TO PAY ! NEWLY 5RI*$ CAPITALI/S8 ,! AM\NT1 AFT] ALL1 WAS GREAT] ?AN ALL ! L&S 9 SOME /ATES4 ,AT ?IS PO9T1 ! ,CON/ITUTION CAME TO ! AID ( ITS AU?ORS4 ,UND] ! ,>TICLES ( ! ,CONF$]ATION1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES GOV]NM5T DID NOT HAVE ! P[] TO COLLECT TAXES4 ,?IS P[] HAD BE5 RES]V$ TO ! /ATES4 ,EA* /ATE1 IF ! MAJORITY ( ITS CITIZ5S DESIR$1 C\LD CANCEL A DEBT 9CURR$ UND] DIFFICULT CIRCUM/ANCES1 ESPECIALLY IF ! ORIG9AL L5D]S HAD CEAS$ TO EXPECT REIMBURSEM5T & HAD SOLD OR ?R[N AWAY !IR SECURITY- NOTES4 ,SU* A CANCELLATION W\LD BE 9JURI\S ONLY TO ?OSE SPECULATORS :O HAD B\<T A MONOPOLY ( SU* NOTES1 :]EAS ! ASSUMPTION ( SU* A DEBT W\LD MEAN H>D%IP TO A L>GE SECTOR ( ! POPULATION4 ,! PR9CIPLE ( SU* A CANCELLATION IS ?AT ! WELLBE+ ( PEOPLE IS F> MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! 9VIOLABILITY ( CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS4 ,! DRAFT]S ( ! ,CON/ITUTION1 H[EV]1 HAD A GREAT DEAL ( =ESI<T4 ,9 ! MI/S ( ALL ! ,LEGISLATIVE1 ,EXECUTIVE & ,JUDICIAL MATT]1 !Y HAD WRITT5 ! FOLL[+ PROVISIONS 9TO !IR DOCUM5T1 PROVISIONS :I* BECAME ! LAW ( ! L&4 

0,A,J#a DEBTS CONTRACT$ & 5GAGEM5TS 5T]$ 9TO1 BE=E ! ADOPTION ( ?IS ,CON/ITUTION1 %ALL BE AS VALID AGA9/ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES UND] ?IS ,CON/ITUTION1 AS UND] ! ,CONF$]ATION40 7,>TICLE ,V,I1 #a47 

0,! ,CONGRESS %ALL HAVE ! P[] 

,TO LAY & COLLECT TAXES1 DUTIES1 IMPO/S1 & EXCISES1 

TO PAY ! DEBTS & PROVIDE = ! COMMON 

DEF5SE & G5]AL WELF>E ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES2 444 

,TO CO9 MONEY1 REGULATE ! VALUE !RE(444 

,TO RAISE & SUPPORT >MIES 444 

,TO PROVIDE & MA9TA9 A NAVY 444 

,TO PROVIDE = CALL+ =? ! MILITIA TO EXECUTE ! 

LAWS ( ! ,UNION1 SUPPRESS 9SURRECTIONS4440 

7,>TICLE ,I1 ,SEC4 #h7 

,! DEBT HAD ALREADY BE5 R5D]$ 0VALID40 ,! BANK TO 0CO9 MONEY1 REGULATE ! VALUE !RE(0 HAD BE5 CREAT$4 ,! TIME HAD COME TO COLLECT ! MONEY ) :I* TO PAY ! SECURITY-HOLD]S1 & ,HAMILTON SUGGE/$ AN EXCISE TAX ON :ISKEY4 ,S9CE :ISKEY WAS MADE & CONSUM$ PR$OM9ANTLY BY POOR F>M]S1 ?IS TAX MEANT ?AT POOR FANN]S W\LD BE TAX$ TO SUPPORT ! SPECULATORS4 0,!SE TAXES WILL BE> HEAVILY BO? ON AGRICULTURE & COMM]CE4 ,IT WILL BE *>G+ ! ACTIVE & 9DU/RI\S CITIZ51 :O PAYS HIS %>E ( ! TAXES1 TO PAY ! 9DOL5T & IDLE CR$ITOR :O RECEIVES !M 444 ,?US ! HONE/1 H>D WORK+ P>T ( ! COMMUNITY WILL PROMOTE ! EASE & LUXURY ( M5 ( WEAL?2 SU* A SY/EM MAY B5EFIT L>GE CITIES1 LIKE ,PHILADELPHIA & ,NEW ,YORK1 BUT ! REMOTE P>TS ( ! CONT95T WILL NOT FEEL ! 9VIGORAT+ W>M? ( ! ,AM]ICAN TREASURY2 9 ! PROPORTION ?AT IT B5EFITS ONE1 IT WILL DEPRESS ANO!R40.<#f#i.> 

,BUT N[1 AFT] SEV5 YE>S ( UN9T]RUPT$ FEA/1 ! SECURITY-HOLD- + ,F$]ALI/S 9 ,CONGRESS RAN 9TO !IR FIR/ S]I\S DIFFICULTIES4 ,! TR\BLE %OCK$ MANY1 BUT HAD LONG BE5 ANTICIPAT$ BY ,HAMILTON4 ,! 9DIGNATION EXPRESS$ BY ,JEFF]SON'S CRY1 0,I WAS DUP$ 444 BY ! ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,TREASURY10 SPREAD TO ! HE>TS ( HIS C\NTRYM54 ,BUT S9CE !Y W]E NOT ,SECRET>IES ( ,/ATE1 !Y C\LD NOT RESIGN2 & S9CE !Y HAD SL[LY BECOME AW>E ?AT ,GEORGE ,WA%+TON WAS ! LIV+ MONUM5T BEH9D :I* ,HAMILTONIAN CAPITALISM FUNCTION$1 !Y DID NOT ?9K WRIT+ ,WA%+TON A LETT] W\LD BE V]Y EFFECTIVE4 ,9 #a#g#i#d1 A GR\P ( DISAFFECT$ CITIZ5S MET 9 ,ALLE<ANY ,C\NTY1 ,P5NSYLVANIA4 ,!Y PASS$ A RESOLUTION1 9 :I* !Y DECL>$3 0,WE HAVE OBS]V$ ) GREAT PA91 ?AT \R C\NCILS WANT ! 9TEGRITY OR SPIRIT ( ,REPUBLICANS4 ,?IS WE ATTRIBUTE TO ! P]NICI\S 9FLU5CE ( ! /OCK-HOLD]S OR !IR SUBORD9ATES2 & \R M9DS FEEL ?IS ) SO MU* 9DIGNACY1 ?AT WE >E ALMO/ READY TO WI% = A /ATE ( REVOLUTION1 & ! GUILLOT9E ( ,FRANCE = A %ORT SPACE1 9 ORD] TO 9FLICT PUNI%M5T ON ! MISCREANTS ?AT 5]VATE & DISGRACE \R ,GOV]NM5T40.<#g.> ,A REVOLT BROKE \T4 ,& ! ,P5NSYLVANIANS F\ND \T1 TO !IR GREAT AMAZEM5T1 ?AT ! HI<LY PRAIS$ ,CON/ITUTION HAD NOT BE5 DRAFT$ 0= ! PEOPLE40 ,9 FACT1 ! ,CON/ITUTION'S MILIT>Y PROVISIONS SEEM$ TO LEAVE OP5 ! ABSURD POSSIBILITY ?AT ! >MY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES C\LD BE TURN$ AGA9/ ! PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,A TEXTBOOK ON ,AM]ICAN HI/ORY GIVES A BRIEF DESCRIPTION ( DIE \TCOME ( ! 0,:ISKEY ,REBELLION40 0.<,HAMILTON.> WAS WILL+ TO SEE ! TAX COLLECT$ BY =CE SO ?AT ! OPPON5TS ( ! GOV]NM5T C\LD BE TAU<T ?AT !Y MU/ OBEY ! NATION'S LAWS :E!R !Y LIK$ !M OR NOT4444 ',I'HE ATTEMPT TO 5=CE ! EXCISE TAX SOON BR\<T ON ! TR\BLE ?AT ,HAMILTON HAD =ESE54 ,! *IEF C5T] ( OPPOSITION LAY 9 ! ,PITTSBUR< >EA1 :]E B&S ( ',:ISKEY ,BOYS' RAID$ /ILLS ?AT PAID ! TAX1 H&L$ R\<LY ! TAX COLLECTORS1 & SUCCESSFULLY NULLIFI$ ! LAW 9 A NUMB] ( WE/]N C\NTIES4444 ,WA%+TON N[ CALL$ \T FIFTE5 ?\S& /ATE MILITIA FROM ! /ATES ( ,VIRG9IA1 ,M>YL&1 & ,P5NSYLVANIA1 & ORD]$ !M TO M>* TO ! SC5E ( ! TR\BLE4 ,AS ! TROOPS APPROA*$ !IR DE/9ATION1 ! 5?USIASM ( ! REBELS ABAT$ 444 BUT ! RESID5TS ( WE/]N ,P5NSYLVANIA & MANY O!R FRONTI] >EAS W]E A<A/ AT ! P[ ] ! ,F$]ALI/S 9 CONTROL ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T HAD *OS5 TO WIELD4440.<#g#a.> ,TW5TY YE>S LAT]1 ! AGR>IAN PHILOSOPH] ,JOHN ,TAYLOR SUMM>IZ$ ! ,HAMILTONIAN SEQU5CE4 0,A LEGISLATURE1 9 A NATION :]E ! SY/EM ( PAP] & PATRONAGE PREVAILS1 WILL BE GOV]N$ BY ?AT 9T]E/1 & LEGISLATE 9 ITS FAVOR4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO DO ?IS1 )\T LEGISLAT+ TO ! 9JURY ( ! O!R 9T]E/1 ?AT IS1 ! GREAT MASS ( ! NATION4 ,SU* A LEGISLATURE WILL CREATE UNNECESS>Y (FICES1 ?AT !MSELVES OR !IR RELATIONS MAY BE 5D[$ ) !M4 ,!Y WILL LAVI% ! REV5UE1 TO 5RI* !MSELVES4 ,!Y WILL BORR[ = ! NATION1 ?AT !Y MAY L5D4 ,!Y WILL (F] L5D]S GREAT PR(ITS1 ?AT !Y MAY %>E 9 !M4 ,AS GRIEVANCES GRADUALLY EXCITE NATIONAL DISCONT5T1 !Y WILL FIX ! YOKE MORE SECURELY1 BY MAK+ IT GRADUALLY HEAVI]4 ,& !Y WILL F9ALLY AV[ & MA9TA9 !IR CORRUPTION1 BY E/ABLI%+ AN IRRESI/IBLE /&+ >MY1 NOT TO DEF5D ! NATION1 BUT TO DEF5D A SY/EM = PLUND]+ ! NATION40.<#g#b.> 

 "9"9"9 

,O1 WOND]6 

,H[ MANY GOODLY CREATURES >E !RE H]E6 

,H[ BEAUTE\S MANK9D IS6 ,O BRAVE NEW WORLD1 

,?AT HAS SU* PEOPLE 9'T6 

,*>LES ,BE>D'S /UDY ( ?IS TURN+ PO9T 9 ,AM]ICAN HI/ORY1 :I* HI/ORIANS HAVE TRI$ SO H>D TO =GET1 WAS PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#a#c4 ,A C5TURY BE=E ,BE>D1 H[EV]1 A MU* MORE IMM$IATE & PA9FUL ANALYSIS ( ! P]IOD WAS UND]TAK54 ,?IS WAS ,AN ,9QUIRY 9TO ! ,PR9CIPLES & ,POLICY ( ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES BY ,JOHN ,TAYLOR ( ,C>OL9E ,C\NTY1 ,VIRG9IA4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,BE>D1 ?IS BOOK 0DES]VES TO RANK AMONG ! TWO OR ?REE REALLY HI/ORIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO POLITICAL SCI5CE :I* HAVE BE5 PRODUC$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES40.<#g#c.> ,JOHN ,TAYLOR HAD F\<T 9 ! REVOLUTION & HAD %>$ ITS DEMOCRATIC IDEALS2 HE HAD S]V$ 9 ! ,VIRG9IA LEGISLATURE AS WELL AS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,CONGRESS2 & HE HAD PA9FULLY WAT*$ ,HAMILTON & HIS B5EFICI>IES 9SCRIBE ! REVOLUTION'S IDEAL ON A GRAVE/ONE4 ,TAYLOR WAS A P]SONAL FRI5D ( ,JAMES ,MADISON AS WELL AS ,?OMAS ,JEFF]SON4 ,! POLITICAL1 SOCIAL & ECONOMIC !ORIES ( ,JEFF]SON >E KN[N ONLY FROM FRAGM5TS & LETT]S1 S9CE ,JEFF]SON NEV] WROTE A SY/EMATIC TREATISE :I* EXPRESS$ HIS VIEWS4 ,H[EV]1 ,JEFF]SON CONSID]$ ,TAYLOR'S WORK TO BE AN EXPRESSION ( HIS [N VIEWS1 & SAID ?AT 0,TAYLOR & HE HAD NEV] DIFF]$ ON ANY POLITICAL PR9CIPLE ( IMPORTANCE40.<#g#d.> ,?US ,TAYLOR HAS BE5 CALL$ 0! ,PHILOSOPH] ( ,JEFF]SONIAN ,DEMOCRACY40.<#g#e.> 

,?\< ,TAYLOR WAS A DEMOCRAT 9 HIS !ORY1 HE WAS NOT ONE 9 HIS PRACTICE4 ,HE M>RI$ 9TO WEAL? & WAS1 LIKE ,JEFF]SON1 ONE ( ! L>GE PLANTATION [N]S ( ,VIRG9IA4 ,HE DID NOT1 H[EV]1 CLAIM ?AT HIS IDEALS DESCRIB$ HIS [N WAY ( LIFE4 ,9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 ,AM]ICANS W]E MU* MORE RELUCTANT ?AN !Y >E TODAY TO PUBLI% RATIONALIZATIONS ( !IR PRIVILEGES & FE>S4 ,TAYLOR WAS WELL AW>E ( ! 9COMPATIBILITY BETWE5 HIS HABITS & HIS BELIEFS4 ,BUT ! FACT ?AT HE DID NOT ADJU/ ! TWO %\LD BE HELD AGA9/ HIS P]SON & NOT AGA9/ HIS !ORY4 ,ONE %\LD P]HAPS NOT JUDGE ,TAYLOR TOO H>%LY = ?IS 9COMPATIBILITY3 IF M5 COMMONLY ADJU/$ !IR WORLDLY SITUATIONS TO !IR MORAL IDEALS1 ,BUDDHA & ,G&HI W\LD NOT BE AS WELL KN[N AS !Y >E4 ,H[EV]1 IF A G5]AL WRITES A BURN+ CRITIQUE ( MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP1 ! FACT ?AT ! AU?OR IS A G5]AL %\LD NOT DET] ONE FROM READ+ ! WORK1 ?\< ONE W\LD BE WELL-ADVIS$ TO BE W>Y ( A G5]AL'S PROMISE TO PREV5T MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP4 ,& SURELY IT C\LD NOT BE >GU$ ?AT BECAUSE ,5GELS WAS A CAPITALI/1 HE !RE=E EXPRESS$ ! ASPIRATIONS ( CAPITALI/S4 ,AS ,TAYLOR HIMSELF SAID1 0,A DESPOT MAY CONDEMN TYRANNY2 A SOLDI] MAY CONDEMN /&+ >MIES2 & A /OCK-JOBB] MAY CONDEMN PAP] SY/EMS4 ,9 REASON+ BOLDLY AGA9/ ! SY/EM ( PAP] & PATRONAGE1 NO PRIVATE REPUTATION IS ATTACK$1 MORE ?AN ?AT ( ,M>CUS ,AURELIUS W\LD BE1 BY REASON+ AGA9/ DESPOTISM2 OR ,WA%+TON'S1 BY REASON+ AGA9/ /&+ >MIES4444 ,V]ACITY 9 T]MS CANNOT BE C5SURABLE1 IF V]ACITY 9 MATT] IS 5TITL$ TO APPROBATION4 ,! DIS*>GE ( A DUTY1 CANNOT REQUIRE AN APOLOGY1 & )\T MAK+ ONE1 ,I WILL PROCE$40.<#g#f.> ,P]HAPS ONLY AN UNPRIVILEG$1 PROP]TYLESS OBS]V] C\LD WRITE A TRULY S9C]E CRITIQUE ( PRIVILEGE & PROP]TY1 BUT SU* A MAN W\LD H>DLY WRITE1 & IF HE DID WRITE1 HIS WORK C\LD ONLY TOO EASILY BE DISMISS$ AS ! RANT ( AN 5VI\S LUNATIC4 ,TAYLOR CANNOT BE SO EASILY DISMISS$2 S9CE HE WAS HIMSELF A MEMB] ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASS1 HE IS C]TA9LY WELL 9=M$ ON ! SUBJECT ( PRIVILEGE1 & CAN H>DLY BE CALL$ 5VI\S4 

,= ,TAYLOR1 ! GREATE/ TRAG$Y ( ! ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,CONV5TION & ITS CAPITALI/ AFT]MA? WAS ?AT ! ,AM]ICANS1 :O W]E SO P]CEPTIVE1 SO ADEPT AT UNVEIL+ ! DECEPTIONS ( ! FEUDAL >I/OCRACY1 %\LD SO MEEKLY HAVE SUBMITT$ TO ! DECEPTIONS ( ! CAPITALI/ >I/OCRACY4 0,WE PITY ! ANCI5TS = !IR DULLNESS 9 DISCOV]+ OPPRESSIONS1 SO CLE>LY SE5 BY \RSELVES N[ ?AT !Y >E EXPLOD$4 ,WE MOD]NS2 WE 5LI<T5$ ,AM]ICANS2 WE :O HAVE ABOLI%$ HI]>*Y & TITLE2 & WE :O >E SUBMITT+ TO BE TAX$ & 5SLAV$ BY PATRONAGE & PAP]1 )\T BE+ DELUD$ OR T]RIFI$ BY ! PROMISE ( HEAV51 ! D5UNCIATION ( HELL1 ! P5ALTIES ( LAW1 ! BRILLIANCY & G5]OSITY ( NOBILITY1 OR ! PAGEANTRY & *>ITY ( SUP]/ITION4 

0,A SPELL IS PUT UPON \R UND]/&+S BY ! WORDS 'PUBLICK FAI? & NATIONAL CR$IT1' :I* FASC9ATES US 9TO AN OP9ION1 ?AT FRAUD1 CORRUPTION & OPPRESSION1 CON/ITUTE NATIONAL CR$IT2 & DEBT & SLAV]Y1 PUBLICK FAI?4 ,?IS DELUSION ( ! >I/OCRACY ( ! PRES5T AGE1 IS NOT LESS APP>5T1 ?AN ! ANCI5T DIV9ITY ( K+S1 & YET IT REQUIR$ ! LABORS ( ,LOCKE & ,SYDNEY TO DETECT ?AT RIDICUL\S IMPO/URE40.<#g#g.> 

,YET ! ,AM]ICANS1 ) !IR WIDESPREAD $UCATION1 !IR KN[L$GE ( NATURE1 !IR SECUL> \TLOOK1 HAD F> LESS GR\ND TO BE DECEIV$ ?AN ! ANCI5TS4 0,LET US MOD]NS CEASE TO BOA/ ( \R VICTORY OV] SUP]/ITION & ! FEUDAL SY/EM1 & \R ADVANCEM5T 9 KN[L$GE4 ,LET US NEI!R PITY1 RIDICULE OR DESPISE ! ANCI5TS1 AS DUPES ( FRAUDS & TRICKS1 :I* WE CAN SO EASILY DISC]N2 LE/ SOME ANCI5T SAGE %\LD RISE FROM HIS GRAVE1 & ANSW]4 ',Y\ MOD]NS >E DUP$ BY >TS MORE OBVI\SLY FRAUDUL5T1 ?AN ?OSE :I* DECEIV$ US4 ,! AG5CY ( ! ,GODS WAS LESS DISC]NIBLE1 ?AN ! EFFECTS ( PAP] & PATRONAGE4 ,WE C\LD NOT SEE1 ?AT ! TEMPORAL & ET]NAL PA9S & PLEASURES1 ?REAT5$ & PROMIS$ BY \R >I/OCRACY1 C\LD NOT BE 9FLICT$ OR BE/[$ BY IT2 Y\ SEE ?R\<\T ,EUROPE ! EFFECTS ( Y\R >I/OCRACY4 ,)\T Y\R LI<T1 ORACLES W]E NECESS>Y TO DECEIVE US2 ) ! HELP ( PR9T+1 & TWO DETECTIONS1 Y\ >E DECEIV$ BY >I/OCRACY 9 A ?IRD =M1 AL?\< IT PRET5DS NEI!R TO ! DIV9ITY NOR H]OISM CLAIM$ BY ITS TWO FIR/ =MS4 ,& UND] !SE DISADVANTAGES1 ! IMPOSITIONS ( \R >I/OCRACY W]E RE/RA9$ )9 N>R[] B\NDS ?AN ?OSE ( Y\RS4 ,DID ANY >I/OCRACY ( ! FIR/ AGE1 EXT5D ITS ANNUAL SPOILATION FROM ONE TO ?IRTY-FIVE MILLIONS ( P\NDS /]L+1 9 LESS ?AN A C5TURY8'0.<#g#h.> 

,! ,AM]ICANS W]E NOT ONLY BETT] EQUIPP$ ?AN ! ANCI5TS TO UNVEIL DECEPTION & RECOGNIZE OPPRESSION4 ,ONLY A FEW YE>S BE=E !Y SUBMITT$ TO ! SY/EM ( 0PAP] & PATRONAGE10 !Y HAD F\<T A W> TO ABOLI% ?AT V]Y OPPRESSION :5 IT WAS IMPOS$ ON !M AT ! H& ( ,BRITI% CAPITALI/S4 0,IT IS /RANGE1 ?AT IT IS SO DIFFICULT TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 HONE/ & FRAUDUL5T TAXES1 IMPOS$ BY A M9OR 9T]E/ ON ! PUBLICK 9T]E/1 & SO EASY TO DISC]N ! REAL DESIGN ( TAXES IMPOS$ BY ONE NATION UPON ANO!R4 ,9 ! LATT] CASE1 MONOPOLY IS CLE>LY UND]/OOD TO BE AN 9DIRECT MODE ( TAXATION4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES KN[1 ?AT ! MONOPOLY ( !IR COMM]CE BY ! ,5GLI%1 WAS A TRIBUTE2 BUT !Y REFUSE TO KN[1 ?AT ! MONOPOLY ( A CIRCULAT+ M$IUM BY BANK+1 IS ALSO A TRIBUTE4 ,USELESS (FICES1 E/ABLI%$ H]E BY ! ,5GLI% GOV]NM5T1 W]E CLE>LY P]CEIV$ TO BE A TRIBUTE2 BUT USELESS (FICES E/ABLI%$ BY \R [N GOV]NM5T >E D5I$ TO BE SO4 ,PRETEXTS = TAXATION 9V5T$ BY ,5GL&1 W]E DETECT$ BY DULLNESS H]SELF2 BUT PRETEXTS 9V5T$ AT HOME1 SEEM TO DECEIVE ! KE5E/ P5ETRATION4 

0,& YET CORRECT REASON+ MU/ CONCLUDE1 ?AT IF ONE NATION1 BY MEANS ( A MONOPOLY1 CAN IMPOV]I% ANO!R2 A COMB9ATION OR CORPORATE BODY1 MAY ALSO IMPOV]I% ! RE/ ( A NATION1 BY ! SAME MEANS4 ,?AT A MONOPOLY :I* 5RI*ES1 WILL CORRESPOND5TLY IMPOV]I%1 UNLESS IT PRODUCES OR CREATES2 ?AT IF ,BRITA9 POSSESS$ ! PRIVILEGE ( FURNI%+ ,AM]ICA ) BANK PAP]1 AT ! ANNUAL PR(IT ( EI<T P] C5TUM1 IT W\LD HAVE CON/ITUT$ A TAX1 5RI*+ ,BRITA9 & IMPOV]I%+ ,AM]ICA--CO-EXT5SIVELY ) H] =M] COMM]CIAL MONOPOLY2 ?AT IF ?IS PRIVILEGE W\LD HAVE 5RI*$ ! ,5GLI% AT \R EXP5SE1 IT MU/ ALSO EQUALLY 5RI* /OCKHOLD]S1 AT ! EXP5SE ( ?OSE :O >E NOT /OCKHOLD]S2 ?AT IF NATIONAL 9DIG5CE IS GRADUALLY PRODUC$ BY A SUBJECTION TO A =EIGN MONOPOLY1 ! 9DIG5CE ( ! MASS ( ! NATION1 WILL BE PRODUC$ BY A DOME/ICK MONOPOLY1 PR(ITABLE1 BUT UNPRODUCTIVE2 & ?AT IF A NATION HAS A MORAL RI<T TO LIB]ATE ITSELF FROM AN 9DIRECT TRIBUTE TO ANO!R NATION1 IT HAS ALSO A MORAL RI<T TO LIB]ATE ITSELF FROM A SIMIL> TRIBUTE TO A DOME/ICK COMB9ATION2 UNLESS IT IS A MORAL DUTY H]OICALLY TO )/& EVILS IMPOS$ BY =EIGN]S1 = ! PURPOSE ( P5IT5TIALLY EMBRAC+ !M :5 IMPOS$ BY NATIVES40.<#g#i.> 

,P]HAPS ! ,AM]ICANS W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 SO EASILY DUP$ IF ! NEW >I/OCRACY HAD AV[$ ITS TRUE PURPOSE FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+1 HAD ADMITT$ TO ! NATION ?AT IT 9T5D$ TO CONSOLIDATE 9TO ONE CLASS NOT ONLY ALL ! PRIVILEGES H]ET(ORE 5JOY$ BY K+S & NOBLEM51 PRIE/S & CONQU]ORS1 BUT ALSO AN ADD$ FL\RI% ( NEV]-5D+ ACCUMULATION ( WEAL?4 0,S9C]ITY DEM&$ 444 ! FOLL[+ CONFESSION3 ',\R PURPOSE IS TO SETTLE WEAL? & P[] UPON A M9ORITY4 ,IT WILL BE ACCOMPLI%$ BY NATIONAL DEBT1 PAP] CORPORATIONS1 & (FICES1 CIVIL & MILIT>Y4 ,!SE WILL COND5SE K+1 LORDS & COMMONS1 A MONEY$ FACTION1 & AN >M$ FACTION1 9 ONE 9T]E/4 ,?IS 9T]E/ MU/ SUBSI/ UPON ANO!R1 OR P]I%4 ,! O!R 9T]E/ IS NATIONAL1 TO GOV]N & PILF] :I*1 IS \R OBJECT2 & ITS ACCOMPLI%M5T CONSI/S 9 GETT+ ! UTMO/ A NATION CAN PAY4 ,SU* A /ATE ( SUCCESS CAN ONLY BE MA9TA9$ BY >MIES1 TO BE PAID BY ! NATION1 & COMM&$ BY ?IS M9ORITY2 BY CORRUPT+ TAL5TS & C\RAGE2 BY T]RIFY+ TIMIDITY2 BY 9FLICT+ P5ALTIES ON ! WEAK & FRI5DLESS1 & BY DI/RACT+ ! MAJORITY ) DECEITFUL PR(ESSIONS4 ,?AT ) :I* \R PROJECT COMM5CES1 IS 9V>IABLY A PROMISE TO GET A NATION \T ( DEBT2 BUT ! 9V>IABLE EFFECT ( IT IS1 TO PLUNGE IT IRRETRIEVABLY 9TO DEBT4'0.<#h.> ,BUT SU* A CONFESSION WAS H>DLY TO BE EXPECT$4 0,ALL POLITICAL OPPRESSORS DECEIVE1 9 ORD] TO SUCCE$4 ,:5 DID AN >I/OCRACY AV[ ITS PURPOSE80.<#h#a.> 

,M5 W]E OV]:ELM$ BY ! UNIMAG9$ WEAL? ( ! 0UNDISCOV]$ CONT95T10 & SP5T !IR TIME & 5]GY ACCUMULAT+ IT & KILL+ ! CONT95T'S PREVI\S 9HABITANTS4 ,& ! 9/ITUTIONS ( 0PAP] & PATRONAGE10 ( L&LORDS & CR$ITORS & RI* CAPITALI/S1 W]E NEI!R CURB$ NOR \TLAW$2 9/EAD !Y W]E ALL[$ TO SPREAD & TO 9FE/ ) A NEW MA/]-SLAVE >RANGEM5T ! SOCIETY 9 :I* DEMOCRACY WAS TO BE CREAT$4 ,A QUICKLY %IFT+ SOCIAL CONTEXT1 C\PL$ ) ! DET]M9$ OPPOSITION ( M5 :O HAD PRIVILEGES TO LOSE & WEAL? TO GA91 WAS NOT SU* AN IDEAL WORK%OP = ! ,GREAT ,EXP]IM5T AFT] ALL4 ,H>RI$ !ORI/S & AMBITI\S POLITICIANS GAVE UP ! DEMOCRATIC IDEAL BE=E IT HAD EV5 ACQUIR$ A HI/ORY4 ,! ,AM]ICANS HAVE ALWAYS BE5 A V]Y BUSY PEOPLE4 ,9 ,TAYLOR'S TIME !Y W]E SO BUSY CONC5TRAT+ !IR EF=TS ON ! ABOLITION ( REAL & IMAG9>Y TYRANNIES ?AT !Y OV]LOOK$ ! ONE TYRANNY :I* WAS TO 5?RALL$ !M & ROB !M ( ! ONE TASK :OSE FULFILLM5T MI<T HAVE E>N$ !M A PLACE ( HONOR 9 HUMAN HI/ORY4 0,! ,AM]ICANS DEVOT$ !IR EFFECTUAL PRECAUTIONS TO ! OBSOLETE MODES ( TITLE & HI]>*Y1 ]ECT$ SEV]AL B>RI]S AGA9/ ! >MY MODE1 & UTT]LY DISREG>D$ ! MODE ( PAP] & PATRONAGE40.<#h#b.> ,SU* AN UTT] DISREG>D1 WROTE ,TAYLOR1 WAS COMPLETELY UNW>RANT$4 0,?IS JEAL\SY ( >MIES1 & CONFID5CE 9 PAP] SY/EMS1 CAN ONLY BE JU/IFI$ IF ! FOLL[+ >GUM5T 9 ITS DEF5SE IS CORRECT4 

'0,AN >MY ( SOLDI]S HAVE A SEP>ATE 9T]E/ FROM ! NATION1 BECAUSE !Y DRAW !IR SUBSI/5CE FROM IT1 & !RE=E !Y WILL COMB9E = !IR [N 9T]E/ AGA9/ ! NATIONAL 9T]E/2 BUT AN >MY ( /OCKJOBB]S HAVE NO SU* SEP>ATE 9T]E/1 & WILL NOT COMB9E4 ,SOLDI]S ADMITT$ 9TO ! LEGISLATURE1 W\LD LEGISLATE 9 FAVOR ( SOLDI]S2 BUT /OCKJOBB]S WILL NOT LEGISLATE 9 FAVOR ( /OCKJOBB]S4 ,SOLDI]S MAY USE \R >MS TO TAKE \R MONEY2 BUT /OCKJOBB]S CANNOT USE \R MONEY TO TAKE \R >MS4 ,SOLDI]S MAY ADH]E TO A *IEF 9 PREF]5CE TO ! NATION1 AS AN 9/RUM5T = GRATIFY+ !IR AV>ICE & AMBITION UPON ! NATION2 BUT /OCKJOBB]S HAVE NO AV>ICE NOR AMBITION TO BE GRATIFI$1 & WILL NOT !RE=E ADH]E TO A *IEF = ?AT PURPOSE4 ,SOLDI]S >E DANG]\S1 BECAUSE !Y ASSAIL ! LIB]TY ( A NATION BY OP5 =CE2 /OCKJOBB]S H>MLESS1 BECAUSE !Y DO IT BY SECRET FRAUD4 ,ALL >E JEAL\S ( SOLDI]S1 & !RE=E !Y WILL NOT BE WAT*$2 FEW >E JEAL\S ( /OCKJOBB]S1 & !RE=E !Y WILL BE WAT*$4 ,MANY 9/ANCES HAVE OCCURR$ ( ! OPPRESSIONS BY ! >MY SY/EM2 ONE 9/ANCE ONLY ( A P]FECT CAPACITY 9 ! PAP] SY/EM = OPPRESSION CAN BE ADDUC$2 & AS ?AT HAS LA/$ ONLY A S+LE C5TURY1 IT W\LD BE PRECIPITATE TO DETECT & DE/ROY ! >I/OCRACY ( PAP] & PATRONAGE1 9 LESS TIME ?AN WAS REQUISITE TO DETECT & DE/ROY ?OSE ( SUP]/ITION & ! FEUDAL SY/EM4'0.<#h#c.> ,IF ! 0PAP] SY/EM0 WAS A C5TURY OLD :5 ,TAYLOR WROTE1 IT IS N[ TWO & A HALF C5TURIES OLD4 ,TAYLOR W\LD NOT BE V]Y HAPPY IF HE KNEW ?AT ! ,AM]ICANS HAVE /ILL NOT DE/ROY$ ! 0>I/OCRACY ( PAP] & PATRONAGE02 HE W\LD BE EV5 LESS HAPPY IF HE KNEW ?AT !IR ADH]5CE TO ! 0MODE ( PAP] & PATRONAGE0 HAS CAUS$ ,AM]ICANS TO DE/ROY ! 0SEV]AL B>RI]S AGA9/ ! >MY MODE & EV5 TO RESURRECT 0! OBSOLETE MODES ( TITLE & HI]>*Y40 

 "9"9"9 

,ANO!R MAN :OSE !ORIES REPUDIAT$ ! RE-9TRODUCTION ( PRIVILEGE TO ! ,AM]ICAN CONT95T1 :OSE POSITION MADE HIM ! SYMBOL & SPOKESMAN ( A WIDESPREAD DEMOCRATIC SOCIAL MOVEM5T1 :OSE NAME WAS SYNONYM\S ) DEMOCRACY AMONG HIS C\NTRYM51 WAS ELECT$ ?IRD PRESID5T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,HE BELIEV$ ?AT 0,NO GOV]NM5T CAN CONT9UE GOOD1 BUT UND] ! CONTROL ( ! PEOPLE40.<#h#d.> ,HE EXPRESS$ GREAT HOPES = ! ,AM]ICAN EXP]IM5T4 0,WE HAVE *ANC$ TO LIVE 9 AN AGE :I* WILL PROBABLY BE DI/+UI%$ 9 HI/ORY1 = ITS EXP]IM5TS 9 GOV]NM5T ON A L>G] SCALE ?AN HAS YET TAK5 PLACE40.<#h#e.> ,HE HAD OBS]V$ & /UDI$ ?IRTE5 YE>S ( UNBROK5 BETRAYAL ( ! REVOLUTION'S AIMS4 ,YET :5 HE WAS ELECT$ BY M5 :O /ILL TOOK HIS IDEALS S]I\SLY1 :5 HE WAS *>G$ ) UNDO+ ! CRIME ( SELF- SEEK+ M51 HIS GOALS BECAME PITIFULLY LIMIT$1 HIS DREAMS DIM9I%$4 0,:5 ?IS GOV]NM5T WAS FIR/ E/ABLI%$1 IT WAS POSSIBLE TO HAVE KEPT IT GO+ ON TRUE PR9CIPLES1 BUT ! CONTRACT$1 ,5GLI%1 HALF-LETT]$ IDEAS ( ,HAMILTON1 DE/ROY$ ?AT HOPE 9 ! BUD4 ,WE CAN PAY (F HIS DEBTS 9 #ae YE>S3 BUT WE CAN NEV] GET RID ( HIS F9ANCIAL SY/EM4 ,IT MORTIFIES ME TO BE /R5G!N+ PR9CIPLES :I* ,I DEEM RADICALLY VICI\S1 BUT ?IS VICE IS 5TAIL$ ON US BY ! FIR/ ]ROR4 ,9 O!R P>TS ( \R GOV]NM5T ,I HOPE WE %ALL BE ABLE BY DEGREES TO 9TRODUCE S\ND PR9CIPLES & MAKE !M HABITUAL4 ,:AT IS PRACTICABLE MU/ (T5 CONTROL :AT IS PURE !ORY40.<#h#f.> 

,?OMAS ,JEFF]SON WAS :AT HAS COME TO BE KN[N AS A ,LIB]AL4 ,HE BELIEV$ RELIGI\SLY 9 A NATION ( SMALL F>M]S4 0,?OSE :O LABOR 9 ! E>? >E ! *OS5 PEOPLE ( ,GOD1 IF EV] ,HE HAD A *OS5 PEOPLE1 :OSE BREA/S ,HE HAS MADE ,HIS PECULI> DEPOSIT = SUB/ANTIAL & G5U9E VIRTUE4 ,IT IS ! FOCUS 9 :I* HE KEEPS ALIVE ?AT SACR$ FIRE1 :I* O!RWISE MI<T ESCAPE FROM ! FACE ( ! E>?4 ,CORRUPTION ( MORALS 9 ! MASS ( CULTIVATORS IS A PH5OM5ON ( :I* NO AGE NOR NATION HAS FURNI%$ AN EXAMPLE40.<#h#g.> ,BUT HE WAS HIMSELF A SLAVE- HOLD+ PLANTATION [N]4 ,HE BELIEV$ ?AT EA* MAN %\LD HAVE AS MU* P[] & CONTROL OV] HIS [N AFFAIRS AS O!R M51 BUT HIS [N WEAL? & P[] GREATLY EXCE$$ ?AT ( HIS C\NTRYM54 ,HE WROTE = ! POOR & = DEMOCRATS1 BUT HIS [N FRI5DS W]E ! RI*1 & MO/LY >I/OCRATS4 ,HE WROTE ?AT SLAV]Y WAS AN AB]RATION & A CRIME4 0,:AT A /UP5D\S1 :AT AN 9COMPREH5SIBLE MA*9E IS MAN6 :O CAN 5DURE TOIL1 FAM9E1 /RIPES1 IMPRISONM5T1 & DEA? ITSELF1 9 V9DICATION ( HIS [N LIB]TY1 &1 ! NEXT MOM5T1 BE DEAF TO ALL ?OSE MOTIVES :OSE P[] SUPPORT$ HIM ?R\< HIS TRIAL1 & 9FLICT ON HIS FELL[ M5 A BONDAGE1 ONE H\R ( :I* IS FRAU<T ) MORE MIS]Y1 ?AN AGES ( ?AT :I* HE ROSE 9 REBELLION TO OPPOSE40.<#h#h.> ,YET HE HELD SLAVES4 ,LONG BE=E ,JEFF]SON'S TIME1 ,QUAK]S :O HAD 9H]IT$ OR ACQUIR$ SLAVES FRE$ !M & MOV$ TO /ATES :]E SLAV]Y WASN'T PRACTIC$4 ,JEFF]SON WROTE ELOQU5T D5UNCIATIONS ( SLAV]Y1 BUT HE DID NOT FOLL[ ! ,QUAK] EXAMPLE1 NOR DID HE SET AN EXAMPLE ( HIS [N4 ,HIS DEMOCRATIC PR(ESSIONS W]E D\BTLESS S9C]E1 AS !Y >E MORE NUM]\S 9 HIS PRIVATE CORRESPOND5CE ?AN 9 HIS PUBLIC ADDRESSES4 ,H[EV]1 LIKE HIS FRI5D ,JOHN ,TAYLOR1 ALSO A WEAL?Y ,VIRG9IA PLANT]1 ,?OMAS ,JEFF]SON APP>5TLY DID NOT EXP]I5CE ! T5SION BETWE5 HIS PRECEPT & HIS PRACTICE4 ,HIS IDEAL WAS L(TY1 BUT ALONGSIDE ( HIS IDEAL HIS LIFE WAS DISAPPO9T+LY ORD9>Y4 

,DUR+ ! ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,CONV5TION1 ,JEFF]SON WAS 9 ,FRANCE4 ,HIS KN[L$GE ( ! ,CONV5TION'S PROCE$+S WAS SUPPLI$ BY HIS FRI5D ,JAMES ,MADISON4 ,AT ?AT TIME NEI!R ,MADISON NOR ,JEFF]SON KNEW ! ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ( ! ,CON/ITUTION'S DRAFT]S1 & NEI!R ! PHILOSOPHIC ,MADISON NOR ! IDEALI/IC ,JEFF]SON C\LD HAVE SUSPECT$ ?AT ECONOMIC 9T]E/S W]E MOTIVAT+ M5 TO GA!R = SU* A MOM5T\S OCCASION4 ,:5 ! DOCUM5T WAS F9I%$1 ,JEFF]SON NOT COM=T$ BY ITS SIMIL>ITY TO ,5GLI% LAW1 AS HE KNEW ?AT ,5GL& WAS NO DEMOCRACY1 & ?AT ,AM]ICANS HAD FL$ FROM ,5GL& = ?AT V]Y REASON4 ,H[EV]1 ! DOCUM5T DID EMBODY MANY ( ! 9TELLECTUALLY RESPECTABLE EI<TE5? C5TURY !ORIES ( GOV]NM5T1 & ,JEFF]SON WAS DULY IMPRESS$4 ,9 HIS CORRESPOND5CE ) ,MADISON1 HE LIMIT$ HIS CRITICISM TO DIE LACK ( A BILL ( RI<TS :I* W\LD CLE>LY DELIMIT ! P[]S ( ! RUL]S OV] ! PEOPLE4 0,I WILL N[ TELL Y\ :AT ,I DO NOT LIKE4 ,FIR/1 ! OMISSION ( A BILL ( RI<TS1 PROVID+ CLE>LY1 & )\T ! AID ( SOPHISM1 = FRE$OM ( RELIGION1 FRE$OM ( ! PRESS1 PROTECTION AGA9/ /&+ >MIES1 RE/RICTION ( MONOPOLIES1 ! ET]NAL & UNREMITT+ =CE ( ! HABEAS CORPUS LAWS1 & TRIALS BY JURY4440.<#h#i.> ,:5 SU* A BILL WAS ADOPT$ 9 ! =M ( ! FIR/ T5 AM5DM5TS1 ,JEFF]SON WAS APP>5TLY CONT5T ) ! DOCUM5T4 

,:5 ,JEFF]SON RETURN$ TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 HE MU/ HAVE BE5 COMPLETELY IGNORANT ( ! ,CON/ITUTION'S CAPITALI/IC IMPLICATIONS OR ( ,HAMILTON'S 5ORM\S PROGRAM = ! CREATION ( A PRIVILEG$ CLASS1 = O!RWISE HE C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 0DUP$ 444 BY ! ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,TREASURY40 ,AFT] HIS AWAK5+1 HE BECAME A BITT] ANTAGONI/ ( ?OSE :O HAD LEGISLAT$ ) 0NO?+ 9 VIEW BUT TO 5RI* !MSELVES40 ,NEV]!LESS ?R\< ! YE>S HE APP>5TLY =GOT ?AT !SE SAME M5 HAD WRITT5 !IR PROGRAM 9TO ! ,CON/ITUTION1 BECAUSE :ILE D5\NC+ ! RE/ORATION ( PRIVILEGE1 HE DEF5D$ ! ,CON/ITUTION4 ,9 FACT1 HE EV5 TRI$ TO LEVEL AT ! SECURITY-HOLD]S ! SAME ACCUSATION ,MADISON HAD AIM$ AT !M4 ,HE TRI$ TO >GUE ?AT ! PROGRAM ( ! SECURITY-HOLD]S VIOLAT$ !IR [N ,CON/ITUTION4 

,JEFF]SON'S T]M ( (FICE WAS NOT EXTRAORD9>ILY IMPRESSIVE4 ,IT WAS NOT ! REVOLUTION HE PRESCRIB$ = EV]Y G5]ATION4 ,IT WAS NOT EV5 A PALACE REVOLT4 ,JOHN ,TAYLOR BITT]LY SUMM>IZ$ ! HOPES & EXPECTATIONS HIS DEMOCRATIC FRI5D LEFT UNFULFILL$4 0,! HI/ORY ( MAN PROVES ?AT ALL WILL (T5 AVAIL !MSELVES ( ! PREC$5TS E/ABLI%$ BY !IR PR$ECESSORS1 & REPROBAT$ BY !MSELVES4 ,EV]Y PREC$5T1 H[EV] CLE>LY DEMON/RAT$ TO BE UNCON/ITUTIONAL & T5D+ 'T[>DS MON>*Y & AN IRON GOV]NM5T' BY A P>TY \T ( P[]1 WILL BE HELD SACR$ BY ! SAME P>TY 9 IT2 & ?OSE :O CLE>LY DISC]N$ ! 9JU/ICE & IMPOLICY ( 5RI*+ & /R5G!N+ F$]ALI/S BY BANK OR DEBT /OCK1 AT ! PUBLICK EXP5SE1 WILL SELDOM REFUSE TO RECEIVE A SIMIL> S9ECURE4 ,9 %ORT1 A P[] 9 ! 9DIVIDUALS :O COMPOSE LEGISLATURES1 TO FI% UP WEAL? FROM ! PEOPLE1 BY NETS ( !IR [N WEAV+1 :ATEV] BE ! NAMES ( SU* NETS1 WILL CORRUPT LEGISLATIVE1 EXECUTIVE & JUDICIAL PUBLICK S]VANTS1 BY :ATEV] SY/EM CON/ITUT$2 & CONV]T PATRIOTS FROM ! BE/ FRI5DS1 9TO ! MO/ DANG]\S FOES ( FREE1 EQUAL & JU/ PR9CIPLES ( CIVIL LIB]TY40.<#i.> 

,LIKE ALL LIB]ALS1 ,JEFF]SON TURN$ HIS 5]GY & 5?USIASM TO SMALL] ISSUES :5 ! L>G] ISSUES HAD BECOME TOO UNWIELDY4 ,HE NEV] AB&ON$ HIS DEMOCRATIC IDEALS1 HE DID NOT =GET ?AT DEMOCRATIC HOPES HAD FILL$ A NATION ( M5 ) REVOLUTION>Y >DOR4 ,HE HOP$ ?AT ,AM]ICA W\LD BE A DEMOCRATIC BEACON TO OPPRESS$ M5 EV]Y:]E1 BUT AFT] 0! CONTRACT$1 ,5GLI%1 HALF-LETT]$ IDEAS ( ,HAMILTON1 DE/ROY$ ?AT HOPE 9 ! BUD10.<#i#a.> HE TURN$ HIS ATT5TION ELSE:]E4 ,C]TA9LY HIS ROLE 9 REPEAL+ ! ,ALI5 & ,S$ITION ,ACTS ( ! ,ADAMS ,ADM9I/RATION WAS NO?+ LESS ?AN ADMIRABLE2 ?OSE ,ACTS ?REAT5$ TO BURY1 SO SOON AFT] ITS ADOPTION1 ! 5TIRE ,BILL ( ,RI<TS ,JEFF]SON HAD SO GREATLY DESIR$4 ,BUT HE MADE NO ATTEMPT :ATEV] TO RE/ORE EQUALITY1 JU/ICE1 P>TICIPATION1 HE DID NOT ABOLI% PRIVILEGE1 HE DID NOT REPEAL ! CAPITALI/S4 ,?\< HIS RELIGION WAS AN ANTI-!OLOGICAL HUMANISM1 HE NEV]!LESS ACCEPT$ ! ,HAMILTONIAN C\P D'ETAT ON ! BASIS ( ! DOCTR9E ( ORIG9AL S93 0?IS VICE IS 5TAIL$ ON US BY ! FIR/ ]ROR40 ,) SU* AN EXPLANATION1 !RE WAS NO?+ TO DO BUT MAKE ! BE/ ( A BAD WORLD4 0,9 O!R P>TS ( \R GOV]NM5T ,I HOPE WE %ALL BE ABLE BY DEGREES TO 9TRODUCE S\ND PR9CIPLES & MAKE !M HABITUAL40 ,:ILE D5\NC+ ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY SUP]IMPOS$ ON ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES BY GOV]NM5T FIAT 70,IT MORTIFIES ME TO BE /R5G!N+ PR9CIPLES :I* ,I DEEM RADICALLY VICI\S444071 ,JEFF]SON NEV]!LESS W5T ON /R5G!N+ ! 0RADICALLY VICI\S0 PR9CIPLES4 0,:AT IS PRACTICABLE MU/ (T5 CONTROL :AT IS PURE !ORY40 

,:ILE ,JEFF]SONIAN !ORY BECAME ! SUBJECT ( S*OL>LY ADMIRATION1 ,JEFF]SONIAN PRACTICE BECAME ! MODEL = ,AM]ICAN POLITICS4 ,& AS ,BE>D PO9T$ \T1 0,JEFF]SONIAN ,DEMOCRACY0 AS PRACTIC$ WAS NO MORE DEMOCRATIC ?AN 0,HAMILTONIAN ,DEMOCRACY0 OR 0,ELIZABE?AN ,DEMOCRACY0 OR 0,NAPOLEONIC ,DEMOCRACY40 ,JEFF]SONIAN DEMOCRACY DID NOT IMPLY ANY AB&ONM5T ( ! PROP]TY1 & P>TICUL>LY ! L&$1 QUALIFICATIONS ON ! SUFFRAGE OR (FICE-HOLD+2 IT DID NOT 9VOLVE ANY FUNDAM5TAL ALT]ATIONS 9 ! NATIONAL ,CON/ITUTION :I* ! ,F$]ALI/S HAD DESIGN$ AS A FOIL TO ! LEVEL+ PROP5SIDES ( ! MASSES2 IT DID NOT PROPOSE ANY NEW DEVICES = A MORE IMM$IATE & DIRECT CONTROL ( ! VOT]S OV] ! 9/RUM5TALITIES ( GOV]NM5T4 ,JEFF]SONIAN ,DEMOCRACY SIMPLY MEANT ! POSSESSION ( ! F$]AL GOV]NM5T BY ! AGR>IAN MASSES L$ BY AN >I/OCRACY ( SLAVE-[N+ PLANT]S1 & ! !ORETICAL REPUDIATION ( ! RI<T TO USE ! ,GOV]NM5T = ! B5EFIT ( ANY CAPITALI/IC GR\PS1 FISCAL1 BANK+1 OR MANUFACTUR+40.<#i#b.> ,:AT DIFF]5TIATES ,JEFF]SON FROM ! SUCCESSORS IS ?AT HE NEV] CLAIM$ ?AT HIS M$IOCRE1 UN-DEMOCRATIC PRACTICE LIV$ UP TO HIS L(TY DEMOCRATIC IDEALS4 

,ONE ( ! /RANGE/ EPISODES AT ! ORIG9 ( ,JEFF]SONIAN ,DEMOCRACY WAS ! ROLE ,HAMILTON PLAY$ 9 ,JEFF]SON'S ELECTION4 ,9 ! ELECTION ( #a#h1 ,JEFF]SON RAN AS ! PRESID5TIAL & ,A>ON ,BURR AS ! VICE- PRESID5TIAL C&IDATE ( ! OPPOSITION ,REPUBLICAN ,P>TY 7A P>TY :I* HAS NO L9KS ) ! LAT] 0,REPUBLICAN ,P>TY074 ,JEFF]SON & ,BURR BO? RECEIV$ ! SAME NUMB] ( VOTES1 & ! VOTES ( EA* SURPASS$ ?OSE ( ! ,F$]ALI/ C&IDATE ,JOHN ,ADAMS4 ,! DRAFT]S ( ELECTORAL PROC$URE HAD NOT =ESE5 SU* A POSSIBILITY1 & HAD NOT SPECIFI$ ?AT A VICE-PRESID5TIAL C&IDATE C\LD NOT ASSUME ! PRESID5CY EV5 IF HE RECEIV$ AS MANY 7OR MORE7 VOTES ?AN ! W9N+ PRESID5TIAL C&IDATE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 UNLESS ,BURR )DREW1 ! \TCOME ( ! 0TIE0 W\LD HAVE TO BE DECID$ 9 ! ,H\SE ( ,REPRES5TATIVES4 ,BURR DID NOT )DRAW--A FACT = :I* ,JEFF]SON WAS NEV] TO =GIVE HIM4 ,?US ! ,H\SE ( ,REPRES5TATIVES WAS TO DECIDE BETWE5 ,JEFF]SON & ,BURR4 ,S9CE ! ,H\SE WAS /ACK$ ) ,HAMILTONIAN ,F$]ALI/S :O FE>$ !Y'D BE UNDONE BY ! \TSPOK5 DEMOCRAT ,JEFF]SON1 ! ABSURD \TCOME ( ?IS 0ELECTION0 MI<T HAVE BE5 ?AT ,A>ON ,BURR W\LD BE ! ?IRD PRESID5T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES--! MAN :O1 9/EAD1 APPE>S 9 ! /ORYBOOKS ( ,AM]ICAN HI/ORY AS A ,TRAITOR4 ,BUT ! ABSURDITY DID NOT TAKE PLACE1 = ! BALANCE WAS %IFT$ 9 ,JEFF]SON'S FAVOR BY ,JEFF]SON'S BITT]E/ OPPON5T1 ,ALEX&] ,HAMILTON4 ,P]HAPS ?IS WAS ,HAMILTON'S MODE ( REPAY+ ! DEBT HE [$ ! ONE-TIME ,SECRET>Y ( ,/ATE1 = HAV+ 0DUP$0 HIM4 ,! ,FA!R ( ,AM]ICAN ,CAPITALISM DID NOT SUDD5LY BECOME A *AMPION ( ,JEFF]SON4 ,F> FROM IT4 0,P]HAPS MYSELF ! FIR/1 AT SOME EXP5SE ( POPUL>ITY1 TO UNFOLD ! TRUE *>ACT] ( ,JEFF]SON1 IT IS TOO LATE = ME TO BECOME HIS APOLOGI/2 NOR CAN ,I HAVE ANY DISPOSITION TO IT4 ,I ADMIT ?AT HIS POLITICS >E T9CTUR$ ) FANATICISM2 ?AT HE IS TOO MU* 9 E>NE/ ) HIS DEMOCRACY4440.<#i#c.> ,BUT ,HAMILTON WAS A %REWD OBS]V]1 & HE KNEW ?AT ,BURR MI<T JU/ AS READILY PROCLAIM HIMSELF K+ AS C>RY ?R\< A RADICAL PROGRAM ( RE=M--& ,HAMILTON FE>$ ! SECOND POSSIBILITY MO/4 ,BURR'S POLITICAL & SOCIAL VIEWS W]E NOT KN[N1 BUT IT WAS KN[N ?AT HE ACT$ ) RU?LESS DET]M9ATION4 ,ON ! H&1 ,JEFF]SON'S DEMOCRATIC !ORIES W]E WIDELY KN[N1 & GREATLY FE>$ BY ! CAPITALI/S4 ,BUT ,JEFF]SON'S PRACTICE WAS KN[N TOO WELL BY ,HAMILTON4 0,I HAVE MORE ?AN ONCE MADE ! REFLECTION ?AT1 VIEW+ HIMSELF AS ! REV]SION]1 HE WAS SOLICIT\S TO COME 9TO ! POSSESSION ( A GOOD E/ATE40.<#i#d.> ,HAMILTON1 :O HAD = SO MANY YE>S SO EFFECTIVELY MANIPULAT$ ! SECURITY-HOLD]S 9 ,CONGRESS1 WAS ABOVE ALL A BRILLIANT PSY*OLOGI/4 ,HE KNEW ! PRECISE RELATION BETWE5 ,JEFF]SON'S PR(ESS$ IDEALS & HIS ACTIONS4 0,NOR IS IT TRUE ?AT ,JEFF]SON IS ZEALOT 5\< TO DO ANY?+ 9 PURSUANCE ( HIS PR9CIPLES :I* WILL CONTRAV5E HIS POPUL>ITY OR HIS 9T]E/4 ,HE IS AS LIKELY AS ANY MAN ,I KN[ TO TEMPORIZE--TO CALCULATE :AT WILL HE LIKELY TO PROMOTE HIS [N REPUTATION & ADVANTAGE2 & ! PROBABLE RESULT ( SU* A TEMP] IS ! PRES]VATION ( SY/EMS1 ?\< ORIG9ALLY OPPOS$1 :I*1 BE+ ONCE E/ABLI%$1 C\LD NOT BE OV]TURN$ )\T DANG] TO ! P]SON :O DID IT4 ,TO MY M9D A TRUE E/IMATE ( ,MR4 ,JEFF]SON'S *>ACT] W>RANTS ! EXPECTATION ( A TEMPORIZ+ RA!R ?AN A VIOL5T SY/EM4 ,?AT ,JEFF]SON HAS MANIFE/$ A CULPABLE PR$ILECTION = ,FRANCE IS C]TA9LY TRUE2 BUT ,I ?9K IT IS A QUE/ION :E!R IT DID NOT PROCE$ QUITE AS MU* FROM H] POPUL>ITY AMONG US AS FROM S5TIM5T &1 9 PROPORTION AS ?AT POPUL>ITY IS DIM9I%$1 HIS ZEAL WILL COOL40.<#i#e.> ,! ,CONGRESSM51 :O BY !N [$ !IR P[]1 FAME & =TUNE TO ,HAMILTON1 C\LD NOT HELP BUT FOLL[ !IR LEAD] ANO!R TIME4 ,& ! LEAD] PROV$ RI<T ONCE MORE4 ,! GREAT !ORI/ ( ,DEMOCRACY MADE NO GREAT EF=T TO REVIVE ! DEMOCRATIC EXP]IM5T ON ,AM]ICAN SOIL4.<#i#f.> 

,JEFF]SON HAD EXPRESS$ GREAT HOPES = ! 0EXP]IM5TS 9 GOV]NM5T0 :I* ,AM]ICA WAS TO (F] HUMANITY4 ,BUT1 HE SAID1 0! CONTRACT$1 ,5GLI%1 HALF-LETT]$ IDEAS ( ,HAMILTON1 DE/ROY$ ?AT HOPE 9 ! BUD40.<#i#g.> ,HIS FRI5D ,JOHN ,TAYLOR ADD$1 9 ! WORKJEFF]SON SO HE>TILY 5DORS$1 ?AT 0,A GOV]NM5T1 A SECTION ( IT1 OR A MEASURE1 F\ND$ 9 AN EVIL MORAL PR9CIPLE1 SU* AS FRAUD1 AMBITION1 AV>ICE OR SUP]/ITION1 MU/ PRODUCE CORRESPOND5T EFFECTS1 & DEFEAT ! 5D ( GOV]NM5T4440.<#i#h.> ,JEFF]SON1 H[EV]1 DID NOT COMMIT HIMSELF AS DEF9ITELY AS ,TAYLOR4 ,HE CLAIM$ ?AT 0WE %ALL NOT LIVE TO SEE ! RESULT0 ( ! EXP]IM5T4 0,! GROSS] ABSURDITIES1 SU* AS H]$IT>Y MAGI/RACIES1 WE %ALL SEE EXPLOD$ 9 \R DAY1 LONG EXP]I5CE HAV+ ALREADY PRON\NC$ CONDEMNATION AGA9/ !M4 ,BUT :AT IS TO BE ! SUB/ITUTE8 ,?IS \R *ILDR5 GR&*ILDR5 WILL ANSW]40.<#i#i.> ,HE DID NOT DISPLAY ! P]CEPTION ( HIS POLITICAL OPPON5T ,JOHN ,ADAMS1 :O HAD W>N$ 0,WE DO POSSESS ONE MAT]IAL :I* ACTUALLY CON/ITUTES AN >I/OCRACY ?AT GOV]NS ! NATION4 ,?AT MAT]IAL IS WEAL?40.<#a.> ,P]HAPS1 BY SAY+ ?AT HIS 0GR&*ILDR5 WILL ANSW]10 ,JEFF]SON WAS SUGGE/+ ?AT 0IT W\LD BE PRECIPITATE TO DETECT & DE/ROY ! >I/OCRACY ( PAP] & PATRONAGE1 9 LESS TIME ?AN WAS REQUISITE TO DETECT & DE/ROY ?OSE ( SUP]/ITION & ! FEUDAL SYETEM40.<#a#a.> ,9 ANY CASE1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 DIFFICULT = ,JEFF]SON TO TAKE ! POSITION ?AT ,AM]ICA'S DEMOCRATIC IDEALS HAD BE5 BETRAY$1 = !N HE W\LD HAVE HAD TO CONFRONT HIS [N /ATEM5TS 9 ! ,DECL>ATION ( ,9DEP5D5CE1 0?AT1 :5EV] ANY =M ( GOV]NM5T BECOMES DE/RUCTIVE ( !SE 5DS1 IT IS ! RI<T ( ! PEOPLE TO ALT] OR ABOLI% IT1 & TO 9/ITUTE A NEW GOV]NM5T1 LAY+ ITS F\NDATION ON SU* PR9CIPLES1 & ORGANIZ+ ITS P[]S 9 SU* =M1 AS TO !M %ALL SEEM MO/ LIKELY TO EFFECT !IR SAFETY & HAPP9ESS40 

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