,! ,NEW ,CAPITALISM & ! ,OLD ,CLASS ,/RUGGLE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PAUL ,MATTICK 

,TEXT 3 

,S\RCE3 ,KURASJE ,>*IVE2 
,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 AS 0,EL ,NUEVO ,CAPITALISMO Y LA ,VIEJA ,LU*A DE ,CLASE01 ,NEGACIONES #a1 ,OCT4 #a#i#g#f1 ,MADRID2 
,TRANSCRIB$3 BY ,&Y ,BLUND51 = M>XI/S4ORG #b#c4 

0,! PROLET>IAT IS REVOLUTION>Y OR IT IS NO?+40 - ,K>L ,M>X 

,BE+ A PRODUCT ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T IS 
L9K$ TO ! VICISSITUDES ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT WILL ASSUME DIFF]5T 
=MS ACCORD+ TO ! *ANG+ =TUNES ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,9 
CIRCUM/ANCES :I* >E NOT FAVORABLE TO ! =MATION ( CLASS CONSCI\SNESS1 
IT WILL NOT GR[1 OR WILL PRACTICALLY DISAPPE>4 ,9 CONDITIONS ( CAPITALI/ 
PROSP]ITY IT T5DS TO TRANS=M ITSELF FROM A REVOLUTION>Y TO A RE=MI/ 
MOVEM5T4 ,9 TIMES ( SOCIAL CRISIS IT MAY BE TOTALLY SUPPRESS$ BY ! RUL+ 
CLASS4 ,S9CE SOCIALISM CANNOT BE E/ABLI%$ )\T A SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 IT 
FOLL[S ?AT ! DE/9Y ( ! LATT] ULTIMATELY WILL DET]M9E :E!R 
SOCIALISM WILL EV] BE REALIZ$4 

,ALL LABOR ORGANIZATIONS =M P>T ( ! G5]AL SOCIAL /RUCTURE & CANNOT 
BE CONSI/5TLY ANTI-CAPITALI/1 EXCEPT 9 A PURELY IDEOLOGICAL S5SE4 ,TO 
ACQUIRE SOCIAL IMPORTANCE )9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM !Y MU/ BE 
OPPORTUNI/1 :I* MEANS !Y MU/ AVAIL !MSELVES ( ! GIV5 SOCIAL 
PROCESSES TO ATTA9 !IR GOALS1 H[EV] LIMIT$ ! LATT] MAY BE4 ,OPPORTUNISM 
& 'REALISM' >E APP>5TLY ! SAME ?+4 ,! =M] CANNOT BE 
DEFEAT$ BY A RADICAL IDEOLOGY :I* OPPOSES ! :OLE ( ! EXI/+ SOCIAL 
RELATIONS4 ,IT DOES NOT SEEM POSSIBLE TO SL[LY ASSEMBLE REVOLUTION>Y =CES 
9TO P[]FUL ORGANIZATIONS READY TO ACT AT FAVORABLE MOM5TS4 ,ONLY ?OSE 
ORGANIZATIONS ?AT DID NOT DI/URB ! PREVAIL+ SOCIAL RELATIONS ACQUIR$ ANY 
IMPORTANCE4 ,IF !Y />T$ \T ) A REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY1 !IR GR[? 
IMPLI$ A SUBSEQU5T DISCREPANCY BETWE5 !IR IDEOLOGY & !IR FUNCTIONS4 
,?OSE ORGANIZATIONS OPPOS$ TO ! /ATUS QUO1 YET ORGANIZ$ )9 IT1 MU/ 
F9ALLY SUCCUMB TO ! =CES ( CAPITALISM BY VIRTUE ( !IR ORGANIZATIONAL 
FAILURES4 

,?IS APPE>S TO BE ! DILEMMA ( RADICALISM3 9 ORD] TO ACCOMPLI% 
ANY?+ ( SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE1 ACTIONS MU/ BE ORGANIZ$4 ,EFFECTIVE 
ORGANIZATIONS1 H[EV]1 T5D T[>DS CAPITALI/ *ANNELS4 ,IT SEEMS ?AT 9 
ORD] TO DO SOME?+ N[1 ONE CAN ONLY DO ! WRONG ?+S1 & 9 ORD] TO 
AVOID FALSE /EPS ONE %\LD UND]TAKE NONE AT ALL4 ,! RADICAL SOCIALI/S >E 
DE/9$ TO BE MIS]ABLE3 !Y >E CONSCI\S ( !IR UTOPIANISM & !Y 
EXP]I5CE NO?+ BUT FAILURES4 ,9 SELF-DEF5SE1 ! 9EFFECTIVE RADICAL 
ORGANIZATIONS WILL PUT ! ACC5T ON ! FACTOR ( SPONTANEITY AS ! DECISIVE 
ELEM5T = ANY SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 ,AS !Y CANNOT *ANGE SOCIETY BY MEANS 
( !IR [N =CES1 !Y PLACE !IR HOPES 9 SPONTANE\S UPRIS+S ( ! 
MASSES & 9 A FUTURE UNFOLD+ ( !SE ACTIVITIES4 

,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! C5TURY ! TRADITIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATIONS - 
SOCIALI/ P>TIES & TRADE UNIONS - W]E NO LONG] REVOLUTION>Y 
MOVEM5TS4 ,ONLY A SMALL LEFT-W+ )9 !SE ORGANIZATIONS PREOCCUPI$ 
ITSELF ) QUE/IONS ( REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ) 
QUE/IONS ( SPONTANEITY & ORGANIZATION4 ,?IS NATURALLY 9VOLV$ ! PROBLEM 
( REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS & ( ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! REVOLUTION>Y 
M9ORITY & ! PROLET>IAN MASSES 9DOCTR9AT$ BY CAPITALISM4 ,IT WAS JUDG$ 
HI<LY UNLIKELY ?AT )\T REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS ! WORK+ MASSES 
W\LD ACT 9 A REVOLUTION>Y MANN] SOLELY BY ! COMPULSION ( CIRCUM/ANCES4 
,?IS PROBLEM ACQUIR$ SPECIAL IMPORTANCE DUE TO ! SPLIT 9 ! ,SOCIAL 
,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY & ! CRY/ALLIZATION ( ,L59'S CONCEPT ( ! 
NECESSITY ( A REVOLUTION>Y VANGU>D MADE UP ( PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>IES4 
,AW>E ( ! FACTOR ( SPONTANEITY1 ,L59 GRANT$ GREAT IMPORTANCE TO ! 
SPECIAL NECESSITY ( C5TRALLY ORGANIZ$ & DIRECT$ ACTIVITY4 ,! /RONG] 
SPONTANE\S MOVEM5TS >E1 ! MORE URG5T IS ! NECESSITY ( CONTROLL+ & 
DIRECT+ !M BY MEANS ( A PR(\NDLY DISCIPL9$ REVOLUTION>Y P>TY4 ,! 
WORK]S MU/ BE PROTECT$ FROM !MSELVES1 SO TO SPEAK1 BECAUSE !IR LACK ( 
!ORETICAL UND]/&+ CAN V]Y EASILY LEAD !M TO SQU&] !IR CREATIVE 
P[]S SPONTANE\SLY & TO FAIL 9 !IR /RUGGLE4 

,OPPOSITION TO ?IS PO9T ( VIEW WAS MA9TA9$ ) GREAT COH]5CE BY ! 
LEFT-W+ ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG4.<#b.> ,L591 LIKE ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 SAW 
! NECESSITY ( COMBAT+ ! OPPORTUNI/ & RE=MI/ EVOLUTIONISM ( ! 
E/ABLI%$ LABOR ORGANIZATIONS & S\<T A RETURN TO REVOLUTION>Y POLICIES4 
,BUT :ILE ,L59 TRI$ TO A*IEVE ?IS BY MEANS ( ! CREATION ( A NEW TYPE ( 
REVOLUTION>Y P>TY1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG PREF]R$ AN 9CREASE ( ! 
SELF-DET]M9ATION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 G5]ALLY AS WELL AS 9 ! CASE ( ! 
LABOR ORGANIZATIONS1 BY WAY ( ! ELIM9ATION ( BUREAUCRATIC CONTROLS1 & 
! ACTIVIZATION ( ! RANK & FILE4 

,BO? ,L59 & ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG ?\<T ?AT IT WAS POSSIBLE = A 
REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITY TO GA9 CONTROL ( SOCIETY4 ,BUT :ILE ,L59 SAW 9 ?IS 
! POSSIBILITY ( ! REALIZATION ( SOCIALISM BY MEANS ( ! P>TY1 ,ROSA 
,LUXEMBURG FE>$ ?AT ANY M9ORITY1 9 ! POSITION ( RUL+ CLASS1 W\LD 
RAPIDLY BEG9 TO ?9K & ACT LIKE ! B\RGEOISIE ( OLD4 ,%E HOP$ ?AT ! 
SPONTANE\S MOVEM5TS W\LD RE/RA9 ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ORGANIZATIONS :I* 
W]E ASPIR+ TO C5TRALIZE P[] 9 !IR H&S4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 
! SOCIALI/S %\LD SIMPLY HELP TO LIB]ATE ! CREATIVE =CES 9 MASS 
ACTIONS1 & TO 9TEGRATE !IR [N ACTIVITIES 9TO ! 9DEP5D5T CLASS 
/RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,H] POSITION ALL[$ = ! EXI/5CE ( AN 
9TELLIG5T WORK+ CLASS 9 A SITUATION ( ADVANC$ CAPITALISM1 A WORK+ 
CLASS CAPABLE ( DISCOV]+1 BY MEANS ( ITS [N =CES1 WAYS & MEANS ( 
/RUGGLE 9 ITS [N 9T]E/S &1 ULTIMATELY1 9 FAVOR ( SOCIALISM4 

,!RE WAS ANO!R WAY ( CONFRONT+ ! PROBLEM ( ORGANIZATION & 
SPONTANEITY4 ,GEORGES ,SOREL.<#c.> & ! SYNDICALI/S W]E NOT 
ONLY CONV9C$ ?AT ! PROLET>IAT C\LD EMANCIPATE ITSELF )\T ! 
GUIDANCE ( ! 9TELLIG5TSIA1 BUT ?AT IT HAD TO FREE ITSELF FROM MIDDLE 
CLASS ELEM5TS ?AT USUALLY CONTROLL$ ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,SYNDICALISM 
REJECT$ P>LIAM5T>ISM 9 FAVOR ( REVOLUTION>Y TRADE UNION ACTIVITY4 ,9 
,SOREL'S VIEW1 A GOV]NM5T ( SOCIALI/S W\LD 9 NO S5SE ALT] ! 
SOCIAL POSITION ( ! WORK]S4 ,9 ORD] TO BE FREE1 ! WORK]S W\LD HAVE TO 
RESORT TO ACTIONS & WEAPONS EXCLUSIVELY !IR [N4 ,CAPITALISM1 ACCORD+ TO 
,SOREL1 HAD ALREADY ORGANIZ$ ! :OLE PROLET>IAT 9 ITS 9DU/RIES4 ,ALL ?AT 
WAS LEFT TO DO WAS TO SUPPRESS ! /ATE & PROP]TY4 ,TO ACCOMPLI% ?IS1 ! 
PROLET>IAT WAS NOT SO MU* 9 NE$ ( SO-CALL$ SCI5TIFIC 9SI<T 9TO 
NECESS>Y SOCIAL TR5DS AS ( A K9D ( 9TUITIVE CONVICTION ?AT REVOLUTION 
& SOCIALISM W]E ! 9EVITABLE \TCOME ( !IR [N CONT9U\S 
/RUGGLES4 

,! /RIKE WAS SE5 AS ! LABORATORY ( ! WORK]S' REVOLUTION>Y 
APPR5TICE%IP4 ,! GR[+ NUMB] ( /RIKES1 !IR EXT5SION & 9CREAS+ 
DURATION PO9T$ T[>DS A POSSIBLE ' ,G5]AL ,/RIKE1 ?AT IS1 TO ! 
IMP5D+ SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

,EA* P>TICUL> /RIKE WAS A FACSIMILE 9 R$UC$ SCALE ( ! ,G5]AL 
,/RIKE1 & A PREP>ATION = ! F9AL 9SURRECTION4 ,! 9CREAS+ 
REVOLUTION>Y WILL W\LD NOT BE MEASUR$ BY ! SUCCESS OR FAILURE ( POLITICAL 
P>TIES1 BUT BY ! FREQU5CY & VEHEM5CE ( ! /RIKES4 ,! REVOLUTION WILL 
HAVE PROCE$$ FROM ACTION TO ACTION 9 A CONT9U\S MIXTURE ( SPONTANE\S & 
ORGANIZ$ ASPECTS ( ! PROLET>IAT'S /RUGGLE = EMANCIPATION4 

,SYNDICALISM & SU* 9T]NATIONAL (FSPR+ AS ! ,GUILD ,SOCIALI/S 9 
,5GL& & ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES W]E1 TO 
SOME EXT5T1 REACTIONS TO ! 9CREAS+ BUREAUCRATIZATION ( ! SOCIALI/ 
MOVEM5T & TO ITS CLASS-COLLABORATIONI/ PRACTICES4 ,AS M>XISM WAS ! 
IDEOLOGY ( ! DOM9ANT SOCIALI/ P>TIES1 OPPOSITION TO !SE ORGANIZATIONS 
& !IR POLICIES EXPRESS$ ITSELF AS AN OPPOSITION TO M>XIAN !ORY 9 ITS 
RE=MI/ & REVISIONI/ V]SIONS4 ,! TRADE UNIONS1 TOO1 W]E ATTACK$ = 
!IR C5TRALI/IC /RUCTURES & !IR EMPHASIS UPON SPECIFIC TRADE 9T]E/S 
AT ! EXP5SE ( PROLET>IAN CLASS NE$S4 ,BUT JU/ AS ! C5TRALISM ( ! 
M>XI/ IDEOLOGY DID NOT PREV5T ! EM]G5CE ( LEFT-W+ OPPOSITIONS )9 
! SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS1 SO ! IDEOLOGICAL DEC5TRALIZATION ( SYNDICALISM 
C\LD NOT RE/RA9 ! EM]G5CE ( C5TRALI/ T5D5CIES )9 ! 
SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,! ,GUILD ,SOCIALI/S S\<T ! CONCILIATION ( ! TWO 
EXTREME1 DI/ANC+ !MSELVES EQUALLY FROM ! LOCALISM ( ,FR5* 
AN>*OSYNDICALISM & FROM ! /ATE SOCIALI/ CONCEPTIONS ( ! M>XI/ 
IDEOLOGY4 

,! ORGANIZATIONS T5D$ TO SEE 9 !IR /EADY GR[? & EV]YDAY 
ACTIVITIES ! MO/ IMPORTANT FACTORS ( SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,9 ! SOCIAL 
DEMOCRATIC P>TIES IT WAS ! GR[+ MEMB]%IP1 ! SPREAD+ P>TY 
APP>ATUS1 ! 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( VOTES 9 ELECTIONS & A WID] 
P>TICIPATION 9 EXI/+ POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS :I* W]E ?\<T ( AS 
GR[+ 9TO A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,AS REG>DS ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! 
,WORLD1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! GR[? ( ITS [N ORGANIZATIONS 9TO ,ONE ,BIG 
,UNION WAS SE51 AT ! SAME TIME1 AS 0=M+ ! /RUCTURE ( ! NEW 
SOCIETY )9 ! %ELL ( ! OLD40 ,9 ! FIR/ REVOLUTION ( ! #b? 
C5TURY IT WAS ! UNORGANIZ$ MASS ( WORK]S :I* DET]M9$ ! *>ACT] 
( ! REVOLUTION & BR\<T 9TO BE+ ITS [N1 NEW =M ( ORGANIZATION 9 
! SPONTANE\SLY >IS+ WORK]S & SOLDI]S C\NCILS4 

,! SOVIET SY/EM .<#d.> ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #aie 
DISAPPE>$ ) ! CRU%+ ( ! REVOLUTION1 ONLY TO RETURN 9 GREAT] 
=CE 9 ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g4 ,IT WAS !SE SOVIETS :I* 9SPIR$ 
! =MATION SIMIL> SPONTANE\S ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION.<#e.> ( #aiah &1 TO A SOME:AT LESS] EXT5T1 ! SOCIAL 
UPHEAVALS 9 ,ITALY1 ,5GL&1 ,FRANCE & ,HUNG>Y4 ,) ! SOVIET SY/EM >OSE A 
=M ( ORGANIZATION :I* C\LD LEAD & COORD9ATE ! SELF-ACTIVITIES ( ! 
V]Y BROAD MASSES = EI!R LIMIT$ 5DS OR = REVOLUTION>Y GOALS1 & :I* 
C\LD DO SO 9DEP5D5TLY (1 9 OPPOSITION TO1 OR 9 COLLABORATION ) 
EXI/+ LABOR ORGANIZATIONS4 ,MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 ! RISE ( ! C\NCIL SY/EM 
PROV$ ?AT SPONTANE\S ACTIVITIES NE$ NOT DISSIPATE 9 =MLESS 
MASS-EX]TIONS BUT C\LD ISSUE 9TO ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURES ( MORE ?AN 
TEMPOR>Y NATURE4 

,! ,RUSSIAN C\NCILS1 OR SOVIETS1 GREW \T ( A S]IES ( /RIKES & FROM 
!IR NE$S = COMMITTEES ( ACTION & REPRES5TATION TO DEAL ) ! 
9DU/RIES AFFECT$ AS WELL AS ) ! LEGAL AU?ORITIES4 ,! /RIKES1 CAUS$ 
BY ! 9CREAS+LY 9TOL]ABLE CONDITIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 W]E 
SPONTANE\S 9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y W]E NOT CALL$ BY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS 
OR TRADE UNIONS1 BUT W]E LAUN*$ BY UNORGANIZ$ WORK]S :O HAD NO *OICE BUT 
TO LOOK UPON !IR WORKPLACE AS ! SPR+BO>D & C5T] ( !IR 
ORGANIZATIONAL EF=TS4 ,9 ! ,RUSSIA ( ?AT TIME POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS HAD 
AS YET NO REAL 9FLU5CE ON ! MASS ( WORK]S & ! TRADE UNIONS EXI/$ 
ONLY 9 EMBRYONIC =M4 ,9 ANY EV5T1 ! GR[? ( ! SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS 
& TRADE UNIONS WAS TO A GREAT EXT5T 9T5SIFI$ BY ! SPONTANE\S /RIKES 
& SUCCESSIVE UPRIS+S4 

,9 ESS5CE1 ( C\RSE1 ! #aie ,REVOLUTION WAS A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 
SUPPORT$ BY ! LIB]AL MIDDLE CLASS1 TO BREAK ,CZ>I/ ABSOLUTISM & TO 
ADVANCE ,RUSSIA VIA A ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY T[>DS ! CONDITIONS ?AT EXI/$ 
9 ! MORE DEVELOP$ CAPITALI/ NATIONS4 ,9 SO F> AS ! /RIK+ WORK]S 
?\<T 9 POLITICAL T]MS1 !Y L>GELY %>$ ! PROGRAM ( ! LIB]AL 
B\RGEOISIE4 ,& SO DID ALL EXI/+ SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS :I* ACCEPT$ ! 
NECESSITY ( A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION AS A PRECONDITION = ! =MATION ( A 
/RONG LABOR MOVEM5T & A FUTURE PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION UND] MORE ADVANC$ 
CONDITIONS4 ,! SOVIETS W]E ?\<T ( AS TEMPOR>Y 9/RUM5TS 9 ! 
/RUGGLE = SPECIFIC GOALS ( ! WORK+ CLASS & = A B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC 
SOCIETY4 ,IT WAS NOT HOP$ ?AT !Y W\LD ACQUIRE A P]MAN5T *>ACT]4 

,BEG9N+ 9 #a#i#f1 ORGANIZATIONAL 9ITIATIVE FELL 9TO ! H&S ( ! 
POLITICAL P>TIES & TRADE UNIONS4 ,BUT ! EXP]I5CE ( #aie WAS NOT LO/4 
,! SOVIETS1 WROTE ,TROTSKY .<#f.> 0W]E ! REALIZATION 
( AN OBJECTIVE NE$ = AN ORGANIZATION :I* HAS AU?ORITY )\T HAV+ 
TRADITION1 & :I* CAN AT ONCE EMBRACE HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( WORK]S4 ,AN 
ORGANIZATION1 MOREOV]1 :I* CAN UNIFY ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CIES )9 
! PROLET>IAT1 :I* POSSESSES BO? 9ITIATIVE & SELF-CONTROL1 &1 :I* 
IS ! MA9 ?+1 CAN BE CALL$ 9TO EXI/5CE )9 #bd H\RS40 

,! SOVIETS ATTRACT$ ! MO/ >TICULATE & POLITICALLY AL]T WORK]S1 & 
!Y F\ND SUPPORT 9 ! SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS & ! 9CIPI5T TRADE 
UNIONS4 ,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 !SE TRADITIONAL ORGANIZATIONS & ! SOVIETS 
IS EXPLA9$ BY ?IS OBS]VATION BY ,TROTSKY1 ACCORD+ TO :OM 

0! P>TIES W]E ORGANIZATIONS )9 ! 
PROLET>IAT1 :ILE ! SOVIETS W]E ! ORGANIZATIONS ( ! 
PROLET>IAT40 

,! ,REVOLUTION ( #aie 9VIGORAT$ ! LEFT-W+ OPPOSITIONS 9 ! 
,SOCIALI/ P>TIES ( ! ,WE/1 BUT AS YET MORE ) RESPECT TO ! SPONTANEITY 
( ITS MASS /RIKES ?AN ! ORGANIZATIONAL =M !SE ACTIONS ASSUM$4 ,!RE 
W]E EXCEPTIONS1 H[EV]4 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK .<#g.>1 = EXAMPLE1 
?\<T ?AT ) ! SOVIETS 

0! PASSIVE MASSES BECOME ACTIVE & ! WORK+ CLASS CONV]TS 
ITSELF 9TO AN 9DEP5D5T ORGANISM ?AT A*IEVES ITS UNIFICATION 4444 ,AT ! 
5D ( ?IS REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 ! WORK+ CLASS TRANS=MS ITSELF 9TO A 
HI<LY ORGANIZ$ & CLASS-CONSCI\S 5TITY1 READY TO SEIZE CONTROL ( ALL ( 
SOCIETY & TO TAKE 9TO ITS [N H&S ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION40 

,ACCORD+ IT TO ,L591 ! SOVIETS W]E 

0ORGANS ( MASS /RUGGLE4 ,!Y ORIG9AT$ AS ORGANS ( 
! /RIKE /RUGGLE4 ,BY =CE ( CIRCUM/ANCES !Y V]Y QUICKLY BECAME ORGANS 
( ! G5]AL REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T 4444 ,IT WAS NOT 
SOME !ORY1 NOT APPEALS ON ! P>T ( SOMEONE1 OR TACTICS 9V5T$ BY 
SOMEONE1 NOT P>TY DOCTR9E1 BUT ! =CE ( CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT TURN$ !SE 
NONP>TY MASS ORGANS 9TO REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS40.<#h.> 

,IF1 ON ! ONE H&1 ,L59 9SI/$ ?AT HIS P>TY 

0%\LD NOT R5\NCE ! USE ( NONP>TY ORGANIZATIONS1 
LIKE ! SOVIETS10 

ON ! O!R H& HE HELD ?AT 

0! P>TY %\LD CONDUCT ITSELF SO AS TO /R5G!N ITS [N 
9FLU5CE OV] ! WORK+ CLASS & TO AUGM5T ITS [N P[]40 .<#i.> 

,L59 SAW ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION AS AN UN9T]RUPT$ PROCESS LEAD+ FROM 
! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION TO ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 ,HE FE>$ ?AT ! 
B\RGEOISIE W\LD RA!R ACCEPT A COMPROMISE ) ,CZ>ISM RA!R ?AN RUN ! 
RISK ( A ?OR\<-GO+ DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION4 ,IT WAS !RE=E ! TASK ( 
! WORK]S & ! POOR PEASANTS TO COMPLETE ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION &1 AT 
! SAME TIME1 TO EXPLOIT ! 9T]NAL ANTAGONISMS AMONG ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,L59 ALSO VIEW$ ! IMMAN5T ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION FROM AN 9T]NATIONAL 
P]SPECTIVE1 & CONSID]$ ! POSSIBILITY ( ITS WE/W>D EXT5SION1 :I* 
W\LD PROVIDE ! OPPORTUNITY TO DE/ROY MOD]N ,RUSSIAN CAPITALISM AT ITS PO9T 
( 9CEPTION4 ,BUT :ATEV] ! \TCOME ( ! REVOLUTION1 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY 
MU/ CONTROL IT 9 ORD] TO EXPLOIT IT = SOCIALI/ 5DS1 OR1 AT LEA/1 = 
! REALIZATION ( A RADICAL B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC TRANS=MATION ( ,CZ>I/ 
SOCIETY4 

,CONSID]+ !MSELVES ! VANGU>D ( ! PROLET>IAT & ! LATT] AS ! 
VANGU>D ( ! 0PEOPLE'S REVOLUTION10 ! ,BOL%EVIKS 
!RE=E RECOGNIZ$ ?AT TO TAKE P[]1 A REVOLUTION>Y P>TY WAS NOT 5\<2 
:AT WAS NE$$ W]E MASS ORGANIZATIONS LIKE ! SOVIETS4 ,IT WAS 9 #aiag :5 
! CONCEPT ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT BY MEANS ( ! SOVIETS 
BECAME ! (FICIAL POLICY ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY4 

,! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION WAS ALSO ! RESULT ( A SPONTANE\S PROTE/ 
MOVEM5T AGA9/ ! 9CREAS+LY 9TOL]ABLE LIV+ CONDITIONS DUR+ A 
DISA/R\S W>4 ,IT BEGAN ) /RIKES & DEMON/RATIONS ON AN EV]-EXP&+ 
SCALE1 UNTIL !Y PROVOK$ A G5]AL UPRIS+ :I* F\ND SUPPORT 9 SOME 
MILIT>Y UNITS & BR\<T D[N ! ,CZ>I/ GOV]NM5T4 ,! ,REVOLUTION RECEIV$ 
WIDESPREAD SUPPORT FROM ! B\RGEOISIE1 & IT WAS ! LATT] GR\P :I* 
=M$ ! FIR/ ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T4 ,AL?\< ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES & 
TRADE UNIONS DID NOT />T ! REVOLUTION1 !Y PLAY$ A MORE IMPORTANT ROLE 
?AN 9 #a#i#e4 ,AS 9 #a#i#e1 SO 9 #aiag ! SOVIETS DID NOT AT FIR/ 9T5D TO 
REPLACE ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T4 ,BUT 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 
PROCESS !Y OCCUPI$ 9CREAS+LY MORE IMPORTANT POSITIONS2 !RE WAS 
PRACTICALLY A SITUATION ( DUAL P[] BETWE5 ! SOVIETS & ! GOV]NM5T4 
,! FUR!R RADICALIZATION ( ! MOVEM5T AMID ! DET]IORAT+ SOCIAL 
CONDITIONS1 & ! VACILLAT+ POLICIES ( ! B\RGEOISIE & SOCIALI/ 
P>TIES1 RAPIDLY PLAY$ 9TO ' ! H&S ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS ! MAJORITY 
9 ! SOVIETS ( DECISIVE IMPORTANCE & L$ TO ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION1 :I* 
PUT AN 5D TO ! B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC PHASE ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,9 TIME1 ! 
REGIME BECAME ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY4 ,! EMASCULAT$ SOVIETS 
W]E MA9TA9$ ) A M]ELY =MAL SEMBLANCE ( LIFE1 9 ORD] TO CONCEAL ! 
FACT ( ! ,BOL%EVIK DICTATOR%IP4 ,:ATEV] ! REASONS = ?IS *ANGE 
- :I* WE WILL NOT DISCUSS H]E - IT WAS ?R\< ! SOVIETS ?AT 
BO? ! B\RGEOISIE & ,CZ>ISM W]E OV]?R[N & A DIFF]5T SOCIAL SY/EM 
WAS 9TRODUC$4 ,IT IS NOT 9CONCEIVABLE ?AT 9 DIFF]5T 9T]NAL & 
9T]NATIONAL CONDITIONS ! SOVIETS W\LD HAVE BE5 ABLE TO MA9TA9 !IR 
P[] & PREV5T ! APPE>ANCE ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN DICTATOR%IP4 

,NOT ONLY 9 ,RUSSIA1 BUT ALSO 9 ,G]MANY1 ! ACTUAL CONT5T ( ! 
,REVOLUTION WAS NOT EQUAL TO ITS REVOLUTION>Y =M4 ,BUT :ILE 9 ,RUSSIA IT WAS 
MA9LY ! G5]AL OBJECTIVE UNREAD9ESS = A SOCIALI/ TRANS=MATION1 9 
,G]MANY IT WAS ! SUBJECTIVE UNWILL+NESS TO CON/RUCT SOCIALISM :I* CAUS$ 
! ADOPTION ( REVOLUTION>Y ME?ODS ?AT W]E TO A GREAT EXT5T RESPONSIBLE 
= ! FAILURES ( ! C\NCIL MOVEM5T 9 BO? C\NTRIES4 ,9 ,G]MANY1 
OPPOSITION TO ! W> WAS EXPRESS$ 9 ! =M ( 9DU/RIAL /RIKES :I*1 
DUE TO ! PATRIOTISM ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS & TRADE UNIONS1 HAD TO BE 
ORGANIZ$ CL&E/9ELY 9 ! WORKPLACES & BY MEANS ( COMMITTEES ( ACTION 
:I* L9K$ ! DIFF]5T FACTORIES4 ,9 #aiah ,C\NCILS ( WORK]S & SOLDI]S 
>OSE ?R\<\T ,G]MANY & OV]?REW ! GOV]NM5T4 ,! COLLABORATIONI/ 
LABOR ORGANIZATIONS W]E OBLIG$ TO RECOGNIZE ?IS MOVEM5T & TO 5T] IT1 IF 
= NO O!R REASON ?AN TO BLUNT ITS REVOLUTION>Y ASPIRATIONS4 ,?IS WAS 
EASILY ACCOMPLI%$ 9 SO F> AS ! WORK]S & SOLDI]S C\NCILS W]E 
COMPOS$ NOT ONLY ( COMMUNI/S1 BUT ALSO ( SOCIALI/S1 TRADE-UNIONI/S1 
NON-POLITICALS1 & EV5 ADH]5TS ( ! B\RGEOIS P>TIES4 ,! SLOGAN1 
0,ALL P[] TO ! WORK]S C\NCILS0 WAS !RE=E SELF-DEFEAT+ UNLESS1 
( C\RSE1 EV5TS %\LD TAKE SU* A TURN AS TO ALT] ! *>ACT] & 
COMPOSITION ( ! C\NCILS4 

,NEV]!LESS1 ! GREAT MASS ( WORK]S CONFUS$ ! POLITICAL ) ! 
SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,! IDEOLOGY & ORGANIZATIONAL /R5G? ( ! ,SOCIAL 
,DEMOCRACY HAD LEFT ITS M>K2 ! SOCIALIZATION ( PRODUCTION WAS SE5 AS A 
GOV]NM5TAL CONC]N & NOT AS ! TASK ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,AL?\< 
REBELLI\S1 ! WORK]S W]E G5]ALLY SO 9 A RE=MI/ SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC 
S5SE4 0,ALL P[] TO ! WORK]S C\NCILS0 IMPLI$ ! DICTATOR%IP 
( ! PROLET>IAT1 AS IT W\LD LEAVE ! NONWORK+ SECTORS ( SOCIETY )\T 
POLITICAL REPRES5TATION4 ,DEMOCRACY WAS /ILL UND]/OOD1 H[EV]1 AS ! 
G5]AL FRAN*ISE4 ,! MASS ( WORK]S DEM&$ BO? ! WORK]S C\NCILS & 
! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY4 ,!Y GOT BO? - ! C\NCILS AS A MEAN+LESS P>T 
( ! ,WEIM> ,CON/ITUTION1 & ) ! LATT] ! C\NT]REVOLUTION &1 
F9ALLY1 ! NAZI DICTATOR%IP4 

,CONSEQU5TLY IT IS CLE> 5\< ?AT ! WORK]S' SELF-ORGANIZATION IS 
NOT AN ABSOLUTE GU>ANTEE AGA9/ POLICIES & ACTIONS CONTR>Y TO PROLET>IAN 
CLASS 9T]E/S4 ,9 :I* CASE1 H[EV]1 !Y WILL BE SUP]S$$ BY TRADITIONAL 
OR NEW =MS ( CONTROL ( WORK+ CLASS BEHAVIOR BY ! OLD OR 
NEWLY-E/ABLI%$ AU?ORITIES4 ,UNLESS SPONTANE\S MOVEM5TS1 ISSU+ 9TO 
ORGANIZATIONAL =MS ( PROLET>IAN SELF-DET]M9ATION1 USURP CONTROL OV] 
SOCIETY & !RE) OV] !IR [N LIVES1 !SE MOVEM5TS >E DE/9$ TO 
ONCE AGA9 DISAPPE>4 ,= IT IS ONLY ?R\< ! EXP]I5CE ( 
SELF-DET]M9ATION1 9 :ATEV] =M IT FIR/ REALIZES ITSELF1 ?AT ! WORK+ 
CLASS WILL BE ABLE TO ADVANCE T[>DS ITS [N EMANCIPATION4 

,ALL ?AT HAS BE5 SAID RELATES TO ! PA/ & SEEMS TO BE )\T RELEVANCE 
TO EI!R ! PRES5T OR ! NE> FUTURE4 ,AS F> AS ! WE/]N WORLD IS 
CONC]N$1 NOT EV5 ?AT FEEBLE WORLD-REVOLUTION>Y WAVE RELEAS$ BY ,WORLD ,W> 
,ONE & ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION WAS REPEAT$ DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ,WORLD ,W> ,TWO4 
,9/EAD1 & AFT] SOME 9ITIAL DIFFICULTIES1 ! WE/]N B\RGEOISIE F9DS 
ITSELF 9 FULL COMM& OV] ITS SOCIETY4 ,IT BOA/S ( AN ECONOMY ( HI< 
EMPLOYM5T1 ECONOMIC GR[? & SOCIAL /ABILITY :I* EXCLUDES BO? ! 
COMPULSION & ! 9CL9ATION = SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,ADMITT$LY1 ?IS IS AN 
OV]ALL PICTURE1 /ILL M>R$ BY SOME AS-YET-UNRESOLV$ PROBLEMS1 AS EVID5C$ 
BY ! PRES5CE ( PAUP]IZ$ SOCIAL GR\PS 9 ALL CAPITALI/ NATIONS4 ,IT IS 
EXPECT$1 H[EV]1 ?AT !SE BLEMI%ES WILL BE ]ADICAT$ 9 TIME4 

,?IS COMMON OP9ION RECALLS ! DISPUTE BETWE5 OR?ODOX & REVISIONI/ 
M>XI/S AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! C5TURY CONC]N+ ! PROBLEMS ( CAPITALI/ 
DEVELOPM5T4 ,! CONTROV]SY CONC]N$ ! EXI/5CE OR ABS5CE ( OBJECTIVE 
LIMITS TO CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T :I* W\LD ASSURE ! SUBJECTIVE WILL+NESS 
= REVOLUTION>Y ACTIONS4 ,9 TIMES ( PROLONG$ PROSP]ITY IT WAS ! 
REVISIONI/ PO9T ( VIEW :I* WAS SEEM+LY V]IFI$2 9 TIMES ( CRISIS IT 
WAS ! OR?ODOX POSITION :I* SEEM+LY POSSESS$ ! GREAT] VALIDITY4 
,G5]ALLY1 ?OSE :O 9SI/$ ON ! SPONTANEITY FACTOR ALSO 9SI/$ ON ! 
TEMPOR>Y *>ACT] ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM & ON ITS 9EVITABLE DEMISE1 
:ILE ?OSE :O EMPHASIZ$ ORGANIZATION 5VISION$ AN EVOLUTION>Y *ANGE FROM 
CAPITALISM TO A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 A TRANS=MATION TO BE REALIZ$ BY 
LEGISLATIVE PROCESSES & $UCATION )9 ! EXI/+ DEMOCRATIC 
9/ITUTIONS4 

,AS OPPOS$ TO MORE /ATIC SOCIETIES1 CAPITALISM CON/ANTLY *ANGES4 ,ITS 
PRODUCTIVE PROCESS1 BE+ A PROCESS ( CAPITAL EXPANSION1 CONT9U\SLY ALT]S 
! SY/EM 9 ALL ITS ASPECTS EXCEPT ONE4 ,! UN*ANG+ ASPECT CONSI/S ( ! 
RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION AS RELATIONS BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR1 :I* P]MITS 
! PRODUCTION ( SURPLUS VALUE & ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 ,IT CAN MAKE 
*ANGES = BETT] OR WORSE2 EV]Y?+ DEP5DS ON ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR 
& ON ITS RELATION TO ! NE$S ( EXPANSION ( ! PROCESS ( ACCUMULATION4 
,HI/ORICALLY1 CAPITALISM HAS BE5 A SY/EM ( EXPANSION & CONTRACTION1 
ALT]NAT+ BETWE5 P]IODS ( PROSP]ITY & DEPRESSION1 AFFECT+ ! 
CONDITIONS ( ! WORK+ POPULATION 9 A NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE WAY4 ,) ! 
PASSAGE ( TIME1 ACCORD+ TO ! M>XIAN !ORY1 IT WILL BE 9CREAS+LY 
DIFFICULT = CAPITALISM TO OV]COME ITS P]IODS ( CRISIS & ! G5]AL 
SOCIAL MIS]Y ASSOCIAT$ ) !M4 ,?IS WILL CREATE A SOCIAL CLIMATE FAVORABLE 
TO REVOLUTION>Y ACTIONS4 

,FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ! SO-CALL$ ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION UP TO ! ,SECOND 
,WORLD ,W>1 ! M>XIAN PROGNOSIS C\LD BE DISPUT$ P]IODICALLY4 ,9 EFFECT1 ! 
GLOBAL DEPRESSION ( #aibi CONSOLIDAT$ ! OP9ION ACCORD+ TO :I* ! 
9H]5T CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION MU/ LEAD TO ITS DECL9E & 
COLLAPSE4 ,BUT ! AB/RACT !ORETICAL MODEL ON :I* ?IS ASS]TION RE/S1 
AL?\< IT REVEALS ! IMMAN5T DYNAMIC ( ! SY/EM1 DOES NOT EXCLUDE 
PR(\ND MODIFICATIONS 9 ITS FUNCTION+1 :I* PROLONG ITS LIFE4 ,! RUL+ 
CLASSES F\ND A WAY TO ESCAPE ! DEPRESSION DUR+ ! W>1 & MA9TA9$ 
GOV]NM5T 9T]V5TIONS 9 ! PO/W> ECONOMY4 ,9 ECONOMIC T]MS ?IS 
PROC$URE IS KN[N AS ! ,KEYNESIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,S9CE ! GOV]NM5T 
9T]V5TIONS 9 ! ECONOMY ASSUR$1 DUR+ ALMO/ TWO DECADES1 ! GR[? ( 
PRODUCTION & TRADE1 ! ILLUSION WAS N\RI%$ ?AT A WAY HAD BE5 F\ND TO 
BREAK CAPITALISM'S T5D5CY T[>D CRISIS & DEPRESSION4 ,IT WAS ?\<T 
?AT ! FISCAL & MONET>Y DEVICES EMPLOY$ W]E A TYPE ( IF PLANN+0 
:I* C\LD ASSURE FULL EMPLOYM5T & SOCIAL /ABILITY4 

,! BUS9ESS CYCLES ( LAISSEZ FAIRE CAPITALISM HAVE APP>5TLY BE5 BR\<T 
UND] CONTROL4 ,BUT NOT COMPLETELY1 BECAUSE UNEMPLOYM5T P]SI/S & P]IODS ( 
RECESSION PUNCTUATE H]E & !RE ! G5]AL T5D5CY ( EXPANSION4 ,BUT ! 
GREAT DEPRESSIONS ) UNEMPLOYM5T ON A MASSIVE SCALE APPE> TO BE ?+S ( 
! PA/4 ,AL?\< ! MANY EFFECTS ( DEPRESSIONS >E EXPLA9$ 9 V>I\S 
WAYS1 FROM ! M>XIAN PO9T ( VIEW !Y F9D !IR PR9CIPLE CAUSE 9 ! 
VALUE *>ACT] ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,?AT IS1 PRODUCTION IS NOT B\ND TO 
HUMAN NE$S1 BUT TO ! EXPANSION ( PRIVATE CAPITAL4 ,A GIV5 MAGNITUDE ( 
CAPITAL MU/ PRODUCE A GREAT] MAGNITUDE4 ,! P]IODS ( DEPRESSION >E ?OSE 
P]IODS DUR+ :I* ! YIELD ( CAPITAL IS DEPRESS$4 ,!Y 5D ) A 
REVITALIZATION ( BUS9ESS :5 NEW ME?ODS & WAYS >E DISCOV]$ TO 9CREASE 
! YIELD ( CAPITAL4 ,TO SPEAK1 !N1 ( ! 5D ( ! CAPITAL CYCLE ( CRISES 
W\LD IMPLY ?AT CAPITAL IS ACTUALLY CAPABLE ( ASSUR+ 9DEF9ITELY ITS 
REQUIR$ PR(IT4 ,ON ! SURFACE1 ! TYPES ( EXPLANATION (F]$ = ! 
CRISES ( CAPITALISM DO NOT HAVE MU* IMPORTANCE4 ,GOODS NOT ONLY HAVE TO BE 
PRODUC$1 !Y ALSO MU/ BE SOLD4 ,! PR(ITS OBTA9$ 9 PRODUCTION MU/ BE 
REALIZ$ 9 CIRCULATION4 ,! AN>*Y ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION EXPLA9S ! 
DISPROPORTIONS :I* IMP$E ! REALIZATION ( SURPLUS VALUE1 & LEADS TO 
DISCREPANCIES BETWE5 9VE/M5TS & PRODUCTIVITY :I* OB/RUCT ! 
PRODUCTION ( PR(ITS4 ,! CRISIS ( CAPITALISM CAN BE DESCRIB$ AS A CRISIS ( 
OV]PRODUCTION OR UND]CONSUMPTION1 EA* ( :I* IMPLIES DIFFICULTIES 9 ! 
PROCESS ( ! REALIZATION ( PR(IT &1 !RE=E1 DIFFICULTIES 9 
MA9TA9+ A GIV5 LEVEL ( PRODUCTION & A NORMAL RATE ( GR[?4 
,! FULL-BL[N CRISIS ( CAPITALISM IS ! SIMULTANE\S CONDUCTION ( ALL !SE 
FACTORS4 ,:I*EV] ASPECTS ( ! CRISIS >E EMPHASIZ$1 ALL >E C5T]$ ON 
! FACT ( A R$UC$ PRODUCTION DUE TO A LACK ( PR(IT4 

,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT NO CAPITALI/ WILL CUT BACK ON PRODUCTION :ILE ! 
M>KET ASSURES HIM ADEQUATE PR(ITS4 ,HE WILL DIM9I% PRODUCTION & PO/PONE 
NEW 9VE/M5TS :5 HE IS NO LONG] CAPABLE ( F9D+ SUFFICI5TLY L>GE 
M>KETS = HIS PRODUCTS4 ,BUT ! CRISIS ( CAPITALISM IS A G5]AL PH5OM5ON 
?AT OV]TAKES ALL CAPITALS4 ,ANY CAPITALI/1 OR ANY COMPANY1 WILL REACT TO ! 
CRISIS BY TRY+ TO MA9TA91 OR EV5 9CREASE1 HIS P>T ( ! %R9K+ 
M>KET BY MEANS ( A R$UCTION 9 ! CO/S ( PRODUCTION SUFFICI5TLY L>GE 
5\< TO MAKE UP = A POSSIBLE LOSS ( PR(IT4 ,AL?\< ALL CAPITALI/S TRY 
TO ESCAPE FROM ! CRISIS SITUATION1 NOT ALL CAN SUCCE$2 BUT ?OSE ?AT 
SURVIVE ?IS SITUATION NOT ONLY HAVE 9CREAS$ !IR RATE ( PR(IT1 BUT ALSO 
HAVE 5L>G$ !IR M>KETS1 EV5 IF ONLY AT ! EXP5SE ( ! DE/ROY$ 
CAPITALS4 ,IT IS BY COMPETITION = PR(ITS & = M>KETS ?AT CAPITAL IS 
CONC5TRAT$ & C5TRALIZ$1 = ! COMPLETION ( ! ACCUMULATION 
PROCESS4 

,! PRODUCTION ( CAPITAL IS ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 ,SURPLUS VALUE1 
?AT IS1 IT UNPAID LABOR1 IS TRANS=M$ 9TO ADDITIONAL CAPITAL4 
0,MEASUR$0 9 RELATION TO TOTAL CAPITAL 9VE/$1 IT TRANSLATES A 
C]TA9 VALUE 9TO PR(IT4 ,?IS VALUE MU/ BE 5\< TO P]MIT ! CONT9UATION 
( ! PROCESS ( ACCUMULATION4 ,CAPITAL IS DIVID$ 9TO 9VE/M5TS 9 MEANS ( 
PRODUCTION & 9VE/M5TS 9 LABOR P[]4 ,?IS IS ONLY ANO!R WAY TO DESCRIBE 
! REALITY ( ! 9CREASE ( ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR & ! 9CREASE ( 
SURPLUS VALUE4 ,BUT IF ! LATT] DOES NOT 9CREASE AS FA/ AS ! TOTAL 
CAPITAL1 :I* IS NOT ALWAYS ! CASE1 ! VALUE ( ! PR(IT DECL9ES4 
,ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 ?IS IS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! APPLICATION ( ! LABOR !ORY 
( VALUE TO ! PROCESS ( CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION4 

,IT IS NOT NECESS>Y TO 5T] 9TO ! COMPLEXITIES ( ! ME*ANISM ( 
CAPITALI/ CRISIS1 BECAUSE !RE IS NO B\RGEOIS !ORY ?AT DOES NOT CONCUR 
) ,M>X'S IDEA ?AT1 ON ! ONE H&1 ALL ! DIFFICULTIES ( 
CAPITALISM MU/ 9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS BE ATTRIBUT$ TO ! ABS5CE ( AN 
9CREASE 9 PR(IT &1 ON ! O!R H&1 ONLY BY AN 9CREASE ( PR(IT CAN IT 
OV]COME !SE DIFFICULTIES4 ,! CLASSICAL POLITICAL ECONOMI/S1 ,SMI? & 
,RIC>DO1 FE>$ ! FALL ( ! RATE ( PR(IT1 AL?\< = DIFF]5T REASONS 
?AN ?OSE ADDUC$ BY ,M>X4 ,! NEOCLASSICAL !ORY MAKES UNEMPLOYM5T A RESULT 
( DISPROPORTIONALITY :I* R$UCES ! 9C5TIVE TO 9VE/4 ,GIV5 ?AT 
,KEYNESIAN !ORY HAS F\ND ALMO/ UNIV]SAL ACCEPTANCE1 IT CAN BE SAID ?AT 
,M>X'S !ORY ( ! T5D5CY ( ! RATE ( PR(IT TO FALL1 AS A 
CONSEQU5CE ( ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL1 HAS BE5 ADOPT$ BY B\RGEOIS 
ECONOMY1 AL?\< ) A DIFF]5T T]M9OLOGY4 ,:]E ,M>X SPEAKS ( 
OV]-ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL RELATIVE TO ITS 9CREASE ( PR(IT1 ,KEYNSIAN 
!ORY SPEAKS ( ! 9CREAS+ SC>CITY ( CAPITAL & ( ! SUBSEQU5T 
DIM9UTION ( ITS M>G9AL EFFICI5CY4 ,:]E ,M>X SPEAKS ( A DECL9+ RATE ( 
ACCUMULATION1 ,KEYNSIAN !ORY CONSID]S ! SAME PH5OM5ON AS A LACK ( 
EFFECTIVE DEM&4 ,BO? CASES DEAL ) A SC>CITY ( 9VE/M5TS1 CAUS$ BY AN 
9ADEQUATE 9CREASE ( PR(IT4 

,MOD]N ECONOMIC !ORY SUGGE/S NO?+ LESS ?AN ! 9TEGRATION ( ! 
9SUFFICI5T DEM& :I* CREATES ! M>KET ) DEM& CREAT$ BY GOV]NM5T1 
:I* ASSURES A HI<] LEVEL ( EMPLOYM5T4 ,SO AS NOT TO DEPRESS FUR!R ! 
M>KET DEM&1 ! DEM& CREAT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T MU/ FALL \TSIDE ! 
M>KET SY/EM4 ,IT MU/ NOT BE COMPETITIVE & EMBRACES1 G5]ALLY1 
EXP5DITURES = PUBLIC WORKS1 >MS & O!R WA/E PRODUCTS4 ,BECAUSE ( ! 
IMP]IALI/ NATURE ( COMPETITION ON AN 9T]NATIONAL LEVEL1 ! GREAT] P>T 
( GOV]NM5T DEM& CONSI/S ( >MAM5TS & O!R MILIT>Y EXP5DITURES4 ,9 
A WORD1 GOV]NM5T EXP5DITURES MU/ BE 9CREAS$ TO CONFRONT ! EFFECTS ( 
DEPRESSION CAUS$ BY AN 9SUFFICI5T RATE ( CAPITAL EXPANSION4 

,= ?IS PURPOSE1 GOV]NM5TS EI!R IMPOSE TAXES OR BORR[ FROM PRIVATE 
S\RCES - ! LOANS BE+1 ( C\RSE1 M]ELY A DEF]R$ =M ( TAXATION4 
,?IS PROVIDES ! GOV]NM5T ) ! POSSIBILITY ( 9CREAS+ ITS 
EXP5DITURES2 :I*1 ?\< IT GU>ANTEES1 TO ?OSE :O RECEIVE ! GOV]NM5T 
ORD]S1 ! PRICES & PR(ITS ( PRODUCTION1 CON/ITUTES A CO/ BORNE BY ALL 
( SOCIETY4 ,?AT P>T ( TOTAL PRODUCTION :I* COMPRISES1 AS F9I%$ 
PRODUCTS1 ! PUBLIC EXP5DITURES1 DOES NOT 5T] ! M>KET1 S9CE !RE IS NO 
PRIVATE DEM& = PUBLIC WORKS OR >MAM5TS4 ,IT IS PRODUCTION )\T PR(ITS1 
9 ! S5SE ?AT NO P>T ( IT IS ACCUMULAT$ 9 ! =M ( MEANS ( 
PRODUCTION :I* PROMISE ADDITIONAL PR(ITS4 ,9/EAD ( ! ACCUMULATION ( 
CAPITAL1 !RE IS ! ACCUMULATION ( ! NATIONAL DEBT4 

,! SURPLUS VALUE :I* BELONGS TO CAPITAL CAN BE 5TIRELY CONSUM$ BY ! 
CAPITALI/S OR P>TIALLY CONV]T$ 9TO ADDITIONAL CAPITAL4 ,:5 IT IS TOTALLY 
CONSUM$1 A CONDITION PREVAILS :I* ,M>X CALL$ SIMPLE REPRODUCTION4 ,?IS IS 
POSSIBLE UND] EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 BUT1 AS A P]MAN5T CONDITION1 IT 
MEANS ! 5D ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION1 ?AT IS1 ( ! EXPANSION ( CAPITAL4 ,9 
SO F> AS A CAPITALISM )\T ACCUMULATION IS A CAPITALISM 9 CRISIS 7BECAUSE 
ONLY VIA ! EXPANSION ( CAPITAL CAN ! M>KET BE SUFFICI5T = ! 
REALIZATION ( ! PR(ITS OBTA9$ 9 PRODUCTION71 SIMPLE REPRODUCTION IS NOT 
CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,SUPPOS+ ?AT ALL ! SURPLUS VALUE NOT CONSUM$ BY ! 
CAPITALI/S IS SP5T ON >MS PRODUCTION1 CAPITAL WILL CEASE TO ACCUMULATE4 
,!RE WILL BE P]HAPS A FULL USE ( PRODUCTIVE RES\RCES1 BUT ?IS W\LD NOT 
MEAN Y\ WILL HAVE A SY/EM ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,IT IS = ?IS REASON 
?AT /ATE-9DUC$ PRODUCTION1 :I* DOES NOT G5]ATE PR(ITS1 MU/ BE LIMIT$ 
SO ?AT IT DOES NOT EXCLUDE FUR!R ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 

,IT IS ALSO = ?IS REASON ?AT ! 9CREASE ( PRODUCTION DET]M9$ BY 
PUBLIC 9T]V5TION ?R\< TAXES & DEFICIT F9ANC+ WAS CONSID]$ AN 
EM]G5CY DEVICE TO DEAL ) A DECL9+ RATE ( 9VE/M5T1 A DECL9E ?AT 
WAS ALSO CONSID]$ TO BE TEMPOR>Y4 ,DUE TO ! P]SI/5CE ( 9SUFFICI5T 
DEM&1 ! EM]G5CY DEVICE WAS ACCEPT$ AS A P]MAN5T CONDITION & WAS 
CALL$ ! MIX$ ECONOMY1 REPLAC+ ! SY/EM KN[N AS LAISSEZ FAIRE4 
,GOV]NM5T 9T]V5TIONS 9 ! ECONOMY W]E CONSID]$ CAPABLE NOT ONLY ( 
AVOID+ ! TR5D T[>DS ECONOMIC DECL9E1 BUT ALSO ( ASSUR+ ECONOMIC 
/ABILITY & EV5 DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 SPITE ( ?IS1 ! MIX$ ECONOMY IS 
CONCEIV$ AS AN ECONOMY 9 :I* ! GOV]NM5T SECTOR REMA9S SMALL] ?AN ! 
PRIVATE SECTOR1 CONC]N+ ITSELF ONLY ) ! DEFICI5CIES ( ! PRIVATE 
SY/EM4 ,IT ! PUBLIC SECTOR1 :I* DOES NOT PRODUCE PR(ITS1 EXP&S FA/] 
?AN ! PRIVATE SECTOR1 :I* DOES PRODUCE PR(ITS1 IT WILL SET 9 MOTION A 
T5D5CY ?AT WILL LEAD TO ! DECL9E ( ! PRIVATE PRODUCTION ( 
COMMODITIES4 ,! EXPANSION ( ! PUBLIC SECTOR MU/ BE RE/RA9$ AT ! PO9T 
AT :I* ITS FUR!R GR[? W\LD TRANS=M ! MIX$ ECONOMY 9TO SOME?+ 
DIFF]5T4 

,MEAN:ILE1 ! PUBLIC SECTOR IS F9ANC$ BY TAXES & ! PUBLIC DEBT4 ,ITS 
PRODUCTION1 9 ANY CASE1 DOES NOT PRODUCE PR(ITS1 &1 !RE=E1 DOES NOT PAY 
9T]E/4 ,! 9T]E/ ON ! PUBLIC DEBT MU/ BE PAY$ ) NEW TAXES & NEW 
LOANS :I* WILL R$UCE ! PR(ITABILITY ( PRIVATE CAPITAL4 ,TO MA9TA9 ! 
NECESS>Y PR(ITABILITY1 PRICES >E RAIS$1 !REBY PASS+ ON ! CO/S ( ! 
PUBLIC DEFICIT TO ! :OLE SOCIETY4 ,! GR[? ( ! PUBLIC SECTOR IS1 9 
?IS WAY1 ACCOMPANI$ BY 9FLATION4 ,TO /OP ! 9FLATION PROCESS W\LD REQUIRE 
RE/RICT+ ! PUBLIC SECTOR ( ! ECONOMY4 

,! ECONOMIES ( ! WE/]N C\NTRIES >E1 H[EV]1 9 ! MID/ ( A BOOM1 
9 SPITE ( & BECAUSE ( ! 9FLATION & ! GR[? ( ! NATIONAL DEBT4 
,PRIVATE PRODUCTION & /ATE 9/ITUTIONS ASSURE A HI< LEVEL ( EMPLOYM5T & 
ECONOMIC GR[?1 AL?\< ! RATE ( GR[? V>I$ 9 ! DIFF]5T C\NTRIES4 
,P>TLY1 ! ADVANCE IS EXPLA9$ 9 TRADITIONAL T]MS4 ,! 5ORM\S DE/RUCTION 
( CAPITAL1 9 BO? PHYSICAL & VALUE T]MS1 DUR+ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> 
*ANG$ ! 9T]NATIONAL /RUCTURE ( CAPITAL SO AS TO MAKE POSSIBLE A R5EWAL 
( EXPANSION ( CAPITALI/ PR(ITS4 ,! SAME CAUSES FUR!R$ ! 
CONC5TRATION & C5TRALIZATION ( CAPITAL1 BO? ON A NATIONAL & 
MULT9ATIONAL LEVEL4 ,! EXT5SION ( ! CR$IT SY/EM1 P>TICUL>LY BY WAY ( 
! F9ANC+ ( ! PUBLIC DEBT1 S]V$ TO ASSI/ ! G5]AL EXPANSION ( 
PRODUCTION & ! 9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5TS ( CAPITAL MADE POSSIBLE A RAPID 
RE/ORATION ( ECONOMIC ACTIVITY 9 NATIONS DE/ROY$ BY ! W>4 ,OV]ALL1 ! 
PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR ROSE SUFFICI5TLY TO ALL[ BO? ! ACCUMULATION ( 
CAPITAL & ! RECOV]Y1 PROMOT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T1 ( ! DIM9I%$ 
PRODUCTION4 

,!RE=E1 TO ! DEGREE ?AT ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR CAN BE 9CREAS$ 9 
ORD] TO SECURE ! NECESS>Y RATE ( PR(IT1 IT IS ACTUALLY ! 9CREAS+ 
PUBLIC SP5D+ :I* IS RESPONSIBLE = ! HI< LEVEL ( EMPLOYM5T & 
RELATIVELY PROSP]\S CONDITIONS4 ,EV5 SO1 ! PROCESS IS A PROLONG$ /OP-GAP 
MEASURE4 ,AL?\< IT 9CREASES ! ABSOLUTE NUMB] ( WORK]S1 ! CAPITAL 
ACCUMULATION PROCESS DISPLACES LABOR4 ,LESS LABOR MU/ PRODUCE PROPORTIONALLY 
MORE SURPLUS VALUE TO ALL[ = ! 9CREASE ( PR(ITS & ! EXPANSION ( 
CAPITAL4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ?AT IT 9CREASES ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR BY MEANS 
( TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATIONS1 IT ALSO DIM9I%ES ! NUMB] ( SURPLUS 
VALUE-PRODUC+ WORK]S4 ,9 B\RGEOIS T]M9OLOGY1 0! PRODUCTIVITY ( 
CAPITAL0 REPLACES ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR4 ,PR(ITS1 OR SURPLUS VALUE1 
CAN BE NO?+ BUT SURPLUS LABOR4 ,& IF LABOR IS R$UC$ 9 RELATION TO ! 
ACCUMULAT$ CAPITAL1 ! SURPLUS LABOR IS R$UC$1 & !RE=E ! SURPLUS 
VALUE OR PR(IT4 

,S9CE ! DISPLACEM5T ( LABOR IS A CONT9U\S PROCESS1 ! 9CREASE ( 
PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR RE9TRODUCES1 9 CONNECTION ) ! ACCUMULATION ( 
CAPITAL1 ! CRISIS ME*ANISM4 ,A GIV5 RATE ( ACCUMULATION CANNOT BE 
MA9TA9$ DUE TO ITS DECREAS+ PR(ITABILITY4 ,TO MA9TA9 & EXP& ! 
GIV5 LEVEL ( PRODUCTION1 9 SPITE ( %R9K+ PR(ITS1 REQUIRES ! 
CONSEQU5T 9CREASE ( PUBLIC 9T]V5TION4 ,! LATT]1 9 TURN1 DEM&S A 
FUR!R 9CREASE ( ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR &1 ULTIMATELY1 ! :OLE CYCLE 
IS REPEAT$4 ,AL?\< IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO PR$ICT :51 ! TIME WILL COME 
:5 NONPR(ITABLE PRODUCTION WILL NEUTRALIZE PR(ITABLE PRODUCTION4 ,& ?IS 
IS SO BECAUSE ! FALL+ RATE ( PR(IT IS ! IMM95T T5D5CY ( CAPITAL 
EXPANSION1 EV5 ) ! GR[+ 9DEP5D5CE ( ! NON-PR(ITABLE SECTOR ( 
! ECONOMY4 

,9 A FEW WORDS1 ! M]E 9CREASE ( PRODUCTION IS NO SUB/ITUTE = ! 
9CREASE ( PR(ITS1 UPON :I* ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL DEP5DS4 ,! 
PROSP]ITY ?US ATTA9$ IS A FALSE PROSP]ITY :I*1 MORE =CEFULLY ?AN ANY 
REAL PROSP]ITY1 PREP>ES A NEW CRISIS SITUATION MORE DE/RUCTIVE ?AN ANY 
PREVI\S CRISIS4 ,A CRISIS ( ?IS K9D CANNOT BE *ANNEL$ & CONTROLL$ 
=EV] BY GOV]NM5T 9T]V5TIONS )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! MIX$ ECONOMY4 
,IT WILL COME :5 !SE 9T]V5TIONS HAVE REA*$ 9SUP]ABLE LIMITS :I* 
CANNOT BE TRANSGRESS$ )\T DE/ROY+ ! FREE M>KET CAPITALI/ 
SY/EM4 

,IT CAN ACTUALLY BE ASS]T$ ) C]TA9TY ?AT ! CRISIS ( CAPITALI/ 
PRODUCTION HAS BE5 CONT9U\S S9CE ! 5D ( ! LA/ C5TURY4 ,! GREAT] 
OR LESS] AUTOMISM ( ! CAPITALI/ TRADE CYCLES ( ! #a#i? C5TURY NEV] 
WORK$4 ,9/EAD1 ! /RUCTURAL *ANGES :I* HAVE ALL[$ ! SY/EM TO 
5DURE HAVE BE5 9TRODUC$ ) ! W>S & /ATE 9T]V5TION4 

,LEFT-W+ RADICALISM HAS RELI$ ON :AT ITS RE=MI/ ADV]S>IES HAVE 
CALL$ 0! POLITICS ( CATA/ROPHE40 ,! REVOLUTION>IES EXPECT$ 
NOT ONLY ! DET]IORATION ( ! LIV+ /&>DS ( ! WORK+ POPULATION 
& ! ELIM9ATION ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES BY WAY ( ! CONC5TRATION ( 
CAPITAL1 BUT ALSO DE/RUCTIVE ECONOMIC CRISES :I* W\LD PRODUCE SOCIAL 
CONVULSIONS ?AT F9ALLY LEAD TO ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 ,!Y C\LD NOT 
IMAG9E ! REVOLUTION 9 O!R T]MS ?AN ?OSE ( OBJECTIVE NECESSITY4 ,&1 
9 FACT1 ALL SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS HAVE TAK5 PLACE 9 TIMES ( SOCIAL & 
ECONOMIC CATA/ROPHE4 

,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+1 !N1 ?AT ! APP>5T /ABILIZATION & FUR!R 
EXPANSION ( WE/]N CAPITALISM AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,TWO L$ NOT ONLY TO ! 
DES]TION ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 BUT ALSO TO ! TRANS=MATION ( ITS IDEOLOGY 
9TO ! PRACTICE ( ! WELF>E /ATE & MIX$ ECONOMY4 ,?IS SITUATION IS 
EI!R CELEBRAT$ OR BEWAIL$ AS ! 9TEGRATION ( LABOR 9TO CAPITAL1 AS ! 
BIR? ( A NEW SOCIOECONOMIC SY/EM1 FREE ( CRISIS1 :I* COMB9ES ! 
POSITIVE ASPECTS ( CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM :ILE %$D+ ! NEGATIVE 
FEATURES ( BO?4 ,?IS IS (T5 REF]R$ TO AS A PO/CAPITALI/ SY/EM 9 :I* 
! CAPITAL-LABOR ANTAGONISM HAS LO/ ITS =M] RELEVANCE4 ,!RE IS /ILL 
ROOM = ALL K9DS ( *ANGES )9 ! SY/EM1 BUT IT IS NO LONG] ?\<T TO 
BE SUSCEPTIBLE TO SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,HI/ORY1 AS ! HI/ORY ( CLASS 
/RUGGLES1 HAS SEEM+LY COME TO AN 5D4 

,:AT IS SURPRIS+ >E ! V>I\S ATTEMPTS :I* >E /ILL BE+ MADE TO 
ACCOMMODATE ! IDEA ( SOCIALISM TO ?IS NEW /ATE ( AFFAIRS4 ,IT IS EXPECT$ 
?AT SOCIALISM 9 ! TRADITIONAL CONCEPT CAN /ILL BE REA*$ DESPITE ! 
PREVAL5CE ( CONDITIONS :I* MAKE ITS APPE>ANCE SUP]FLU\S4 ,OPPOSITION TO 
CAPITALISM HAV+ LO/ ITS BASIS 9 ! EXPLOITATIVE MAT]IAL PRODUCTION 
RELATIONS1 F9DS A NEW ONE 9 ! MORAL & PHILOSOPHICAL SPH]E CONC]N$ ) 
! DIGNITY ( MAN & ! *>ACT] ( HIS WORK4 ,POV]TY1 IT IS SAID .<#a.>1 NEV] WAS & CANNOT BE AN ELEM5T ( REVOLUTION4 ,& 
EV5 IF IT W]E1 ?IS W\LD NO LONG] BE TRUE BECAUSE POV]TY HAS BECOME A 
M>G9AL ISSUE1 =1 BY & L>GE1 CAPITALISM IS N[ 9 A POSITION TO SATISFY 
! CONSUMPTION NE$S ( ! LABOR+ POPULATION4 ,:ILE IT MAY /ILL BE 
NECESS>Y TO FI<T = IMM$IATE DEM&S1 SU* /RUGGLES NO LONG] RADICALLY 
QUE/ION ! 5TIRE ORD]4 ,9 ! FI<T = SOCIALISM MORE /RESS MU/ BE LAID 
UPON ! QUALITATIVE RA!R ?AN ! QUANTITATIVE NE$S ( ! WORK]S3 IT IS 
JU/ ! QUALITATIVE NE$S :I* CAPITALISM CANNOT SATISFY4 ,:AT IS REQUIR$ IS 
! PROGRESSIVE CONQUE/ ( P[] BY ! WORK]S ?R\< 0NON-RE=MI/ 
RE=MS40 

,9 :I* CASE1 0NON-RE=MI/ RE=MS0 IS ONLY ANO!R 
EXPRESSION = ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,A /RUGGLE = A MEAN+FUL 
0WORK]S CONTROL ( PRODUCTION0 IS CLE>LY EQUIVAL5T TO ! 
OV]?R[ ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,IT LEAVES OP5 ! PROBLEM ( H[ TO BR+ 
?IS AB\T :5 !RE >E NO PRESS+ NE$S TO DO SO4 ,CAPITALISM EXI/S BECAUSE 
! WORK]S DO NOT HAVE ! CONTROL OV] ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & IF !Y 
ACQUIRE SU* CONTROL CAPITALISM WILL CEASE TO EXI/4 ,?IS OBJECTIVE CANNOT BE 
REALIZ$ )9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM & ITS P]SI/5CE IS A SIGN ?AT ! 
ILLUSION /ILL EXI/S ?AT CAPITALISM ACTUALLY F9DS ITSELF 9 A /ATE ( 
TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM - A TRANSITION ?AT MU/ BE ACCEL]AT$ BY 
PROLET>IAN ACTIONS BAS$ ON ?IS G5]AL IMPULSE4 

,! PROBLEM /ILL REMA9S ( :AT ORGANIZATIONAL MEANS TO USE TO ATTA9 ?IS 
OBJECTIVE4 ,! 9TEGRATION ( EXI/+ LABOR ORGANIZATIONS 9TO ! CAPITALI/ 
/RUCTURE HAS BE5 POSSIBLE BECAUSE CAPITALISM WAS ABLE TO PROVIDE ! MAJORITY 
( ! WORK+ CLASS ) IMPROV+ LIV+ CONDITIONS4 ,WAGES HAVE RIS5 
/EADILY & 9 SOME CASES AT ! SAME RATE AS ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR4 ,! 
G5]AL 9CREASE ( EXPLOITATION HAS NOT IMP$$ BUT HAS ALL[$ = A 
BETT]M5T ( LIV+ /&>DS1 & IF ?IS TR5D W]E TO CONT9UE !RE IS NO 
REASON NOT TO ASSUME ?AT ! CLASS /RUGGLE WILL CEASE BE+ A DET]M9ANT ( 
SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 ?AT CASE - MAN BE+ A PRODUCT ( HIS 
CIRCUM/ANCES - ! WORK+ CLASS WILL NOT DEVELOP A REVOLUTION>Y 
CONSCI\SNESS & WILL NOT BE 9T]E/$ 9 RISK+ ITS PRES5T RELATIVE 
WELLBE+ = ! UNC]TA9TIES ( A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,IT WAS NOT = 
NO?+ ?AT ! M>XI/ !ORY ( REVOLUTION BAS$ ITSELF ON ! 9CREAS+ 
MIS]Y ( ! PROLET>IAT1 EV5 ?\< ?IS MIS]Y WAS NOT TO BE MEASUR$ 
SOLELY BY ! FLUCTUAT+ WAGE-SCALE ( ! LABOR M>KET4 

,AL?\< REAL1 ! HI< LIV+ /&>DS ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ADVANC$ 
CAPITALISM HAVE BE5 QUITE EXAGG]AT$4 ,H[EV]1 !SE HI< /&>DS HAVE BE5 
SUFFICI5TLY WIDESPREAD TO EXT+UI% PROLET>IAN RADICALISM1 AL?\< !Y >E 
TOO 9SIGNIFICANT TO *ANGE ! SOCIAL POSITION ( ! WORK]S4 ,AL?\< ! 
0VALUE0 ( LABOR P[] MU/ ALWAYS BE LESS ?AN ! 0VALUE0 ( 
ITS PRODUCT1 IT CAN MEAN DIFF]5T LIV+ CONDITIONS4 ,IT CAN BE EXPRESS$ 9 A 
WORKDAY ( #ab H\RS OR ( #f H\RS1 9 BETT] OR WORSE H\S+1 9 V>I\S 
QUANTITIES ( CONSUM] GOODS4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ! WAGE LEVEL & ITS BUY+ P[] 
DET]M9E ! CONDITIONS ( ! WORK+ POPULATION1 AS WELL AS ITS COMPLA9TS 
& ASPIRATIONS4 ,!SE HI<] /&>DS 5D UP BECOM+ HABITUAL & !IR 
MA9T5ANCE IS NECESS>Y TO MA9TA9 WORK+ CLASS PASSIVITY4 ,IF !Y >E 
ALL[$ TO DET]IORATE1 WORK]S OPPOSITION WILL >ISE1 AS OCCURR$ BE=E :5 
! /&>D ( LIV+ DECL9$1 :5 ! LATT] WAS G5]ALLY MU* L[]4 ,! 
SOCIAL CONS5SUS CAN ONLY BE MA9TA9$ ACCORD+ TO ! HYPO!SIS ?AT ! 
PREVAIL+ /&>DS ( LIV+ CAN BE MA9TA9$ OR EV5 9CREAS$4 

,! VALIDITY ( ?IS HYPO!SIS1 EV5 IF IT IS CONFIRM$ BY REC5T 
EXP]I5CE1 IS NOT ABSOLUTELY C]TA94 ,BUT ! SIMPLE ASS]TION ?AT IT LACKS 
VALIDITY ON A !ORETICAL PLANE IS NOT 5\< TO MODIFY A SOCIAL PRACTICE BAS$ 
ON ! ILLUSION ( ITS P]MAN5T VALIDITY4 ,DESPITE ! V>I\S MODIFICATIONS ( 
! SY/EM1 ALL ELEM5TS GRANT ?AT ! CAPITALI/ CRISIS ME*ANISM WILL 
CONT9UE TO REASS]T ITSELF4 ,FAC$ ) ! P]SI/5CE ( ! L[ RATE ( 
PRIVATE CAPITAL EXPANSION 9 ,AM]ICA & ! DIM9UTION ( ! RATES ( 
EXPANSION 9 PO/W> ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 A NEW DISILLUSIONM5T HAS >IS54 ,:ILE 
! LEFT ,KEYNESIANS RESPOND TO ?IS SITUATION 9 A TRADITIONAL WAY1 DEM&+ 
MORE EXT5SIVE GOV]NM5T 9T]V5TION1 ! MA9/REAM ,KEYNESIANS DEM& A 
0REV]SAL0 ( ! ,KEYNESIAN POLICIES1 ?AT IS1 DEFLATION>Y MEASURES 
& A %IFT ( ACC5T FROM ! PUBLIC TO ! PRIVATE SECTOR4 ,!SE TWO 
PROPOSALS DE/ROY ! BASIC LOGIC UPON :I* !Y >E F\ND$4 ,! EXPANSION ( 
! PUBLIC SECTOR IS ONLY POSSIBLE BY PAY+ A V]Y HI< PRICE AT ! EXP5SE 
( ! PRIVATE SECTOR2 ! SUBSEQU5T 9CREASE ( PRODUCTION WILL BE 
ACCOMPANI$ BY ! DEPRESSIVE CONSEQU5CES ( A YET L[] RATE ( EXPANSION ( 
PRIVATE CAPITAL4 ,! RE/RICTION ( ! PUBLIC SECTOR CAN P]HAPS RAISE ! 
PR(ITABILITY ( CAPITAL1 BUT DOES NOT ASSURE A RATE ( ACCUMULATION ?AT WILL 
GU>ANTEE FULL EMPLOYM5T4 ,! 5SU+ WIDESPREAD DISORD] WILL IMPOSE A RETURN 
TO 9CREAS$ /ATE SP5D+4 

,! DISCUSSION AB\T ! BE/ TYPE ( ECONOMIC POLICY IS HABITUALLY C>RI$ 
\T )\T CONSID]+ ! CLASS *>ACT] ( CAPITALISM4 ,:ILE SOME CONCLUDE 
?AT A MIX$ ECONOMY :I* FAVORS ! PUBLIC SECTOR 9 RELATION TO ! PRIVATE 
SECTOR WILL MO/ RAPIDLY 9CREASE ! NATIONAL PRODUCT1 O!RS ASS]T ! 
CONTR>Y4 ,AS IF ! FUNCTION+ ( ! ECONOMY C\LD BE JUDG$ BY ! /&>D 
( PRODUCTION & NOT IT BY ?AT ( PR(ITABILITY4 ,IT HAS EV5 BE5 SAID ?AT A 
FAIR COMPETITION BETWE5 GOV]NM5T PRODUCTION & PRIVATE 5T]PRISE 
WILL REVEAL ! SUP]IORITY ( ! LATT] & ?US PROVIDE EVID5CE ( ! NE$ 
TO LIMIT ! 9CREASE ( ! PUBLIC SECTOR ( ! ECONOMY4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ! 
REALITY IS ?AT COMPETITION DOES NOT EXI/1 BE IT FAIR OR NOT1 BETWE5 ?OSE 
TWO SECTORS ( ! ECONOMY1 BECAUSE IF IT DID IT W\LD LEAD 9EVITABLY TO ! 
DE/RUCTION ( ! FREE 5T]PRISE ECONOMY4 ,ACTUALLY1 NATIONALIZ$ 9DU/RIES 
EXI/ 9 ALL CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 & SOME ( !M REALLY COMPETE ) PRIVATE 
9DU/RIES4 ,BUT !Y CON/ITUTE A SMALL 5\< P>T ( ! PRODUCTIVE 
APP>ATUS1 :OSE DIM5SIONS IT V>Y FROM C\NTRY TO C\NTRY & :I*1 
G5]ALLY1 >E KEPT COMPETITIVE BY MEANS ( SOME TYPE ( AID4 ,BUT 
H[EV] L>GE ! NATIONALIZ$ SECTOR BECOMES1 IT MU/ CON/ITUTE A RE/RICT$ 
P>T ( ! ECONOMY1 BECAUSE O!RWISE ! SY/EM W\LD BE =C$ TO TRANS=M 
ITSELF 9TO A /ATE CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 

,AS F> AS ! B\RGEOISIE IS CONC]N$1 A /ATE CAPITALI/ SY/EM W\LD BE 
EQUIVAL5T TO SOCIALISM1 9 ?AT BO? PRESUPPOSE ! EXPROPRIATION ( PRIVATE 
CAPITAL4 ,! TR5DS T[>DS /ATE CAPITALISM )9 A MIX$ ECONOMY DO NOT GO 
9 ?AT DIRECTION4 ,!SE T5D5CIES HAVE ! GOAL ( DEF5D+1 NOT OPPOS+1 
! PRIVATE 5T]PRISE ECONOMY4 ,9/EAD ( ! /ATE ORGANIZ+ ! ECONOMY 
ACCORD+ TO ! COMMUNAL NE$S AS P]CEIV$ BY ! RESPECTIVE AU?ORITIES1 IT 
IS CAPITAL :I* CONTROLS ! /ATE & :I* USES ITS P[]S TO ASSURE ITSELF 
9CREAS+ PR(ITS & ITS [N SOCIAL DOM9ATION4 .<#a#a.> ,! 
9TEGRATION ( CAPITAL & ! GOV]NM5T TRANS=MS ! POLICIES ( BIG 
BUS9ESS 9TO NATIONAL POLITICS & IMP$ES A *ANGE T[>DS /ATE CAPITALISM4 
,IT ALSO IMP$ES ! EXT5SION ( ! PUBLIC SECTOR ( ! ECONOMY & A 
TRANS=MATION ( ITS *>ACT] T[>DS A PO9T :]E IT CEASES TO S]VE ! 
P>TICUL> NE$S ( MONOPOLY CAPITAL4 ,TO SOLVE ! APPROA*+ CRISIS BY WAY ( 
FUR!R GOV]NM5T 9T]V5TIONS WILL REQUIRE A SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,LACK+ SU* 
A REVOLUTION1 ! ONLY ALT]NATIVES >E ! TRADITIONAL ECONOMIC CRISIS OR ! 
RE/RUCTUR+ ( ! WORLD CAPITALI/ ECONOMY BY MEANS ( W>4 

,>MS & O!R WA/E PRODUCTS >E NO SUB/ITUTE = W>4 ,!Y M]ELY IMPLY A 
L>G] 0SOCIAL CONSUMPTION0 AT ! EXP5SE ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION4 
,W>1 H[EV]1 NOT ONLY DE/ROYS CAPITAL1 BUT CAN OP5 UP OPPORTUNITIES = 
EXPANSION = ! VICTORI\S CAPITALS1 :I* CAN LEAD TO A G5]AL EXPANSION ( 
CAPITAL4 ,H]E ALSO ! SPE$$-UP DE/RUCTION ( CAPITAL LAYS ! GR\NDWORK 
= A FUR!R EXPANSION ( ! SURVIV+ CAPITALS4 ,! MASS ( PR(ITS FALL+ 
9TO ! H&S ( ANY ONE CAPITAL1 MOM5T>ILY MORE LIMIT$ YET AT ! SAME 
TIME MORE CONC5TRAT$1 9CREASES ! RATE ( PR(IT1 ALSO CREAT+ ! 
POSSIBILITY ( A NEW PHASE ( EXPANSION4 ,CAPITALI/ W>S >E A PR$ICTABLE 
PH5OM5ON 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! COMPETITIVE ACCUMULATION PROCESS AT AN 
9T]NATIONAL LEVEL1 UND]TAK5 BY CAPITALI/ 5TITIES ORGANIZ$ AT ! 
NATIONAL LEVEL4 ,! NATIONAL =M ( CAPITALI/ COMPETITION IS AN EXT5SION ( 
! CLASS RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION )9 EA* P>TICUL> NATION4 ,NATIONALISM 9 
! CONDITIONS ( A WORLD M>KET IMPLIES IMP]IALISM1 ) REG>D TO ! 
EXT5SION ( ! NATIONAL CONC5TRATION PROCESS TO ! 9T]NATIONAL SC5E4 

,H[EV]1 W> CAN NO LONG] BE ! POLITICAL 9/RUM5T ( CAPITAL EXPANSION4 
,! DE/RUCTIVE =CES ( MOD]N CAPITALISM >E ( SU* A NATURE ?AT 
CAPITALI/ COMPETITION EFFECT$ BY MEANS ( W> CAN DE/ROY ! MAT]IAL BASE 
( ITS [N PRODUCTION SY/EM4 ,?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS F9DS ITS EXPRESSION 9 ! 
NUCLE> /ALEMATE4 ,JU/ AS ! DEPRESSIONS ( ! #b? C5TURY NO LONG] 
GU>ANTE$ A RETURN TO PROSP]ITY & C\LD ONLY BE OV]COME BY WORLD W>S1 W> 
AS A SOLUTION TO ! CAPITALI/ CRISIS IS NO LONG] A SOCIAL POSSIBILITY4 ,9 
ANY EV5T1 ! RUL+ P[]S APPE> TO %Y AWAY FROM ! SETTL+ ( ACC\NTS 
BY MEANS ( A NUCLE> W>4 ,! EXI/5CE ( AN UN9T]RUPT$ CAPITALI/ 
EXPANSION APPE>S TO BE EQUALLY ?REAT5$ BY W> AS BY DEPRESSION4 

,! HORROR ( NUCLE> W>1 ( C\RSE1 DOES NOT RULE \T ! POSSIBILITY 
?AT1 AS A F9AL RESORT1 IT WILL ACTUALLY TAKE PLACE4 

,! 0RATIONAL0 PURSUIT ( PRIVATE1 P>TICUL> & NATIONAL 
9T]E/S DET]M9ES ! IRRATIONALITY ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM AS A :OLE4 ,IT 
IS !RE=E EV5TS :I* DOM9ATE M51 & IT CAN V]Y WELL HAPP5 ?AT ! 
CAPITALI/ WORLD WILL BE DE/ROY$ SOON] BY ITS B5EFICI>IES ?AN BY ITS 
VICTIMS4 ,9 :I* CASE1 ! PROBLEMS ADDRESS$ 9 ?IS TEXT >E IRRELEVANT1 
BECAUSE !Y >E F\ND$ UPON ! SUPPOSITION ?AT CAPITALISM WILL NOT COMMIT 
SUICIDE4 

,UNABLE TO TAKE ! RISKS ( W>1 RUL+ CLASS POLICIES AT BO? ! NATIONAL 
& 9T]NATIONAL LEVELS LIMIT !MSELVES TO ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! /ATUS QUO4 
,/AGNATION1 9 ANY CASE1 VIOLATES ! PR9CIPLES ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 ! 
CON/ANT TRANS=MATION ( ! PRODUCTION PROCESSES ACCOMPANI$ BY 
CORRESPOND+ *ANGES 9 ALL SOCIAL RELATIONS EXCEPT ! CAPITAL-LABOR 
RELATION4 ,! /AGNATION IS TRANS=M$ 9TO RECESSION1 :I* 9DICATES ?AT 
! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION IS REA*+ ITS HI/ORICAL LIMITS4 ,) ! 
DIM9I%+ EFFECTIV5ESS ( GOV]NM5T PRODUCTION1 ! NE$ ( CAPITALISM TO 
ASSURE ITS [N PR(IT 9CREASES1 NO MATT] H[ MU* SOCIAL 9/ABILITY MAY 
RESULT4 ,! ,KEYNESIAN ECONOMY REVEALS ITSELF CAPABLE ( MANAG+ PROSP]ITY1 
BUT NOT ( OV]COM+ ! CRISIS ME*ANISM 9H]5T TO CAPITALISM4 

,NO SOCIAL SY/EM COLLAPSES ON ITS [N4 ,UNTIL IT IS OV]?R[N1 ! 
PRIVILEG$ CLASSES WILL ACT AS IF IT W]E ! ONLY SOCIAL SY/EM POSSIBLE & 
WILL DEF5D IT ) ALL ! MEANS AT !IR DISPOSAL4 ,AL?\< HESITANT BE=E 
! P]SPECTIVE ( HAV+ TO RESORT TO TOTAL W> 9 ORD] TO SUBJECT ! WORLD 
ECONOMY TO ! SPECIFIC DEM&S ( ! DOM9ANT CAPITALI/ P[]S1 ! 
PRIVILEG$ CLASSES WILL TRY TO ASSURE & EXT5D !IR RULE BY ECONOMIC1 
POLITICAL & MILIT>Y MEANS4 ,BUT IF !Y SUCCE$ 9 TRANSLAT+ ! CO/S ( 
!SE EF=TS 9TO A FUTURE 9CREASE 9 PR(ITS1 SU* CO/S WILL BE M]ELY A 
FUR!R EXPRESSION ( ! RELATIVELY /AGNANT *>ACT] ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION4 
,&1 LIKE ! 0SOCIAL CONSUMPTION0 /IMULAT$ BY ! DEM& [+ 
TO PUBLIC SP5D+1 ?IS 0DE/RUCTIVE CONSUMPTION0 BR\<T AB\T BY 
WAY ( A SITUATION ( LIMIT$ W> CAN ULTIMATELY ONLY EXAC]BATE ! CRISIS ( 
CAPITAL PRODUCTION4 ,UNLESS ! M>XIAN DIAGNOSIS IS MI/AK5 - CONC]N+ 
:I* !RE IS NO PRO( - ! 9H]5T CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITAL 
PRODUCTION1 :I* EXPLA9 ! SY/EM'S EXPANSIONS & CONTRACTIONS1 & 
! EV]-9CREAS+ DIFFICULTIES ( OV]COM+ ! LATT]1 WILL R5D] 
9EFFECTIVE ! V>I\S MEANS EMPLOY$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE TO /EM ! DECL9E 
( CAPITALISM4 ,EV5 DISREG>D+ ! ?IRD-WORLD CONDITIONS EXI/+ H]E & 
!RE 9 ALL CAPITALI/ NATIONS1 ! CONDITIONS ( ! UND]DEVELOP$ P>T ( 
! WORLD TE/IFY TO ! 9ABILITY ( CAPITALISM TO 9DU/RIALIZE ! WORLD 
ECONOMY4 ,ALL ?AT CAPITALISM HAS BE5 CAPABLE ( DO+ IS TO CREATE A WORLD 
M>KET ?AT SUBJECTS ! WORLD'S POPULATION TO ! EXPLOITATION ( !IR 
[N RUL+ CLASSES AS WELL AS ?OSE ( ! DOM9ANT CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES4 ,! 
T5D5CIES ( ! CONC5TRATION & C5TRALIZATION ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION 
POL>IZE ! NATIONS ( ! WORLD BETWE5 ! POOR & ! RI*1 9 ! SAME 
WAY ?AT !SE SAME T5D5CIES POL>IZE ! POPULATION )9 EA* CAPITALI/ 
C\NTRY BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR4 ,& 9 ! SAME WAY ?AT ! ACCUMULATION 
PROCESS T5DS TO DE/ROY ! PR(ITABILITY ( CAPITAL 9 ! ADVANC$ 
C\NTRIES1 SO ALSO ! SAME PROCESS DE/ROYS1 BY WAY ( 9CREAS+ 
PAUP]IZATION1 ! POSSIBILITIES ( EXPLOIT+ ! UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES4 ,AT 
! SAME TIME ! NE$ = EXT]NAL S\RCES ( PR(ITS 9CREASES DUE TO ! 
%R9K+ PR(ITS 9 ! CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 ! CAPACITY = EXPLOITATION 
DECL9ES 9 ! UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES1 PROVOK+ SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ?AT 
OPPOSE ! MONOPOLI/IC CONTROL ( ! WORLD M>KET4 ,! CAPITALIZATION ( ! 
UND]DEVELOP$ P>T ( ! WORLD UND] ! AUSPICES ( PRIVATE 5T]PRISE IS 
9CREAS+LY PROBLEMATIC1 AS MU* = POLITICAL AS = ECONOMIC REASONS4 ,?IS 
HAPP5S AT A TIME :5 ONLY EXPANSION ( CAPITAL 9TO ! EXT]IOR CAN 
COMP5SATE = ITS CONTRACTION 9 ITS 9T]IOR1 DUE TO ! 9EVITABLE 9CREASE 
( NON-PR(ITABLE SECTORS :I* PROVIDES A TEMPOR>Y RESPITE FROM A /ATE ( 
CRISIS :I* IS O!RWISE UNAVOIDABLE4 

,! FUR!R CAPITALIZATION ( ! WORLD ECONOMY1 AL?\< NECESS>Y TO 
9CREASE ! MASS ( SURPLUS VALUE ) A VIEW T[>DS A G5]AL DEVELOPM5T ( 
CAPITAL PRODUCTION1 IS OB/RUCT$ BY ! MONOPOLY POSITION ( ! EXI/+ 
CAPITALS 9 ! DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES1 :I* CAN ALL[ AN EVOLUTION ( ?IS TYPE 
ONLY BY WAY ( !IR [N FUR!R EXPANSION4 ,! DEM&S ( PR(ITS & 
ACCUMULATION IMP$E AN 9DEP5D5T CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T 9 ! BACKW>D 
ECONOMIES & TRANS=M ! LATT] 9TO SO MANY SUBJECTS ( ! DOM9ANT 
CAPITALI/ P[]S4 ,IF !RE IS A WAY TO ADVANCE ?OSE ECONOMIES1 IT CAN ONLY BE 
ACCOMPLI%$ ON ! FR+ES ( ! PROGRESS ( ! CAPITAL-RI* C\NTRIES1 & 
?AT ONLY SO F> AS !IR CAPITALIZATION AIDS 9 ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL 9 
! DOM9ANT CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES4 

,! PURE & SIMPLE CONDITION ( POV]TY WILL NECESS>ILY OBLIGE ! 
UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES TO ATTEMPT TO %AKE (F =EIGN CONTROL ( !IR 
ECONOMIES & TO OP5 UP ! ROAD TO AN 9DEP5D5T 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,DUE 
TO ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! RUL+ CLASSES ( ?OSE C\NTRIES & ?OSE ( ! 
IMP]IALI/ C\NTRIES1 ?IS PRESUPPOSES SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS DIRECT$ 
SIMULTANE\SLY AGA9/ SEMIFEUDAL REACTION & WORLD MONOPOLY CAPITAL4 ,SU* 
REVOLUTIONS CANNOT BE F\<T US+ \TMOD$ CAPITALI/ IDEOLOGY4 ,!Y >E 
F\<T 9 ! NAME ( NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE & SOCIALISM1 ! LATT] BE+ 
UND]/OOD AS A PLANN$ ECONOMY UND] ! AUSPICES ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,! 
EXAMPLES ( ! ,RUSSIAN & ,*9ESE ,REVOLUTIONS S]V$ AS 9SPIRATIONS = ! 
REVOLUTION>IES 9 BACKW>D C\NTRIES1 & :]E !Y SUCCE$1 !Y T5D TO 
DE/ROY ! SOCIAL BASIS ( A MODEL ( DEVELOPM5T BAS$ ON PROP]TY RELATIONS4 
,AN 9DEP5D5T NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T IS AN ILLUSION1 ( C\RSE1 BECAUSE EA* & 
EV]Y NATION IS MORE OR LESS 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! 9T]NATIONAL DIVISION ( 
LABOR )9 ! CONTEXT ( ! WORLD M>KET4 

,A REALIGNM5T ( MORE OR LESS ID5TICAL SOCIAL SY/EMS TAKES PLACE1 IF = 
NO O!R PURPOSE ?AN TO OV]COME ! PREC>I\S CONDITIONS ( NATIONAL 
ISOLATION1 & ?IS LEADS TO ! DIVISION ( ! WORLD 9TO TWO DI/9CT 
CAPITAL-PRODUC+ SY/EMS1 9 :I* ! EXPANSION ( ONE MEANS ! CONTRACTION 
( ! O!R4 

,! COEXI/5CE ( ! TWO SY/EMS N\RI%ES ! HOPE = !IR ULTIMATE 
CONV]G5CE 9 A ?IRD SY/EM CONTA9+ ELEM5TS ( BO? & LEAD+ TO ! 
UNIFICATION ( ! WORLD ECONOMY4 ,?IS VIEW IS BAS$ ON A =MAL ECONOMIC 
RELATION & DOES NOT TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! CLASS RELATIONS UND]LY+ ! TWO 
SY/EMS4 ,9 SPITE ( ANY MODIFICATION ?AT CAN BE ALL[$1 !RE WILL REMA9 
DIFF]5CES BECAUSE EA* ONE ( !M PRESUPPOSES A DIFF]5T SET ( P]SONS 
) P[]S ( DECISION &1 !RE=E1 DECISIVE DIFF]5CES 9 ! SOCIAL 
RELATIONS ( P[]4 ,:ILE 9 ONE ( ! SY/EMS1 SO TO SPEAK1 POLITICAL CONTROL 
IS ASSUR$ BY ECONOMIC MEANS1 9 ! O!R IT IS BY POLITICAL MEANS4 ,EA* 
SY/EM HAS A DIFF]5T RUL+ CLASS & ECONOMIC POLICIES1 & ?IS PREV5TS A 
G5U9E CONV]G5CE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! GR[+ SIMIL>ITIES BETWE5 ! TWO 
SY/EMS 9DICATES AN 9T5SIFICATION ( COMPETITION 9 ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 & 
MILIT>Y T]MS1 :I* REF]S NOT ONLY TO PURELY 0ECONOMIC0 
QUE/IONS1 BUT ALSO TO ! EXPANSION OR CONTRACTION ( ONE OR ! O!R ( ! 
TWO SOCIAL SY/EMS4 

,?IS TYPE ( COMPETITION1 COMB9$ ) ! G5]AL COMPETITION ( ALL 
CAPITALS1 & ) ! COMPETITION = 9FLU5CE & CONTROL OV] ! =MALLY 
9DEP5D5T UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES1 PROMISES TO KEEP ! WORLD 9 CONT9U\S 
TURMOIL & DEV\RS AN EV] 9CREAS+ P>T ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION4 ,CAPITALI/ 
PRODUCTION IS PROGRESSIVELY TRANS=M$ 9TO PRODUCTION = DE/RUCTIVE 
OBJECTIVES1 AL?\< IT CAN FL\RI% ONLY BY ACCUMULAT+ CAPITAL4 ,SOME?+ 
?AT WAS POSSIBLE UND] EXTRAORD9>Y CIRCUM/ANCES 9 ! PA/1 ?AT IS1 A 
V]Y L[ RATE ( ACCUMULATION 9 W>TIME CONDITIONS1 T5DS TO BECOME ! RULE 
UPON :I* ! FUTURE ( CAPITALISM DEP5DS4 ,& IT PO9TS TO ITS C]TA9 
DECL9E AS WELL4 ,) ?IS1 ! FUTURE ( CAPITALISM WILL BE *>ACT]IZ$ BY 
9CREAS+ MIS]Y = ALWAYS GREAT] MASSES ( ! POPULATION - FIR/ 9 
! UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES1 !N 9 ! WEAK] CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 & 
F9ALLY 9 ! DOM9ANT IMP]IALI/ P[]S4 

,! PROSPECTS = CAPITALISM >E /ILL ?OSE ( :I* ,M>X GAVE US ! 
G5]AL \TL9ES4 ,IF ?IS IS SO1 IT IS S5SIBLE TO SUPPOSE ?AT :5 ! HIDD5 
CRISIS BECOMES ACUTE1 :5 ! FALSE PROSP]ITY GIVES WAY TO DEPRESSION1 ! 
SOCIAL CONS5SUS TYPICAL ( REC5T HI/ORY WILL GIVE WAY TO A RESURG5CE ( 
REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS1 ! MORE SO AS ! 9CREAS+ SCALE ( ! 
SY/EM'S IRRATIONALITY BECOMES OBVI\S EV5 TO ! SOCIAL /RATA :I* 
/ILL B5EFIT FROM ITS EXI/5CE4 ,ASIDE FROM ! PRE-REVOLUTION>Y CONDITIONS 
PREVAIL+ 9 ALMO/ ALL UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES1 & ASIDE FROM ! W>S1 
APP>5TLY LIMIT$ BUT /ILL TAK+ PLACE ALL OV] ! WORLD1 A K9D ( G5]AL 
DISSATISFACTION LURKS 9 ! BACKGR\ND1 BELY+ ! SEEM+ SOCIAL TRANQUILITY 
( ! WE/]N WORLD1 :I* OCCASIONALLY EM]GES TO ! SURFACE1 AS 9 ! 
REC5T PROTE/ MOVEM5T 9 ,FRANCE4 ,:5 SU* A MOVEM5T IS POSSIBLE 9 
CONDITIONS ( RELATIVE /ABILITY1 IT IS SURELY POSSIBLE 9 CONDITIONS ( 
G5]AL CRISIS4 

,! 9TEGRATION ( ! TRADITIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATIONS 9TO ! CAPITALI/ 
SY/EM IS AN ASSET TO ! LATT] ONLY SO LONG AS IT IS ABLE TO UND]WRITE ! 
PROMIS$ & ACTUAL B5EFITS ( CLASS COLLABORATION4 ,:5 !SE ORGANIZATIONS 
>E =C$ BY CIRCUM/ANCES TO BECOME 9/RUM5TS ( REPRESSION1 !Y LOSE ! 
CONFID5CE ( ! WORK]S & !RE) !IR VALUE TO ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,EV5 IF 
!Y >E NOT DE/ROY$1 !Y MAY BE SWEPT ASIDE BY 9DEP5D5T WORK+ CLASS 
ACTIONS4 ,!RE IS NOT ONLY ! HI/ORICAL EVID5CE ?AT ! LACK ( WORK+ 
CLASS ORGANIZATIONS DOES NOT PREV5T ORGANIZ$ REVOLUTION1 AS 9 ,RUSSIA1 BUT 
ALSO ?AT ! EXI/5CE ( A WELL-5TR5*$ RE=MI/ LABOR MOVEM5T CAN BE 
*ALL5G$ BY NEW WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS1 AS 9 ,G]MANY 9 #a#i#a#h1 & ! 
,%OP ,/EW>D ,MOVEM5T 9 ,5GL& DUR+ & AFT] ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>4 ,EV5 
UND] TOTALIT>IAN REGIMES1 SPONTANE\S MOVEM5TS MAY LEAD TO WORK+ CLASS 
ACTIONS ?AT F9D EXPRESSION 9 ! =MATION ( WORK]S' C\NCILS1 AS 9 
,HUNG>Y 9 #a#i#e#f4 

,SUMM+ UP3 RE=MISM PRESUPPOSES A RE=MABLE CAPITALISM4 ,SO LONG AS 
CAPITALISM HAS ?IS *>ACT]1 ! REVOLUTION>Y NATURE ( ! WORK+ CLASS 
EXI/S ONLY 9 LAT5T =M4 ,IT WILL EV5 CEASE BE+ CONSCI\S ( ITS CLASS 
POSITION & ID5TIFY ITS ASPIRATIONS ) ?OSE ( ! RUL+ CLASSES4 ,SOME 
DAY1 H[EV]1 ! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( CAPITALISM WILL NO LONG] BE ABLE TO 
RELY ON A IT RE=MISM 9 REV]SE2 IT WILL SEE ITSELF =C$ TO RECREATE 
EXACTLY ?OSE CONDITIONS :I* LEAD TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( CLASS CONSCI\SNESS 
& ! PROMISE ( A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,:5 ?IS DAY >RIVES1 ! NEW 
CAPITALISM WILL RESEMBLE ! OLD1 & WILL AGA9 F9D ITSELF1 9 DIFF]5T 
CONDITIONS1 FAC+ ! OLD CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,N,O,T,E,S 

#a4 ,:AT IS TO BE ,DONE1 #a#i#b1 & ,ONE ,/EP ,=W>D1 
,TWO ,/EPS ,BACK1 #a#i#c4 

#b4 ,ORGANIZATIONAL ,QUE/IONS ( ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 

#c4 ,REFLECTIONS ON ,VIOL5CE1 #a#i#f4 

#d4 ,= ! HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOVIETS1 SEE ,OSK> 
,ANWEIL]1 ,! ,SOVIET ,MOVEM5T 9 ,RUSSIA1 #a#i#e-#a#i#b#a4 

#e4 ,= ! DOCUM5TATION ( ! WORK]S C\NCILS 9 ! 
,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION1 SEE ,PET] VON ,O]TZ51 ,BETRIEBSRATE 9 D] ,NOVEMB]REVOLUTION 
,DUSSELDORF1 #a#i#f#c4 

#f4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 #a#i#e4 

#g4 ,MASS ,ACTION & ,REVOLUTION1 #a#i#a#b4 

#h4 ,! ,5D ( ! ,DUMA & ! ,TASKS ( ! ,PROLET>IAT1 
#a#i#f4 

#i4 ,RESOLUTION ( ! #e? ,CONGRESS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL 
,DEMOCRATIC ,LABOR ,P>TY4 

#a4 ,&RE ,GORZ1 = EXAMPLE1 SAYS ?IS 9 HIS ,/RATEGIES 
= ,LABOR1 #a#i#f#d4 

#a#a4 ,= A DESCRIPTIVE ACC\NT ( ?IS SITUATION AS IT APPLIES 
TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 SEE ,:O ,RULES ,AM]ICA8 BY ,G4 ,WILLIAM ,DOMH(F1 #a#i#f#g4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #c1 #bba 3 ,! ,NEW ,CAPITALISM & ! ,OLD ,CLASS ,/RUGGLE -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,! ,NEW ,CAPITALISM & ! ,OLD ,CLASS ,/RUGGLE -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/