,! ,NATIONAL ,QUE/ION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 
     

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,RI<T ( ,NATIONS TO ,SELF-,DET]M9ATION 

      #a#h1#a#f#h ,WORDS2 #a#a#g1#i#f#i ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,! ,NATION-,/ATE & ! ,PROLET>IAT 

      #h1#e#c ,WORDS2 #e#f1#b#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,F$]ATION1 ,C5TRALIZATION1 & ,P>TICUL>ISM 

      #i1#c#c#g ,WORDS2 #f#a1#f#h#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,C5TRALIZATION & ,AUTONOMY 

      #a#a1#b#i#h ,WORDS2 #g#d1#g#a#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,! ,NATIONAL ,QUE/ION & ,AUTONOMY 

      #a1#c#i#b ,WORDS2 #g#d1#f#f#b ,*>ACT]S 

,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,RI<T ( ,NATIONS TO ,SELF-,DET]M9ATION 

,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 ,9 A S]IES ( >TICLES ON ,! NATIONAL QUE/ION & AUTONOMY :I* APPE>$ 9 ,LUXEMBURG'S ,CRAC[ MAGAZ9E1 ,PRZEGLAD SOCIALDEMOKRATYCZNY1 #a#i#h-#a#i#i4 
,S\RCE3 ,! ,NATIONAL ,QUE/ION - ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S BY ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 $IT$ & 9TRODUC$ BY ! LATE ,HORACE ,B4 ,DAVIS1 ,MON?LY ,REVIEW ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#f4 
,TRANSLAT$3 7FROM ! ,POLI%74 
,TRANSCRIPTION_/,M>KUP3 ,T$ ,CRAW=D_/,BRIAN ,BAGG9S4 
,PUBLIC ,DOMA93 ,Y\ CAN FREELY COPY1 DI/RIBUTE1 DISPLAY & P]=M ?IS WORK2 AS WELL AS MAKE D]IVATIVE & COMM]CIAL WORKS4 ,PLEASE CR$IT ! S\RCE ABOVE AS WELL AS ! ,M>XI/S ,9T]NET ,>*IVE4 
,RECOMM5D$ ,PR]EQUISITES3 ,! ,POLI% ,QUE/ION & ! ,SOCIALI/ ,MOVEM5T2 ,! ,POLI% ,QUE/ION AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONGRESS 9 ,LONDON 
,RECOMM5D$ ,FOLL[-UP3 ,!SES ( ! ,$ITORS ( ,GAZETA ,ROBOTNICZA3 ,IMP]IALISM & ,NATIONAL ,OPPRESSION2 ,I,I ,! ,SO-,CALL$ ,RI<T ( ,SELF-,DET]M9ATION ( ,NATIONS2 ,I,I,I4 ,! ,POLI% ,QUE/ION & ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY 

,AMONG O!R PROBLEMS1 ! #aie ,REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA HAS BR\<T 9TO FOCUS ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION4 ,UNTIL N[1 ?IS PROBLEM HAS BE5 URG5T ONLY 9 ,AU/RIA-,HUNG>Y4 ,AT PRES5T1 H[EV]1 IT HAS BECOME CRUCIAL ALSO 9 ,RUSSIA1 BECAUSE ! REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T MADE ALL CLASSES & ALL POLITICAL P>TIES ACUTELY AW>E ( ! NE$ TO SOLVE ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION AS A MATT] ( PRACTICAL POLITICS4 ,ALL ! NEWLY =M$ OR =M+ P>TIES 9 ,RUSSIA1 BE !Y RADICAL1 LIB]AL OR REACTION>Y1 HAVE BE5 =C$ TO 9CLUDE 9 !IR PROGRAMS SOME SORT ( A POSITION ON ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION1 :I* IS CLOSELY CONNECT$ ) ! 5TIRE COMPLEX ( ! /ATE'S 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL POLICIES4 ,= A WORK]S' P>TY1 NATIONALITY IS A QUE/ION BO? ( PROGRAM & ( CLASS ORGANIZATION4 ,! POSITION A WORK]S' P>TY ASSUMES ON ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION1 AS ON EV]Y O!R QUE/ION1 MU/ DIFF] 9 ME?OD & BASIC APPROA* FROM ! POSITIONS ( EV5 ! MO/ RADICAL B\RGEOIS P>TIES1 & FROM ! POSITIONS ( ! ,PSEUDO-SOCIALI/IC1 PETIT B\RGEOIS P>TIES4 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 :OSE POLITICAL PROGRAM IS BAS$ ON ! SCI5TIFIC ME?OD ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM & ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 CANNOT MAKE AN EXCEPTION ) RESPECT TO ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION4 ,MOREOV]1 IT IS ONLY BY APPROA*+ ! PROBLEM FROM ! /&PO9T ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM ?AT ! POLITICS ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY WILL (F] A SOLUTION :I* IS ESS5TIALLY UNI=M1 EV5 ?\< ! PROGRAM MU/ TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! WIDE V>IETY ( =MS ( ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION >IS+ FROM ! SOCIAL1 HI/ORICAL1 & E?NIC DIV]SITY ( ! ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE4 

,9 ! PROGRAM ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,LABOR ,P>TY 7,R,S,D,L,P7 ( ,RUSSIA1 SU* A =MULA1 CONTA9+ A G5]AL SOLUTION ( ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION 9 ALL ITS P>TICUL> MANIFE/ATIONS1 IS PROVID$ BY ! N9? PO9T2 ?IS SAYS ?AT ! P>TY DEM&S A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC :OSE CON/ITUTION W\LD 9SURE1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 0?AT ALL NATIONALITIES =M+ ! /ATE HAVE ! RI<T TO SELF-DET]M9ATION40 

,?IS PROGRAM 9CLUDES TWO MORE EXTREMELY IMPORTANT PROPOSITIONS ON ! SAME MATT]4 ,!SE >E ! SEV5? PO9T1 :I* DEM&S ! ABOLITION ( CLASSES & ! FULL LEGAL EQUALITY ( ALL CITIZ5S )\T DI/9CTION ( SEX1 RELIGION1 RACE OR NATIONALITY1 & ! EI<? PO9T1 :I* SAYS ?AT ! SEV]AL E?NIC GR\PS ( ! /ATE %\LD HAVE ! RI<T TO S*OOLS CONDUCT$ 9 !IR RESPECTIVE NATIONAL LANGUAGES AT /ATE EXP5SE1 & ! RI<T TO USE !IR LANGUAGES AT ASSEMBLIES & ON AN EQUAL LEVEL ) ! /ATE LANGUAGE 9 ALL /ATE & PUBLIC FUNCTIONS4 ,CLOSELY CONNECT$ TO ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION IS ! ?IRD PO9T ( ! PROGRAM1 :I* =MULATES ! DEM& = WIDE SELF-GOV]NM5T ON ! LOCAL & PROV9CIAL LEVEL 9 >EAS :I* >E *>ACT]IZ$ BY SPECIAL LIV+ CONDITIONS & BY ! SPECIAL COMPOSITION ( !IR POPULATIONS4 ,OBVI\SLY1 H[EV]1 ! AU?ORS ( ! PROGRAM FELT ?AT ! EQUALITY ( ALL CITIZ5S BE=E ! LAW1 L+UI/IC RI<TS1 & LOCAL SELF-GOV]NM5T W]E NOT 5\< TO SOLVE ! NATIONALITY PROBLEM1 S9CE !Y F\ND IT NECESS>Y TO ADD A SPECIAL P>AGRAPH GRANT+ EA* NATIONALITY ! 0RI<T TO SELF-DET]M9ATION40 

,:AT IS ESPECIALLY /RIK+ AB\T ?IS =MULA IS ! FACT ?AT IT DOESN'T REPRES5T ANY?+ SPECIFICALLY CONNECT$ ) SOCIALISM NOR ) ! POLITICS ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 0,! RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION0 IS AT FIR/ GLANCE A P>APHRASE ( ! OLD SLOGAN ( B\RGEOIS NATIONALISM PUT =? 9 ALL C\NTRIES AT ALL TIMES3 0! RI<T ( NATIONS TO FRE$OM & 9DEP5D5CE40 ,9 ,POL&1 ! 09NATE RI<T ( NATIONS0 TO FRE$OM HAS BE5 ! CLASSIC =MULA ( NATIONALI/S FROM ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,SOCIETY TO ,LIMAN[SKI'S ,POBUDKA1 & FROM ! NATIONAL SOCIALI/ ,POBUDKA TO ! ANTI-SOCIALI/ ,NATIONAL ,LEAGUE0 BE=E IT R5\NC$ ITS PROGRAM ( 9DEP5D5CE4.<#b.> ,SIMIL>LY1 A RESOLUTION ON ! 0EQUAL RI<TS ( ALL NATIONS0 TO FRE$OM WAS ! ONLY TANGIBLE RESULT ( ! FAM\S PAN-,SLAV CONGRESS HELD 9 ,PRAGUE1 :I* WAS BROK5 UP 9 #ahdh BY ! PAN-,SLAVIC BAYONETS ( ,W9DIS*GRAETZ4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ITS G5]ALITY & WIDE SCOPE1 DESPITE ! PR9CIPLE ( 0! RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION0 :I* OBVI\SLY CAN BE APPLI$ NOT ONLY TO ! PEOPLES LIV+ 9 ,RUSSIA BUT ALSO TO ! NATIONALITIES LIV+ 9 ,G]MANY & ,AU/RIA1 ,SWITZ]L& & ,SW$51 ,AM]ICA - /RANGELY 5\< IS NOT TO BE F\ND 9 ANY ( ! PROGRAMS ( TODAY'S SOCIALI/ P>TIES4 ,?IS PR9CIPLE IS NOT EV5 9CLUD$ 9 ! PROGRAM ( ,AU/RIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 :I* EXI/S 9 A /ATE ) AN EXTREMELY MIX$ POPULATION1 :]E ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION IS ( CRUCIAL IMPORTANCE4 

,! ,AU/RIAN P>TY W\LD SOLVE ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION NOT BY A METAPHYSICAL =MULA :I* LEAVES ! DET]M9ATION ( ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION UP TO EA* ( ! NATIONALITIES ACCORD+ TO !IR :IMS1 BUT ONLY BY MEANS ( A WELL-DEF9$ PLAN4 ,AU/RIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY DEM&S ! ELIM9ATION ( ! EXI/+ /ATE /RUCTURE ( ,AU/RIA1 :I* IS A COLLECTION ( 0K+DOMS & PR9CELY /ATES0 PAT*$ TOGE!R DUR+ ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES BY ! DYNA/IC POLITICS ( ! ,HAPSBURGS1 & 9CLUDES V>I\S NATIONALITIES MIX$ TOGE!R T]RITORIALLY 9 A HODGEPODGE MANN]4 ,! P>TY RA!R DEM&S ?AT !SE K+DOMS & /ATES %\LD BE DIVID$ 9TO T]RITORIES ON ! BASIS ( NATIONALITY1 & ?AT !SE NATIONAL T]RITORIES BE JO9$ 9TO A /ATE UNION4 ,BUT BECAUSE ! NATIONALITIES >E TO SOME EXT5T JUMBL$ TOGE!R ?R\< ALMO/ ! 5TIRE >EA ( ,AU/RIA1 ! PROGRAM ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY MAKES PROVISION = A SPECIAL LAW TO PROTECT ! SMALL] M9ORITIES 9 ! NEWLY CREAT$ NATIONAL T]RITORIES4 

,EV]YONE IS FREE TO HAVE A DIFF]5T OP9ION ON ?IS PLAN4 ,K>L ,KAUTSKY1 ONE ( ! MO/ KN[L$GEABLE EXP]TS ON ,AU/RIAN CONDITIONS & ONE ( ! SPIRITUAL FA!RS ( ,AU/RIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 %[S 9 HIS LATE/ PAMPHLET1 ,NATIONALITY & ,9T]NATIONALISM1 ?AT SU* A PLAN1 EV5 IF IT C\LD BE PUT 9TO EFFECT1 W\LD BY NO MEANS COMPLETELY ELIM9ATE ! CONFLICTS & DIFFICULTIES AMONG ! NATIONALITIES4 ,NONE!LESS1 IT DOES REPRES5T AN ATTEMPT TO PROVIDE A PRACTICAL SOLUTION ( !SE DIFFICULTIES BY ! P>TY ( ! PROLET>IAT1 & BECAUSE ( ! IMPORTANCE ( ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION 9 ,AU/RIA1 WE %ALL QUOTE IT 9 FULL4 

,! NATIONALITY PROGRAM ( ! ,AU/RIAN P>TY1 ADOPT$ AT ! ,BRUNN ,CONGRESS 9 #a#h#i#i1 SAYS3 

,BECAUSE NATIONAL CONFLICTS 9 ,AU/RIA >E OB/RUCT+ ALL POLITICAL PROGRESS & ! CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! NATIONALITIES1 BECAUSE !SE CONFLICTS RESULT PRIM>ILY FROM ! BACKW>DNESS ( \R PUBLIC 9/ITUTIONS & BECAUSE ! PROLONGATION ( !SE CONFLICTS IS ONE ( ! ME?ODS BY :I* ! RUL+ CLASSES 9SURE !IR DOM9ATION & PREV5T MEASURES 9 ! TRUE 9T]E/S ( ! PEOPLE1 ! CONGRESS DECL>ES ?AT3 

,! F9AL SETTLEM5T ( ! NATIONALITY & LANGUAGE QUE/ION 9 ,AU/RIA 9 ! SPIRIT ( EQUALITY & REASON IS PRIM>ILY A CULTURAL DEM&1 & !RE=E IS ONE ( ! VITAL 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,?IS IS POSSIBLE ONLY UND] A TRULY DEMOCRATIC REGIME BAS$ ON UNIV]SAL1 EQUAL1 & DIRECT ELECTIONS1 A REGIME 9 :I* ALL FEUDAL PRIVILEGES 9 ! /ATE & ! PR9CIPALITIES WILL HAVE BE5 ABROGAT$4 ,ONLY UND] SU* A REGIME WILL ! WORK+ CLASSES1 ! ELEM5TS :I* REALLY SUPPORT ! /ATE & SOCIETY1 BE ABLE TO EXPRESS !IR DEM&S4 

,! NURTUR+ & DEVELOPM5T ( ! NATIONAL PECULI>ITIES ( ALL PEOPLES 9 ,AU/RIA >E POSSIBLE ONLY ON ! BASIS ( EQUAL RI<TS & ! REMOVAL ( OPPRESSION4 ,!RE=E1 /ATE-BUREAUCRATIC C5TRALISM & ! FEUDAL PRIVILEGES ( ! PR9CIPALITIES MU/ BE OPPOS$4 

,ONLY UND] SU* CONDITIONS WILL IT BE POSSIBLE TO CREATE H>MONY AMONG ! NATIONALITIES 9 ,AU/RIA 9 PLACE ( ! QU>REL+ ?AT TAKES PLACE N[1 NAMELY1 ?R\< ! RECOGNITION ( ! FOLL[+ GUID+ PR9CIPLES3 

,AU/RIA IS TO BE TRANS=M$ 9TO A DEMOCRATIC F$]ATION ( NATIONALITIES 7,NATIONALITAT5BUNDES/AAT74 

,! HI/ORIC ,CR[N L&S >E TO BE REPLAC$ BY NATIONALLY HOMOG5E\S SELF-RUL+ BODIES1 :OSE LEGISLATION & ADM9I/RATION %ALL BE 9 ! H&S ( NATIONAL *AMB]S1 ELECT$ ON ! BASIS ( UNIV]SAL1 EQUAL1 & DIRECT FRAN*ISE4 

,ALL SELF-GOV]N+ REGIONS ( ONE & ! SAME NATION >E TO =M TOGE!R A NATIONALLY DI/9CT UNION1 :I* %ALL TAKE C>E ( ?IS UNION'S AFFAIRS AUTONOM\SLY4 .<,?AT IS1 L+UI/IC & CULTURAL1 ACCORD+ TO ! EXPLANATION GIV5 9 ! DRAFT BY ! P>TY'S LEAD]%IP4.> 

,A SPECIAL LAW %\LD BE ADOPT$ BY ! P>LIAM5T TO SAFEGU>D ! RI<TS ( NATIONAL M9ORITIES4 

,WE DO NOT RECOGNIZE ANY NATIONAL PRIVILEGE2 !RE=E WE REJECT ! DEM& = A /ATE LANGUAGE4 ,:E!R A COMMON LANGUAGE IS NE$$1 A F$]AL P>LIAM5T CAN DECIDE4 

,! P>TY CONGRESS1 AS ! ORGAN ( 9T]NATIONAL SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 9 ,AU/RIA1 EXPRESSES ITS CONVICTION ?AT ON ! BASIS ( !SE GUID+ PR9CIPLES1 UND]/&+ AMONG PEOPLES IS POSSIBLE4 

,IT SOLEMNLY DECL>ES ?AT IT RECOGNIZES ! RI<T ( EA* NATIONALITY TO NATIONAL EXI/5CE & NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,PEOPLES CAN ADVANCE !IR CULTURE ONLY 9 CLOSE SOLID>ITY ) ONE ANO!R1 NOT 9 PETTY QU>RELS2 P>TICUL>LY ! WORK+ CLASS ( ALL NATIONS MU/1 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! 9DIVIDUAL NATIONALITIES & 9 ! G5]AL 9T]E/1 MA9TA9 9T]NATIONAL COOP]ATION & FRAT]NITY 9 ITS /RUGGLE & MU/ CONDUCT ITS POLITICAL & ECONOMIC /RUGGLE 9 CLOSELY UNIT$ RANKS4 

,9 ! RANKS ( 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,WORK]S' ,P>TY IS ! ONLY ONE :OSE PROGRAM 9CLUDES ! DEM& ?AT 0NATIONALITIES BE GRANT$ ! RI<T TO SELF-DET]M9ATION40 

,AP>T FROM ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 WE F9D ?IS =MULA ONLY 9 ! PROGRAM ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES1 :]E IT GOES H& 9 H& ) ! PR9CIPLE ( /ATE F$]ALISM4 ,! RELEVANT SECTION ( ! POLITICAL DECL>ATION ( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY /ATES ?AT 0! WIDE APPLICATION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( F$]ALISM 9 ! RELATIONS BETWE5 9DIVIDUAL NATIONALITIES IS POSSIBLE10 & /RESSES ! 0RECOGNITION ( !IR UNLIMIT$ RI<T TO SELF-DET]M9ATION40 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! ABOVE =MULA EXI/S 9 ANO!R CONNECTION ) 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM3 NAMELY1 IT IS A P>APHRASE ( ONE SECTION ( ! RESOLUTION ON ! NATIONALITY PROBLEM ADOPT$ 9 #ahif BY ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,CONGRESS 9 ,LONDON4 ,H[EV]1 ! CIRCUM/ANCES :I* L$ TO ! ADOPTION ( ?AT RESOLUTION1 & ! WAY 9 :I* ! RESOLUTION WAS =MULAT$1 %[ CLE>LY ?AT IF ! N9? P>AGRAPH 9 ! PROGRAM ( ! ,RUSSIAN P>TY IS TAK5 AS AN APPLICATION ( ! ,LONDON ,RESOLUTION1 IT IS BAS$ ON A MISUND]/&+4 

,! ,LONDON RESOLUTION WAS NOT AT ALL ! RESULT ( ! 9T5TION OR NE$ TO MAKE A /ATEM5T AT AN 9T]NATIONAL CONGRESS ON ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION 9 G5]AL1 NOR WAS IT PRES5T$ OR ADOPT$ BY ! ,CONGRESS AS A =MULA = ! PRACTICAL RESOLUTION ( ?AT QUE/ION BY ! WORK]S' P>TIES ( ! V>I\S C\NTRIES4 ,9DE$1 JU/ ! OPPOSITE WAS TRUE4 ,! ,LONDON ,RESOLUTION WAS ADOPT$ ON ! BASIS ( A MOTION PRES5T$ TO ! ,CONGRESS BY ! SOCIAL-PATRIOTIC FACTION ( ! ,POLI% MOVEM5T1 OR ! ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 7,P,P,S71 A MOTION :I* DEM&$ ?AT ! RECON/RUCTION ( AN 9DEP5D5T ,POL& BE RECOGNIZ$ AS ONE ( ! MO/ URG5T DEM&S ( 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM4.<#c.> ,9FLU5C$ BY ! CRITICISM RAIS$ AT ! ,CONGRESS BY ,POLI% ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY & ! DISCUSSION CONC]N+ ?IS 9 ! SOCIALI/ PRESS1 AS WELL AS BY ! FIR/ MASS DEMON/RATION ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T 9 ,RUSSIA ! MEMORABLE /RIKE ( =TY ?\S& TEXTILE WORK]S 9 ,PET]SBURG 9 ,MAY #ahif ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONGRESS DID NOT CONSID] ! ,POLI% MOTION1 :I* WAS DIRECT$ 9 ITS >GUM5TS & 9 ITS 5TIRE *>ACT] AGA9/ ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,9/EAD1 IT ADOPT$ ! ,LONDON ,RESOLUTION ALREADY M5TION$1 :I* SIGNIFI$ A REJECTION ( ! MOTION = ! RECON/RUCTION ( ,POL&4 

,! ,CONGRESS - ! RESOLUTION /ATES - DECL>ES ITSELF 9 FAVOR ( ! COMPLETE RI<T ( ALL NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION1 & EXPRESSES ITS SYMPA?Y = ! WORK]S ( EV]Y C\NTRY N[ SUFF]+ UND] ! YOKE ( MILIT>Y1 NATIONAL1 OR O!R DESPOTISM2 ! ,CONGRESS CALLS ON ! WORK]S ( ALL !SE C\NTRIES TO JO9 ! RANKS ( ! CLASS-CONSCI\S WORK]S ( ! :OLE WORLD 9 ORD] TO FI<T TOGE!R ) !M = ! DEFEAT ( 9T]NATIONAL CAPITALISM & = ! A*IEVEM5T ( ! AIMS ( 9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 

,AS WE CAN SEE1 9 ITS CONT5T1 ! ,LONDON ,RESOLUTION REPLACES ! EXCLUSIVE CONSID]ATION ( ! ,POLI% QUE/ION BY ! G5]ALIZATION ( ! QUE/ION ( ALL SUPPRESS$ NATIONALITIES1 TRANSF]R+ ! QUE/ION FROM A NATIONAL BASIS ONTO AN 9T]-NATIONAL ONE1 & 9/EAD ( A DEF9ITE1 COMPLETELY CONCRETE DEM& ( PRACTICAL POLITICS1 :I* ! MOTION ( ! ,P,P,S DEM&$ ! RECON/RUCTION ( 9DEP5D5T ,POL&-! RESOLUTION EXPRESSES A G5]AL SOCIALI/ PR9CIPLE3 SYMPA?Y = ! PROLET>IAT ( ALL SUPPRESS$ NATIONALITIES & ! RECOGNITION ( !IR RI<T TO SELF-DET]M9ATION4 ,!RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT ?IS PR9CIPLE WAS NOT =MULAT$ BY ! ,CONGRESS 9 ORD] TO GIVE ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK]S' MOVEM5T A PRACTICAL SOLUTION TO ! NATIONALITY PROBLEM4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 A PRACTICAL GUIDEL9E = SOCIALI/ POLITICS IS CONTA9$ NOT 9 ! FIR/ P>T ( ! ,LONDON ,RESOLUTION QUOT$ ABOVE1 BUT 9 ! SECOND P>T1 :I* 0CALLS UPON ! WORK]S ( ALL C\NTRIES SUFF]+ NATIONAL OPPRESSION TO 5T] ! RANKS ( 9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY & TO WORK = ! REALIZATION ( ITS PR9CIPLES & GOALS40 ,IT IS AN UNAMBIGU\S WAY ( EMPHASIZ+ ?AT ! PR9CIPLE =MULAT$ 9 ! FIR/ P>T - ! RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION CAN BE PUT 9TO EFFECT ONLY 9 ONE WAY3 VIZ41 BY FIR/ REALIZ+ ! PR9CIPLES ( 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM & BY ATTA9+ ITS ULTIMATE GOALS4 

,9DE$1 NONE ( ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES TOOK ! ,LONDON ,RESOLUTION TO BE A PRACTICAL SOLUTION ( ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION1 & !Y DID NOT 9CLUDE IT 9 !IR PROGRAMS4 ,EV5 ,AU/RIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 = :I* ! SOLUTION ( ! NATIONALITY PROBLEM WAS A QUE/ION 9VOLV+ ITS V]Y EXI/5CE1 DID NOT DO ?IS2 9/EAD1 9 #a#h#i#i1 IT CREAT$ = ITSELF 9DEP5D5TLY ! PRACTICAL 0NATIONALITY PROGRAM0 QUOT$ ABOVE4 ,:AT IS MO/ *>ACT]I/IC1 EV5 ! ,P,P,S DID NOT DO ?IS1 BECAUSE1 DESPITE ITS EF=TS TO SPREAD ! TALE ?AT ! ,LONDON ,RESOLUTION WAS A =MULA 9 0! SPIRIT0 ( SOCIALISM1 IT WAS OBVI\S ?AT ?IS ,RESOLUTION MEANT RA!R A REJECTION ( ITS MOTION = ! RECON/RUCTION ( ,POL&1 OR AT ! V]Y LEA/1 A DILUTION ( IT 9TO A G5]AL =MULA )\T ANY PRACTICAL *>ACT]4.<#d.> ,9 PO9T ( FACT1 ! POLITICAL PROGRAMS ( ! MOD]N WORK]S' P>TIES DO NOT AIM AT /AT+ AB/RACT PR9CIPLES ( A SOCIAL IDEAL1 BUT ONLY AT ! =MULATION ( ?OSE PRACTICAL SOCIAL & POLITICAL RE=MS :I* ! CLASS-CONSCI\S PROLET>IAT NE$S & DEM&S 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY TO FACILITATE ! CLASS /RUGGLE & !IR ULTIMATE VICTORY4 ,! ELEM5TS ( A POLITICAL PROGRAM >E =MULAT$ ) DEF9ITE AIMS 9 M9D3 TO PROVIDE A DIRECT1 PRACTICAL1 & FEASIBLE SOLUTION TO ! CRUCIAL PROBLEMS ( POLITICAL & SOCIAL LIFE1 :I* >E 9 ! >EA ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT2 TO S]VE AS A GUIDEL9E = EV]YDAY POLITICS & ITS NE$S2 TO 9ITIATE ! POLITICAL ACTION ( ! WORK]S' P>TY & TO LEAD IT 9 ! RI<T DIRECTION2 & F9ALLY1 TO SEP>ATE ! REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS ( ! PROLET>IAT FROM ! POLITICS ( ! B\RGEOIS & PETIT B\RGEOIS P>TIES4 

,! =MULA1 0! RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION10 ( C\RSE DOESN'T HAVE SU* A *>ACT] AT ALL4 ,IT GIVES NO PRACTICAL GUIDEL9ES = ! DAY TO DAY POLITICS ( ! PROLET>IAT1 NOR ANY PRACTICAL SOLUTION ( NATIONALITY PROBLEMS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ?IS =MULA DOES NOT 9DICATE TO ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT 9 :AT WAY IT %\LD DEM& A SOLUTION ( ! ,POLI% NATIONAL PROBLEM1 ! ,F9NI% QUE/ION1 ! ,CAUCASIAN QUE/ION1 ! ,JEWI%1 ETC4 ,IT (F]S 9/EAD ONLY AN UNLIMIT$ AU?ORIZATION TO ALL 9T]E/$ 0NATIONS0 TO SETTLE !IR NATIONAL PROBLEMS 9 ANY WAY !Y LIKE4 ,! ONLY PRACTICAL CONCLUSION = ! DAY TO DAY POLITICS ( ! WORK+ CLASS :I* CAN BE DRAWN FROM ! ABOVE =MULA IS ! GUIDEL9E ?AT IT IS ! DUTY ( ?AT CLASS TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ ALL MANIFE/ATIONS ( NATIONAL OPPRESSION4 ,IF WE RECOGNIZE ! RI<T ( EA* NATION TO SELF-DET]M9ATION1 IT IS OBVI\SLY A LOGICAL CONCLUSION ?AT WE MU/ CONDEMN EV]Y ATTEMPT TO PLACE ONE NATION OV] ANO!R1 OR = ONE NATION TO =CE UPON ANO!R ANY =M ( NATIONAL EXI/5CE4 ,H[EV]1 ! DUTY ( ! CLASS P>TY ( ! PROLET>IAT TO PROTE/ & RESI/ NATIONAL OPPRESSION >ISES NOT FROM ANY SPECIAL 0RI<T ( NATIONS10 JU/ AS1 = EXAMPLE1 ITS /RIV+ = ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL EQUALITY ( SEXES DOES NOT AT ALL RESULT FROM ANY SPECIAL 0RI<TS ( WOM50 :I* ! MOVEM5T ( B\RGEOIS EMANCIPATIONI/S REF]S TO4 ,?IS DUTY >ISES SOLELY FROM ! G5]AL OPPOSITION TO ! CLASS REGIME & TO EV]Y =M ( SOCIAL 9EQUALITY & SOCIAL DOM9ATION1 9 A WORD1 FROM ! BASIC POSITION ( SOCIALISM4 ,BUT LEAV+ ?IS PO9T ASIDE1 ! ONLY GUIDEL9E GIV5 = PRACTICAL POLITICS IS ( A PURELY NEGATIVE *>ACT]4 ,! DUTY TO RESI/ ALL =MS ( NATIONAL OPPRESSION DOES NOT 9CLUDE ANY EXPLANATION ( :AT CONDITIONS & POLITICAL =MS ! CLASS-CONSCI\S PROLET>IAT 9 ,RUSSIA AT ! PRES5T TIME %\LD RECOMM5 D AS A SOLUTION = ! NATIONALITY PROBLEMS ( ,POL&1 ,LATVIA1 ! ,JEWS1 ETC41 OR :AT PROGRAM IT %\LD PRES5T TO MAT* ! V>I\S PROGRAMS ( ! B\RGEOIS1 NATIONALI/1 & PSEUDO-SOCIALI/ P>TIES 9 ! PRES5T CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,9 A WORD1 ! =MULA1 0! RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION10 IS ESS5TIALLY NOT A POLITICAL & PROBLEMATIC GUIDEL9E 9 ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION1 BUT ONLY A MEANS ( AVOID+ ?AT QUE/ION4 

  

,I,I 

,! G5]AL & CLI*E-LIKE *>ACT] ( ! N9? PO9T 9 ! PROGRAM ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,LABOR ,P>TY ( ,RUSSIA %[S ?AT ?IS WAY ( SOLV+ ! QUE/ION IS =EIGN TO ! POSITION ( ,M>XIAN SOCIALISM4 ,A 0RI<T ( NATIONS0 :I* IS VALID = ALL C\NTRIES & ALL TIMES IS NO?+ MORE ?AN A METAPHYSICAL CLI*E ( ! TYPE ( 0RI<TS ( MAN0 & 0RI<TS ( ! CITIZ540 ,DIALECTIC MAT]IALISM1 :I* IS ! BASIS ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM1 HAS BROK5 ONCE & = ALL ) ?IS TYPE ( 0ET]NAL0 =MULA4 ,= ! HI/ORICAL DIALECTIC HAS %[N ?AT !RE >E NO 0ET]NAL0 TRU?S & ?AT !RE >E NO 0RI<TS40 444 ,9 ! WORDS ( ,5GELS1 0,:AT IS GOOD 9 ! H]E & N[1 IS AN EVIL SOME:]E ELSE1 & VICE V]SA0 - OR1 :AT IS RI<T & REASONABLE UND] SOME CIRCUM/ANCES BECOMES NONS5SE & ABSURDITY UND] O!RS4 ,HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM HAS TAU<T US ?AT ! REAL CONT5T ( !SE 0ET]NAL0 TRU?S1 RI<TS1 & =MULAS IS DET]M9$ ONLY BY ! MAT]IAL SOCIAL CONDITIONS ( ! 5VIRONM5T 9 A GIV5 HI/ORICAL EPO*4 

,ON ?IS BASIS1 SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM HAS REVIS$ ! 5TIRE /ORE ( DEMOCRATIC CLI*ES & IDEOLOGICAL METAPHYSICS 9H]IT$ FROM ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,PRES5T-DAY ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY LONG S9CE /OPP$ REG>D+ SU* PHRASES AS 0DEMOCRACY10 0NATIONAL FRE$OM10 0EQUALITY10 & O!R SU* BEAUTIFUL ?+S AS ET]NAL TRU?S & LAWS TRANSC5D+ P>TICUL> NATIONS & TIMES4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ,M>XISM REG>DS & TREATS !M ONLY AS EXPRESSIONS ( C]TA9 DEF9ITE HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS1 AS CATEGORIES :I*1 9 T]MS ( !IR MAT]IAL CONT5T & !RE=E !IR POLITICAL VALUE1 >E SUBJECT TO CON/ANT *ANGE1 :I* IS ! ONLY 0ET]NAL0 TRU?4 

,:5 ,NAPOLEON OR ANY O!R DESPOT ( HIS ILK USES A PLEBISCITE1 ! EXTREME =M ( POLITICAL DEMOCRACY1 = ! GOALS ( ,CAES>ISM1 TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! POLITICAL IGNORANCE & ECONOMIC SUBJECTION ( ! MASSES1 WE DO NOT HESITATE = A MOM5T TO COME \T :OLEHE>T$LY AGA9/ ?AT 0DEMOCRACY10 & >E NOT PUT (F = A MOM5T BY ! MAJE/Y OR ! OMNIPOT5CE ( ! PEOPLE1 :I*1 = ! METAPHYSICIANS ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY1 IS SOME?+ LIKE A SACROSANCT IDOL4 

,:5 A ,G]MAN LIKE ,TASS5DORF OR A CZ>I/ G5D>ME1 OR A 0TRULY ,POLI%0 ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRAT DEF5DS ! 0P]SONAL FRE$OM0 ( /RIKEBREAK]S1 PROTECT+ !M AGA9/ ! MORAL & MAT]IAL PRESSURE ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR1 WE DON'T HESITATE A M9UTE TO SUPPORT ! LATT]1 GRANT+ !M ! FULLE/ MORAL & HI/ORICAL RI<T TO =CE ! UN5LI<T5$ RIVALS 9TO SOLID>ITY1 AL?\< FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( =MAL LIB]ALISM1 ?OSE 0WILL+ TO WORK0 HAVE ON !IR SIDE ! RI<T ( 0A FREE 9DIVIDUAL0 TO DO :AT REASON1 OR UNREASON1 TELLS !M4 

,:51 F9ALLY1 LIB]ALS ( ! ,MAN*E/] ,S*OOL DEM& ?AT ! WAGE WORK] BE LEFT COMPLETELY TO HIS FATE 9 ! /RUGGLE ) CAPITAL 9 ! NAME ( 0! EQUALITY ( CITIZ5S10 WE UNMASK ?AT METAPHYSICAL CLI*E :I* CONCEALS ! MO/ GL>+ ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY1 & WE DEM&1 PO9T-BLANK1 ! LEGAL PROTECTION ( ! CLASS ( WAGE WORK]S1 !REBY CLE>LY BREAK+ ) =MAL 0EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW40 

,! NATIONALITY QUE/ION CANNOT BE AN EXCEPTION AMONG ALL ! POLITICAL1 SOCIAL1 & MORAL QUE/IONS EXAM9$ 9 ?IS WAY BY MOD]N SOCIALISM4 ,IT CANNOT BE SETTL$ BY ! USE ( SOME VAGUE CLI*E1 EV5 SU* A F9E-S\ND+ =MULA AS 0! RI<T ( ALL NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION40 ,= SU* A =MULA EXPRESSES EI!R ABSOLUTELY NO?+1 SO ?AT IT IS AN EMPTY1 NONCOMMITTAL PHRASE1 OR ELSE IT EXPRESSES ! UNCONDITIONAL DUTY ( SOCIALI/S TO SUPPORT ALL NATIONAL ASPIRATIONS1 9 :I* CASE IT IS SIMPLY FALSE4 

,ON ! BASIS ( ! G5]AL ASSUMPTIONS ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM1 ! POSITION ( SOCIALI/S ) RESPECT TO NATIONALITY PROBLEMS DEP5DS PRIM>ILY ON ! CONCRETE CIRCUM/ANCES ( EA* CASE1 :I* DIFF] SIGNIFICANTLY AMONG C\NTRIES1 & ALSO *ANGE 9 ! C\RSE ( TIME 9 EA* C\NTRY4 ,EV5 A SUP]FICIAL KN[L$GE ( ! FACTS 5ABLES ONE TO SEE ?AT ! QUE/ION ( ! NATIONALITY /RUGGLES UND] ! ,OTTOMAN ,PORTE 9 ! ,BALKANS HAS A COMPLETELY DIFF]5T ASPECT1 A DIFF]5T ECONOMIC & HI/ORICAL BASIS1 A DIFF]5T DEGREE ( 9T]NATIONAL IMPORTANCE1 & DIFF]5T PROSPECTS = ! FUTURE1 FROM ! QUE/ION ( ! /RUGGLE ( ! ,IRI% AGA9/ ! DOM9ATION ( ,5GL&4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! COMPLICATIONS 9 ! RELATIONS AMONG ! NATIONALITIES :I* MAKE UP ,AU/RIA >E COMPLETELY DIFF]5T FROM ! CONDITIONS :I* 9FLU5CE ! ,POLI% QUE/ION4 ,MOREOV]1 ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION 9 EA* C\NTRY *ANGES ITS *>ACT] ) TIME1 & ?IS MEANS ?AT NEW & DIFF]5T EVALUATIONS MU/ BE MADE AB\T IT4 ,EV5 \R ?REE NATIONAL MOVEM5TS BEG9N+ FROM ! TIME ( ! ,KOSCIUSZKO ,9SURRECTION C\LD BE SE5 AS A TRIPLE1 /]EOTYP$ REPETITION ( ! SAME HI/ORICAL PLAY 7?AT IS1 0! /RUGGLE ( A SUBJUGAT$ NATIONALITY = 9DEP5D5CE07 ONLY 9 ! EYES ( EI!R A METAPHYSICIAN ( ! UPP]-CLASS ,CA?OLIC IDEOLOGY SU* AS ,SZUJSKI1 :O BELIEV$ ?AT ,POL& HAD HI/ORICAL MISSION TO BE ! 0,*RI/ ( NATIONS10 OR 9 ! EYES ( AN IGNORAMUS ( ! PRES5T-DAY SOCIAL-PATRIOTIC 0S*OOL40 ,:OEV] CUTS DEEP] ) ! SCALPEL ( ! RESE>*] MORE PRECISELY1 ( ! HI/ORICAL-MAT]IALI/ RESE>*] - WILL SEE B5EA? ! SURFACE ( \R ?REE NATIONAL UPRIS+S ?REE COMPLETELY DIFF]5T SOCIO-POLITICAL MOVEM5TS1 :I* TOOK ON AN ID5TICAL =M ( /RUGGLE ) ! 9VAD] 9 EA* CASE ONLY BECAUSE ( EXT]NAL CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,TO MEASURE ! ,KOSCIUSZKO ,9SURRECTION & ! ,NOVEMB] & ,JANU>Y 9SURRECTIONS BY ONE & ! SAME Y>D/ICK - BY ! SACR$ LAWS ( ! 0SUBJUGAT$ NATION0 - ACTUALLY REVEALS A LACK ( ALL JUDGM5T & ! COMPLETE ABS5CE ( ANY HI/ORICAL & POLITICAL DISCRIM9ATION4.<#f.> 

,A GL>+ EXAMPLE ( H[ ! *ANGE ( HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS 9FLU5CES ! EVALUATION & ! POSITION ( SOCIALI/S ) RESPECT TO ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION IS ! SO-CALL$ ,EA/]N QUE/ION4 ,DUR+ ! ,CRIMEAN W> 9 #a#h#e#e1 ! SYMPA?IES ( ALL DEMOCRATIC & SOCIALI/ ,EUROPE W]E ON ! SIDE ( ! ,TURKS & AGA9/ ! ,S\? ,SLAVS :O W]E SEEK+ !IR LIB]TY4 ,! 0RI<T0 ( ALL NATIONS TO FRE$OM DID NOT PREV5T ,M>X1 ,5GELS1 & ,LIEBKNE*T FROM SPEAK+ AGA9/ ! ,BALKAN ,SLAVS & FROM RESOLUTELY SUPPORT+ ! 9TEGRITY ( ! ,TURKS4 ,= !Y JUDG$ ! NATIONAL MOVEM5TS ( ! ,SLAVIC PEOPLES 9 ! ,TURKI% EMPIRE NOT FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! 0ET]NAL0 S5TIM5TAL =MULAS ( LIB]ALISM1 BUT FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS :I* DET]M9$ ! CONT5T ( !SE NATIONAL MOVEM5TS1 ACCORD+ TO !IR VIEWS ( ! TIME4 ,M>X & ,5GELS SAW 9 ! FRE$OM MOVEM5T ( ! SOCIALLY BACKW>D ,S\? ,SLAVS ONLY ! MA*9ATIONS ( ,RUSSIAN CZ>DOM TRY+ TO IRRITATE ! ,TURKS1 & ?US1 )\T ANY SECOND ?\<TS1 !Y SUBORD9AT$ ! QUE/ION ( ! NATIONAL FRE$OM ( ! ,SLAVS TO ! 9T]E/S ( ,EUROPEAN DEMOCRACY1 9SI/+ ON ! 9TEGRITY ( ,TURKEY AS A BULW>K ( DEF5SE AGA9/ ,RUSSIAN REACTION4 ,?IS POLITICAL POSITION WAS MA9TA9$ 9 ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY AS LATE AS ! SECOND HALF ( ! #a#h#iS1 :5 ! GRAY-HAIR$ ,WILHELM ,LIEBKNE*T1 ON ! OCCASION ( ! /RUGGLE ( ! ,ORMIAN ,TURKS1 /ILL SPOKE 9 ?AT SPIRIT4 ,BUT BY ?IS TIME ! POSITION ( ,G]MAN & 9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ON ! ,EA/]N QUE/ION HAD *ANG$4 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY BEGAN TO SUPPORT OP5LY ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! SUPPRESS$ NATIONALITIES 9 ,TURKEY TO A SEP>ATE CULTURAL EXI/5CE1 & AB&ON$ ALL CONC]N = ! >TIFICIAL PRES]VATION ( ,TURKEY AS A :OLE4 ,& AT ?IS TIME IT WAS GUID$ NOT BY A FEEL+ ( DUTY T[>D ! ,ORMIANS OR ! ,MAC$ONIANS AS SUBJUGAT$ NATIONALITIES1 BUT BY ! ANALYSIS ( ! MAT]IAL BASE ( CONDITIONS 9 ! ,EA/ 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! LA/ C5TURY4 ,BY ?IS ANALYSIS1 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS BECAME CONV9C$ ?AT ! POLITICAL DIS9TEGRATION ( ,TURKEY W\LD RESULT FROM ITS ECONOMIC-POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 & ?AT ! TEMPOR>Y PRES]VATION ( ,TURKEY W\LD S]VE ! 9T]E/S ( ! REACTION>Y DIPLOMACY ( ,RUSSIAN ABSOLUTISM4 ,H]E1 AS 9 ALL O!R QUE/IONS1 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY WAS NOT CONTR>Y TO ! CURR5T ( OBJECTIVE DEVELOPM5T1 BUT ) IT1 &1 PR(IT+ FROM ITS CONCLUSIONS1 IT DEF5D$ ! 9T]E/S ( ,EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION BY SUPPORT+ ! NATIONAL MOVEM5TS )9 ,TURKEY4 ,IT ALSO SUPPORT$ ALL ATTEMPTS TO R5EW & RE=M ,TURKEY FROM )91 H[EV] WEAK ! SOCIAL BASIS = SU* A MOVEM5T MAY HAVE BE54 

,A SECOND EXAMPLE ( ! SAME ?+ IS PROVID$ BY ! DIAMETRICALLY OPPOSITE ATTITUDES ( ,M>X & ,5GELS DUR+ ! REVOLUTION ( #ahdh ) RESPECT TO ! NATIONAL ASPIRATIONS ( ! ,CZE*S & ! ,POLES4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! 0RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION0 ! ,CZE*S DES]V$ ! SUPPORT ( ! ,EUROPEAN SOCIALI/S & DEMOCRATS NO LESS ?AN ! ,POLES4 ,M>X1 H[EV]1 DID NOT PAY ANY ATT5TION TO ?AT AB/RACT =MULA1 & HURL$ ?UND]BOLTS AT ! HEADS ( ! ,CZE*S & !IR ASPIRATIONS = FRE$OM1 ASPIRATIONS :I* HE REG>D$ AS A H>MFUL COMPLICATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION1 ALL ! MORE DES]V+ ( SEV]E CONDEMNATION1 S9CE1 TO ,M>X1 ! ,CZE*S W]E A DY+ NATIONALITY1 DOOM$ TO DISAPPE> SOON4 ,! CREATORS ( ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O PUT =? !SE VIEWS AT ! SAME TIME ?AT !Y W]E DEF5D+ ! NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T ( ! ,POLES ) ALL !IR /R5G?1 CALL+ UPON ALL REVOLUTION>Y & PROGRESSIVE =CES TO HELP \R PATRIOTS4 

,! SOB] REALISM1 ALI5 TO ALL S5TIM5TALISM1 ) :I* ,M>X EXAM9$ ! NATIONAL PROBLEMS DUR+ ! REVOLUTION ITSELF1 IS %[N BY ! WAY HE TREAT$ ! ,POLI% & ,CZE* QUE/IONS3 

0,! ,REVOLUTION ( #a#h#d#h10 WROTE ,M>X 9 HIS >TICLES ON ! REVOLUTION :I* APPE>$ 9 ,FEBRU>Y #aheb 9 ! ,AM]ICAN PAP]1 ,DAILY ,TRIBUNE1 

CALL+ =? AT ONCE ! CLAIM ( ALL OPPRESS$ NATIONS TO AN 9DEP5D5T EXI/5CE1 & TO ! RI<T TO SETTLE !IR [N AFFAIRS = !MSELVES1 IT WAS QUITE NATURAL ?AT ! ,POLES %\LD AT ONCE DEM& ! RE/ORATION ( !IR C\NTRY )9 ! FRONTI]S ( ! OLD ,POLI% ,REPUBLIC BE=E #a#g#g#b4 ,IT IS TRUE1 ?IS FRONTI]1 EV5 AT ?AT TIME1 HAD BECOME OBSOLETE1 IF TAK5 AS ! DELIMITATION ( ,G]MAN & ,POLI% NATIONALITY2 IT HAD BECOME MORE SO EV]Y YE> S9CE BY ! PROGRESS ( ,G]MANIZATION2 BUT !N1 ! ,G]MANS HAD PROCLAIM$ SU* AN 5?USIASM = ! RE/ORATION ( ,POL&1 ?AT !Y MU/ EXPECT TO BE ASK$1 AS A FIR/ PRO( ( ! REALITY ( !IR SYMPA?IES1 TO GIVE UP !IR %>E ( ! PLUND]4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 %\LD :OLE TRACTS ( L&1 9HABIT$ *IEFLY BY ,G]MANS1 %\LD L>GE T[NS1 5TIRELY ,G]MAN1 BE GIV5 UP TO A PEOPLE ?AT AS YET HAD NEV] GIV5 ANY PRO(S ( ITS CAPABILITY ( PROGRESS+ BEYOND A /ATE ( FEUDALISM BAS$ UPON AGRICULTURAL S]FDOM8 ,! QUE/ION WAS 9TRICATE 5\<4 ,! ONLY POSSIBLE SOLUTION WAS 9 A W> ) ,RUSSIA4 ,! QUE/ION ( DELIMITATION BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T REVOLUTIONIZ$ NATIONS W\LD HAVE BE5 MADE A SECOND>Y ONE TO ?AT ( FIR/ E/ABLI%+ A SAFE FRONTI] AGA9/ ! COMMON 5EMY4 ,! ,POLES1 BY RECEIV+ EXT5D$ T]RITORIES 9 ! EA/1 W\LD HAVE BECOME MORE TRACTABLE & REASONABLE 9 ! WE/2 & ,RIGA & ,MILAN W\LD HAVE BE5 DEEM$1 AFT] ALL1 QUITE AS IMPORTANT TO !M AS ,DANZIG & ,ELB+4 ,?US ! ADVANC$ P>TY 9 ,G]MANY1 DEEM+ A W> ) ,RUSSIA NECESS>Y TO KEEP UP ! ,CONT95TAL MOVEM5T1 & CONSID]+ ?AT ! NATIONAL REE/ABLI%M5T EV5 ( A P>T ( ,POL& W\LD 9EVITABLY LEAD TO SU* A W>1 SUPPORT$ ! ,POLES2 :ILE ! REIGN+1 MIDDLE-CLASS P>TY CLE>LY =ESAW ITS D[NFALL FROM ANY NATIONAL W> AGA9/ ,RUSSIA1 :I* W\LD HAVE CALL$ MORE ACTIVE & 5]GETIC M5 TO ! HELM1 &1 !RE=E1 ) A FEIGN$ 5?USIASM = ! EXT5SION ( ,G]MAN NATIONALITY1 !Y DECL>$ ,PRUSSIAN ,POL&1 ! *IEF SEAT ( ,POLI% REVOLUTION>Y AGITATION1 TO BE P>T & P>CEL ( ! ,G]MAN ,EMPIRE ?AT WAS TO BE4.<#g.> 

,M>X TREAT$ ! ,CZE* QUE/ION ) NO LESS POLITICAL REALISM3 

,! QUE/ION ( NATIONALITY GAVE RISE TO ANO!R /RUGGLE 9 ,BOHEMIA4 ,?IS C\NTRY1 9HABIT$ BY TWO MILLIONS ( ,G]MANS1 & ?REE MILLIONS ( ,SLAVONIANS ( ! ,CZE*IAN TONGUE1 HAD GREAT HI/ORICAL RECOLLECTIONS1 ALMO/ ALL CONNECT$ ) ! =M] SUPREMACY ( ! ,CZE*S4 ,BUT !N ! =CE ( ?IS BRAN* ( ! ,SLAVONIC FAMILY HAD BE5 BROK5 EV] S9CE ! W>S ( ! ,HUSSITES 9 ! FIFTE5? C5TURY4 ,! PROV9CE SPEAK+ ! ,CZE*IAN TONGUE WAS DIVID$1 ONE P>T =M+ ! K+DOM ( ,BOHEMIA1 ANO!R ! PR9CIPALITY ( ,MORAVIA1 A ?IRD ! ,C>PA?IAN HILL C\NTRY ( ! ,SLOVAKS1 BE+ P>T ( ,HUNG>Y4 ,! ,MORAVIANS & ,SLOVAKS HAD LONG S9CE LO/ EV]Y VE/IGE ( NATIONAL FEEL+1 & VITALITY1 AL?\< MO/LY PRES]V+ !IR LANGUAGE4 ,BOHEMIA WAS SURR\ND$ BY ?OR\<LY ,G]MAN C\NTRIES ON ?REE SIDES \T ( F\R4 ,! ,G]MAN ELEM5T HAD MADE GREAT PROGRESS ON H] [N T]RITORY2 EV5 9 ! CAPITAL1 9 ,PRAGUE1 ! TWO NATIONALITIES W]E PRETTY EQUALLY MAT*$2 & EV]Y:]E CAPITAL1 TRADE1 9DU/RY1 & M5TAL CULTURE W]E 9 ! H&S ( ! ,G]MANS4 ,! *IEF *AMPION ( ! ,CZE*IAN NATIONALITY1 ,PR(ESSOR ,PALACKY1 IS HIMSELF NO?+ BUT A LE>N$ ,G]MAN RUN MAD1 :O EV5 N[ CANNOT SPEAK ! ,CZE*IAN LANGUAGE CORRECTLY & )\T =EIGN ACC5T4 ,BUT1 AS IT (T5 HAPP5S1 DY+ ,CZE*IAN NATIONALITY1 DY+ ACCORD+ TO EV]Y FACT KN[N 9 HI/ORY = ! LA/ F\R HUNDR$ YE>S1 MADE 9 #ahdh A LA/ EF=T TO REGA9 ITS =M] VITALITY AN EF=T :OSE FAILURE1 9DEP5D5TLY ( ALL REVOLUTION>Y CONSID]ATIONS1 WAS TO PROVE ?AT ,BOHEMIA C\LD ONLY EXI/1 H5CE=?1 AS A PORTION ( ,G]MANY1 AL?\< P>T ( H] 9HABITANTS MI<T YET1 = SOME C5TURIES1 CONT9UE TO SPEAK A NON-,G]MAN LANGUAGE4 .<,REVOLUTION & ,KONT]REVOLUTION 9 ,DEUTS*L&1 PP4#e#g-#f#b.> 

,WE QUOTE ! ABOVE PASSAGES 9 ORD] TO /RESS ! ME?ODS :I* ,M>X & ,5GELS US$ ) RESPECT TO ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION1 ME?ODS NOT DEAL+ 9 AB/RACT =MULAS1 BUT ONLY 9 ! REAL ISSUES ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL CASE4 ,?AT ME?OD DID NOT1 ?\<1 KEEP !M FROM MAK+ A FAULTY EVALUATION ( ! SITUATION1 OR FROM TAK+ A WRONG1 POSITION 9 C]TA9 CASES4 ,! PRES5T /ATE ( AFFAIRS %[S H[ DEEPLY ,M>X WAS 9 ]ROR 9 PR$ICT+1 SIXTY YE>S AGO1 ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! ,CZE* NATIONALITY1 :OSE VITALITY ! ,AU/RIANS TODAY F9D SO TR\BLESOME4 ,CONV]SELY1 HE OV]E/IMAT$ ! 9T]NATIONAL IMPORTANCE ( ,POLI% NATIONALISM3 ?IS WAS DOOM$ TO DECAY BY ! 9T]NAL DEVELOPM5T ( ,POL&1 A DECAY :I* HAD ALREADY SET 9 AT ?AT TIME4 ,BUT !SE HI/ORICAL ]RORS DO NOT DETRACT AN \NCE FROM ! VALUE ( ,M>X'S ME?OD1 = !RE >E 9 G5]AL NO ME?ODS ( RESE>* :I* >E1 A PRIORI1 PROTECT$ AGA9/ A WRONG APPLICATION 9 9DIVIDUAL CASES4 ,M>X NEV] CLAIM$ TO BE 9FALLIBLE1 & NO?+1 9 ! LA/ RESORT1 IS SO CONTR>Y TO ! SPIRIT ( HIS SCI5CE AS 09FALLIBLE0 HI/ORICAL JUDGM5TS4 ,IT WAS POSSIBLE = ,M>X TO BE MI/AK5 9 HIS POSITION ) RESPECT TO C]TA9 NATIONAL MOVEM5TS1 & ! AU?OR ( ! PRES5T WORK TRI$ TO %[ 9 #ahif & #ahig ?AT ,M>X'S VIEWS ON ! ,POLI% QUE/ION1 AS ON ! ,EA/]N QUE/ION1 W]E \TDAT$ & MI/AK54 ,BUT IT IS ?IS =M] POSITION ( ,M>X & ,5GELS ON ! QUE/ION ( ,TURKEY & ! ,S\? ,SLAVS1 AS WELL AS ON ! NATIONAL MOVEM5T ( ! ,CZE*S & ,POLES1 ?AT %[S EMPHATICALLY H[ F> ! F\ND]S ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM W]E FROM SOLV+ ALL NATIONALITY QUE/IONS 9 ONE MANN] ONLY1 ON ! BASIS ( ONE SLOGAN ADOPT$ A PRIORI4 ,IT ALSO %[S H[ LITTLE !Y W]E CONC]N$ ) ! 0METAPHYSICAL0 RI<TS ( NATIONS :5 IT WAS A MATT] ( ! TANGIBLE MAT]IAL PROBLEMS ( ,EUROPEAN DEVELOPM5T4 

,F9ALLY1 AN EV5 MORE /RIK+ EXAMPLE ( H[ ! CREATORS ( MOD]N SOCIALI/ POLITICS TREAT$ ! NATIONAL QUE/ION IS !IR EVALUATION ( ! FRE$OM MOVEM5T ( ! ,SWISS 9 ! F\RTE5? C5TURY4 ,?IS IS P>T ( HI/ORY1 !RE=E FREE FROM ! 9FLU5CE ( ALL ! EXPECTATIONS & PASSIONS ( DAY TO DAY POLITICS4 ,! UPRIS+ ( ! ,SWISS CANTONS AGA9/ ! BLOODY OPPRESSION ( ! ,HAPSBURG DESPOTISM 7:I*1 9 ! =M ( ! HI/ORICAL MY? ( ,WILLIAM ,TELL1 IS ! OBJECT ( ABSOLUTE WOR%IP BY ! LIB]AL-B\RGEOIS ROMANTIC IDEALI/7 WAS APPRAIS$ BY ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS 9 #ahdg 9 ! FOLL[+ WAY3 

,! /RUGGLE ( ! E>LY ,SWISS AGA9/ ,AU/RIA1 ! FAM\S OA? AT ,RYTLI1 ! H]OIC %OT ( ,TELL1 ! IMMORTAL VICTORY AT ,MORG>T5 - ALL ?IS REPRES5T$ ! /RUGGLE ( RE/LESS %EPH]DS AGA9/ ! ?RU/ ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 A /RUGGLE ( HIDEB\ND1 CONS]VATIVE1 LOCAL 9T]E/S AGA9/ ! 9T]E/S ( ! 5TIRE NATION1 A /RUGGLE ( PRIMITIVISM AGA9/ 5LI<T5M5T1 B>B>ISM AGA9/ CIVILIZATION4 ,!Y WON !IR VICTORY OV] ! CIVILIZATION ( ?AT P]IOD1 BUT AS PUNI%M5T !Y W]E CUT (F FROM ! :OLE LAT] PROGRESS ( CIVILIZATION4.<#h.> 

,TO ?IS EVALUATION ,KAUTSKY ADDS ! FOLL[+ COMM5T>Y3 

,A QUE/ION M>K C\LD BE ADD$ TO ! ABOVE CONC]N+ ! CIVILIZ+ MISSION :I* ! ,HAPSBURGS W]E C>RY+ \T 9 ,SWITZ]L& 9 ! F\RTE5? C5TURY4 ,ON ! O!R H& IT IS CORRECT ?AT ! PRES]VATION ( ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! CANTONS WAS AN EV5T :I* WAS CONS]VATIVE TO ! N? DEGREE1 & 9 NO WAY REVOLUTION>Y1 & ?AT !NCE=? ! FRE$OM ( ?OSE CANTONS S]V$ AS A MEANS ( PRES]V+ AN ELEM5T ( BLACKE/ REACTION 9 ! C5T] ( ,EUROPE4 ,IT WAS ?OSE =E/ CANTONS :I* DEFEAT$ ,ZW+LI & HIS >MY 9 #aeca AT ! BATTLE ( ,KAPPEL1 & !REBY PUT A /OP TO ! SPREAD ( ,PROTE/ANTISM 9 ,SWITZ]L&4 ,!Y PROVID$ >MIES TO ALL ! DESPOTS ( ,EUROPE1 & IT WAS ! ,SWISS ( ! =E/ CANTONS :O W]E ! /AUN*E/ SUPPORT]S ( ,L\IS ,X,VL AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION4 ,= ?IS ! REPUBLIC RAIS$ A MAGNIFIC5T MONUM5T TO !M 9 ,LUC]NE4 .<,DIE ,NEUE ,ZEIT1 #a#i#d-#a#i#e1 ,VOL4,I,I1 P4#a#d#f4.> 

,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! 0RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION10 ! ,SWISS UPRIS+ OBVI\SLY DES]VES ! SYMPA?Y ( SOCIALI/S ON ALL SCORES4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! ,SWISS TO FREE !MSELVES FROM ! ,HAPSBURG YOKE W]E AN ESS5TIAL EXPRESSION ( ! WILL ( ! 0PEOPLE0 OR A HUGE MAJORITY ( !M4 ,! NATIONAL MOVEM5T ( ! ,SWISS HAD A PURELY DEF5SIVE *>ACT]1 & WAS NOT 9=M$ BY ! DESIRE TO OPPRESS O!R NATIONALITIES4 ,IT WAS 9T5D$ ONLY TO ?R[ (F ! OPPRESSION ( A =EIGN & PURELY DYNA/IC 9VAD]4 ,F9ALLY1 ?IS NATIONAL MOVEM5T =MALLY BORE ALL ! EXT]NAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( DEMOCRATISM1 & EV5 REVOLUTIONISM1 S9CE ! PEOPLE W]E REBELL+ AGA9/ ABSOLUTE RULE UND] ! SLOGAN ( A POPUL> REPUBLIC4 

,9 COMPLETE CONTRA/ TO ?IS MOVEM5T IS ! NATIONAL UPRIS+ 9 ,HUNG>Y 9 #a#h#d#h4 ,IT IS EASY TO SEE :AT W\LD HAVE BE5 ! HI/ORICAL \TCOME ( ! VICTORY ( ! ,HUNG>IANS BECAUSE ! SOCIAL & NATIONAL CONDITIONS ( ?AT C\NTRY 9SUR$ ! ABSOLUTE DOM9ATION ( ! ,MAGY> M9ORITY OV] ! MIX$ MAJORITY ( ! O!R1 SUBJUGAT$ NATIONALITIES4 ,A COMP>ISON ( !SE TWO /RUGGLES = NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE - ! ,HUNG>IAN 9 #ahdh & ! ,SWISS FIVE C5TURIES E>LI] - IS ALL ! MORE SIGNIFICANT S9CE BO? W]E DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! SAME 5EMY3 ! ABSOLUTISM ( ! ,AU/RIAN ,HAPSBURGS4 ,! ME?OD & ! VIEWPO9T ON NATIONAL POLITICS ( ,M>X & ,5GELS >E BR\<T 9TO HI< RELIEF BY ?IS COMP>ISON4 ,DESPITE ALL ! EXT]NAL EVID5CES ( REVOLUTIONISM 9 ! ,SWISS MOVEM5T1 & DESPITE ! 9DISPUTABLE TWO-$G$ *>ACT] ( ! ,MAGY> MOVEM5T1 OBVI\S 9 ! FLUNKEYISM ) :I* ! ,HUNG>IAN REVOLUTION>IES HELP$ ! ,VI5NA GOV]NM5T TO SUPPRESS ! ,ITALIAN REVOLUTION1 ! CREATORS ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM %>PLY CRITICIZ$ ! ,SWISS UPRIS+ AS A REACTION>Y EV5T1 :ILE !Y SUPPORT$ F]V5TLY ! ,HUNG>IAN UPRIS+ 9 #a#h#d#h4 ,9 BO? CASES !Y W]E GUID$ NOT BY ! =MULA ( 0! RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION10 :I* OBVI\SLY WAS MU* MORE APPLICABLE TO ! ,SWISS ?AN TO ! ,MAGY>S1 BUT ONLY BY A REALI/IC ANALYSIS ( ! MOVEM5TS FROM A HI/ORICAL & POLITICAL /&PO9T4 ,! UPRIS+ ( ! FRAGM5T$ PEASANT CANTONS1 ) !IR REGIONALISM AGA9/ ! C5TRALI/ P[] ( ! ,HAPSBURGS1 WAS1 9 ! EYES ( ,5GELS1 A SIGN ( HI/ORICAL REACTION1 JU/ AS ! ABSOLUTISM ( ! PR9CELY P[]1 MOV+ T[>D C5TRALISM1 WAS AT ?AT TIME AN ELEM5T ( HI/ORICAL PROGRESS4 ,FROM A SIMIL> /&PO9T1 WE NOTE 9 PASS+1 ,LASSALLE REG>D$ ! PEASANT W>S1 & ! P>ALLEL REBELLION ( ! M9OR KNI<TS ( ! NOBILITY 9 ,G]MANY 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY AGA9/ ! RIS+ PR9CELY P[]1 AS SIGNS ( REACTION4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 9 #a#h#d#h1 ,HAPSBURG ABSOLUTISM WAS ALREADY A REACTION>Y RELIC ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 & ! NATIONAL UPRIS+ ( ! ,HUNG>IANS - A NATURAL ALLY ( ! 9T]NAL ,G]MAN REVOLUTION - DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! ,HAPSBURGS NATURALLY HAD TO BE REG>D$ AS AN ELEM5T ( HI/ORICAL PROGRESS4 

  

,I,I,I 

,:AT IS MORE1 9 TAK+ SU* A /& ,M>X & ,5GELS W]E NOT AT ALL 9DULG+ 9 P>TY OR CLASS EGOISM1 & W]E NOT SACRIFIC+ 5TIRE NATIONS TO ! NE$S & P]SPECTIVES ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN DEMOCRACY1 AS IT MI<T HAVE APPE>$4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT IT S\NDS MU* MORE G5]\S1 & IS MORE FLATT]+ TO ! OV]ACTIVE IMAG9ATION ( ! Y\NG 09TELLECTUAL10 :5 ! SOCIALI/S ANN\NCE A G5]AL & UNIV]SAL 9TRODUCTION ( FRE$OM = ALL EXI/+ SUPPRESS$ NATIONS4 ,BUT ! T5D5CY TO GRANT ALL PEOPLES1 C\NTRIES1 GR\PS1 & ALL HUMAN CREATURES ! RI<T TO FRE$OM1 EQUALITY1 & O!R SU* JOYS BY ONE SWEEP+ /ROKE ( ! P51 IS *>ACT]I/IC ONLY ( ! Y\?FUL P]IOD ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 & MO/ ( ALL ( ! PHRASEOLOGICAL BRAVADO ( AN>*ISM4 

,! SOCIALISM ( ! MOD]N WORK+ CLASS1 ?AT IS1 SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM1 TAKES NO DELI<T 9 ! RADICAL & WOND]FUL-S\ND+ SOLUTIONS ( SOCIAL & NATIONAL QUE/IONS1 BUT EXAM9ES PRIM>ILY ! REAL ISSUES 9VOLV$ 9 !SE PROBLEMS1 

,! SOLUTIONS ( ! PROBLEMS ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY >E NOT 9 G5]AL *>ACT]IZ$ BY 0MAGNANIMITY10 & 9 ?IS RESPECT !Y >E ALWAYS \TDONE BY SOCIALI/ P>TIES :I* >E NOT HAMP]$ BY SCI5TIFIC 0DOCTR9ES10 & :I* !RE=E ALWAYS HAVE !IR POCKETS FULL ( ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL GIFTS = EV]YONE4 ,?US1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ,RUSSIA1 ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY LEAVES ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY F> BEH9D 9 ! AGRICULTURAL QUE/ION2 IT HAS = ! PEASANTS A RECIPE = ! IMM$IATE P>TIAL 9TRODUCTION ( SOCIALISM 9 ! VILLAGE1 )\T ! NE$ ( A BOR+ P]IOD ( WAIT+ = ! CONDITIONS ( SU* A TRANS=MATION 9 ! SPH]E ( 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 COMP>ISON ) SU* P>TIES1 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY IS & ALWAYS WILL BE A POOR P>TY1 JU/ AS ,M>X 9 HIS TIME WAS POOR 9 COMP>ISON ) ! EXPANSIVE & MAGNANIM\S ,BAKUN91 JU/ AS ,M>X & ,5GELS W]E BO? POOR 9 COMP>ISON ) ! REPRES5TATIVES ( 0REAL0 OR RA!R 0PHILOSOPHICAL0 SOCIALISM4 ,BUT ! SECRET ( ! MAGNANIMITY ( ALL SOCIALI/S ) AN AN>*I/ COLORATION & ( ! POV]TY ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 IS ?AT AN>*I/IC REVOLUTIONISM MEASURES 0/R5G? BY 9T5TIONS1 NOT 9T5TIONS ACCORD+ TO /R5G?02 ?AT IS1 IT MEASURES ITS ASPIRATIONS ONLY BY :AT ITS SPECULATIVE REASON1 FUMBL+ ) AN EMPTY UTOPIA1 REG>DS AS GOOD0 & 0NECESS>Y0 = ! SALVATION ( HUMANITY4 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 ON ! O!R H&1 /&S FIRMLY ON HI/ORICAL GR\ND 9 ITS ASPIRATIONS1 & !RE=E RECKONS ) HI/ORICAL POSSIBILITIES4 ,M>XIAN SOCIALISM DIFF]S FROM ALL ! O!R BR&S ( SOCIALISM BECAUSE1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 IT HAS NO PRET5SIONS TO KEEP+ PAT*ES 9 ITS POCKET TO M5D ALL ! HOLES MADE BY HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,ACTUALLY1 EV5 IF AS SOCIALI/S WE RECOGNIZ$ ! IMM$IATE RI<T ( ALL NATIONS TO 9DEP5D5CE1 ! FATES ( NATIONS W\LD NOT *ANGE AN IOTA BECAUSE ( ?IS4 ,! 0RI<T0 ( A NATION TO FRE$OM AS WELL AS ! 0RI<T0 ( ! WORK] TO ECONOMIC 9DEP5D5CE >E1 UND] EXI/+ SOCIAL CONDITIONS1 ONLY WOR? AS MU* AS ! 0RI<T0 ( EA* MAN TO EAT (F GOLD PLATES1 :I*1 AS ,NICOLAUS ,*]NY%EVSKI WROTE1 HE W\LD BE READY TO SELL AT ANY MOM5T = A RUBLE4 ,9 ! #a#h#dS ! 0RI<T TO WORK0 WAS A FAVORITE PO/ULATE ( ! ,UTOPIAN ,SOCIALI/S 9 ,FRANCE1 & APPE>$ AS AN IMM$IATE & RADICAL WAY ( SOLV+ ! SOCIAL QUE/ION4 ,H[EV]1 9 ! ,REVOLUTION ( #ahdh ?AT 0RI<T0 5D$1 AFT] A V]Y %ORT ATTEMPT TO PUT IT 9TO EFFECT1 9 A T]RIBLE FIASCO1 :I* C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 AVOID$ EV5 IF ! FAM\S 0NATIONAL WORK-%OPS0 HAD BE5 ORGANIZ$ DIFF]5TLY4 ,AN ANALYSIS ( ! REAL CONDITIONS ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y ECONOMY1 AS GIV5 BY ,M>X 9 HIS ,CAPITAL1 MU/ LEAD TO ! CONVICTION ?AT EV5 IF PRES5T-DAY GOV]NM5TS W]E =C$ TO DECL>E A UNIV]SAL 0RI<T TO WORK10 IT W\LD REMA9 ONLY A F9E-S\ND+ PHRASE1 & NOT ONE MEMB] ( ! RANK & FILE ( ! RES]VE >MY ( LABOR WAIT+ ON ! SIDEWALK W\LD BE ABLE TO MAKE A B[L ( S\P = HIS HUNGRY *ILDR5 FROM ?AT RI<T4 

,TODAY1 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY UND]/&S ?AT ! 0RI<T TO WORK0 WILL /OP BE+ AN EMPTY S\ND ONLY :5 ! CAPITALI/ REGIME IS ABOLI%$1 = 9 ?AT REGIME ! *RONIC UNEMPLOYM5T ( A C]TA9 P>T ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT IS A NECESS>Y CONDITION ( PRODUCTION4 ,?US1 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY DOES NOT DEM& A DECL>ATION ( ?AT IMAG9>Y 0RI<T0 ON ! BASIS ( ! EXI/+ SY/EM1 BUT RA!R /RIVES = ! ABOLITION ( ! SY/EM ITSELF BY ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 REG>D+ LABOR ORGANIZATIONS1 UNEMPLOYM5T 9SURANCE1 ETC41 ONLY AS TEMPOR>Y MEANS ( HELP4 

,9 ! SAME WAY1 HOPES ( SOLV+ ALL NATIONALITY QUE/IONS )9 ! CAPITALI/ FRAMEWORK BY 9SUR+ TO ALL NATIONS1 RACES1 & E?NIC GR\PS ! POSSIBILITY ( 0SELF-DET]M9ATION0 IS A COMPLETE UTOPIA4 ,& IT IS A UTOPIA FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ?AT ! OBJECTIVE SY/EM ( POLITICAL & CLASS =CES CONDEMNS MANY A DEM& 9 ! POLITICAL PROGRAM ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY TO BE UNFEASIBLE 9 PRACTICE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IMPORTANT VOICES 9 ! RANKS ( ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK]S' MOVEM5T HAVE EXPRESS$ ! CONVICTION ?AT A DEM& = ! UNIV]SAL 9TRODUCTION ( ! EI<T-H\R DAY BY LEGAL 5ACTM5T HAS NO *ANCE ( BE+ REALIZ$ 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY BECAUSE ( ! GR[+ SOCIAL REACTION ( ! RUL+ CLASSES1 ! G5]AL /AGNATION ( SOCIAL RE=MS1 ! RISE ( P[]FUL ORGANIZATIONS ( BUS9ESSM51 ETC4 ,NONE!LESS1 NO ONE W\LD D>E CALL ! DEM& = ! EI<T-H\R DAY A UTOPIA1 BECAUSE IT IS 9 COMPLETE ACCORDANCE ) ! PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPM5T ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 

,H[EV]1 TO RESUME3 ! ACTUAL POSSIBILITY ( 0SELF-DET]M9ATION0 = ALL E?NIC GR\PS OR O!RWISE DEF9$ NATIONALITIES IS A UTOPIA PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ! TR5D ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETIES4 ,)\T EXAM9+ ?OSE DI/ANT TIMES AT ! DAWN ( HI/ORY :5 ! NATIONALITIES ( MOD]N /ATES W]E CON/ANTLY MOV+ AB\T GEOGRAPHICALLY1 :5 !Y W]E JO9+1 M]G+1 FRAGM5T+1 & TRAMPL+ ONE ANO!R1 ! FACT IS ?AT ALL ! ANCI5T /ATES )\T EXCEPTION >E1 AS A RESULT ( ?AT LONG HI/ORY ( POLITICAL & E?NIC UPHEAVALS1 EXTREMELY MIX$ ) RESPECT TO NATIONALITIES4 ,TODAY1 9 EA* /ATE1 E?NIC RELICS BE> WITNESS TO ! UPHEAVALS & 9T]MIXTURES :I* *>ACT]IZ$ ! M>* ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ! PA/4 ,EV5 9 HIS TIME1 ,M>X MA9TA9$ ?AT !SE NATIONAL SURVIVALS HAD NO O!R FUNCTION BUT TO S]VE AS BA/IONS ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 UNTIL !Y %\LD BE COMPLETELY SWEPT FROM ! FACE ( ! E>? BY ! GREAT HURRICANE ( REVOLUTION OR WORLD W>4 0,!RE IS NO C\NTRY 9 ,EUROPE10 HE WROTE 9 ! ,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG3 

:I* DOESN'T HAVE 9 SOME CORN] ONE OR MORE ( !SE RU9S ( NATIONS1 ! REMA9S ( AN ANCI5T PEOPLE DISPLAC$ & CONQU]$ BY A NATION :I* LAT] BECAME A /&>D-BE>] ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,!SE REMA9S ( NATIONALITIES1 M]CILESSLY TRAMPL$ ON BY HI/ORY - AS ,HEGEL SAYS - !SE NATIONAL LEFT-OV]S WILL ALL BECOME & WILL REMA9 UNTIL !IR F9AL EXT]M9ATION OR D5ATIONALIZATION FANATIC P>TIZANS ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 S9CE !IR 5TIRE EXI/5CE IS 9 G5]AL A PROTE/ AGA9/ ! GREAT HI/ORICAL REVOLUTION4 ,= EX-AMPLE1 9 ,SCOTL& ! ,GAELS W]E ! MA9/AYS ( ! ,/U>TS FROM #afd TO #a#g#d#e2 9 ,FRANCE1 IT WAS ! ,BRETONS :O W]E ! MA9/AYS ( ! ,B\RBONS FROM #agib TO #a#h2 :ILE 9 ,SPA91 ! ,BASQUES W]E ! SUPPORT]S ( ,DON ,C>LOS4 ,9 ,AU/RIA1 TO TAKE ANO!R EXAMPLE1 ! PAN-,SLAVIC ,S\? ,SLAVS >E NO?+ MORE ?AN ! NATIONAL LEFT-OV]S ( A HI<LY CONFUS$ ?\S&-YE>-LONG DEVELOPM5T4 .<,AUS DEM LIT]>IS*5 ,NA*LASS VON ,K>L ,M>X1 ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS UND ,F]D9& ,LASALLE1 ,VOL4,I,I,I1 P4#b#d#a.> 

,9 ANO!R >TICLE1 TREAT+ ! PAN-,SLAVS' /RIV+S = ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ALL ,SLAVIC NATIONS1 ,M>X WRITES1 

,! ,G]MANS & ,HUNG>IANS1 DUR+ ! TIMES :5 GREAT MON>*IES W]E A HI/ORICAL NECESSITY 9 ,EUROPE1 =G$ ALL ?OSE PETTY1 CRIPPL$1 P[]LESS LITTLE NATIONS 9TO ONE BIG /ATE1 !REBY ALL[+ !M TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( HI/ORY :I*1 IF LEFT TO !MSELVES1 !Y W\LD HAVE COMPLETELY MISS$4 ,TODAY1 BECAUSE ( ! HUGE PROGRESS ( 9DU/RY1 TRADE1 & COMMUNICATIONS1 POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION HAS BECOME AN EV5 MORE PRESS+ NE$ ?AN IT WAS 9 ! FIFTE5? & SIXTE5? C5TURIES4 ,:AT IS NOT YET C5TRALIZ$ IS BE+ C5TRALIZ$4 .<,IBID41 P4#b#e#e4.> 

,WE AB&ON$ ,M>X'S VIEWS ON ! ,S\? ,SLAVS A LONG TIME AGO3 BUT ! G5]AL FACT IS ?AT HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 ESPECIALLY ! MOD]N DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM1 DOES NOT T5D TO RETURN TO EA* NATIONALITY ITS 9DEP5D5T EXI/5CE1 BUT MOVES RA!R 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION1 & ?IS IS AS WELL KN[N TODAY AS DUR+ ! TIME ( ! ,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG4 

,9 HIS MO/ REC5T PAP]1 ,NATIONALITY & ,9T]NATIONALISM1 ,K>L ,KAUTSKY MAKES ! FOLL[+ SKET* ( ! HI/ORICAL FATES ( NATIONALITIES3 

,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT LANGUAGE IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT MEANS ( SOCIAL 9T]C\RSE4 ,AS ?AT 9T]C\RSE GR[S ) ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 SO ! CIRCLE ( PEOPLE US+ ! SAME LANGUAGE MU/ GR[ AS WELL4 ,FROM ?IS >ISES ! T5D5CY ( UNIFI$ NATIONS TO EXP&1 TO SWALL[ UP O!R NATIONS1 :I* LOSE !IR LANGUAGE & ADOPT ! LANGUAGE ( ! DOM9ANT NATION OR A MIXTURE4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,KAUTSKY1 ?REE GREAT CULTURAL COMMUNITIES ( HUMANITY DEVELOP$ SIMULTANE\SLY3 ! ,*RI/IAN1 ! ,MUSLIM1 & ! ,BUDDHI/4 

,EA* ( !SE ?REE CULTURAL GR\P+S 9CLUDES ! MO/ V>IEGAT$ LANGUAGES & NATIONALITIES4 ,)9 EA* ONE MO/ ( ! CULTURE IS NOT NATIONAL BUT 9T]NATIONAL4 ,BUT UNIV]SAL COMMUNICATION HAS FUR!R EFFECTS4 ,IT EXP&S EV5 MORE & EV]Y:]E E/ABLI%ES ! DOM9ATION ( ! SAME CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION 444 ,:5EV] A CLOSELY KNIT COMMUNITY ( COMMUNICATION & CULTURE EXI/S = A FAIRLY LONG TIME AMONG A L>GE NUMB] ( NATIONS1 !N ONE OR A FEW NATIONS GA9 ASC5DANCY OV] ! GOV]NM5T1 ! MILIT>Y1 ! SCI5TIFIC & >TI/IC HEI<TS4 ,!IR LANGUAGE BECOMES 9DISP5SABLE = EV]Y M]*ANT & $UCAT$ MAN 9 ?AT 9T]NATIONAL CULTURAL COMMUNITY4 ,!IR CULTURE - 9 ECONOMY1 >T1 & LIT]ATURE - L5DS ITS *>ACT] TO ! :OLE CIVILIZATION4 ,SU* A ROLE WAS PLAY$ 9 ! ,M$IT]RANEAN BAS9 UNTIL ! 5D ( ANCI5T TIMES BY ,GREEK & ,LAT94 ,9 ! ,MOHAMM$AN WORLD IT IS PLAY$ BY ,>ABIC2 9 ! ,*RI/IAN1 9CLUD+ ,JEWS & A!I/S1 ,G]MAN1 ,5GLI%1 & ,FR5* HAVE BECOME UNIV]SAL LANGUAGES 444 ,P]HAPS ECONOMIC & POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T WILL ADD ,RUSSIAN TO !SE ?REE LANGUAGES4 ,BUT IT IS EQUALLY POSSIBLE ?AT ONE ( !M1 ,5GLI%1 WILL BECOME ! ONLY COMMON LANGUAGE 444 ,! JO9+ ( NATIONS TO ! 9T]NATIONAL CULTURAL COMMUNITY WILL BE REFLECT$ 9 ! GR[? ( UNIV]SAL LANGUAGES AMONG M]*ANTS & $UCAT$ PEOPLE4 ,& ?IS UNION WAS NEV] AS CLOSELY KNIT AS IT IS N[2 NEV] WAS A PURELY NATIONAL CULTURE LESS POSSIBLE4 ,!RE=E IT /RIKES US AS V]Y /RANGE :5 PEOPLE TALK ALWAYS ( ONLY A NATIONAL CULTURE & :5 A GOAL ( SOCIALISM IS CONSID]$ TO BE ! 5D[+ ( ! MASSES ) A NATIONAL CULTURE 444 ,:5 SOCIALI/ SOCIETY PROVIDES ! MASSES ) AN $UCATION1 IT ALSO GIVES !M ! ABILITY TO SPEAK SEV]AL LANGUAGES1 ! UNIV]SAL LANGUAGES1 & !RE=E TO TAKE P>T 9 ! 5TIRE 9T]NATIONAL CIVILIZATION & NOT ONLY 9 ! SEP>ATE CULTURE ( A C]TA9 L+UI/IC COMMUNITY4 ,:5 WE HAVE GOT TO ! PO9T :]E ! MASSES 9 \R CIVILIZ$ /ATES CAN MA/] ONE OR MORE ( ! UNIV]SAL LANGUAGES BESIDES !IR NATIVE LANGUAGE1 ?IS WILL BE A BASIS = ! GRADUAL )DRAWAL & ULTIMATELY ! COMPLETE DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! LANGUAGES ( ! SMALL] NATIONS1 & = ! UNION ( ALL CIVILIZ$ HUMANITY 9TO ONE LANGUAGE & ONE NATIONALITY1 JU/ AS ! PEOPLES 9 ! EA/]N BAS9 ( ! ,M$IT]RANEAN W]E UNIT$ 9 ,HELL5ISM AFT] ,ALEX&] ! ,GREAT1 & ! PEOPLES ( ! WE/]N >EA LAT] M]G$ 9TO ! ,ROMAN NATIONALITY4 

,! V>IETY ( LANGUAGES )9 \R CIRCLE ( CIVILIZATION MAKES UND]/&+ AMONG MEMB]S ( ! V>I\S NATIONS DIFFICULT & IS AN OB/ACLE TO !IR CIVILIZ$ PROGRESS4 .<,EMPHASIS 9 ! FOLL[+ P>AGRAPH IS ,R4,L4S.> ,BUT ONLY SOCIALISM WILL OV]COME ?AT OB/ACLE1 & MU* WORK WILL BE NE$$ BE=E IT CAN SUCCE$ 9 $UCAT+ 5TIRE MASSES ( PEOPLE TO OBTA9 VISIBLE RESULTS4 ,& WE MU/ KEEP 9 M9D ALREADY TODAY ?AT \R 9T]NATIONALISM IS NOT A SPECIAL TYPE ( NATIONALISM DIFF]S FROM B\RGEOIS NATIONALISM ONLY 9 ?AT IT DOES NOT BEHAVE AGGRESSIVELY - ?AT IT LEAVES TO EA* NATION ! SAME RI<T :I* IT DEM&S = ITS [N NATION1 & !REBY RECOGNIZES ! COMPLETE SOV]EIGNTY 7,SOV]ANITAT7 ( EA* NATION4 ,SU* A VIEW1 :I* TRANS=MS ! POSITION ( AN>*ISM CONC]N+ 9DIVIDUALS ONTO NATIONS1 DOES NOT CORRESPOND TO ! CLOSE CULTURAL COMMUNITY EXI/+ BETWE5 NATIONS ( CONTEMPOR>Y CIVILIZATION4 

,!SE LA/1 9 FACT1 9 REG>D TO ECONOMY & CIVILIZATION1 =M ONE S+LE SOCIAL BODY :OSE WELF>E DEP5DS ON ! H>MONY ( ! COOP]ATION ( ! P>TS1 POSSIBLE ONLY BY ! SUBORD9ATION ( ALL ! P>TS TO ! :OLE4 ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,9T]NATIONAL IS NOT A CONGLOM]ATE ( AUTOCRATIC NATIONS1 EA* DO+ :AT IT LIKES1 AS LONG AS IT DOES NOT 9T]F]E ) ! EQUALITY ( RI<TS ( ! O!RS2 BUT RA!R AN ORGANISM :]E9 ! BETT] IT WORKS1 ! EASI] IT IS = ITS P>TS TO COME TO AGREEM5T & ! MORE !Y WORK TOGE!R ACCORD+ TO A COMMON PLAN4 

,SU* IS ! HI/ORICAL S*EME AS DESCRIB$ BY ,KAUTSKY4 ,TO BE SURE1 HE PRES5TS ! MATT] FROM A DIFF]5T PO9T ( VIEW ?AN ,M>X DOES1 EMPHASIZ+ MA9LY ! SIDE ( CULTURAL1 PEACEFUL DEVELOPM5T1 :]EAS ,M>X ACC5TS ITS POLITICAL SIDE1 AN EXT]NAL >M$ CONQUE/4 ,BO?1 H[EV]1 *>ACT]IZE ! FATE ( NATIONALITIES 9 ! C\RSE ( EV5TS1 NOT AS T5D+ TO SEP>ATE !MSELVES & BECOME 9DEP5D5T1 BUT COMPLETELY VICE-V]SA4 ,KAUTSKY =MULATES - AS F> AS WE KN[1 = ! FIR/ TIME 9 SOCIALI/IC LIT]ATURE ( REC5T TIMES - ! HI/ORICAL T5D5CY TO REMOVE COMPLETELY ALL NATIONAL DI/9CTIONS )9 ! SOCIALI/ SY/EM & TO FUZE ALL ( CIVILIZ$ HUMANITY 9TO ONE NATIONALITY4 .<,K4 ,KAUTSKY1 ,NATIONALITAT UND ,9T]NATIONALIAT1 PP4#a#b-#a#g @& P4#b#c4.> 

,H[EV] - ?AT !ORETICIAN BELIEVES - AT ! PRES5T TIME CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T GIVES RISE TO PH5OM5A :I* SEEM TO WORK 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION3 ! AWAK5+ & 9T5SIFICATION ( NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS AS WELL AS ! NE$ = A NATIONAL /ATE :I* IS ! /ATE =M 0BE/ CORRESPOND+ TO MOD]N CONDITIONS1 ! =M 9 :I* IT CAN MO/ EASILY FULFILL ITS TASKS40 .<IBID4.> 

,! 0BE/ NATIONAL /ATE IS ONLY AN AB/RACTION :I* CAN BE EASILY DESCRIB$ & DEF9$ !ORETICALLY1 BUT :I* DOESN'T CORRESPOND TO REALITY4 ,HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T T[>D A UNIV]SAL COMMUNITY ( CIVILIZATION WILL1 LIKE ALL SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 TAKE PLACE 9 ! MID/ ( A CONTRADICTION1 BUT ?IS CONTRADICTION1 ) RESPECT TO ! CONSOLIDAT+ GR[? ( 9T]NATIONAL CIVILIZATION1 LIES 9 ANO!R >EA ?AN :]E ,KAUTSKY SEEKS IT1 NOT 9 ! T5D5CY T[>D ! IDEA ( A 0NATIONAL /ATE10 BUT RA!R :]E ,M>X 9DICATES IT TO BE1 9 ! DEADLY /RUGGLE AMONG NATIONS1 9 ! T5D5CY TO CREATE - ALONGSIDE ! GREAT >EAS ( CIVILIZATION & DESPITE !M - GREAT CAPITALI/ /ATES4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( WORLD P[]S1 A *>ACT]I/IC FEATURE ( \R TIMES GR[+ 9 IMPORTANCE ALONG ) ! PROGRESS ( CAPITALISM1 FROM ! V]Y \TSET CONDEMNS ALL SMALL NATIONS TO POLITICAL IMPOT5CE4 ,AP>T FROM A FEW ( ! MO/ P[]FUL NATIONS1 ! LEAD]S 9 CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 :I* POSSESS ! SPIRITUAL & MAT]IAL RES\RCES NECESS>Y TO MA9TA9 !IR POLITICAL & ECONOMIC 9DEP5D5CE1 0SELF-DET]M9ATION10 ! 9DEP5D5T EXI/5CE ( SMALL] & PETTY NATIONS1 IS AN ILLUSION1 & WILL BECOME EV5 MORE SO4 ,! RETURN ( ALL1 OR EV5 ! MAJORITY ( ! NATIONS :I* >E TODAY OPPRESS$1 TO 9DEP5D5CE W\LD ONLY BE POSSIBLE IF ! EXI/5CE ( SMALL /ATES 9 ! ]A ( CAPITALISM HAD ANY *ANCES OR HOPES = ! FUTURE4 ,BESIDES1 ! BIG-P[] ECONOMY & POLITICS - A CONDITION ( SURVIVAL = ! CAPITALI/ /ATES - TURN ! POLITICALLY 9DEP5D5T1 =MALLY EQUAL1 SMALL ,EUROPEAN /ATES 9TO MUTES ON ! ,EUROPEAN /AGE & MORE (T5 9TO SCAPEGOATS4 ,CAN ONE SPEAK ) ANY S]I\SNESS ( ! 0SELF-DET]M9ATION0 ( PEOPLES :I* >E =MALLY 9DEP5D5T1 SU* AS ,MONT5EGR9S1 ,BULG>IANS1 ,RUMANIANS1 ! ,S]BS1 ! ,GREEKS1 &1 AS F> AS ?AT GOES1 EV5 ! ,SWISS1 :OSE V]Y 9DEP5D5CE IS ! PRODUCT ( ! POLITICAL /RUGGLES & DIPLOMATIC GAME ( ! 0,CONC]T ( ,EUROPE08 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 ! IDEA ( 9SUR+ ALL 0NATIONS0 ! POSSIBILITY ( SELF-DET]M9ATION IS EQUIVAL5T TO REV]T+ FROM ,GREAT-,CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T TO ! SMALL M$IEVAL /ATES1 F> E>LI] ?AN ! FIFTE5? & SIXTE5? C5TURIES4 

,! O!R PR9CIPAL FEATURE ( MOD]N DEVELOPM5T1 :I* /AMPS SU* AN IDEA AS UTOPIAN1 IS CAPITALI/ IMP]IALISM4 ,! EXAMPLE ( ,5GL& & ,HOLL& 9DICATES ?AT UND] C]TA9 CONDITIONS A CAPITALI/ C\NTRY CAN EV5 COMPLETELY SKIP ! TRANSITION PHASE ( 0NATIONAL /ATE0 & CREATE AT ONCE1 9 ITS MANUFACTUR+ PHASE1 A COLONY-HOLD+ /ATE4 ,! EXAMPLE ( ,5GL& & ,HOLL&1 :I*1 AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 HAD BEGUN TO ACQUIRE COLONIES1 WAS FOLL[$ 9 ! EI<TE5? & N9ETE5? C5TURIES BY ALL ! GREAT CAPITALI/ /ATES4 ,! FRUIT ( ?AT TR5D IS ! CONT9U\S DE/RUCTION ( ! 9DEP5D5CE ( MORE & MORE NEW C\NTRIES & PEOPLES1 ( 5TIRE CONT95TS4 

,! V]Y DEVELOPM5T ( 9T]NATIONAL TRADE 9 ! CAPITALI/ P]IOD BR+S ) IT ! 9EVITABLE1 ?\< AT TIMES SL[ RU9 ( ALL ! MORE PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES1 DE/ROYS !IR HI/ORICALLY EXI/+ MEANS ( 0SELF-DET]M9ATION10 & MAKES !M DEP5D5T ON ! CRU%+ :EEL ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T & WORLD POLITICS4 ,ONLY COMPLETE =MALI/ BL9DNESS C\LD LEAD ONE TO MA9TA9 ?AT1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,*9ESE NATION 7:E!R WE REG>D ! PEOPLE ( ?AT /ATE AS ONE OR SEV]AL NATIONS7 IS TODAY REALLY 0DET]M9+ ITSELF40 ,! DE/RUCTIVE ACTION ( WORLD TRADE IS FOLL[$ BY \TRI<T P>TITION OR BY ! POLITICAL DEP5D5CE ( COLONIAL C\NTRIES 9 V>I\S DEGREES & =MS4 ,& IF ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY /RUGGLES ) ALL ITS /R5G? AGA9/ COLONIAL POLICY 9 ALL ITS MANIFE/ATIONS1 TRY+ TO H9D] ITS PROGRESS1 !N IT WILL AT ! SAME TIME REALIZE ?AT ?IS DEVELOPM5T1 AS WELL AS ! ROOTS ( COLONIAL POLITICS1 LIES AT ! V]Y F\NDATIONS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 ?AT COLONIALISM WILL 9EVITABLY ACCOMPANY ! FUTURE PROGRESS ( CAPITALISM1 & ?AT ONLY ! 9NOCU\S B\RGEOIS APO/LES ( 0PEACE0 CAN BELIEVE 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( TODAY'S /ATES AVOID+ ?AT PA?4 ,! /RUGGLE TO /AY 9 ! WORLD M>KET1 TO PLAY 9T]NATIONAL POLITICS1 & TO HAVE OV]SEAS T]RITORIES IS BO? A NECESSITY & A CONDITION ( DEVELOPM5T = CAPITALI/ WORLD P[]S4 ,! =M ?AT BE/ S]VES ! 9T]E/S ( EXPLOITATION 9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y WORLD IS NOT ! 0NATIONAL0 /ATE1 AS ,KAUTSKY ?9KS1 BUT A /ATE B5T ON CONQUE/4 ,:5 WE COMP>E ! DIFF]5T /ATES FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! DEGREE TO :I* !Y APPROA* ?IS IDEAL1 WE SEE ?AT IT IS NOT ! ,FR5* /ATE :I* BE/ FITS ! MODEL1 AT LEA/ NOT 9 ITS ,EUROPEAN P>T :I* IS HOMOG5E\S ) RESPECT TO NATIONALITY4 ,/ILL LESS DOES ! ,SPANI% /ATE FIT ! MODEL2 S9CE IT LO/ ITS COLONIES1 IT HAS %$ ITS IMP]IALI/ *>ACT] & IS PURELY 0NATIONAL0 9 COMPOSITION4 ,RA!R DO WE LOOK TO ! ,BRITI% & ,G]MAN /ATES AS MODELS1 = !Y >E BAS$ ON NATIONAL OPPRESSION 9 ,EUROPE & ! WORLD AT L>GE - & TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA1 A /ATE :I* KEEPS 9 ITS BOSOM LIKE A GAP+ W\ND ! OPPRESSION ( ! ,NEGRO PEOPLE1 & SEEKS TO CONQU] ! ,ASIATIC PEOPLES4 

,! FOLL[+ TABLE ILLU/RATES ! IMP]IALI/ T5D5CY ( NATIONAL CONQUE/4 ,! FIGURES REF] TO ! NUMB] ( OPPRESS$ PEOPLE 9 COLONIES BELONG+ TO EA* C\NTRY4 

,! HUGE FIGURES QUOT$1 :I* 9CLUDE >\ND FIVE HUNDR$ MILLION PEOPLE1 %\LD BE 9CREAS$ BY ! COLOSSAL ADDITION ( ! C\NTRIES :I* DO NOT FIGURE AS COLONIES1 BUT >E ACTUALLY COMPLETELY DEP5D5T ON ,EUROPEAN /ATES1 & !N WE %\LD BREAK !SE TOTALS D[N 9TO C\NTLESS NATIONALITIES & E?NIC GR\PS TO CONVEY AN IDEA ( ! EFFECTS TO DATE ( CAPITALI/ IMP]IALISM ON ! FATES ( NATIONS & !IR ABILITY TO 0DET]M9E !MSELVES40 

  
,9 ,ASIA 
  
,9 ,AFRICA 
  
,9 ,AM]ICA 
  
,9 ,AU/RALASIA 
,GREAT ,BRITA9 
#c#f#a1#d#d#e1 
#d1#b#h1 
#g1#e#e#g1#c 
#e1#h#a#a1 
,FRANCE 
  #a#h1#g#c1 
#c#a1#e1 
   #d#b#h1#h#a#i 
     #h#i1 
,G]MANY 
       #a#b1#d#a 
#a#a1#d#d#g1 
-- 
   #d#d#h1 
,HOLL& 
  #c#g1#g#c#d1 
-- 
   #a#d#b1 
-- 
,BELGIUM 
-- 
#a#i11 
-- 
-- 
,D5M>K 
-- 
-- 
     #d#b1#d#b#b 
-- 
,SPA9 
-- 
     #b#i#a1 
-- 
-- 
,PORTUGAL 
       #h#a1 
  #f1#d#f1 
-- 
-- 
,U,S,A 
    #g1#f#c#e1#d#b#f 
-- 
   #i#e#c1#b#d#c 
     #a#c1 

,( C\RSE1 ! HI/ORY ( ! COLONIAL EXPANSION ( CAPITALISM DISPLAYS TO SOME EXT5T ! CONTRADICTORY T5D5CY ( ! LEGAL1 & !N POLITICAL GA9+ ( 9DEP5D5CE ( ! COLONIAL C\NTRIES4 ,! HI/ORY ( ! BREAK+ AWAY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES FROM ,5GL& AT ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 ( ! C\NTRIES ( ,S\? ,AM]ICA FROM ,SPA9 & ,PORTUGAL 9 ! TW5TIES & ?IRTIES ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 AS WELL AS ! W9N+ ( AUTONOMY BY ! ,AU/RALIAN /ATES FROM ,5GL&1 >E ! MO/ OBVI\S ILLU/RATIONS ( ?IS T5D5CY4 ,H[EV]1 A MORE C>EFUL EXAM9ATION ( !SE EV5TS WILL PO9T AT ONCE TO ! SPECIAL CONDITIONS ( !IR ORIG9S4 ,BO? ,S\? & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 UNTIL ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 W]E ! VICTIMS ( A /ILL PRIMITIVE SY/EM ( COLONIAL ADM9I/RATION1 BAS$ MORE ON ! PLUND]+ ( ! C\NTRY & ITS NATURAL RES\RCES = ! B5EFIT ( ! TREASURES ( ,EUROPEAN /ATES ?AN ON A RATIONAL EXPLOITATION = ! B5EFIT ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,9 !SE CASES1 IT WAS A MATT] ( AN 5TIRE C\NTRY1 :I* POSSESS$ ALL ! CONDITIONS = ! 9DEP5D5T DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM1 MAK+ ITS [N WAY BY BREAK+ ! ROTT+ FETT]S ( POLITICAL DEP5D5CE4 ,! =CE ( ?AT CAPITALI/ ?RU/ WAS /RONG] 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 :I* WAS DEP5D5T ON ,5GL&1 :ILE ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 UNTIL !N PR$OM9ANTLY AGRICULTURAL1 MET A MU* WEAK] RESI/ANCE FROM ,SPA9 & ,PORTUGAL1 :I* W]E ECONOMICALLY BACKW>D4 ,OBVI\SLY1 SU* AN EXCEPTIONAL WEAL? ( NATURAL RES\RCES IS NOT ! RULE 9 ALL COLONIES4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! CONTEMPOR>Y SY/EM ( COLONIZATION HAS CREAT$ A DEP5D5CE :I* IS MU* LESS SUP]FICIAL ?AN ! PREVI\S ONE4 ,BUT ! W9N+ ( 9DEP5D5CE BY ! ,AM]ICAN COLONIES DID NOT REMOVE NATIONAL DEP5D5CE1 IT ONLY TRANSF]R$ IT TO ANO!R NATIONALITY - ONLY *ANG$ ITS ROLE4 ,TAKE FIR/ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES3 ! ELEM5T FREE+ ITSELF FROM ! SCEPT] ( ,5GL& WAS NOT A =EIGN NATION BUT ONLY ! SAME ,5GLI% EMIGRANTS :O HAD SETTL$ 9 ,AM]ICA ON ! RU9S & CORPSES ( ! R$SK9 NATIVES - :I* IS TRUE ALSO ( ! ,AU/RALIAN COLONIES ( ,5GL&1 9 :I* ! ,5GLI% CON/ITUTE #i P]C5T ( ! POPULATION4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS TODAY 9 ! VANGU>D ( ?OSE NATIONS PRACTIC+ IMP]IALI/ CONQUE/4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 ,BRAZIL1 ,>G5T9A1 & ! O!R =M] COLONIES :OSE LEAD+ ELEM5T IS IMMIGRANTS - ,PORTUGUESE & ,SPANI% - WON 9DEP5D5CE FROM ! ,EUROPEAN /ATES PRIM>ILY 9 ORD] TO EX]CISE CONTROL OV] ! TRADE 9 ,NEGROES & !IR USE ON ! PLANTATIONS1 & TO ANNEX ALL ! WEAK] COLONIES 9 ! >EA4 ,MO/ LIKELY ! SAME CONDITIONS PREVAIL 9 ,9DIA1 :]E LATELY !RE HAS APPE>$ A RA!R S]I\S 0NATIONAL0 MOVEM5T AGA9/ ,5GL&4 ,! V]Y EXI/5CE 9 ,9DIA ( A HUGE NUMB] ( NATIONALITIES AT DIFF]5T DEGREES ( SOCIAL & CIVILIZ$ DEVELOPM5T1 AS WELL AS !IR MUTUAL DEP5D5CE1 %\LD W>N AGA9/ TOO HA/Y EVALUATION ( ! ,9DIAN MOVEM5T UND] ! SIMPLE HEAD+ ( 0! RI<TS ( ! NATION40 

,APP>5T EXCEPTIONS ONLY CONFIRM ON CLOS] ANALYSIS ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! MOD]N DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM CANNOT RECONCIL$ ) ! TRUE 9DEP5D5CE ( ALL NATIONALITIES4 

,IT IS TRUE ! PROBLEM APPE>S MU* SIMPL] IF1 :5 DISCUSS+ NATIONALITY1 WE EXCLUDE ! QUE/ION ( COLONIAL P>TITIONS4 ,SU* A TE*NIQUE IS (T5 APPLI$1 CONSCI\SLY OR UNCONSCI\SLY1 BY ! DEF5D]S ( ! 0RI<TS ( NATIONS02 IT ALSO CORRESPONDS TO ! POSITION ) RESPECT TO COLONIAL POLITICS TAK51 = EXAMPLE1 BY ,$U>D ,DAVID 9 ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY OR VAN ,KOL 9 ! ,DUT*4 ,?IS PO9T ( VIEW CONSID]S COLONIALISM 9 G5]AL AS ! EXPRESSION ( ! CIVILIZ+ MISSION ( ,EUROPEAN PEOPLES1 9EVITABLE EV5 9 A SOCIALI/ REGIME4 ,?IS VIEW CAN BE BRIEFLY DESCRIB$ AS ! 0,EUROPEAN0 APPLICATION ( ! PHILOSOPHICAL PR9CIPLE ( ,FI*TE 9 ! WELL KN[N P>APHRASE ( ,LUDWIG ,BRONE3 0,I* B9 I* - WAS AUSS] MIR I/ ,LEB5SMITTEL0 70,I AM MYSELF - :AT IS \TSIDE ( ME IS ! MEANS ( LIFE074 ,IF ONLY ! ,EUROPEAN PEOPLES >E REG>D$ AS NATIONS PROP]1 :ILE COLONIAL PEOPLES >E LOOK$ ON AS 0SUPPLY DEPOTS10 !N WE MAY USE ! T]M 0NATION-/ATE0 9 ,EUROPE = C\NTRIES LIKE ,FRANCE1 ,D5M>K1 OR ,ITALY1 & ! PROBLEM ( NATIONALITY CAN BE LIMIT$ TO 9TRA-,EUROPEAN DIM5SIONS4 ,BUT 9 ?IS CASE1 0! RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION0 BECOMES A !ORY ( ! RUL+ RACES & BETRAYS CLE>LY ITS ORIG9 9 ! IDEOLOGIES ( B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM TOGE!R ) ITS 0,EUROPEAN0 CRET9ISM4 ,9 ! APPROA* ( SOCIALI/S1 SU* A RI<T MU/1 BY ! NATURE ( ?+S1 HAVE A UNIV]SAL *>ACT]4 ,! AW>5ESS ( ?IS NECESSITY IS 5\< TO 9DICATE ?AT ! HOPE ( REALIZ+ ?IS 0RI<T0 ON ! BASIS ( ! EXI/+ SETUP IS A UTOPIA2 IT IS 9 DIRECT CONTRADICTION TO ! T5D5CY ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ON :I* ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY HAS BAS$ ITS EXI/5CE4 ,A G5]AL ATTEMPT TO DIVIDE ALL EXI/+ /ATES 9TO NATIONAL UNITS & TO RE-TAILOR !M ON ! MODEL ( NATIONAL /ATES & /ATELETS IS A COMPLETELY HOPELESS1 & HI/ORICALLY SPEAK+1 REACTION>Y UND]TAK+4.<#i.> 

  

,I,V 

,! =MULA ( ! 0RI<T ( NATIONS0 IS 9ADEQUATE TO JU/IFY ! POSITION ( SOCIALI/S ON ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE IT FAILS TO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! WIDE RANGE ( HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS 7PLACE & TIME7 EXI/+ 9 EA* GIV5 CASE & DOES NOT RECKON ) ! G5]AL CURR5T ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( GLOBAL CONDITIONS1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE IT IGNORES COMPLETELY ! FUNDAM5TAL !ORY ( MOD]N SOCIALI/S - ! !ORY ( SOCIAL CLASSES4 

,:5 WE SPEAK ( ! 0RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION1 0 WE >E US+ ! CONCEPT ( ! 0NATION0 AS A HOMOG5E\S SOCIAL & POLITICAL 5TITY4 ,BUT ACTUALLY1 SU* A CONCEPT ( ! 0NATION0 IS ONE ( ?OSE CATEGORIES ( B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY :I* ,M>XI/ !ORY SUBMITT$ TO A RADICAL RE-VISION1 %[+ H[ ?AT MI/Y VEIL1 LIKE ! CONCEPTS ( ! 0FRE$OM ( CITIZ5S10 0EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW10 ETC41 CONCEALS 9 EV]Y CASE A DEF9ITE HI/ORICAL CONT5T4 

,9 A CLASS SOCIETY1 0! NATION0 AS A HOMOG5E\S SOCIO-POLITICAL 5TITY DOES NOT EXI/4 ,RA!R1 !RE EXI/ )9 EA* NATION1 CLASSES ) ANTAGONI/IC 9T]E/S & 0RI<TS40 ,!RE LIT]ALLY IS NOT ONE SOCIAL >EA1 FROM ! CO>SE/ MAT]IAL RELATION%IPS TO ! MO/ SUBTLE MORAL ONES1 9 :I* ! POSSESS+ CLASS & ! CLASS-CONSCI\S PROLET>IAT HOLD ! SAME ATTITUDE1 & 9 :I* !Y APPE> AS A CONSOLIDAT$ 0NATIONAL0 5TITY4 ,9 ! SPH]E ( ECONOMIC RELATIONS1 ! B\RGEOIS CLASSES REPRES5T ! 9T]E/S ( EXPLOITATION - ! PROLET>IAT ! 9T]E/S ( WORK4 ,9 ! SPH]E ( LEGAL RELATIONS1 ! CORN]/ONE ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY IS PRIVATE PROP]TY2 ! 9T]E/ ( ! PROLET>IAT DEM&S ! EMANCIPATION ( ! PROP]TYLESS MAN FROM ! DOM9ATION ( PROP]TY4 ,9 ! >EA ( ! JUDICI>Y1 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY REPRES5TS CLASS 0JU/ICE10 ! JU/ICE ( ! WELL-F$ & ! RUL]S2 ! PROLET>IAT DEF5DS ! PR9CIPLE ( TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT SOCIAL 9FLU5CES ON ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ( HUMAN5ESS4 ,9 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS1 ! B\RGEOISIE REPRES5T ! POLITICS ( W> & P>TITION1 & AT ! PRES5T /AGE1 A SY/EM ( TRADE W>2 ! PROLET>IAT DEM&S A POLITICS ( UNIV]SAL PEACE & FREE TRADE4 ,9 ! SPH]E ( ! SOCIAL SCI5CES & PHILOSOPHY1 B\RGEOIS S*OOLS ( ?\<T & ! S*OOL REPRES5T+ ! PROLET>IAT /& 9 DIAMETRIC OPPOSITION TO EA* O!R4 ,! POSSESS+ CLASSES HAVE !IR WORLD VIEW2 IT IS REPRES5T$ BY IDEALISM1 METAPHYSICS1 MY/ICISM1 ECLECTICISM2 ! MOD]N PROLET>IAT HAS ITS !ORY - DIALECTIC MAT]IALISM4 ,EV5 9 ! SPH]E ( SO-CALL$ 0UNIV]SAL0 CONDITIONS - 9 E?ICS1 VIEWS ON >T1 ON BEHAVIOR - ! 9T]E/S1 WORLD VIEW1 & IDEALS ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ?OSE ( ! 5LI<T5$ PROLET>IAT REPRES5T TWO CAMPS1 SEP>AT$ FROM EA* O!R BY AN ABYSS4 ,& :5EV] ! =MAL /RIV+S & ! 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT & ?OSE ( ! B\RGEOISIE 7AS A :OLE OR 9 ITS MO/ PROGRESSIVE P>T7 SEEM ID5TICAL - = EXAMPLE1 9 ! FIELD ( DEMOCRATIC ASPIRATIONS - !RE1 UND] ! ID5TITY ( =MS & SLOGANS1 IS HIDD5 ! MO/ COMPLETE DIV]G5CE ( CONT5TS & ESS5TIAL POLITICS4 

,!RE CAN BE NO TALK ( A COLLECTIVE & UNI=M WILL1 ( ! SELF-DET]M9ATION ( ! 0NATION0 9 A SOCIETY =M$ 9 SU* A MANN]4 ,IF WE F9D 9 ! HI/ORY ( MOD]N SOCIETIES 0NATIONAL0 MOVEM5TS1 & /RUGGLES = 0NATIONAL 9T]E/S10 !SE >E USUALLY CLASS MOVEM5TS ( ! RUL+ /RATA ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 :I* CAN 9 ANY GIV5 CASE REPRES5T ! 9T]E/ ( ! O!R /RATA ( ! POPULATION ONLY 9S(> AS UND] ! =M ( 0NATIONAL 9T]E/S0 IT DEF5DS PROGRESSIVE =MS ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 & 9S(> AS ! WORK+ CLASS HAS NOT YET DI/+UI%$ ITSELF FROM ! MASS ( ! 0NATION0 7L$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE7 9TO AN 9DEP5D5T1 5LI<T5$ POLITICAL CLASS4 

,9 ?IS S5SE1 ! ,FR5* B\RGEOISIE HAD ! RI<T TO COME =? AS ! ?IRD E/ATE 9 ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION 9 ! NAME ( ! ,FR5* PEOPLE1 & EV5 ! ,G]MAN B\RGEOISIE 9 #ahdh C\LD /ILL REG>D !MSELVES1 TO A C]TA9 DEGREE1 AS ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,G]MAN 0NATION0 - AL?\< ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O &1 9 P>T1 ! ,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG W]E ALREADY ! 9DICATORS ( A DI/9CT CLASS POLITICS ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ,G]MANY4 ,9 BO? CASES ?IS MEANT ONLY ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y CLASS CONC]N ( ! B\RGEOISIE WAS1 AT ?AT /AGE ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 ! CONC]N ( ! CLASS ( PEOPLE :O /ILL =M$1 ) ! B\RGEOISIE1 A POLITICALLY UNI=M MASS 9 RELATION TO REIGN+ FEUDALISM4 

,?IS CIRCUM/ANCE %[S ?AT ! 0RI<TS ( NATIONS0 CANNOT BE A Y>D/ICK = ! POSITION ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ON ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION4 ,! V]Y EXI/5CE ( SU* A P>TY IS PRO( ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE HAS /OPP$ BE+ ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ! 5TIRE MASS ( ! PEOPLE1 ?AT ! CLASS ( ! PROLET>IAT IS NO LONG] HIDD5 9 ! SKIRTS ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 BUT HAS SEP>AT$ ITSELF (F AS AN 9DEP5D5T CLASS ) ITS [N SOCIAL & POLITICAL ASPIRATIONS4 ,BECAUSE ! CONCEPTS ( 0NATIONS10 ( 0RI<TS10 & ! 0WILL ( ! PEOPLE0 AS A UNI=M :OLE >E1 AS WE HAVE SAID1 REMNANTS FROM ! TIMES ( IMMATURE & UNCONSCI\S ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ! PROLET>IAT & ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! APPLICATION ( ?AT IDEA BY ! CLASS-CONSCI\S & 9DEP5D5TLY ORGANIZ$ PROLET>IAT W\LD BE A /RIK+ CONTRADICTION - NOT A CONTRADICTION AGA9/ ACADEMIC LOGIC1 BUT A HI/ORICAL CONTRADICTION4 

,) RESPECT TO ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION 9 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY1 A SOCIALI/ P>TY MU/ TAKE CLASS ANTAGONISM 9TO ACC\NT4 ,! ,CZE* NATIONALITY QUE/ION HAS ONE =M = ! Y\NG ,CZE* PETITE B\RGEOISIE & ANO!R = ! ,CZE* PROLET>IAT4 ,NOR CAN WE SEEK A S+LE SOLUTION ( ! ,POLI% NATIONAL QUE/ION = ,KOSCIELSKI & HIS /ABLE BOY 9 ,MIROSLAWIE1 = ! ,W>SAW & ,LODZ B\RGEOISIE & = CLASS-CONSCI\S ,POLI% WORK]S ALL AT ! SAME TIME2 :ILE ! ,JEWI% QUE/ION IS =MULAT$ 9 ONE WAY 9 ! M9DS ( ! ,JEWI% B\RGEOISIE1 & 9 ANO!R = ! 5LI<T5$ ,JEWI% PROLET>IAT4 ,= ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION IS1 LIKE ALL O!R SOCIAL & POLITICAL QUE/IONS1 PRIM>ILY A QUE/ION ( CLASS 9T]E/S4 

,9 ! ,G]MANY ( ! #a#h#dS !RE EXI/$ A K9D ( MY/ICAL-S5TIM5TAL SOCIALISM1 ?AT ( ! 0TRUE SOCIALI/S0 ,K>L ,GRUN & ,MOSES ,HESS2 ?IS K9D ( SOCIALISM WAS REPRES5T$ LAT] 9 ,POL& BY ,LIMAN[SKI4 ,AFT] ! #a#h#dS !RE APPE>$ 9 ,POL& A ,SP>TAN $ITION ( ! SAME - SEE ! ,LUD ,POLSKI .<,POLI% ,PEOPLE.> 9 ! E>LY #a#h#gS & ,POBUDKA .<,REVEILLE.> AT ! 5D ( ?AT DECADE4 ,?IS SOCIALISM /ROVE = EV]Y?+ GOOD & BEAUTIFUL4 ,& ON ?AT BASIS1 ,LIMAN[SKI1 LAT] ! LEAD] ( ! ,P,P,S1 TRI$ TO WELD TOGE!R ,POLI% SOCIALISM & ! TASK ( RECON/RUCT+ ,POL&1 ) ! OBS]VATION ?AT SOCIALISM IS AN IDEA ?AT IS OBVI\SLY BEAUTIFUL1 & PATRIOTISM IS A NO LESS BEAUTIFUL IDEA1 & SO 0,:Y %\LDN'T TWO SU* BEAUTIFUL IDEAS BE JO9$ TOGE!R80 

,! ONLY HEAL?Y ?+ 9 ?IS S5TIM5TAL SOCIALISM IS ?AT IT IS A UTOPIAN P>ODY ( ! CORRECT IDEA ?AT A SOCIALI/ REGIME HAS1 AS ! F9AL GOAL ( ! PROLET>IAT'S ASPIRATIONS1 TAK5 ! PL$GE ?AT BY ABOLI%+ ! DOM9ATION ( CLASSES1 = ! FIR/ TIME 9 HI/ORY IT WILL GU>ANTEE ! REALIZATION ( ! HI<E/ IDEALS ( HUMANITY4 

,& ?IS IS REALLY ! CONT5T & ! ESS5TIAL MEAN+ ( ! PR9CIPLE PRES5T$ TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONGRESS AT ,LONDON .<9 #a#h#i#f.> 9 ! RESOLUTION QUOT$4 0,! RI<T ( ,NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION0 /OPS BE+ A CLI*E ONLY 9 A SOCIAL REGIME :]E ! 0RI<T TO WORK0 HAS /OPP$ BE+ AN EMPTY PHRASE4 ,A SOCIALI/ REGIME1 :I* ELIM9ATES NOT ONLY ! DOM9ATION ( ONE CLASS OV] ANO!R1 BUT ALSO ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( SOCIAL CLASSES & !IR OPPOSITION1 ! V]Y DIVISION ( SOCIETY 9TO CLASSES ) DIFF]5T 9T]E/S & DESIRES1 WILL BR+ AB\T A SOCIETY :I* IS ! SUM TOTAL 9DIVIDUALS TI$ TOGE!R BY ! H>MONY & SOLID>ITY !IR 9T]E/S1 A UNI=M :OLE ) A COMMON1 ORGANIZ$ WILL & ! ABILITY TO SATISFY IT4 ,! SOCIALI/ REGIME WILL REALIZE DIRECTLY ! 0NATION0 AS A UNI=M WILL - 9S(> AS ! NATIONS )9 ?AT REGIME 9 G5]AL WILL CON/ITUTE SEP>ATE SOCIAL ORGANISMS OR1 AS ,KAUTSKY /ATES1 WILL JO9 9TO ONE - & ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS = ITS FREE SELF-DET]M9ATION4 ,9 A WORD1 SOCIETY WILL W9 ! ABILITY TO FREELY DET]M9E ITS NATIONAL EXI/5CE :5 IT HAS ! ABILITY TO DET]M9E ITS POLITICAL BE+ & ! CONDITIONS ( ITS CREATION4 0,NATIONS0 WILL CONTROL !IR HI/ORICAL EXI/5CE :5 HUMAN SOCIETY CONTROLS ITS SOCIAL PROCESSES4 

,!RE=E1 ! ANALOGY :I* IS DRAWN BY P>TIZANS ( ! 0RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION0 BETWE5 ?AT 0RI<T0 & ALL DEMOCRATIC DEM&S1 LIKE ! RI<T ( FREE SPEE*1 FREE PRESS1 FRE$OM ( ASSOCIATION & ( ASSEMBLY1 IS COMPLETELY 9CONGRU\S4 ,!SE PEOPLE PO9T \T ?AT WE SUPPORT ! FRE$OM ( ASSOCIATION BECAUSE WE >E ! P>TY ( POLITICAL FRE$OM2 BUT WE /ILL FI<T AGA9/ HO/ILE B\RGEOIS P>TIES4 ,SIMIL>LY1 !Y SAY1 WE HAVE ! DEMOCRATIC DUTY TO SUPPORT ! SELF-DET]M9ATION ( NATIONS1 BUT ?IS FACT DOES NOT COMMIT US TO SUPPORT EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL TACTIC ( ?OSE :O FI<T = SELF-DET]M9ATION4 

,! ABOVE VIEW COMPLETELY OV]LOOKS ! FACT ?AT !SE 0RI<TS10 :I* HAVE A C]TA9 SUP]FICIAL SIMIL>ITY1 LIE ON COMPLETELY DIFF]5T HI/ORICAL LEVELS4 ,! RI<TS ( ASSOCIATION & ASSEMBLY1 FREE SPEE*1 ! FREE PRESS4 ETC41 >E ! LEGAL =MS ( EXI/5CE ( A MATURE B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,BUT 0! RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION0 IS ONLY A METAPHYSICAL =MULATION ( AN IDEA :I* 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY IS COMPLETELY NON-EXI/5T & CAN BE REALIZ$ ONLY ON ! BASIS ( A SOCIALI/ REGIME4 

,H[EV]1 AS IT IS PRACTIC$ TODAY1 SOCIALISM IS NOT AT ALL A COLLECTION ( ALL !SE MY/ICAL 0NOBLE0 & 0BEAUTIFUL0 DESIRES1 BUT ONLY A POLITICAL EXPRESSION ( WELL-DEF9$ CONDITIONS1 ?AT IS1 ! FI<T ( ! CLASS ( ! MOD]N PROLET>IAT AGA9/ ! DOM9ATION ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,SOCIALISM MEANS ! /RIV+ ( ! PROLET>IAT TO BR+ AB\T ! DICTATOR%IP ( ITS CLASS 9 ORD] TO GET RID ( ! PRES5T =M ( PRODUCTION4 ,?IS TASK IS ! MA9 & GUID+ ONE = ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY AS ! P>TY ( ! PROLET>IAT3 IT DET]M9ES ! POSITION ( ?AT P>TY ) RESPECT TO ALL ! SEV]AL PROBLEMS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 

,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY IS ! CLASS P>TY ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,ITS HI/ORICAL TASK IS TO EXPRESS ! CLASS 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT & ALSO ! REVOLUTION>Y 9T]E/S ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY T[>D REALIZ+ SOCIALISM4 ,?US1 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY IS CALL$ UPON TO REALIZE NOT ! RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION BUT ONLY ! RI<T ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 :I* IS EXPLOIT$ & OPPRESS$1 ( ! PROLET>IAT1 TO SELF-DET]M9ATION4 ,FROM ?AT POSITION ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY EXAM9ES ALL SOCIAL & POLITICAL QUE/IONS )\T EXCEPTION1 & FROM ?AT /&PO9T IT =MULATES ITS PROGRAMMATIC DEM&S4 ,NEI!R 9 ! QUE/ION ( ! POLITICAL =MS :I* WE DEM& 9 ! /ATE1 NOR 9 ! QUE/ION ( ! /ATE'S 9T]NAL OR EXT]NAL POLICIES1 NOR 9 ! QUE/IONS ( LAW OR $UCATION1 ( TAXES OR ! MILIT>Y1 DOES ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ALL[ ! 0NATION0 TO DECIDE ITS FATE ACCORD+ TO ITS [N VISION ( SELF-DET]M9ATION4 ,ALL ( !SE QUE/IONS AFFECT ! CLASS 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 A WAY ?AT QUE/IONS ( NATIONAL-POLITICAL & NATIONAL-CULTURAL EXI/5CE DO NOT4 ,BUT BETWE5 ?OSE QUE/IONS & ! NATIONAL-POLITICAL & NATIONAL-CULTURAL QUE/IONS1 EXI/ USUALLY ! CLOSE/ TIES ( MUTUAL DEP5D5CE & CAUSALITY4 ,AS A RESULT1 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY CANNOT H]E ESCAPE ! NECESSITY ( =MULAT+ !SE DEM&S 9DIVIDUALLY1 & DEM&+ ACTIVELY ! =MS ( NATIONAL-POLITICAL & NATIONAL-CULTURAL EXI/5CE :I* BE/ CORRESPOND TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT & ITS CLASS /RUGGLE AT A GIV5 TIME & PLACE1 AS WELL AS TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY4 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY CANNOT LEAVE !SE QUE/IONS TO BE SOLV$ BY 0NATIONS40 

,?IS BECOMES P]FECTLY OBVI\S AS SOON AS WE BR+ ! QUE/ION D[N FROM ! CL\DS ( AB/RACTION TO ! FIRM GR\ND ( CONCRETE CONDITIONS4 

,! 0NATION0 %\LD HAVE ! 0RI<T0 TO SELF-DET]M9ATION4 ,BUT :O IS ?AT 0NATION0 & :O HAS ! AU?ORITY & ! 0RI<T0 TO SPEAK = ! 0NATION0 & EXPRESS ITS WILL8 ,H[ CAN WE F9D \T :AT ! 0NATION0 ACTUALLY WANTS8 ,DOES !RE EXI/ EV5 ONE POLITICAL P>TY :I* W\LD NOT CLAIM ?AT IT ALONE1 AMONG ALL O!RS1 TRULY EXPRESSES ! WILL ( ! 0NATION10 :]EAS ALL O!R P>TIES GIVE ONLY P]V]T$ & FALSE EXPRESSIONS ( ! NATIONAL WILL8 ,ALL ! B\RGEOIS1 LIB]AL P>TIES CONSID] !MSELVES ! 9C>NATION ( ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE & CLAIM ! EXCLUSIVE MONOPOLY TO REPRES5T ! 0NATION40 ,BUT CONS]VATIVE & REACTION>Y P>TIES REF] NO LESS TO ! WILL & 9T]E/S ( ! NATION1 & )9 C]TA9 LIMITS1 HAVE NO LESS ( A RI<T TO DO SO4 ,! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION WAS 9DUBITABLY AN EXPRESSION ( ! WILL ( ! ,FR5* NATION1 BUT ,NAPOLEON1 :O JUGGL$ AWAY ! WORK ( ! ,REVOLUTION 9 HIS C\P ( ! #a#h? ,BRUMAIRE1 BAS$ HIS 5TIRE /ATE RE=M ON ! PR9CIPLE ( 0LA VOLONTE G5]ALE0 .<! G5]AL WILL.>4 

,9 #a#h#d#h1 ! WILL ( ! 0NATION0 PRODUC$ FIR/ ! REPUBLIC & ! PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T1 !N ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 & F9ALLY ,L\IS ,BONAP>TE1 :O CA%I]$ ! ,REPUBLIC1 ! PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T1 & ! NATIONAL ASSEMBLY4 ,DUR+ ! .<#a#i#e.> ,REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA1 LIB]ALISM DEM&$ 9 ! NAME ( ! PEOPLE A 0CADET0 M9I/RY2 ABSOLUTISM1 9 ! NAME ( ! SAME PEOPLE1 >RANG$ ! POGROMS ( ! ,JEWS1 :ILE ! REVOLUTION>Y PEASANTS EXPRESS$ !IR NATIONAL WILL BY S5D+ ! E/ATES ( ! G5TRY UP 9 SMOKE4 ,9 ,POL&1 ! P>TY ( ! ,BLACK ,HUNDR$S1 ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY1 HAD A CLAIM TO BE ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE1 & 9 ! NAME ( 0! SELF-DET]M9ATION ( ! NATION0 9CIT$ 0NATIONAL0 WORK]S TO ASSASS9ATE SOCIALI/ WORK]S4 

,?US ! SAME ?+ HAPP5S TO ! 0TRUE0 WILL ( ! NATION AS TO ! TRUE R+ 9 ,LESS+'S /ORY ( ,NA?AN ! ,WISE3 IT HAS BE5 LO/ & IT SEEMS ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE TO F9D IT & TO TELL IT FROM ! FALSE & C\NT]FEIT ONES4 ,ON ! SURFACE1 ! PR9CIPLE ( DEMOCRACY PROVIDES A WAY ( DI/+UI%+ ! TRUE WILL ( ! PEOPLE BY DET]M9+ ! OP9ION ( ! MAJORITY4 

,! NATION WANTS :AT ! MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE WANT4 ,BUT WOE TO ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY :I* W\LD EV] TAKE ?AT PR9CIPLE AS ITS [N Y>D/ICK3 ?AT W\LD CONDEMN TO DEA? ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ITSELF AS ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY4 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY BY ITS V]Y NATURE IS A P>TY REPRES5T+ ! 9T]E/S ( A HUGE MAJORITY ( ! NATION4 ,BUT IT IS ALSO = ! TIME BE+ 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 9S(> AS IT IS A MATT] ( EXPRESS+ ! CONSCI\S WILL ( ! NATION1 ! P>TY ( A M9ORITY :I* ONLY SEEKS TO BECOME ! MAJORITY4 ,9 ITS ASPIRATIONS & ITS POLITICAL PROGRAM IT SEEKS TO REFLECT NOT ! WILL ( A MAJORITY ( ! NATION1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! EMBODIM5T ( ! CONSCI\S WILL ( ! PROLET>IAT ALONE4 ,& EV5 )9 ?AT CLASS1 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY IS NOT & DOES NOT CLAIM TO BE ! EMBODIM5T ( ! WILL ( ! MAJORITY4 ,IT EXPRESSES ONLY ! WILL & ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! MO/ ADVANC$ & MO/ REVOLUTION>Y SECTION ( ! URBAN-9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4 ,IT TRIES TO EXP& ?AT WILL & TO CLE> A WAY = A MAJORITY ( ! WORK]S BY MAK+ !M CONSCI\S ( !IR [N 9T]E/S4 0,! WILL ( ! NATION0 OR ITS MAJORITY IS NOT !RE=E AN IDOL = ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY BE=E :I* IT HUMBLY PRO/RATES ITSELF4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! HI/ORICAL MISSION ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY IS BAS$ ABOVE ALL ON REVOLUTIONIZ+ & =M+ ! WILL ( ! 0NATION02 ?AT IS1 ITS WORK+-CLASS MAJORITY4 ,= ! TRADITIONAL =MS ( CONSCI\SNESS :I* ! MAJORITY ( ! NATION1 & !RE=E ! WORK+ CLASSES1 DISPLAY 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY >E ! USUAL =MS ( B\RGEOIS CONSCI\SNESS1 HO/ILE TO ! IDEALS & ASPIRATIONS ( SOCIALISM4 ,EV5 9 ,G]MANY1 :]E ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY IS ! MO/ P[]FUL POLITICAL P>TY1 IT IS /ILL TODAY1 ) ITS ?REE & A QU>T] MILLION VOT]S1 A M9ORITY COMP>$ TO ! EI<T MILLION VOT]S = B\RGEOIS P>TIES & ! ?IRTY MILLION :O HAVE ! RI<T TO VOTE4 ,! /ATI/ICS ON P>LIAM5T>Y ELECTORS GIVE1 ADMITT$LY1 ONLY A R\< IDEA ( ! RELATION ( =CES 9 TIMES ( PEACE4 ,! ,G]MAN NATION !N 0DET]M9ES ITSELF0 BY ELECT+ A MAJORITY ( CONS]VATIVES1 CL]ICS1 & FREE?9K]S1 & PUTS ITS POLITICAL FATE 9 !IR H&S4 ,& ! SAME ?+ IS HAPP5+1 TO AN EV5 GREAT] DEGREE1 9 ALL O!R C\NTRIES4 

  

,V 

,LET US TAKE A CONCRETE EXAMPLE 9 AN ATTEMPT TO APPLY ! PR9CIPLE ?AT ! 0NATION0 %\LD 0DET]M9E ITSELF40 

,) RESPECT TO ,POL& AT ! PRES5T /AGE ( ! REVOLUTION1 ONE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS BELONG+ TO ! $ITORIAL COMMITTEE ( ! N[ DEFUNCT PAP]1 ,ISKRA1 9 #aif EXPLA9$ ! CONCEPT ( ! 9DISP5SABLE ,W>SAW CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY 9 ! FOLL[+ WAY3 

IF WE />T FROM ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ( ,RUSSIA IS ! DECISIVE FACTOR DET]M9+ ! CURR5T OPPRESSION ( ! NATIONALITIES1 !N WE MU/ CONCLUDE ?AT ! PROLET>IAT ( ! OPPRESS$ NATIONALITIES & ! ANNEX$ C\NTRIES %\LD BE EXTREMELY ACTIVE 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( AN ALL-,RUSSIAN CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY4 

,?IS ASSEMBLY C\LD1 IF IT WI%$1 C>RY \T ITS REVOLUTION>Y MISSION1 & BREAK ! FETT]S ( =CE ) :I* CZ>DOM B9DS TO ITSELF ! OPPRESS$ NATIONALITIES4 

,& !RE IS NO O!R SATISFACTORY1 ?AT IS1 REVOLUTION>Y WAY ( SOLV+ ?AT QUE/ION ?AN BY IMPLEM5T+ ! RI<TS ( ! NATIONALITIES TO DET]M9E !IR [N FATE4 .<,EMPHASIS 9 ! 5TIRE CITATION IS ,R,LS4.> ,! TASK ( A UNIT$ PROLET>IAN P>TY ( ALL NATIONALITIES 9 ! ASSEMBLY WILL BE TO BR+ AB\T SU* A SOLUTION ( ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION1 & ?IS TASK CAN BE REALIZ$ BY ! ,P>TY ONLY 9S(> AS IT IS BAS$ ON ! MOVEM5T ( ! MASSES1 ON ! PRESSURE !Y PUT ON ! CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY4 

,BUT 9 :AT CONCRETE =M %\LD ! ADMITT$ RI<T TO SELF-DET]M9ATION BE REALIZ$8 

,:]E ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION CAN BE MORE OR LESS ID5TIFI$ ) ! EXI/5CE ( A LEGAL /ATE - AS IS ! CASE 9 ,POL& - !N ! ORGAN :I* CAN REALIZE ! NATION'S RI<T TO SELF-DET]M9ATION CAN & %\LD BE A NATIONAL CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY :OSE SPECIAL TASK IS TO DET]M9E ! RELATION ( A GIV5 0BORD]L& C\NTRY0 TO ! /ATE AS A :OLE1 TO DECIDE :E!R IT %\LD BELONG TO ! /ATE OR BREAK AWAY FROM IT1 TO DECIDE ITS 9T]NAL SET-UP & ITS FUTURE CONNECTION ) ! /ATE AS A :OLE4 

,& !RE=E ! CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY ( ,POL& %\LD DECIDE :E!R ,POL& WILL BECOME P>T ( A NEW ,RUSSIA & :AT ITS CON/ITUTION %\LD BE4 ,& ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT %\LD USE ALL ITS /R5G? TO 9SURE ?AT ITS CLASS MAKES ITS M>K ON ! DECISION ( ?AT ORGAN ( NATIONAL SELF-GOV]NM5T4 

,IF WE %\LD ASK ! ALL-,RUSSIAN ASSEMBLY TO H& ! SOLUTION ( ! ,POLI% NATIONAL QUE/ION OV] TO ! ,W>SAW SEJM1 ,I DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT !RE IS ANY NE$ TO PUT (F CALL+ ?AT SEJM UNTIL ! ,PET]SBURG CON/ITU5TS %\LD TAKE UP ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION4 

,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ,I ?9K ?AT ! SLOGAN ( A CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY 9 ,W>SAW %\LD BE PUT =? N[1 AT ! SAME TIME AS ! SLOGAN = AN ALL-,RUSSIAN CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY4 ,! GOV]NM5T :I* F9ALLY CALLS A CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY = ALL ,RUSSIA %\LD ALSO CALL 7OR SANCTION ! CALL+ (7 A SPECIAL CON/ITU5T SEJM = ,POL&4 ,! JOB ( ! ALL-,RUSSIAN ASSEMBLY WILL BE TO SANCTION ! WORK ( ! ,W>SAW SEJM1 & 9 ! LI<T ( ! DIFF]5T SOCIAL =CES 9VOLV$ 9 ! ,PET]SBURG CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY1 ! MORE ?IS IS GIV5 ON ! BASIS ( ! REAL PR9CIPLES ( DEMOCRACY ! MORE DECISIVELY & CLE>LY WILL ! ,POLI% NATION EXPRESS ITS NATIONAL WILL4 ,IT WILL DO ?IS MO/ CLE>LY 9 ! ELECTIONS TO ! SEJM ESPECIALLY CALL$ TO DECIDE ! FUTURE FATE ( ,POL&4 ,ON ! BASIS ( ?IS SEJM'S DECISIONS1 ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT 9 ! ALL-,RUSSIAN ASSEMBLY WILL BE ABLE TO 5]GETICALLY DEF5D ! REAL RECOGNITION ( ! RI<T TO SELF-DET]M9ATION4 

,?US1 ! SIMULTANE\S CALL+ ( ALL-,RUSSIAN & ALL-,POLI% CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLIES3 ?IS %\LD BE \R SLOGAN4 

,! PRES5TATION BY ! PROLET>IAT ( ! DEM& = A CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY = ,POL& %\LD NOT BE TAK5 TO MEAN ?AT ! ,POLI% NATION W\LD BE REPRES5T$ 9 ! ALL-,RUSSIAN ASSEMBLY BY ANY DELEGATION ( ! ,W>SAW SEJM4 

,I ?9K ?AT SU* REPRES5TATION 9 ! ALL-,RUSSIAN ASSEMBLY W\LD NOT CORRESPOND TO ! 9T]E/S ( REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT W\LD JO9 ! PROLET>IAT & B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS ( ! ,POLI% SEJM BY BONDS ( MUTUAL SOLID>ITY & RESPONSIBILITY1 9 CONTRADICTION TO ! REAL MUTUAL RELATIONS ( !IR 9T]E/S4 

,9 ! ALL-,RUSSIAN ASSEMBLY1 ! PROLET>IAT & B\RGEOISIE ( ,POL& %\LD NOT BE REPRES5T$ BY ONE DELEGATION4 ,BUT ?IS W\LD OCCUR EV5 IF A DELEGATION W]E S5T FROM ! SEJM TO AN ASSEMBLY :I* 9CLUD$ REPRES5TATIVES ( ALL ! P>TIES ( ! SEJM PROPORTIONALLY TO !IR NUMB]S4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 ! DIRECT & 9DEP5D5T REPRES5TATION ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT 9 ! ASSEMBLY W\LD DISAPPE>1 & ! V]Y CREATION ( REAL POLITICAL P>TIES 9 ,POL& W\LD BE MADE DIFFICULT4 ,!N ! ELECTIONS TO ! ,POLI% SEJM1 :OSE MA9 TASK IS TO DEF9E ! POLITICAL RELATIONS BETWE5 ,POL& & ,RUSSIA1 W\LD NOT %[ ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL FACES ( ! LEAD+ P>TIES1 AS ELECTIONS TO AN ALL-,RUSSIAN ASSEMBLY C\LD DO2 = ! LATT] TYPE ( ELECTIONS W\LD ADVANCE1 BESIDES ! LOCAL1 P>TIAL1 HI/ORICALLY TEMPOR>Y & SPECIFICALLY NATIONAL QUE/IONS1 ! G5]AL QUE/IONS ( POLITICS & SOCIALISM1 :I* REALLY DIVIDE CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETIES4 7,H]E AS EV]Y:]E ,I SPEAK ( A DEF9ITE MANN] ( SOLV+ ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION = ,POL&1 NOT T\*+ ?OSE *ANGES :I* MAY PROVE !MSELVES 9DISP5SABLE :ILE RESOLV+ ?IS QUE/ION = O!R NATIONS4 - ,NOTE ( ! AU?OR ( ! CIT$ >TICLE47 .<,! ABOVE >TICLE APPE>$ 9 ,ROBOTNIK1 ! ORGAN ( ! ,P,P,S1 NO4#g#e1 ,FEBRU>Y #g1 #a#i#f4- ,NOTE ( ! $ITORIAL BO>D ( ,PRZEGLAD ,SOZIAL-DEMOKRATYCZNY.> 

,?IS >TICLE GIVES A MORAL SANCTION ON ! P>T ( ! OPPORTUNI/ W+ ( ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY TO ! SLOGAN PUT =? BY ! ,P,P,S 9 ! FIR/ P]IOD ( ! REVOLUTION3 ?AT IS1 TO ! ,W>SAW CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY4 ,H[EV]1 IT HAD NO PRACTICAL RESULT4 ,AFT] ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,P,P,S1 ! SO-CALL$ LEFT W+ ( ?AT P>TY1 HAV+ PUBLICLY REJECT$ ! PROGRAM ( REBUILD+ ,POL&1 F\ND ITSELF =C$ TO AB&ON ITS P>TIAL PROGRAM ( NATIONALISM 9 ! =M ( ! SLOGAN ( A ,W>SAW CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY4 ,BUT ! >TICLE REMA9S A *>ACT]I/IC ATTEMPT TO GIVE PRACTICAL EFFECT TO ! PR9CIPLE ( 0! RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION40 

,9 ! ABOVE >GUM5T1 :I* WE QUOT$ 9 FULL 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO EXAM9E IT FROM ALL ASPECTS1 SEV]AL PO9TS /RIKE ! READ]4 ,ABOVE ALL1 ACCORD+ TO ! AU?OR1 ON ! ONE H& 0A CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY ( ,POL& %\LD DECIDE :E!R ,POL& %\LD 5T] ! =MATION ( A NEW ,RUSSIA & :AT K9D ( CON/ITUTION IT %\LD HAVE40 ,ON ! O!R1 0! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT %\LD USE ITS /R5G? TO 9SURE ?AT ITS CLASS WILL MAKE ! GREATE/ M>K ON ! DECISIONS ( ?AT ORGAN ( NATIONAL SELF-GOV]NM5T4 0 ,H]E ! CLASS WILL ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT IS EXPRESSLY OPPOS$ TO ! PASSIVE WILL ( ! ,POLI% 0NATION40 ,! CLASS WILL ( ! PROLET>IAT CAN OBVI\SLY LEAVE 0ITS M>K0 ON ! DECISIONS ( ! ,W>SAW CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY ONLY IF IT IS CLE>LY & EXPRESSLY =MULAT$2 9 O!R WORDS1 ! CLASS P>TY ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT1 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 MU/ HAVE A WELL-DEF9$ PROGRAM ) RESPECT TO ! NATIONAL QUE/ION1 :I* IT CAN 9TRODUCE 9 ! ,W>SAW CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY A PROGRAM :I* CORRESPONDS NOT TO ! WILL ( 0! NATION0 BUT ONLY TO ! WILL & 9T]E/S ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT4 ,!N1 9 ! CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY1 9 ! NATIONAL QUE/ION1 ONE WILL1 OR 0! SELF-DET]M9ATION ( ! PROLET>IAT0 WILL COME \T AGA9/ ! WILL OR 0! SELF-DET]M9ATION ( ! NATION40 ,= ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/S1 ! 0NATION'S RI<T TO SELF-DET]M9ATION0 AS AN OBLIGATORY PR9CIPLE 9 FACT DISAPPE>S1 & IS REPLAC$ BY A CLE>LY DEF9$ POLITICAL PROGRAM ON ! NATIONAL QUE/ION4 

,! RESULT IS RA!R /RANGE4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,LABOR ,P>TY LEAVES ! SOLUTION ( ! ,POLI% QUE/ION UP TO ! ,POLI% 0NATION40 ,! ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/S %\LD NOT PICK IT UP BUT TRY1 AS H>D AS !Y CAN1 TO SOLVE ?IS QUE/ION ACCORD+ TO ! 9T]E/S & WILL ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,H[EV]1 ! P>TY ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT IS ORGANIZATIONALLY TI$ TO ! ALL-/ATE P>TY1 = 9/ANCE1 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ( ! ,K+DOM ( ,POL& & ,LI?UANIA IS A P>T ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,LABOR ,P>TY4 ,?US1 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ( ALL ( ,RUSSIA1 UNIT$ BO? 9 IDEAS & FACTUALLY1 HAS TWO DIFF]5T POSITIONS4 ,AS A :OLE1 IT /&S = ! 0NATIONS 9 ITS CON/ITU5T P>TS1 IT /&S = ! SEP>ATE PROLET>IAT ( EA* NATION4 ,BUT !SE POSITIONS CAN BE QUITE DIFF]5T & MAY EV5 BE COMPLETELY OPPOS$ TO EA* O!R4 ,! %>P5$ CLASS ANTAGONISM 9 ALL ( ,RUSSIA MAKES IT A G5]AL RULE ?AT 9 ! NATIONAL-POLITICAL QUE/ION1 AS 9 QUE/IONS ( 9T]NAL POLITICS1 ! PROLET>IAN P>TIES TAKE COMPLETELY DIFF]5T POSITIONS FROM ! B\RGEOIS & PETIT B\RGEOIS P>TIES ( ! SEP>ATE NATIONALITIES4 ,:AT POSITION %\LD ! ,LABOR ,P>TY ( ,RUSSIA !N TAKE 9 ! CASE ( SU* A COLLISION8 

,LET US SUPPOSE = ! SAKE ( >GUM5T1 ?AT 9 ! F$]AL CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY1 TWO CONTRADICTORY PROGRAMS >E PUT =? FROM ,POL&3 ! AUTONOM\S PROGRAM ( ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY & ! AUTONOM\S PROGRAM ( ,POLI% ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 :I* >E QUITE AT ODDS ) RESPECT TO 9T]NAL T5D5CY AS WELL AS TO POLITICAL =MULATION4 ,:AT WILL ! POSITION ( ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY BE ) REG>D TO !M8 ,:I* ( ! PROGRAMS WILL IT RECOGNIZE AS AN EXPRESSION ( ! WILL & 0SELF-DET]M9ATION0 ( ! ,POLI% 0NATION08 ,POLI% ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY NEV] HAD ANY PRET5SIONS TO BE SPEAK+ 9 ! NAME ( ! 0NATION40 ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY COMES =? AS ! EXPRESS] ( ! 0NATIONAL0 WILL4 ,LET US ALSO ASSUME = A MOM5T ?AT ?IS P>TY W9S A MAJORITY AT ! ELECTIONS TO ! CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY BY TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! IGNORANCE ( ! PETIT B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS AS WELL AS C]TA9 SECTIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 WILL ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ALL-,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT1 COMPLY+ ) ! REQUIREM5TS ( ! =MULA ( !IR PROGRAM1 COME \T 9 FAVOR ( ! PROPOSALS ( ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY & GO AGA9/ !IR [N COMRADES FROM ,POL&8 ,OR WILL !Y ASSOCIATE !MSELVES ) ! PROGRAM ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT1 LEAV+ ! 0RI<T ( NATIONS0 TO ONE SIDE AS A PHRASE :I* B9DS !M TO NO?+8 ,OR WILL ! ,POLI% ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS BE =C$1 9 ORD] TO RECONCILE !SE CONTRADICTIONS 9 !IR PROGRAM1 TO COME \T 9 ! ,W>SAW CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY1 AS WELL AS 9 !IR [N AGITATION 9 ,POL&1 9 FAVOR ( !IR [N AUTONOM\S PROGRAM1 BUT TO ! F$]AL CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY1 AS MEMB]S WELL AW>E ( ! DISCIPL9E ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY ( ,RUSSIA1 = ! PROGRAM ( ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY1 ?AT IS1 AGA9/ !IR [N PROGRAM8 

,LET US TAKE YET ANO!R EXAMPLE4 ,EXAM9+ ! QUE/ION 9 A PURELY AB/RACT =M1 S9CE ! AU?OR HAS PUT ! PROBLEM ON ?AT BASIS1 LET US SUPPOSE1 TO ILLU/RATE ! PR9CIPLE1 ?AT 9 ! NATIONAL ASSEMBLY ( ! ,JEWI% POPULATION ( ,RUSSIA = :Y %\LD ! RI<T TO CREATE SEP>ATE CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLIES BE LIMIT$ TO ,POL&1 AS ! AU?OR WANTS8 - ! ,ZIONI/ ,P>TY SOMEH[ W9S A MAJORITY & DEM&S ?AT ! ALL-,RUSSIAN CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY VOTE FUNDS = ! EMIGRATION ( ! 5TIRE ,JEWI% COMMUNITY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! CLASS REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,JEWI% PROLET>IAT FIRMLY RESI/ ! POSITION ( ! ,ZIONI/S AS A H>MFUL & REACTION>Y UTOPIA4 ,:AT POSITION WILL ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY TAKE 9 ?IS CONFLICT8 

,IT WILL HAVE TWO *OICES4 ,! 0RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION0 MI<T BE ESS5TIALLY ID5TICAL ) ! DET]M9ATION ( ! NATIONAL QUE/ION BY ! PROLET>IAT 9 QUE/ION ?AT IS1 ) ! NATIONALITY PROGRAM ( ! CONC]N$ ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC P>TIES4 ,9 SU* A CASE1 H[EV]1 ! =MULA ( ! 0RI<T ( NATIONS0 9 ! PROGRAM ( ! ,RUSSIAN P>TY IS ONLY A MY/IFY+ P>APHRASE ( ! CLASS POSITION4 ,OR1 ALT]NATIVELY1 ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT AS SU* C\LD RECOGNIZE & HONOR ONLY ! WILL ( ! NATIONAL MAJORITIES ( ! NATIONALITIES UND] ,RUSSIAN SUBJUGATION1 EV5 ?\< ! PROLET>IAT ( ! RESPECTIVE 0NATIONS0 %\LD COME \T AGA9/ ?IS MAJORITY ) !IR [N CLASS PROGRAM4 ,& 9 ?IS CASE1 IT IS A POLITICAL DUALISM ( A SPECIAL TYPE2 IT GIVES DRAMATIC EXPRESSION TO ! DISCORD BETWE5 ! 0NATIONAL0 & CLASS POSITIONS3 IT PO9TS UP ! CONFLICT BETWE5 ! POSITION ( ! F$]AL WORK]S' P>TY & ?AT ( ! P>TIES ( ! P>TICUL> NATIONALITIES :I* MAKE IT UP4 

,A SPECIAL ,POLI% CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY IS TO BE ! ORGAN ( REALIZ+ ! RI<T ( ! NATION TO SELF-DET]M9ATION4 ,BUT ?AT RI<T IS1 9 REALITY1 SEV]ELY LIMIT$ BY ! AU?OR1 & 9 TWO DIRECTIONS4 ,FIR/1 ! COMPET5CE ( ! ,W>SAW CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY IS R$UC$ TO ! SPECIAL QUE/ION ( ! RELATION ( ,POL& TO ,RUSSIA & TO ! CON/ITUTION = ,POL&4 ,!N1 EV5 )9 ?IS DOMA91 ! DECISIONS ( ! 0,POLI% NATION0 >E SUBORD9AT$ TO ! SANCTION ( AN ALL-,RUSSIAN CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY4 ,! ASSEMBLY1 H[EV] - IF ?IS RES]VATION IS TO HAVE ANY MEAN+ AT ALL - CAN EI!R GRANT OR D5Y !SE SANCTIONS4 ,UND] SU* CONDITIONS ! UNLIMIT$ 0RI<T ( ! NATION TO SELF-DET]M9ATION0 BECOMES RA!R PROBLEMATIC4 ,! NATIONAL P>TIZANS ( ! SLOGAN ( A SEP>ATE ,W>SAW CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY W\LD NOT AT ALL AGREE TO ! R$UCTION ( !IR COMPET5CE TO ! N>R[ >EA ( RELATIONS BETWE5 ,POL& & ,RUSSIA4 ,!Y WANT$ TO GIVE ! ASSEMBLY ! P[] OV] ALL ! 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL RELATIONS ( ! SOCIAL LIFE ( ,POL&4 ,& FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! 0RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION10 !Y W\LD UND\BT$LY HAVE RI<T & LOGIC ON !IR SIDE4 ,= !RE SEEMS TO BE NO REASON :Y 0SELF-DET]M9ATION0 %\LD MEAN ONLY ! SOLUTION ( ! EXT]NAL FATE ( ! NATION & ( ITS CON/ITUTION1 & NOT ( ALL SOCIAL & POLITICAL MATT]S4 ,BESIDES1 ! SEP>ATION ( ! RELATION ( ,POL& TO ,RUSSIA & ! CON/ITUTION ( ,POL& FROM ! 0G5]AL PROBLEMS ( POLITICS & SOCIALISM0 IS A CON/RUCTION :I* IS >TIFICIAL TO ! HI<E/ DEGREE4 ,IF ! 0CON/ITUTION ( ,POL&0 IS TO DET]M9E - AS IT EVID5TLY MU/ - ! ELECTORAL LAW1 ! LAW ( UNIONS & MEET+S1 ! LAW ( ! PRESS1 ETC41 ETC41 = ,POL&1 !N IT IS NOT CLE> :AT POLITICAL QUE/IONS REMA9 = ! F$]AL CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY TO SOLVE ) RESPECT TO ,POL&4 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 ONLY ONE ( TWO PO9TS ( VIEW IS POSSIBLE3 EI!R ! ,W>SAW CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY IS TO BE ! ESS5TIAL ORGAN = ! SELF-DET]M9ATION ( ! ,POLI% NATION1 & 9 ?IS CASE IT CAN BE ONLY AN ORGAN ON ! SAME LEVEL AS ! ,PET]SBURG CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY2 OR1 ! CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY ( ,W>SAW PLAYS ONLY ! ROLE ( A NATIONAL SEJM 9 A POSITION ( DEP5D5CE ON & SUBORD9ATION TO ! F$]AL CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY1 & 9 ?IS CASE1 0! RI<T ( ! NATION TO SELF-DET]M9ATION10 DEP5D5T ON ! SANCTION ( ! ,RUSSIAN 0NATION10 REM9DS ONE ( ! ,G]MAN CONCEPT3 0,DIE ,REPUBLIK MIT DEM ,GROS%]ZOG AN D] ,SPITZE0 .<0,! ,REPUBLIC ) ! ,GR& ,DUKE AT ! ,HEAD0.> 4 

,! AU?OR HIMSELF HELPS US TO GUESS H[1 9 HIS UND]/&+1 ! 0RI<T ( ! NATION10 PROCLAIM$ 9 ! 9TRODUCTION SO *>M+LY 9 ! =M ( A ,W>SAW CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY1 IS F9ALLY CANCEL$ \T BY ! COMPET5CE & RI<T ( SANCTION ( ! ,PET]SBURG CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY4 

,9 ?IS MATT]1 ! ,M5%EVIK J\RNALI/ ADOPTS ! VIEW ?AT ! ,W>SAW CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY WILL BE ! ORGAN ( NATIONAL 9T]E/S1 :]EAS ! F$]AL ASSEMBLY WILL BE ! ORGAN ( ! CLASS & G5]AL SOCIAL 9T]E/S1 ! T]RA9 ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! PROLET>IAT & ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,?US1 ! AU?OR %[S SO MU* MI/RU/ ( ! ,W>SAW ORGAN ( ! 0NATIONAL WILL0 ?AT HE OPPOSES ! REPRES5TATION ( ?AT NATIONAL SEJM 9 ! ,PET]SBURG CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY1 = :I* HE DEM&S DIRECT ELECTIONS FROM ,POL& TO 9SURE ! BE/ REPRES5TATION ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT4 ,! DEF5D] ( TWO CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLIES FEELS 9/9CTIVELY ?AT EV5 ) UNIV]SAL & EQUAL ELECTIONS TO ! ,W>SAW ASSEMBLY1 ITS V]Y 9DIVIDUAL NATURE W\LD WEAK5 ! POSITION ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT1 :ILE ! COMB9$ 5TRY ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT ) ! PROLET>IAT ( ! 5TIRE /ATE 9 A G5]AL CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY W\LD /R5G!N ! CLASS POSITION & ITS DEF5SE4 ,H5CE >ISES HIS VACILLATION BETWE5 ONE & ! O!R POSITION & HIS DESIRE TO SUBORD9ATE ! ORGAN ( ! 0NATIONAL0 WILL TO ! ORGAN ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,?IS IS1 !N1 AGA9 AN EQUIVOCAL POLITICAL POSITION1 9 :I* ! COLLISION BETWE5 ! 0NATIONAL0 PO9T ( VIEW & ! CLASS PO9T ( VIEW TAKES ! =M ( ! OPPOSITION BETWE5 ! ,W>SAW & ! ,PET]SBURG CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLIES4 ,ONLY ONE QUE/ION REMA9S3 S9CE ! REPRES5TATION 9 A F$]AL CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY IS MORE USEFUL = ! DEF5SE ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT1 !N :Y CANNOT ?AT BODY RESOLVE ! ,POLI% NATIONAL QUE/ION1 9 ORD] TO 9SURE ! PREPOND]ANCE ( ! WILL & 9T]E/S ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT8 ,SO MANY HESITATIONS & CONTRADICTIONS %[ H[ DESIRABLE IT W\LD BE = ! 0NATION0 & ! WORK+ CLASS TO DEVELOP A COMMON POSITION4 

,AP>T FROM ?IS1 WE MU/ ADD ?AT ! 5TIRE CON/RUCTION ( ! ,W>SAW CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY AS ! ORGAN ( NATIONAL 0SELF-DET]M9ATION0 IS ONLY A H\SE ( C>DS3 ! DEP5D5CE OR 9DEP5D5CE ( NATION-/ATES IS DET]M9$ NOT BY ! VOTE ( MAJORITIES 9 P>LIAM5T>Y REPRES5TATIONS1 BUT ONLY BY SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 BY MAT]IAL CLASS 9T]E/S1 & AS REG>DS ! EXT]NAL POLITICAL AFFAIRS1 BY >M$ /RUGGLE1 W>1 OR 9SURRECTION4 ,! ,W>SAW ASSEMBLY C\LD ONLY REALLY DET]M9E ! FATE ( ,POL& IF ,POL& HAD FIR/1 BY MEANS ( A SUCCESSFUL UPRIS+1 WON FACTUAL 9DEP5D5CE FROM ,RUSSIA4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! ,POLI% PEOPLE CAN REALIZE ITS 0RI<T0 TO SELF-DET]M9ATION ONLY :5 IT HAS ! ACTUAL ABILITY1 ! NECESS>Y =CE = ?IS1 & !N IT WILL REALIZE IT NOT ON ! BASIS ( ITS 0RI<TS0 BUT ON ! BASIS ( ITS P[]4 ,! PRES5T REVOLUTION DID NOT CALL =? AN 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T 9 ,POL&2 IT DID NOT %[ ! LEA/ T5D5CY TO SEP>ATE ,POL& FROM ,RUSSIA4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT BURI$ ! REMA9S ( !SE T5D5CIES BY =C+ ! NATIONAL P>TY 7,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY7 TO R5\NCE ! PROGRAM ( ! RECON/RUCTION ( ,POL&1 :ILE ! O!R P>TY 7! ,P,P,S7 WAS SMA%$ TO BITS & ALSO1 MIDWAY 9 ! /RUGGLE1 WAS =C$ TO R5\NCE ?IS PROGRAM EXPLICITLY4 ,?US1 ! 0RI<T0 ( ! ,POLI% NATION TO SELF-DET]M9ATION REMA9S - ! RI<T TO EAT (F GOLD PLATES4 

,! DEM& = A ,W>SAW CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY IS !RE=E OBVI\SLY DEPRIV$ ( ALL POLITICAL OR !ORETICAL IMPORTANCE & REPRES5TS ONLY A MOM5T>Y T5TATIVE IMPROVIZATION ( DET]IORAT$ ,POLI% NATIONALISM1 LIKE A SOAP BUBBLE :I* BUR/S IMM$IATELY AFT] APPE>+4 ,?IS DEM& IS USEFUL ONLY AS AN ILLU/RATION ( ! APPLICATION ( 0! RI<T ( A NATION TO SELF-DET]M9ATION0 9 PRACTICE4 ,?IS ILLU/RATION IS A NEW PRO( ?AT BY RECOGNIZ+ ! 0RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION0 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! PRES5T REGIME1 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY IS (F]+ ! 0NATIONS0 EI!R ! *EAP BLESS+ TO DO :AT !Y 7! 0NATIONS07 >E 9 A POSITION TO DO BY VIRTUE ( !IR /R5G?1 OR ELSE AN EMPTY PHRASE ) NO =CE AT ALL4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ?IS POSITION BR+S ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY 9TO CONFLICT ) ITS TRUE CALL+1 ! PROTECTION ( ! CLASS 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT & ! REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY1 :I* ! CREATORS ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM US$ AS ! BASIS ( !IR VIEW ON ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION4 

,! PRES]VATION ( ?AT METAPHYSICAL PHRASE 9 ! PROGRAM ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY ( ,RUSSIA W\LD BE A BETRAYAL ( ! /RICTLY CLASS POSITION :I* ! P>TY HAS TRI$ TO OBS]VE 9 ALL PO9TS ( ITS PROGRAM4 ,! N9? P>AGRAPH %\LD BE REPLAC$ BY A CONCRETE =MULA1 H[EV] G5]AL1 :I* W\LD PROVIDE A SOLUTION ( ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT ( ! P>TICUL> NATIONALITIES4 ,?AT DOES NOT 9 ! LEA/ MEAN ?AT ! PROGRAM ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATION ( ! RESPECTIVE NATIONALITIES %\LD BECOME1 EO IPSO1 ! PROGRAM ( ! ALL-,RUSSIAN P>TY4 ,A FUNDAM5TAL CRITICAL APPRAISAL ( EA* ( !SE PROGRAMS BY ! :OLE ( ! WORK]S' P>TY ( ! /ATE IS NECESS>Y1 BUT ?IS APPRAISAL %\LD BE MADE FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! ACTUAL SOCIAL CONDITIONS1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( A SCI5TIFIC ANALYSIS ( ! G5]AL T5D5CIES ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 AS WELL AS ! 9T]E/S ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,?IS ALONE CAN 9DICATE A UNI=M & CONSI/5T POSITION ( ! P>TY AS A :OLE & 9 ITS CON/ITU5T P>TS4 

.<#b.>,T[>ZY/WO ,DEMOKRATYCZNE ,POLSKIE 7,DEMOCRATIC ,SOCIETY_/,POLI%71 #a#h#c#b-#a#h#f#b1 WAS ! BIGGE/ ORGANIZATION ( ,POLI% EMIGRANTS 9 ,FRANCE & 9 ,5GL&1 PR(ESS+ REVOLUTION>Y & DEMOCRATIC VIEWS4 ,AFT] #a#h#d1 IT WAS 9VOLV$ 9 PREP>+ AN 9SURRECTION 9 ! ?REE P>TS ( P>TITION$ ,POL&4 

,POBUDKA 7,REVEILLE71 ALSO CALL$ ,LA ,DIANE1 WAS A J\RNAL ( ! ,POLI% ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY PUBLI%$ 9 ,P>IS1 #a#h#h#i-#a#h#i#c4 

,LIGA ,N>ODWA 7,NATIONAL ,LEAGUE71 F\ND$ #ahic AS A SUCCESSOR ( ! 0,POLI% ,LEAGUE10 WAS A SECRET POLITICAL ORGANIZATION 9 ,RUSSIAN1 ,G]MAN1 & ,AU/RIAN ,POL&4 ,IT PROMOT$ CLASS SOLID>ITY & NATIONALISM2 IT REPRES5T$ ! 9T]E/S ( ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES4 ,9 #a#h#i#f1 IT F\ND$ ! ,P>TY ( ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRATS 7,5DECJA71 :I* WAS CONSID]$ B\RGEOIS1 ) /RONG NATIONALI/ T5D5CIES4 

.<#c.> ,! ABOVE MOTION READ3 0,:]EAS1 ! SUBJUGATION ( ONE NATION BY ANO!R CAN S]VE ONLY ! 9T]E/S ( CAPITALI/S & DESPOTS1 :ILE = WORK+ PEOPLE 9 BO? OPPRESS$ & OPPRESSOR NATION IT IS EQUALLY P]NICI\S2 & :]EAS1 9 P>TICUL>1 ! ,RUSSIAN CZ>DOM1 :I* [ES ITS 9T]NAL /R5G? & ITS EXT]NAL SIGNIFICANCE TO ! SUBJUGATION & P>TITION ( ,POL&1 CON/ITUTES A P]MAN5T ?REAT TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 ! ,CONGRESS H]EBY RESOLVES3 ?AT ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ,POL& REPRES5TS AN IMP]ATIVE POLITICAL DEM& BO? = ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT & = ! 9T]NATIONAL LABOR MOVEM5T AS A :OLE40 .<,APP>5TLY NOTE BY ,R4,L4.> 

.<#d.> ,ONLY ! ,G]MAN BRAN* ( ! ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ?\<T IT RELEVANT TO 9CLUDE ! ,LONDON ,RESOLUTION 9 ITS PROGRAM DUR+ ITS /RUGGLES ) ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 ,AFT] IT JO9$ ! ,G]MAN ,P>TY AGA91 ! ,P,P,S ADOPT$ ! ,]FURT PROGRAM AS ITS [N )\T RES]VATIONS4.<#e.> .<,APP>5TLY NOTE BY ,R4,L4.> 

.<,CONFUS+LY ! NOTE BEL[ IS NOT$ 9 ! NOTE ABOVE4 ,NOTE BY TRANSCRIB].> 

.<#e.> ,! ?REE P>TITIONS 7#a#g#g#b1 #a#g#i#c1 #a#g#i#e7 HAD LEFT ,POL& DIVID$ AMONG ,RUSSIA1 ,PRUSSIA1 & ,AU/RIA 7#f#b P]C5T1 #b P]C5T1 & #ah P]C5T ( ,POLI% T]RITORY RESPECTIVELY74 ,! ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/S 9 EA* ( ! OCCUPI$ >EAS COOP]AT$ 9 ONE OR ANO!R FA%ION ) ! ,SOCIALI/ P>TIES ( ! P>TITION+ P[]S1 MORE CLOSELY ?\< ) ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY & ! ,AU/RIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY 7UNTIL #ahih !RE WAS NO ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY74 

,PROLET>IAT1 F\ND$ 9 #ahhb BY ,LUDWIK ,W>YNSKI1 WAS CALL$ ! FIR/ ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY4 ,IT SIGN$ AN AGREEM5T ) ! ,RUSSIAN ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA 7,PEOPLE'S ,WILL74 ,AFT] ! DE/RUCTION ( ,PROLET>IAT 9 ! LATE #a#h#hS1 ?REE SMALL GR\PS CONT9U$ TO FUNCTION1 ! SO-CALL$ 0,SECOND ,PROLET>IAT10 7,M>T9 ,KASPRZAK71 ! ,UNION ( ,POLI% ,WORK]S 7,JULIAN ,M>*LEWSKI1 ,ADOLF ,W>SZAWSKI1 ,BRONISLAW ,WESOL[SKI71 & ! ,ASSOCIATION ( ,WORK]S4 ,SIMULTANE\SLY ) ! ,PROLET>IAT4 ! ,POLI% ,PEOPLE WAS ORGANIZ$ BY ,BRONISLAW ,LIMAN[SKI 9 ,PORTSM\? 9 #a#h#h#a4 

,9 #a#h#i#b1 ! LEAD]S ( ! ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ GR\PS ( ,AU/RIAN ,GALICIA & ,G]MAN ,SILESIA =M$ DI/9CT & SEP>ATE ,POLI% P>TIES 9 !IR T]RITORIES4 ,9 ,NOVEMB] #a#h#i#b1 A CONGRESS ( ALL ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/S 9 EXILE CREAT$ ! UNIT$ ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 7,P,P,S74 ,P,P,S COV]$ ! ,RUSSIAN T]RITORIES ( ,POL& & WAS CLOSELY RELAT$ TO ! ,G]MAN-,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & TO ! ,POLI% ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY 9 ,AU/RIAN ,GALICIA4 ,UNTIL ! F\NDATION ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ( ! ,K+DOM ( ,POL& 7,S,D,K,P7 BY ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 ,JULIAN ,M>*LEWSKI1 ,ADOLF ,W>SZAWSKI1 & ,LEO ,JOGI*ES 9 #a#h#i#c1 ! ,POLES APPE>$ AS ONE UNIT AT 9T]NATIONAL CONGRESSES4 

,! ,S,D,K,P SAW ITSELF AS ! DIRECT SUCCESSOR TO ,PROLET>IAT4 ,ITS IMM$IATE AIM WAS A LIB]AL CON/ITUTION = ! 5TIRE ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE ) T]RITORIAL AUTONOMY = ,POL&2 ,POLI% 9DEP5D5CE WAS SPECIFICALLY REJECT$4 ,UP TO ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 ! ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T REMA9$ %>PLY DIVID$ ON ! ISSUE ( ,POLI% 9DEP5D5CE4 ,AFT] ! FUSION ( ,S,D,K,P & ! ,LI?UANIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS 7#a#h#i#i71 ! NEW P>TY TOOK ! NAME ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ( ! ,K+DOM ( ,POL& & ,LI?UANIA 7,S,D,K,PI,L74 

,9 #a#i#a#a1 ! ,S,D,K,PI,L SPLIT 9TO TWO FACTIONS3 ! ,Z>ZAD[CY FACTION 9CLUD$ ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 ,LEO ,JOGI*ES-,TYSZKA1 ,M>*LEWSKI1 & ,FELIX ,DZH]ZHYNSKI1 :ILE ! ,ROSLAM[CY FACTION HAD AS MEMB]S ,HANECKI1 ,RADEK1 ! ,BRO!RS ,/E91 & ,BRONSKI4 ,BO? FACTIONS PASS$ \T ( EXI/5CE ) ! =MATION ( ! ,POLI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 #a#i#a#h4 ,?IS P>TY WAS %ORTLY DECL>$ ILLEGAL2 IT WAS ALMO/ TOTALLY PURG$ BY ,/AL9 9 #a#i#c#g4 ,! DIRECT SUCCESSOR ( ! ,POLI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY WAS ! ,POLI% ,WORK]S' ,P>TY 7,POLSKA ,P>TIA ,ROBOTNICZA71 F\ND$ 9 #a#i#d#b4 

,! ,P,P,S CEAS$ TO EXI/ 9 #aidh :5 IT WAS UNIT$ ) ! ,P,P,R4 ,! FUSION ( !SE TWO GAVE BIR? TO ! PRES5T ,POLI% ,UNIT$ ,WORK]S' ,P>TY 7,P,Z,P,R71 ! RUL+ P>TY 9 ! ,POLI% ,PEOPLE'S ,REPUBLIC4 

.<#f.> ,JOSEF ,SZUJSKI 7#a#h#c#e-#a#h#h#c71 ,POLI% HI/ORIAN & /ATESMAN1 SPOKESMAN = A CONCILIATORY1 PRO-,AU/RIAN POLICY1 COAU?OR ( ,TEKA ,/ANCZYKA - A POLITICAL PAMPHLET OPPOS+ ! 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T 9 ,POL&4 

,TADEUSZ ,KOSCIUSZKO 7#a#g#d#f-#a#h#a#g71 ,POLI% G5]AL1 SUPREME COMM&] ( ! SO-CALL$ ,KOSCIUSZKO ,9SURRECTION ( #a#g#i#d4 ,DIRECT$ AGA9/ ,RUSSIA & ,PRUSSIA - ! MA9 B5EFICI>IES ( ,POL&'S P>TITIONS ( #aggf & #agic - ! ABORTIVE 9SURRECTION WAS FOLL[$ BY ! ?IRD P>TITION 9 #a#g#i#e1 :I* WIP$ ,POL& FROM ! MAP ( ,EUROPE UNTIL %E REGA9$ 9DEP5D5CE 9 #a#i#a#h4 

,! ,NOVEMB] ,9SURRECTION1 #a#h#c-#c#a1 9 ,RUSSIA-OCCUPI$ ,POL&1 WAS CAUS$ BY AN 9T5SIFI$ ,RUSSIANIZ+ POLICY4 ,! PRO-,RUSSIAN ,POLI% NOBILITY & UPP] MILIT>Y CLASS W]E OPPOS$ BY REVOLUTION>Y 9TELLECTUALS & ! L[]-RANK+ >MY (FIC]S4 ,:5 ! SEJM DE?RON$ ! CZ>1 AN >M$ CONFLICT ]UPT$ :I* 5D$ 9 ,RUSSIA'S ULTIMATELY LIQUIDAT+ ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! RUMP ,K+DOM ( ,POL&4 

,! ,JANU>Y ,9SURRECTION2 #a#h#f#c-#f#d1 WAS DIRECTLY CAUS$ BY ! DRAFT ( ,POLES 9TO ! CZ>I/ >MY4 ,SUPPORT$ BY PEASANTS & CIVILIANS1 ! 9SURRECTION SPREAD TO ! ,PRUSSIA- & ,AU/RIA-OCCUPI$ T]RITORIES ( ,POL&4 ,IT 5D$ 9 DEFEAT1 & ! COMM&] 9 *IEF1 ,ROMUALD ,TRAUGUTT1 WAS HANG$ BY ! ,RUSSIANS4 

.<#g.> ,ACTUALLY1 ! >TICLES W]E WRITT5 BY ,5GELS4 ,BUT ,M>X SUBMITT$ !M1 & IT IS P]FECTLY CORRECT = ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG TO CITE !M AS ILLU/RAT+ ,M>X'S TE*NIQUE ( ANALYSIS4 

.<#h.> ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS1 ,D] ,S*WEIZ] ,BURG]KRIEG1 9 ,NA*LASS1 ,I,I1 #d#d#h4 

.<#i.> ,9 ! M9DS ( LEGAL =MALI/S & PR(ESSORS1 ?IS DEVELOPM5T APPE>S 9 ! =M ( ! 0DEG5]ATION ( ! NATIONAL IDEA40 

,! O!R /REAM ( NATIONALI/ TR5DS APPE>S 9 ! /RIV+S ( NATIONS :I* HAVE ALREADY GA9$ POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE1 TO ASS]T !IR SUP]IORITY & ASC5DANCY OV] O!R NATIONS4 ,!SE /RIV+S >E EXPRESS$ ON ! ONE H& 9 ! GLORIFICATION ( !IR PA/ HI/ORICAL VIRTUES OR ! PRES5T FEATURES ( !IR NATIONAL *>ACT]1 ! 0S\L10 OR F9ALLY AS COMPLETELY UNDEF9$ HOPES = A FUTURE CULTURAL ROLE1 = SOME K9D ( A MISSION ( DE/9Y GIV5 TO C]TA9 NATIONS1 /RIV+S :I* >E N[ *RI/5$ ) ! NAME ( NATIONALISM4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 !SE POLITICAL T5D5CIES BR+ AB\T ! EXPANSION ( ! T]RITORIAL B\ND>IES ( A GIV5 NATION1 ! /R5G!N+ ( ITS GLOBAL POSITION BY P>TITION+ V>I\S O!R C\NTRIES & BY 9CREAS+ ITS COLONIAL POSSESSIONS--?AT IS1 ! POLITICS ( IMP]IALISM4 ,!SE MOVEM5TS EMBODY ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! NATIONAL IDEA1 BUT !Y REPRES5T A CONTRADICTION ( ! ORIG9AL CONT5TS ( ?AT IDEA1 & 9 ITS FATAL RESULTS1 SO DEGRAD+ = CIVILIZATION1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE NOT TO SEE ! DEG5]ATION ( ?AT IDEA & ITS DEA?4 ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ! C5TURY ( NATIONALITIES HAS F9I%$4 ,WE MU/ AWAIT A NEW AGE1 COLOR$ BY NEW TR5DS4 - ,W4,M4 ,U/9[1 ,IDYEYU ,NATSYONALNOVO ,GOSUD>/VA 7,KH>KOV3 #a#i#f74 .<,APP>5TLY NOTE BY ,R4,L4.> 

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,! ,NATION-,/ATE & ! ,PROLET>IAT 

,! QUE/ION ( NATIONALITY CANNOT BE SOLV$ M]ELY BY PRESUM+ ?AT SOCIALI/S MU/ APPROA* IT FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! CLASS 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! 9FLU5CE ( !ORETICAL SOCIALISM HAS BE5 FELT 9DIRECTLY BY ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T AS A :OLE1 TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT AT PRES5T !RE IS NOT A SOCIALI/ OR WORK]S' P>TY :I* DOES NOT USE AT LEA/ ! ,M>XI/ T]M9OLOGY1 IF NOT ! 5TIRE ,M>XI/ WAY ( ?9K+4 ,A FAM\S EXAMPLE ( ?IS IS ! PRES5T ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY ( ,RUSSIA1 9 :OSE !ORY - AS F> AS ONE CAN SPEAK ( SU* - !RE >E AT LEA/ AS MANY ELEM5TS BORR[$ FROM ! ,M>XI/ ,S*OOL AS !RE >E ELEM5TS 9H]IT$ FROM ! ,N>ODNIKI & ! ,PEOPLE'S ,WILL4 ,9 LIKE MANN]1 ALL SOCIALI/ GR\PS ( ! PETIT B\RGEOIS & NATIONALI/IC TYPE 9 ,RUSSIA HAVE !IR [N FANCIES :I* >E SOLELY 09 ! 9T]E/ ( ! PROLET>IAT & SOCIALISM40 ,! ,POLI% ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 N[ 9 DECL9E1 HAD ESPECIALLY DI/+UI%$ ITSELF 9 COMP>ISON ) ! NAIVE1 PATRI>*AL - LET US SAY - NATIONAL SOCIALISM ( ,MR4 ,LIMAN[SKI1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ?AT ! 0GOOD-HE>T$0 ,MR4 ,LIMAN[SKI NEV] EV5 US$ ! NAME ( ,K>L ,M>X1 :ILE SOCIAL PATRIOTISM1 FROM ! BEG9N+1 S\<T TO LEGITIMIZE ITS PROGRAM ) ,M>XI/ T]M9OLOGY AS A 0CLASS 9T]E/ ( ! PROLET>IAT40 

,BUT IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ! CLASS *>ACT] ( ANY P>TICUL> DEM& IS NOT E/ABLI%$ BY M]ELY 9CORPORAT+ IT ME*ANICALLY 9TO ! PROGRAM ( A SOCIALI/ P>TY4 ,:AT ?IS OR ANY O!R P>TY CONSID]S A 0CLASS 9T]E/0 ( ! PROLET>IAT CAN ONLY BE AN IMPUT$ 9T]E/1 CONCOCT$ BY SUBJECTIVE REASON+4 ,IT IS V]Y EASY1 = 9/ANCE1 TO /ATE ?AT ! WORK]S' CLASS 9T]E/ DEM&S ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A M9IMUM-WAGE LAW4 ,SU* A LAW W\LD PROTECT ! WORK]S AGA9/ ! PRESSURES ( COMPETITION1 :I* MI<T COME FROM A LESS DEVELOP$ LOCALITY4 ,IT W\LD ASSURE !M ( A C]TA9 M9IMUM /&>D ( LIV+1 ETC4 ,SU* DEM&S HAVE BE5 PRES5T$ REPEAT$LY BY SOCIALI/ CIRCLES2 H[EV]1 ! PR9CIPLE HAS NOT YET BE5 ACCEPT$ BY ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES 9 G5]AL1 = ! VALID REASON ?AT ! UNIV]SAL REGULATION ( WAGES BY MEANS ( LEGISLATION IS BUT A UTOPIAN DREAM UND] TODAY'S AN>*I/IC CONDITIONS ( PRIVATE ECONOMY4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE WORK]S' WAGES1 LIKE ! PRICES ( ANY K9D ( COMMODITY1 >E SET UP 9 ! CAPITALI/IC SY/EM UND] ! OP]ATION ( 0FREE COMPETITION0 & ! SPONTANE\S MOVEM5T ( CAPITAL4 ,!RE=E1 ! LEGAL REGULATION ( WAGES CAN BE A*IEV$ ONLY 9 EXCEPTIONAL1 CLE>LY DEF9$ >EAS1 E4G41 9 SMALL COMMUNITIES4 ,& S9CE ! G5]AL E/ABLI%M5T ( A M9IMUM-WAGE LAW CLA%ES ) ! CURR5T CONDITIONS ( CAPITALISM1 WE MU/ ADMIT ?AT IT IS NOT A TRUE PROLET>IAN 9T]E/1 BUT RA!R A FABRICAT$ OR IMPUT$ ONE1 9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT IT CAN BE SUPPORT$ BY A COMPLETELY LOGICAL >GUM5T4 

,LIKEWISE1 ONE CAN1 9 A PURELY AB/RACT WAY1 FIGURE \T V>I\S 0CLASS 9T]E/S0 = ! PROLET>IAT1 :I*1 H[EV]1 W\LD HAVE TO REMA9 AS M]E CLI*ES 9 ! SOCIALI/ PROGRAM4 ,?IS IS ESPECIALLY SO1 AS1 ! MORE ?AT O!R SOCIAL ELEM5TS ATTA* !MSELVES TO ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 ! /RONG] IS ! T5D5CY TO SUGGE/ V>I\S S9C]E BUT UNREALI/IC DEM&S ( !SE =EIGN ELEM5TS AS CLASS 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! O!R SOCIAL ELEM5TS REF]R$ TO H]E 9CLUDE ?OSE MEMB]S ( SOCIETY :O HAVE BE5 DEPRIV$ ( POLITICAL %ELT] BY ! FAILURE ( ! B\RGEOIS P>TIES2 9 ?IS CATEGORY >E ! B\RGEOIS & PETIT B\RGEOIS 9TELLIG5TSIA4 ,IF ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES HAD NO OBJECTIVE CRIT]ION BY :I* TO E/ABLI% JU/ :AT FITS ! CLASS 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT1 BUT W]E ONLY DIRECT$ BY :AT C]TA9 PEOPLE MI<T ?9K W\LD BE GOOD OR USEFUL = ! WORK]S1 !N SOCIALI/ PROGRAMS W\LD BE A MOTLEY COLLECTION ( SUBJECTIVE1 & (T5 COMPLETELY UTOPIAN1 DESIRES4 

,BAS+ ITSELF ON HI/ORICAL F\NDATIONS - ON ! F\NDATIONS ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY - TODAY'S ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY D]IVES ITS IMM$IATE 9T]E/S 7! DEM&S ( TODAY'S PROLET>IAT7 AS WELL AS ITS LONG-RANGE GOALS1 NOT M]ELY FROM SUBJECTIVE REASON+ AB\T :AT W\LD BE 0GOOD0 OR 0USEFUL0 = ! PROLET>IAT1 BUT FROM EXAM9+ ! OBJECTIVE DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY = A V]IFICATION ( ITS ACTUAL 9T]E/S1 AS WELL AS = MAT]IAL MEANS = !IR REALIZATION4 ,IT IS FROM ?IS /&PO9T ?AT ! MA9 ALT]NATIVES = A PRACTICAL SOLUTION TO ! QUE/ION ( NATIONALITY %\LD BE EXAM9$ - ?OSE :I* >E SUGGE/$ BY HI/ORICAL EXAMPLES AS WELL AS ?OSE :I* CORRESPOND TO ! SLOGANS POPUL> 9 SOCIALI/ CIRCLES4 

,WE %\LD FIR/ CONSID] ! IDEA ( A NATION-/ATE4 ,9 ORD] TO EVALUATE ?IS CONCEPT ACCURATELY1 IT IS FIR/ NECESS>Y TO SE>* = HI/ORICAL SUB/ANCE 9 ! IDEA1 TO SEE :AT IS ACTUALLY HID+ BEH9D ! MASK4 

,9 HIS >TICLE ON ! /RUGGLES ( NATIONALITIES & ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC PROGRAM 9 ,AU/RIA1 PUBLI%$ OV] T5 YE>S AGO1 ,KAUTSKY 5UM]ATES ?REE FACTORS1 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO HIM1 MAKE UP ! 0ROOTS ( ! MOD]N NATIONAL IDEA10 AS F\ND 9 ! RISE ( ! MOD]N /ATE 9 ALL ( ,EUROPE4 ,!SE FACTORS >E3 ! DESIRE ( ! B\RGEOISIE TO ASSURE = ITSELF AN 9T]NAL OR DOME/IC M>KET = ITS [N COMMODITY PRODUCTION2 SECOND1 ! DESIRE = POLITICAL FRE$OM - DEMOCRACY2 & F9ALLY1 EXPANSION ( ! NATIONAL LIT]ATURE & CULTURE TO ! POPULACE4.<#a.> 

,9 ,KAUTSKY'S !ORY ONE CAN SEE1 ABOVE ALL1 HIS BASIC POSITION1 HIS [N VIEW ( NATIONALITY AS A HI/ORICAL CATEGORY4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIS REASON+1 ! IDEA ( ! NATION IS 9TIMATELY CONNECT$ ) A DEF9ITE ]A ( MOD]N DEVELOPM5T4 ,! M>KET 9T]E/S ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 DEMOCRATIC CURR5TS1 CULTURE ( ! PEOPLE - !SE >E TYPICAL ASPECTS ( A B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 

,NATURALLY1 WE >E NOT SPEAK+ H]E ( A NATIONALITY AS A SPECIFIC E?NIC OR CULTURAL GR\P4 ,SU* NATIONALITY IS1 ( C\RSE1 SEP>ATE & DI/9CT FROM ! B\RGEOIS ASPECT2 NATIONAL PECULI>ITIES HAD ALREADY EXI/$ = C5TURIES4 ,BUT H]E WE >E CONC]N$ ) NATIONAL MOVEM5TS AS AN ELEM5T ( POLITICAL LIFE1 ) ! ASPIRATIONS ( E/ABLI%+ A SO-CALL$ NATION-/ATE2 !N ! CONNECTION BETWE5 ?OSE MOVEM5TS & ! B\RGEOIS ]A IS UNQUE/IONABLE4 ,! HI/ORY ( ! NATIONAL UNIFICATION ( ,G]MANY IS A TYPICAL EXAMPLE ( ?IS CONNECTION1 AS ! NUCLEUS >\ND :I* ! LAT] ,G]MAN ,REI* CRY/ALLIZ$ WAS ! ,G]MAN ,ZOLLV]E9 & ,ZOLLP>LAM5T4 ,!IR SPONSOR1 ,FRI$RI* ,LI/1 ) HIS TRIVIAL !ORY ( 0NATIONAL ECONOMY10 CAN BE MORE JU/IFIABLY CONSID]$ ! REAL MESSIAH ( ! NATIONAL UNITY ( ,G]MANY ?AN ! IDEALI/ ,FI*TE1 M5TION$ USUALLY AS ! FIR/ APO/LE ( ,G]MAN NATIONAL REBIR?4 ,?IS 0NATIONAL0 MOVEM5T1 :I* CAPTUR$ ! IMAG9ATION ( ! ,G]MAN 0PEOPLE & PR9CES0 DUR+ ,FI*TE'S TIME1 & :I* ! PSEUDO-REVOLUTION>Y ,BURS*5S*AFT5 L\DLY U%]$ 9 79 SPITE ( ,FI*TE'S >D5T SYMPA?Y = ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION71 BASICALLY REPRES5T$ ONLY A M$IEVAL REACTION AGA9/ ! SE$S ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 :I* W]E BR\<T TO ,G]MANY BY ,NAPOLEON1 & AGA9/ ! ELEM5TS ( ! MOD]N B\RGEOIS SY/EM4 ,! SULTRY1 ROMANTIC W9D ( 0NATIONAL REBIR?0 F9ALLY DI$ \T AFT] ! VICTORI\S RETURN ( ,G]MANY TO FEUDAL SUBDIVISION & TO PRE-,M>* REACTION4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! GOSPEL ( ?AT VULG> AG5T ( ,G]MAN 9DU/RY1 ,LI/1 9 ! ?IRTIES & =TIES BAS$ ! 0NATIONAL REBIR?0 ON ! ELEM5TS ( B\RGEOIS DEVELOPM5T1 ON 9DU/RY & TRADE1 ON ! !ORY ( ! 0DOME/IC M>KET40 ,! MAT]IAL BASIS = ?IS PATRIOTIC MOVEM5T1 :I* 9 ! ?IRTIES & =TIES ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY >\S$ SU* /RONG POLITICAL1 $UCATIONAL1 PHILOSOPHICAL1 & LIT]>Y CURR5TS 9 ,G]MANY1 WAS ABOVE ALL1 ! NE$ TO UNIFY ALL ! ,G]MAN T]RITORIES 7:I* W]E DIVID$ 9TO SEV]AL DOZ5 FEUDAL /ATELETS & W]E CRISS-CROSS$ BY CU/OMS & TAX B>RI]S7 9TO ONE GREAT1 9TEGRAT$1 CAPITALI/IC 0FA!RL&10 E/ABLI%+ A BROAD F\NDATION = ME*ANIZ$ MANUFACTUR+ & BIG 9DU/RY4 

,! HI/ORY ( ! 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL UNIFICATION ( ,G]MANY IS SO COMPLETELY 9T]TW9$ ) ! FATE ( ,G]MANY'S POLITICAL UNIFICATION1 ?AT ! HI/ORY ( ! ,CU/OMS ,UNION .<,ZOLLV]E9.>1 :I* REFLECT$ ALL ! POLITICAL DEVELOPM5TS & HAPP5+S 9 ,G]MANY1 PASSES OV]1 ) P]FECT CONT9UITY1 9TO ! HI/ORY ( ! BIR? ( ! PRES5T ,G]MAN ,REI*4 ,9 #a#h#c#d1 ! ,CU/OMS ,UNION WAS BORN1 GR\P+ SEV5TE5 M9OR /ATES >\ND ,PRUSSIA2 & GRADUALLY1 ONE AFT] ANO!R1 ! REMA9+ /ATES ALSO JO9$ ?IS ,UNION4 ,H[EV]1 ,AU/RIA REMA9$ ALTOGE!R SEP>ATE FROM ! ,UNION1 & ! ,S*LESWIG-,HOL/E9 ,W> F9ALLY DECID$ ! MATT] 9 FAVOR ( ,PRUSSIA4 ,9 #a#h#f#g1 ! LA/ R5EWAL ( ! ,CU/OMS ,UNION BECAME SUP]FLU\S 9 ! PRES5CE ( ! NEW NATIONAL UNION2 & ! ,NOR? ,G]MAN ,UNION1 AFT] ! ,FRANCO-,PRUSSIAN ,W>1 TRANSF]R$ ITS CU/OMS RI<TS & DUTIES BY 9H]ITANCE TO ! NEWLY =M$ ,REI*4 ,9 ! PLACE ( ! ,ZOLLBUNDESRAT & ! ,ZOLLP>LAM5T !RE W]E N[ ! ,BUNDESRAT & ,REI*/AG4 ,9 ?IS EXAMPLE FROM MOD]N HI/ORY1 ,G]MANY EXCELL5TLY DEMON/RATES ! TRUE ECONOMIC F\NDATION ( MOD]N NATION-/ATES4 

,AL?\< ! B\RGEOIS APPETITE = M>KETS = 0ITS [N0 COMMODITIES IS SO ELA/IC & EXT5SIVE ?AT IT ALWAYS HAS ! NATURAL T5D5CY TO 9CLUDE ! 5TIRE GLOBE1 ! V]Y ESS5CE ( ! MOD]N B\RGEOIS 0NATIONAL IDEA0 IS BAS$ ON ! PREMISE ?AT 9 ! EYES ( ! B\RGEOISIE ( EV]Y C\NTRY1 ITS [N NATION - !IR 0FA!RL&0 - IS CALL$ & DE/9$ BY NATURE TO S]VE IT .<! B\RGEOISIE.> AS A FIELD = ! SALE ( PRODUCTS4 ,IT IS AS IF ?IS W]E AN EXCLUSIVE PATRIMONY DET]M9$ BY ! GOD ,M]CURY4 ,AT LEA/ ?IS IS H[ ! NATIONAL QUE/ION APPE>S :]E ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM TAKES PLACE 0NORMALLY10 )\T ABRUPT FLUCTUATIONS1 I4E41 :]E PRODUCTION = ! DOME/IC M>KET EXCE$S PRODUCTION = EXPORT4 ,?IS IS EXACTLY :AT HAPP5$ 9 ,G]MANY & 9 ,ITALY4 

,H[EV]1 IT W\LD BE WRONG TO TAKE ,KAUTSKY'S =MULATION LIT]ALLY2 WE CANNOT ASSUME ?AT ! MAT]IAL F\NDATION ( MOD]N NATIONAL MOVEM5TS IS ONLY ! VAGUELY UND]/OOD APPETITE ( ! 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE = A 0NATIVE0 M>KET = ITS COMMODITIES4 ,MOREOV]1 A CAPITALI/IC B\RGEOISIE NE$S MANY O!R CONDITIONS = ITS PROP] DEVELOPM5T3 A /RONG MILIT>Y1 AS A GU>ANTEE ( ! 9VIOLABILITY ( ?IS 0FA!RL&10 AS WELL AS A TOOL TO CLE> A PA? = ITSELF 9 ! WORLD M>KET2 FUR!RMORE1 IT NE$S A SUITABLE CU/OMS POLICY1 SUITABLE =MS ( ADM9I/RATION 9 REG>D TO COMMUNICATIONS1 JURISDICTION1 S*OOL SY/EMS1 & F9ANCIAL POLICY4 ,9 A WORD1 CAPITALISM DEM&S = ITS PROP] DEVELOPM5T NOT ONLY M>KETS1 BUT ALSO ! :OLE APP>ATUS ( A MOD]N CAPITALI/IC /ATE4 ,! B\RGEOISIE NE$S = ITS NORMAL EXI/5CE NOT ONLY /RICTLY ECONOMIC CONDITIONS = PRODUCTION1 BUT ALSO1 9 EQUAL MEASURE1 POLITICAL CONDITIONS = ITS CLASS RULE4 

,FROM ALL ?IS IT FOLL[S ?AT ! SPECIFIC =M ( NATIONAL ASPIRATIONS1 ! TRUE CLASS 9T]E/ ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 IS /ATE 9DEP5D5CE4 ,! NATION-/ATE IS ALSO SIMULTANE\SLY ?AT 9DISP5SABLE HI/ORICAL =M 9 :I* ! B\RGEOISIE PASSES OV] FROM ! NATIONAL DEF5SIVE TO AN (F5SIVE POSITION1 FROM PROTECTION & CONC5TRATION ( ITS [N NATIONALITY TO POLITICAL CONQUE/ & DOM9ATION OV] O!R NATIONALITIES4 ,)\T EXCEPTION1 ALL ( TODAY'S 0NATION-/ATES0 FIT ?IS DESCRIPTION1 ANNEX+ NEI<BORS OR COLONIES1 & COMPLETELY OPPRESS+ ! CONQU]$ NATIONALITIES4 

,?IS PH5OM5ON BECOMES UND]/&ABLE ONLY :5 ONE TAKES 9TO CONSID]ATION ! FACT ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO ! B\RGEOIS WAY ( ?9K+1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO HAVE A NATIONAL MOVEM5T = UNIFICATION & DEF5SE ( ONE'S [N NATIONALITY1 & AT ! SAME TIME1 TO OPPRESS ANO!R NATIONALITY 7:I* IS1 ( C\RSE1 CONTR>Y TO ! V]Y IDEOLOGY ( ! 0NATION-/ATE074 ,! ,G]MAN B\RGEOISIE 9 #ahdh PRES5TS A /RIK+ EXAMPLE ( ?IS PH5OM5ON 9 ITS ATTITUDE T[>D ! ,POLI% QUE/ION4 ,AS IS KN[N1 DUR+ ! REVOLUTION .<( #a#h#d#h.>1 :5 ,G]MAN NATIONAL PATRIOTISM WAS MO/ EVID5T1 ,K>L ,M>X & HIS CIRCLE ADVOCAT$ ,POLI% 9DEP5D5CE2 H[EV]1 HE PROV$ TO BE BUT A PROPHET CRY+ 9 ! WILD]NESS4 ,! ,G]MAN 0NATION-/ATE10 FROM ITS FIR/ /AGES ( DEVELOPM5T1 DID NOT CON=M AT ALL ) ! ACCEPT$ UND]/&+ ( A NATION-/ATE 9 REG>D TO NATIONALITIES4 ,! BORD]S ( ! ,REI* ACTUALLY SPLIT ! ,G]MAN NATION1 DIVID+ IT BETWE5 ,AU/RIA & ! NEW 0NATIONAL0 /ATE ( ,G]MANY1 & PUTT+ TOGE!R ! ,G]MANS & ! RACIALLY DI/9CT PEOPLES 9 T]RITORIES ANNEX$ FROM ,POL&1 ,D5M>K1 & ,FRANCE4 

,AN EV5 MORE /RIK+ EXAMPLE IS ,HUNG>Y1 :OSE /RUGGLE = NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE WAS SO MU* ADMIR$ 9 ITS TIME4 ,EV5 \R [N ,POLI% REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]S - ,BEM1 ,WYSOCKI1 & ,DEMBICKI - HAD 0TILT$ !IR LANCES0 TO ASSI/ !M4 ,BUT :5 EXAM9$ FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( NATIONALITY1 ?IS /RUGGLE WAS NO?+ MORE ?AN AN ATTEMPT TO ASSURE CLASS RULE ( ! ,MAGY> M9ORITY OV] A C\NTRY ( N9E NATIONALITIES1 ) ! ,MAGY>S OPPRESS+ ! O!R NATIONALITIES4 ,! NATIONAL 09DEP5D5CE0 ( ! ,HUNG>IANS WAS B\<T BY SEV]+ ! ,C>PA?IAN ,SLOVAKS FROM !IR BRO!RS1 ! ,SUDET5 ,CZE*S2 SEP>AT+ ! ,G]MANS ( ,BRATISLAVA1 ,TEMESV>1 & ,TRANSYLVANIA FROM ! ,AU/RIAN ,G]MANS2 & ! ,CROATS & ,DALMATIAN ,S]BS FROM ,CROATIA & ! ,SLOV5IANS4.<#b.> 

,! ASPIRATIONS ( ! ,CZE*S >E *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! SAME DI*OTOMY4 ,!SE ASPIRATIONS >\SE DI/RU/ AMONG ! ,G]MANS BECAUSE1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 !Y >E DIRECT$ CLE>LY AT SEP>AT+ ! ,G]MAN POPULATION ( ,SUDET5L& FROM ! ,G]MANS ( ! ,ALP9E C\NTRIES4 ,! PRIM>Y OBJECTIVE ( ! ,CZE*S WAS TO =CE ! ,G]MANS1 AS M9ORITY GR\P UND] ! CR[N ( ,W5CESLAUS 7,VACLAV71 9TO COMPLETE DEP5D5CE ON ! ,CZE*S 9 MATT]S ( CULTURE & ADM9I/RATION4 ,AS IF ?IS W]E NOT 5\<1 ! DIVISION ( ! ,CZE* L&S CREAT$ A NATIONALITY DIVISION = ! ,CZE*S !MSELVES BY UNIT+ FIVE & ONE-?IRD MILLION ,CZE*S ) ?REE MILLION ,G]MANS & NE>LY TWO HUNDR$ ?\S& ,POLES4 ,/ILL SEP>AT$ FROM ?IS 0NATIONAL0 ,CZE* /ATE W]E TWO MILLION ,C>PA?IAN ,SLOVAKS1 A GR\P CLOSELY RELAT$ TO ! ,CZE*S & LEFT AT ! M]CY ( ! ,MAGY>S4 ,!RE=E1 !SE ,SLOVAKS >E ALSO L\DLY ADVOCAT+ !IR CAUSE1 :I* HAS BE5 COMPLETELY NEGLECT$ BY ! ,CZE* NATIONALI/S4.<#c.> 

,F9ALLY1 & WE DO NOT HAVE TO GO F> = AN EXAMPLE1 ,POLI% B\RGEOIS NATIONALISM IS DIRECT$ AS MU* AGA9/ ! ,RU!NIANS AS AGA9/ ! ,LI?UANIANS4 ,! V]Y NATIONALITY :I* HAD TO 5DURE ! BITT] POLICY ( EXT]M9ATION BY ! P>TITION+ P[]S - ,PRUSSIA & ,RUSSIA - N[ REFUSES ! RI<T ( 9DEP5D5T EXI/5CE TO O!R NATIONALITIES4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,/ANCZYK.<#d.> POLICY 9 ,GALICIA1 ! ,POLES OPPRESS$ ! ,RU!NIANS1 :OSE /RUGGLE = NATIONALITY RUNS LIKE A R$ ?READ ?R\< ! POLITICAL HI/ORY ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,GALICIA 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! LA/ C5TURY4 ,! REC5T MOVEM5T = NATIONAL REBIR? ( ! ,LI?UANIANS WAS MET ) SIMIL> HO/ILITY 9 ,POLI% NATIONALI/IC CIRCLES4.<#e.> 

,?IS /RANGE D\BLE-$G$ *>ACT] ( B\RGEOIS PATRIOTISM1 :I* IS ESS5TIALLY BAS$ ON ! CONFLICT+ 9T]E/S ( V>I\S NATIONALITIES RA!R ?AN ON H>MONY BECOMES UND]/&ABLE ONLY :5 ONE TAKES 9TO CONSID]ATION ! FACT ?AT ! HI/ORICAL BASIS ( ! MOD]N NATIONAL MOVEM5TS ( ! B\RGEOISIE IS NO?+ MORE ?AN ITS ASPIRATIONS TO CLASS RULE1 & A SPECIFIC SOCIAL =M 9 :OSE ASPIRATIONS ?IS EXPRESSION IS F\ND3 ! MOD]N CAPITALI/IC /ATE - 0NATIONAL10 9 ! S5SE ( ! DOM9ANCE ( ! B\RGEOISIE ( A C]TA9 NATIONALITY OV] ! 5TIRE MIX$ POPULATION ( ! /ATE4 ,A DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATION1 TOGE!R ) G5]AL $UCATION ( ! PEOPLE - !SE DI/9CTLY IDEOLOGICAL ELEM5TS ( ! NATION M5TION$ BY ,KAUTSKY - >E M]ELY DETAILS ( A MOD]N B\RGEOIS /ATE1 EASILY ATTA9ABLE BY ! B\RGEOISIE )9 ! FRAMEWORK & SPIRIT ( ! /ATE4 ,!RE=E1 9DEP5D5CE & /ATE UNIFICATION CON/ITUTE ! REAL AXIS >\ND :I* ! NATIONAL MOVEM5TS ( ! B\RGEOISIE ROTATE4.<#f.> 

,?IS MATT] APPE>S QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! CONTEMPOR>Y PROLET>IAT1 AS A SOCIAL CLASS1 IS ! (FSPR+ ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY & ! B\RGEOIS /ATE4 ,! CAPITALI/ SOCIETY & B\RGEOIS /ATE - TAK+ !M NOT AS AN AB/RACT IDEA1 BUT 9 TANGIBLE =M AS HI/ORY HAS CREAT$ !M 9 EA* C\NTRY - W]E ALREADY1 FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+1 A FRAME ( ACTIVITY = ! PROLET>IAT4 ,A B\RGEOIS /ATE - NATIONAL OR NOT NATIONAL - IS JU/ ?AT F\NDATION1 TOGE!R ) CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION AS ! RUL+ =M ( SOCIAL ECONOMY1 ON :I* ! WORK+ CLASS GR[S & ?RIVES4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 !RE IS A BASIC HI/ORICAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! B\RGEOISIE & ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! B\RGEOISIE DEVELOPS & IS C>RI$ 9 ! WOMB ( ! FEUDAL CLASS SY/EM4 ,ASPIR+ TO ASSURE TRIUMPH = CAPITALISM AS ! =M ( PRODUCTION1 & = ITSELF AS ! RUL+ CLASS1 ! B\RGEOISIE CREATES ! MOD]N /ATE ON ! RU9S ( ! FEUDAL SY/EM4 ,)9 ! B\NDS ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM & ! RULE ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! PROLET>IAT IS NEXT TO MAKE ITSELF HE>D POLITICALLY - /ILL AS P>T ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE4 ,BUT ! /ATE WAS ALREADY FROM ! BEG9N+ ITS NATURAL WOMB1 JU/ AS ! %ELL ( AN EGG IS = ! *ICK54 ,!RE=E1 HI/ORICALLY SPEAK+1 ! IDEA ?AT ! MOD]N PROLET>IAT C\LD DO NO?+ AS A SEP>ATE & CONSCI\S CLASS )\T FIR/ CREAT+ A NEW NATION-/ATE1 IS ! SAME AS SAY+ ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ANY C\NTRY %\LD FIR/ ( ALL E/ABLI% A FEUDAL SY/EM1 IF BY SOME *ANCE IT DID NOT COME AB\T NORMALLY BY ITSELF1 OR HAD TAK5 ON P>TICUL> =MS1 AS = 9/ANCE 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! HI/ORICAL MISSION ( ! B\RGEOISIE IS ! CREATION ( A MOD]N 0NATIONAL0 /ATE2 BUT ! HI/ORICAL TASK ( ! PROLET>IAT IS ! ABOLITION ( ?IS /ATE AS A POLITICAL =M ( CAPITALISM1 9 :I* !Y !MSELVES1 AS A CONSCI\S CLASS1 COME 9TO EXI/5CE TO E/ABLI% ! SOCIALI/ SY/EM4 ,! PROLET>IAT1 AS P>T ( ! :OLE SOCIETY1 CAN TAKE P>T 9 NATIONAL MOVEM5TS ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 :]E ! B\RGEOIS DEVELOPM5T DEM&S ! CREATION ( A 0NATION-/ATE10 AS WAS ! CASE1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ,G]MANY4 ,BUT !N IT FOLL[S ! LEAD ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 & DOES NOT ACT AS AN 9DEP5D5T CLASS ) A SEP>ATE POLITICAL PROGRAM4 ,! NATIONAL PROGRAM ( ! ,G]MAN SOCIALI/S 9 ! =TIES ADVANC$ TWO IDEAS1 DIRECTLY OPPOS+ ! NATIONAL PROGRAM ( ! B\RGEOISIE3 UNIFICATION ) BORD]S :I* W\LD BE BAS$ /RICTLY ON DIVISIONS ( NATIONALITIES1 & A REPUBLICAN =M ( GOV]NM5T4 

,! 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT ON ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION >E JU/ ! OPPOSITE ( ?OSE ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! CONC]N AB\T GU>ANTEE+ AN 9T]NAL M>KET = ! 9DU/RIALI/S ( ! 0FA!RL&10 & ( ACQUIR+ NEW M>KETS BY MEANS ( CONQUE/1 BY COLONIAL OR MILIT>Y POLICIES-ALL !SE1 :I* >E ! 9T5TIONS ( ! B\RGEOISIE 9 CREAT+ A 0NATIONAL0 /ATE1 CANNOT BE ! AIMS ( A CONSCI\S PROLET>IAT4 

,! PROLET>IAT1 AS A LEGITIMATE *ILD ( CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T1 TAKES ?IS DEVELOPM5T 9TO ACC\NT AS A NECESS>Y HI/ORICAL BACKGR\ND ( ITS [N GR[? & POLITICAL MATURATION4 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ITSELF REFLECTS ONLY ! EVOLUTION>Y SIDE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 :]EAS ! RUL+ B\RGEOISIE LOOKS AFT] ?IS DEVELOPM5T ON BEHALF ( REACTION4 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY NO:]E CONSID]S ITS TASK TO BE ! ACTIVE SUPPORT ( 9DU/RY OR TRADE2 RA!R IT /RUGGLES AGA9/ MILIT>Y1 COLONIAL1 & CU/OMS PROTECTION1 JU/ AS IT COMBATS ! :OLE BASIC APP>ATUS ( ! EXI/+ CLASS /ATE--ITS ADM9I/RATION1 LEGISLATURE1 S*OOL SY/EMS1 ETC4.<#g.> 

,! NATIONAL POLICY ( ! PROLET>IAT1 !RE=E1 BASICALLY CLA%ES ) ! B\RGEOIS POLICY TO ! EXT5T ?AT 9 ITS ESS5CE IT IS ONLY DEF5SIVE1 NEV] (F5SIVE2 IT DEP5DS ON ! H>MONY ( 9T]E/S ( ALL NATIONALITIES1 NOT ON CONQUE/ & SUBJUGATION ( ONE BY ANO!R4 ,! CONSCI\S PROLET>IAT ( EV]Y C\NTRY NE$S = ITS PROP] DEVELOPM5T PEACEFUL EXI/5CE & CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T ( ITS [N NATIONALITY1 BUT BY NO MEANS DOES IT NE$ ! DOM9ANCE ( ITS NATIONALITY OV] O!RS4 ,!RE=E1 CONSID]+ ! MATT] FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 ! 0NATION0-/ATE1 AS AN APP>ATUS ( ! DOM9ATION & CONQUE/ ( =EIGN NATIONALITIES1 :ILE IT IS 9DISP5SABLE = ! B\RGEOISIE1 HAS NO MEAN+ = ! CLASS 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,!RE=E1 ( !SE 0?REE ROOTS ( ! MOD]N NATIONAL IDEA10 :I* ,KAUTSKY 5UM]AT$1 = ! PROLET>IAT AS A CLASS ONLY ! LA/ TWO >E IMPORTANT3 DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATION1 & $UCATION ( ! POPULACE4 ,VITAL = ! WORK+ CLASS AS CONDITIONS ( ITS POLITICAL & SPIRITUAL MATURITY1 >E ! FRE$OM ( US+ ITS [N NATIVE LANGUAGE1 & ! UN*ECK$ & UNW>P$ DEVELOPM5T ( NATIONAL CULTURE 7LE>N+1 LIT]ATURE1 ! >TS7 & NORMAL $UCATION ( ! MASSES1 UNIMPAIR$ BY ! PRESSURES ( ! NATIONALI/S - SO F> AS !SE CAN BE 0NORMAL0 9 ! B\RGEOIS SY/EM4 ,IT IS 9DISP5SABLE = ! WORK+ CLASS TO HAVE ! SAME EQUAL NATIONAL RI<TS AS O!R NATIONALITIES 9 ! /ATE 5JOY4.<#h.> ,POLITICAL DISCRIM9ATION AGA9/ A P>TICUL> NATIONALITY IS ! /RONGE/ TOOL 9 ! H&S ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 :I* IS EAG] TO MASK CLASS CONFLICTS & MY/IFY ITS [N PROLET>IAT4 

,! ADVOCATES ,POLI% NATIONALI/S#a ( ! 0V]Y BE/0 SOCIAL CONDITION /ATE AT ?IS PO9T ?AT1 :ATEV] ! SITUATION4 ! SURE/ GU>ANTEE ( CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T & ( ! RI<TS ( EV]Y NATIONALITY IS PRECISELY ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! /ATE1 !IR [N NATION-/ATE1 & ?AT !RE=E ! NATION-/ATE IS F9ALLY ALSO AN 9DISP5SABLE CLASS 9T]E/ ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,WE >E H>DLY CONC]N$ ) DET]M9+ :AT IS OR W\LD BE 0! BE/0 = ! PROLET>IAT4 ,SU* OBS]VATIONS HAVE NO PRACTICAL VALUE4 ,MOREOV]1 ONCE ! SUBJECT ( 0:AT W\LD BE ! BE/0 FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! PROLET>IAT IS APPROA*$ 9 AN AB/RACT WAY1 WE W\LD HAVE TO CONCLUDE ?AT 0! BE/0 CURE = NATIONAL PRESSURE1 AS WELL AS = ALL TYPES ( DISORD]S ( A SOCIAL NATURE1 IS UND\BT$LY ! SOCIALI/ SY/EM4 ,A UTOPIAN >GUM5T MU/ ALWAYS LEAD TO A UTOPIAN SOLUTION1 IF ONLY BY LEAP+ TO ! 0/ATE ( ! FUTURE10 :]EAS ACTUALLY ! PROBLEM %\LD BE SOLV$ )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( EXI/+ B\RGEOIS REALITY4 

,MOREOV]1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ME?ODS1 ! ABOVE REASON+ CONTA9S /ILL ANO!R HI/ORICAL MISUND]/&+4 ,! >GUM5T ?AT AN 9DEP5D5T NATION-/ATE IS1 AFT] ALL 0! BE/0 GU>ANTEE ( NATIONAL EXI/5CE & DEVELOPM5T 9VOLVES OP]AT+ ) A CONCEPTION ( A NATION-/ATE AS A COMPLETELY AB/RACT ?+4 ,! NATION-/ATE AS SE5 ONLY FROM A NATIONAL PO9T ( VIEW1 ONLY AS A PL$GE & EMBODIM5T ( FRE$OM & 9DEP5D5CE1 IS SIMPLY A REMNANT ( ! DECAY+ IDEOLOGY ( ! PETITE B\RGEOISIE ( ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY1 ,HUNG>Y - ALL ( ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE 9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,IT IS A PHRASE FROM ! TREASURY ( DIS9TEGRAT$ B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM4 ,S9CE !N1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! B\RGEOISIE HAS PROV$ UNEQUIVOCALLY ?AT A MOD]N NATION-/ATE IS MORE REAL & TANGIBLE ?AN ! VAGUE IDEA ( 0FRE$OM0 OR NATIONAL 09DEP5D5CE02 ?AT IT IS 9DE$ A DEF9ITE HI/ORICAL REALITY1 NEI!R V]Y ALLUR+ NOR V]Y PURE4 ,! SUB/ANCE & ESS5CE ( ! MOD]N /ATE COMPRISE NOT FRE$OM & 9DEP5D5CE ( ! 0NATION10 BUT ONLY ! CLASS DOM9ANCE ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 PROTECTIONI/ POLICY1 9DIRECT TAXATION1 MILIT>ISM1 W>1 & CONQUE/4 ,! B\RGEOISIE US$ TO USE ! OBVI\S TE*NIQUE ( TRY+ TO COV] UP ?IS BRUTAL HI/ORICAL TRU? ) A LI<T IDEOLOGICAL GAUZE1 BY (F]+ ! PURELY NEGATIVE HAPP9ESS ( 09DEP5D5CE & NATIONAL FRE$OM40 ,= A TIME ?IS TE*NIQUE PAID (F4 ,BUT TODAY IT IS ONLY NECESS>Y TO RECALL ! CIRCUM/ANCES UND] :I* ?IS CONT5TION WAS ADVANC$1 TO UND]/& ?AT IT IS SIMPLY OPPOS$ TO :AT CAN & %\LD BE ! CLASS POSITION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,9 ?IS CASE1 AS 9 MANY O!RS1 AN>*ISM1 ! SUPPOS$ ANTAGONI/ ( B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM1 PROV$ TO BE ITS WOR?Y *ILD4 ,AN>*ISM1 ) *>ACT]I/IC 0REVOLUTION>Y0 S]I\SNESS1 ACCEPT$ AT FACE VALUE ! PHRASEOLOGY ( ! LIB]AL IDEOLOGY &1 LIKE ! LATT]1 %[$ ONLY CONTEMPT = ! HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL CONT5T ( ! NATION-/ATE1 :I* IT SET D[N AS NO?+ ELSE ?AN AN EMBODIM5T ( 0FRE$OM10 ( ! 0WILL ( ! PEOPLE10 & ( SIMIL> EMPTY WORDS4 ,BAKUN91 = EXAMPLE1 WROTE 9 #ahdi AB\T ! NATIONAL MOVEM5TS ( ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE3 

,! FIR/ SIGN ( LIFE 9 ! ,REVOLUTION .<( #a#h#d#h.> WAS ! CRY ( HATR$ T[>D ! OLD OPPRESSION1 A CRY ( SYMPA?Y & LOVE = ALL OPPRESS$ NATIONALITIES 444 0,AWAY ) ! OPPRESSORS60 REV]B]AT$ AS IF FROM ONE BREA/2 0,SALVATION = ! OPPRESS$ ,POLES1 ,ITALIANS1 & ALL6 ,NO MORE W>S ( CONQUE/2 JU/ ONE MORE W> %\LD BE C>RI$ ?R\< TO ITS 5D - A GLORI\S REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE ) ! PURPOSE ( EV5TUAL LIB]ATION = ALL PEOPLES6 ,D[N ) ! >TIFICIAL B\ND>IES :I* HAVE BE5 =CIBLY ]ECT$ BY DESPOTIC CONGRESSES ACCORD+ TO SO-CALL$ HI/ORICAL1 GEOGRAPHICAL1 /RATEGIC NECESSITIES6 ,!RE %\LD NO LONG] BE ANY O!R B>RI]S BETWE5 ! NATIONS BUT ?OSE CORRESPOND+ TO NATURE1 TO JU/ICE1 & ?OSE DRAWN 9 A DEMOCRATIC S5SE :I* ! SOV]EIGN WILL ( ! PEOPLE !MSELVES TRACES ON ! BASIS ( !IR NATIONAL *>ACT]I/ICS60 ,SU* WAS ! CRY :I* RANG \T AMONG ALL ! PEOPLES4.<#i.> 

,TO !SE DI?YRAMBICS ON ! SUBJECT ( NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE & 0! WILL ( ! PEOPLE0 ,M>X ANSW]$3 

,H]E !RE IS NO M5TION ( REALITY1 OR 9S(> AS IT IS CONSID]$ AT ALL1 IT IS REPRES5T$ AS SOME?+ FALSELY1 >TIFICIALLY E/ABLI%$ BY 0DESPOTS0 & 0DIPLOMATS40 ,AGA9/ ?IS WICK$ REALITY IS PITT$ ! ALLEG$ WILL ( ! PEOPLE ) ITS CATEGORICAL IMP]ATIVE ( AN ABSOLUTE DEM& = 0FRE$OM10 0JU/ICE10 & 0HUMANITY40 444 ,!Y CAN DEM& 0FRE$OM0 ( ?IS OR ?AT A ?\S& TIMES2 IF ! ?+ IS IMPOSSIBLE1 IT WILL NOT TAKE PLACE1 & 9 SPITE ( EV]Y?+ IT WILL REMA9 AN 0EMPTY DREAM40 444 ,JU/ A WORD AB\T ! 0UNIV]SAL BRO!RHOOD ( PEOPLES0 & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( B\ND>IES :I* >E TRAC$ BY 0! SOV]EIGN WILL ( ! PEOPLE !MSELVES ON ! BASIS ( !IR NATIONAL *>ACT]I/ICS40 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,MEXICO >E TWO REPUBLICS2 9 BO? ( !M ! PEOPLE >E SOV]EIGN4 ,!N H[ DID IT HAPP5 ?AT BETWE5 !SE REPUBLICS1 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ! MORALI/IC !ORY %\LD BE 0BRO!RLY0 & 0F$]AT$10 A W> BROKE \T OV] ,TEXAS3 ?AT ! 0SOV]EIGN WILL0 ( ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE1 SUPPORT$ BY ! BRAV]Y ( ,AM]ICAN VOLUNTE]S1 MOV$ ! ,AM]ICAN BORD]S 7E/ABLI%$ BY NATURE ITSELF7 A FEW HUNDR$ MILES FUR!R S\?1 CLAIM+ ?IS ACTION TO BE FROM 0GEOGRAPHIC1 COMM]CIAL1 & /RATEGIC NECESSITIES08.<#a.> 

,M>X'S ANSW] TO ?IS IRONIC QUE/ION IS CLE>4 0,NATION-/ATES10 EV5 9 ! =M ( REPUBLICS1 >E NOT PRODUCTS OR EXPRESSIONS ( ! 0WILL ( ! PEOPLE10 AS ! LIB]AL PHRASEOLOGY GOES & ! AN>*I/ REPEATS4 0,NATION-/ATES0 >E TODAY ! V]Y SAME TOOLS & =MS ( CLASS RULE ( ! B\RGEOISIE AS ! E>LI]1 NON-NATIONAL /ATES1 & LIKE !M !Y >E B5T ON CONQUE/4 ,! NATION-/ATES HAVE ! SAME T5D5CIES T[>D CONQUE/1 W>1 & OPPRESSION - 9 O!R WORDS1 ! T5D5CIES TO BECOME 0NOT-NATIONAL40 ,!RE=E1 AMONG ! 0NATIONAL0 /ATES !RE DEVELOP CON/ANT SCUFFLES & CONFLICTS ( 9T]E/S1 & EV5 IF TODAY1 BY SOME MIRACLE1 ALL /ATES %\LD BE TRANS=M$ TO 0NATIONAL10 !N ! NEXT DAY !Y W\LD ALREADY PRES5T ! SAME COMMON PICTURE ( W>1 CONQUE/1 & OPPRESSION4 ,! EXAMPLE GIV5 BY ,M>X IS TYPICAL 9 ?IS REG>D4 ,:Y & OV] :AT DID ! W> BETWE5 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,MEXICO >ISE8.<#a#a.> ,CALI=NIA WAS 9DISP5SABLE = ! CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 FIR/1 AS A GOLD TREASURY 9 ! LIT]AL S5SE1 SECOND1 AS A GATEWAY TO ! ,PACIFIC ,OCEAN4 ,ONLY BY ! ACQUISITION ( ?IS L& C\LD ! CAPITALISM ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES EXT5D FROM OCEAN TO OCEAN1 5TR5*+ ITSELF & OP5+ = ITSELF AN \TLET TO ! ,WE/ AS WELL AS TO ! ,EA/4 ,= ! BACKW>D ,MEXICANS1 ,CALI=NIA WAS JU/ A SIMPLE T]RITORIAL POSSESSION4 ,! 9T]E/S ( ! B\RGEOISIE W]E DECISIVE4 ,! 0NATION-/ATE10 WOR%IP$ & IDEALIZ$ BY ! AN>*I/S AS ! 0WILL ( ! PEOPLE10 S]V$ AS AN EFFICI5T TOOL ( CONQUE/ 9 ! 9T]E/S ( CAPITALISM4 

,BUT EV5 MORE /RIK+ EXAMPLES ( ?IS K9D >E PRODUC$ BY ! HI/ORY ( MOD]N ,S\? ,AM]ICA4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY M5TION$ ! D\BLE-$G$ *>ACT] ( ! 0NATIONAL0 LIB]ATION ( ! ,SPANI% & ,PORTUGUESE COLONIES AT ! DAWN ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,H]E !IR FUR!R POLITICAL HI/ORY1 ALREADY AS 9DEP5D5T 0NATION-/ATES10 9T]E/S US AS A COLORFUL ILLU/RATION ( AN>*I/IC PHRASES ( 0NATIONAL FRE$OM0 & ! 0WILL ( ! PEOPLE40 

,BRAZIL GA9$ H] FRE$OM FROM ,PORTUGAL AFT] A H>D /RUGGLE 9 #a#h#b#e4 ,9 ?AT SAME YE> A W> BROKE \T BETWE5 ,BRAZIL & ,>G5T9A 7:I* HAD JU/ BE5 LIB]AT$ FROM UND] ! SCEPT] ( ,SPA97 OV] ! PROV9CE ( ,B&A ,ORI5TAL4 ,BO? ( !SE NEW 0NATION0-/ATES WANT$ TO SCOOP UP ?IS PROV9CE1 :I* F9ALLY WON 9DEP5D5CE ITSELF AS ! ,REPUBLIC ( ,URUGUAY1 BUT ?ANKS ONLY TO ! >M$ 9T]V5TION ( ,EUROPEAN /ATES :I* HAD COLONIAL 9T]E/S 9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA4 ,FRANCE & O!R ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES ISSU$ AN ULTIMATUM TO ,>G5T9A1 :I* OB/9ATELY REFUS$ TO RECOGNIZE ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ,URUGUAY & ,P>AGUAY4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 9 #ahde ANO!R W> BROKE \T ) ! P>TICIPATION ( ,P>AGUAY1 ,URUGUAY1 & ,BRAZIL4 ,9 #a#h#e1 AGA9 A W> WAS UNLEA%$ BETWE5 ,BRAZIL & ,>G5T9A1 9 :I* ,BRAZIL1 ) ! HELP ( ,P>AGUAY & ,URUGUAY1 FIR/ DEFEAT$ ,>G5T9A & !N ACTUALLY CONQU]$ ,URUGUAY4 ,9 #a#h#f#d1 %E =MALLY =C$ ?IS 09DEP5D5T0 ,URUGUAY TO SUBMISSION BY >M$ ACTION4 ,P>AGUAY ROSE UP AGA9/ ?IS ACTION & DECL>$ W> ON ,BRAZIL1 :I* WAS JO9$ BY ,>G5T9A & ,URUGUAY4 ,?IS W>1 LA/+ FROM #ahfe TO #a#h#g1 F9ALLY ASSUR$ ,BRAZIL1 :]E !RE RUL$ NOT SO MU* 0! WILL ( ! PEOPLE0 AS ! WILL & 9T]E/S ( ! C(FEE PLANTATION [N]S1 ! POSITION ( A DOM9ANT ,GREAT ,P[] 9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA4 ,HI/ORY DOES NOT T\* UPON ! RULE ( ! :ITES 9 ,BRAZIL 7:O MAKE UP LESS ?AN ONE-?IRD ( ! POPULATION7 OV] ! ,NEGROES & ! MIX$ POPULATION1 ,ONLY AFT] 9T]NAL /RUGGLES WAS ! EMANCIPATION ( ! SLAVES ANN\NC$ 9 #a#h#g#a1 BUT ) COMP5SATION TO BE PAID TO !IR [N]S FROM /ATE FUNDS4 ,P>LIAM5T1 H[EV]1 BE+ ! 9/RUM5T ( ! PLANTATION [N]S1 DID NOT VOTE !SE FUNDS & SLAV]Y WAS /ILL PRACTIC$4 ,9 #ahhf ! FREE+ ( SLAVES OV] SEV5TY YE>S ( AGE WAS DECL>$2 ! RE/ W]E SUPPOS$ TO WAIT ANO!R SEV5TE5 YE>S = FRE$OM4 ,BUT 9 #ahhh ! DYNA/IC P>TY1 /RUGGL+ TO HOLD ! ?RONE1 =C$ ?R\< P>LIAM5T ! G5]AL ABOLITION ( SLAV]Y )\T COMP5SATION1 & ?IS WAS DECISIVE = ! FUTURE ( ! REPUBLICAN MOVEM5T4 ,! PLANTATION [N]S /OOD BEH9D ! REPUBLICAN BANN] 5 MASSE1 & 9 ! MILIT>Y C\P ( #a#h#h#i1 ,BRAZIL WAS DECL>$ A REPUBLIC4.<#a#b.> 

,?IS IS H[ IDYLLIC ! 9T]NAL CONDITIONS & EV5TS 9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA LOOK S9CE ! TIME ( ! RIS+ ( ! 0NATION-/ATES0 & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! 0WILL ( ! PEOPLE40 ,A BEAUTIFUL COMPLEM5T TO ?IS PICTURE IS (F]$ BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AU/RALIA4 ,H>DLY HAD !SE /ATES EM]G$ FROM ! POSITION ( ,5GLI% COLONIES & GA9$ !IR FRE$OM - ! REPUBLICAN =M ( GOV]NM5T OR ! F$]AL SY/EM1 ! V]Y IDEAL ( ,BAKUN9I/ PHRASEOLOGY - :5 !Y BEGAN AN (F5SIVE POLICY 9 REG>D TO ,NEW ,HEBRIDES1 NEXT DOOR TO ,NEW ,GU9EA1 & 9 SKILLFUL IMITATION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA1 DECL>$ !IR [N P>TICUL> NATIONAL DOCTR9E3 ?AT 0,AU/RALIA %\LD BELONG TO ! ,AU/RALIANS40 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! GR[+ NAVY ( ! ,AU/RALIAN ,UNION IS AN EMPHATIC COMM5T>Y ON ?IS DOCTR9E4 

,IF1 ON ! ONE H&1 POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE1 I4E41 ! NATION-/ATE1 IS NECESS>Y = CAPITALISM & ! CLASS 9T]E/ ( ! B\RGEOISIE JU/ BECAUSE A NATION-/ATE IS A TOOL ( DOM9ATION 7OR CONTROL7 & CONQUE/1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! WORK+ CLASS IS 9T]E/$ 9 ! CULTURAL & DEMOCRATIC CONT5T ( NATIONALISM1 :I* IS TO SAY ?AT ! WORK]S >E 9T]E/$ 9 SU* POLITICAL SY/EMS AS ASSURE A FREE DEVELOPM5T ( CULTURE & DEMOCRACY 9 NATIONAL LIFE BY MEANS ( DEF5SE1 NOT CONQUE/1 & 9 ! SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY & COOP]ATION ( V>I\S NATIONALITIES :I* BELONG HI/ORICALLY 9 ! SAME B\RGEOIS /ATE4 ,EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW = NATIONALITIES & POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS1 & ! ASSURANCE ( NATIONAL CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T - SU* >E ! G5]AL =MS ( ! PROGRAM ( ! PROLET>IAT1 A NATURAL PROGRAM RESULT+ FROM ITS CLASS POSITION1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! NATIONALISM ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 

  

,I,I 

,! CLASSICAL CONFIRMATION & PRO( ( !SE G5]AL PR9CIPLES IS ! MO/ FAM\S NATIONALITY PROBLEM )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE - ! ,POLI% QUE/ION4 

,9 ,POL&1 ! NATIONAL MOVEM5T1 RI<T FROM ! BEG9N+1 TOOK ON A COMPLETELY DIFF]5T *>ACT] FROM ?AT ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,?OSE :O SE>* = A HI/ORICAL ANALOGY = ! ,POLI% NATIONAL IDEA 9 ! HI/ORY ( TODAY'S ,G]MANY & ,ITALY1 BETRAY !IR [N MISUND]/&+ ( ! TRUE HI/ORICAL SUB/ANCE ( ! NATIONAL MOVEM5TS 9 ,G]MANY & ,ITALY AS WELL AS 9 ,POL&4 ,) US ,POLES ! NATIONAL IDEA WAS A CLASS IDEA ( ! NOBILITY1 NEV] ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! MAT]IAL BASE ( ,POLI% NATIONAL ASPIRATIONS WAS DET]M9$ NOT AS 9 ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 BY MOD]N CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 BY ! NOBILITY'S IDEA ( ITS SOCIAL /&+1 ROOT$ 9 ! NATURAL-FEUDAL ECONOMY4 

,! NATIONAL MOVEM5TS ( ,POL& VANI%$ TOGE!R ) !SE FEUDAL RELATIONS2 :]EAS ! B\RGEOISIE1 AS ! HI/ORICAL SPOKESMAN ( CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T1 WAS ) US1 FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+1 A CLE>LY ANTI-NATIONAL FACTOR4 ,?IS WAS DUE NOT ONLY TO ! SPECIFIC ORIG9 ( ! N9ETE5?-C5TURY B\RGEOISIE1 ALI5 & HET]OG5E\S1 A PRODUCT ( COLONIZATION1 AN ALI5 BODY TRANSPLANT$ 9TO ! ,POLI% SOIL4 ,ALSO DECISIVE WAS ! FACT ?AT ,POLI% 9DU/RY FROM ITS BEG9N+1 ALREADY 9 ! #a#h#bS & #a#h#cS1 WAS AN EXPORT 9DU/RY1 EV5 BE=E IT MANAG$ TO CONTROL OR EV5 TO CREATE A DOME/IC M>KET )9 ,POL&4 ,WE WILL NOT QUOTE H]E ALL ! /ATI/ICS ( ! 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T ( \R C\NTRY1 BUT RA!R REF] ! READ] TO \R TREATISE1 ,DIE ,9DU/RIELLE ,5TWICKLUNG ,POL5S .<,! ,9DU/RIAL ,DEVELOPM5T ( ,POL&.> 7PUBLI%$ ALSO 9 ,RUSSIAN71 AS WELL AS TO ! WORK ,KWE/JA POLSKA A RU* SOCJALI/YCZNY .<,! ,POLI% ,QUE/ION & ! ,SOCIALI/ ,MOVEM5T.>1 ,CRAC[ #a#i#e4 ,H]E WE %ALL RECALL ONLY ! MO/ IMPORTANT \TL9ES ( ?IS DEVELOPM5T4 

,EXPORT TO ,RUSSIA1 ESPECIALLY ( ! BASIC BRAN*ES ( CAPITALI/ 9DU/RY1 I4E41 ! PRODUCTION ( TEXTILES1 BECAME ! BASIS = ! EXI/5CE & DEVELOPM5T ( ,POLI% CAPITALISM FROM ITS BEG9N+S1 & FUR!RMORE1 ALSO ! BASIS ( ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 \R B\RGEOISIE FROM ! FIR/ %[$ POLITICAL LEAN+S1 NOT T[>D ! WE/1 TO ! NATIONAL UNIFICATION ( ,GALICIA ) ! ,CR[N1 BUT T[>D ! EA/3 T[>D ,RUSSIA4 ,!SE LEAN+S1 AFT] ! )DRAWAL ( ! CU/OMS B>RI] BETWE5 ! ,EMPIRE & ! ,POLI% ,K+DOM1 9CREAS$ ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( BIG 9DU/RY4 ,H[EV]1 ! REAL RULE ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS 9 SOCIETY BEGAN AFT] ! ABORTIVE ,JANU>Y ,9SURRECTION .<#a#h#f#c.>4 ,! NEW RULE WAS 9AUGURAT$ BY ! 0PROGRAM ( ORGANIC WORK0.<#a#c.> :I* MEANT A R5UNCIATION ( NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE4 ,MOREOV]1 ! CLASS RULE ( ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ,POL& NOT ONLY DID NOT DEM& ! CREATION ( A UNIT$ NATION-/ATE1 AS 9 ,G]MANY & ,ITALY1 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT >OSE ON ! F\NDATIONS ( ! CONQUE/ & DIVISION ( ,POL&4 ,! IDEA ( UNIFICATION & NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE DID NOT DRAW ITS VITAL JUICES FROM CAPITALISM2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 AS CAPITALISM DEVELOP$1 ?IS IDEA BECAME HI/ORICALLY \TLIV$4 ,& ?AT V]Y CIRCUM/ANCE1 ?AT P>TICUL> HI/ORICAL RELATION%IP ( ! CAPITALI/IC B\RGEOISIE TO ! NATIONAL IDEA 9 \R C\NTRY1 BECAME DECISIVE ALSO = ! FATE ( ?AT IDEA & DEF9$ ITS SOCIAL *>ACT]4 ,9 ,G]MANY1 9 ,ITALY1 AS ONE HALF-C5TURY BE=E 9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 ! 0NATIONAL REBIR?0 C>RI$ ) IT ALL ! TRAITS ( A REVOLUTION>Y1 PROGRESSIVE SPIRIT4 ,CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T EMBRAC$ ?IS NATIONAL IDEA1 & HI/ORICALLY SPEAK+1 ELEVAT$ IT ) ! POLITICAL IDEALS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y B\RGEOISIE3 DEMOCRACY & LIB]ALISM4 ,EXACTLY 9 ?IS HI/ORICAL S5SE1 ! NATIONAL IDEA WAS ONLY A DETAIL ( ! G5]AL CLASS PROGRAM ( ! B\RGEOISIE - ( ! MOD]N B\RGEOIS /ATE4 ,9 ,POL& !RE >OSE AN OPPOSITION BETWE5 ! NATIONAL IDEA & ! B\RGEOIS DEVELOPM5T1 :I* GAVE ! =M] NOT ONLY A UTOPIAN BUT ALSO A REACTION>Y *>ACT]4 ,?IS OPPOSITION IS REFLECT$ 9 ! ?REE PHASES ( ! HI/ORY ( ! IDEA ( ,POLI% NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE4 

,! FIR/ IS ! FAILURE ( ! >M$ /RUGGLE ( ! ,POLI% NOBILITY4 ,NOT EV5 ! MO/ >D5T ADVOCATES ( ! !ORY ( 0VIOL5CE & =CE0 9 ! PHILOSOPHY ( HI/ORY WILL EXPLA9 ! DEFEAT ( ,POLI% 9SURRECTIONI/ MOVEM5TS AS M]E SUP]IORITY ( ! ,RUSSIAN BAYONETS4 ,:OEV] KN[S ANY?+ AB\T ! MOD]N ECONOMIC & SOCIAL HI/ORY ( ,POL& KN[S ?AT ! DEFEAT ( ! MILIT>Y 9SURECTIONI/S WAS PREP>$ BY ! SAME CAPITALI/IC M>KET 9T]E/ :I* ELSE:]E1 9 ! WORDS ( ,KAUTSKY1 COMPRIS$ ONE ( ! MA9 ELEM5TS ( ! MOD]N NATIONAL IDEA4 ,! 5DEAVORS ( ! B\RGEOISIE TO SECURE = !MSELVES CONDITIONS ( L>GE-SCALE CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION DID NOT 9VOLVE ! DEM& = A NATION-/ATE2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! B\RGEOISIE S\<T TO EXPLOIT ! ANNEXATION1 & TO P>ALYZE ! NATIONAL MOVEM5T ( ! NOBILITY4 ,?US .<9 ,POL&.>1 ! IDEA ( A NATION-/ATE1 AN IDEA ESS5TIALLY B\RGEOIS1 WAS SABOTAG$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE1 & MET DEFEAT 9 ! ,JANU>Y .<#a#h#f#c.> UPRIS+4 

,! SECOND PHASE WAS ! 9H]ITANCE ( ! ,POLI% NATIONAL IDEA BY ! PETITE B\RGEOISIE4 ,9 ?IS 9C>NATION1 ! NATIONAL IDEA *ANG$ FROM AN >M$ /RUGGLE TO A POLICY ( NEUTRALITY1 & AT ! SAME TIME1 BEGAN TO %[ ITS WEAKNESS4 ,AFT] VEGETAT+ = TW5TY YE>S AWAY FROM SOCIETY - 9 ! EI<TIES & N9ETIES PETIT B\RGEOIS NATIONALISM L+]$ 9 EMIGRATION 9 ! =M ( A HALF-DOZ5 0ALL-,POLI% PATRIOTS0 - F9ALLY1 ) ! OP5+ ( ! PRES5T REVOLUTION>Y ]A1 IT HAS EM]G$ AS AN ACTIVE P>TY ON ! POLITICAL SC5E4 

,! ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY PROCLAIM$ ITS 5TRANCE 9TO A POLITICALLY ACTIVE PHASE ) A PUBLIC R5UNCIATION ( ! PROGRAM ( NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE AS AN UNREALIZABLE UTOPIA1 & ) WRIT+ 9TO ITS PROGRAM 9/EAD ! D\BLE SLOGAN ( AUTONOMY ( ! C\NTRY & C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,N[1 AFT] ?R[+ (F ! BALLA/ ( ! TRADITIONAL NATIONAL PROGRAM1 0,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY0 QUICKLY BECOMES ! TRUE POLITICAL =CE 9 ! SOCIETY4 ,HAV+ FAIL$ 9 ITS SECOND PETIT B\RGEOIS =M1 ! PROGRAM ( ! NATION-/ATE IS REPLAC$ BY A PROGRAM :I* IS PRACTICAL & REALIZABLE ON ! BASIS ( A B\RGEOIS ,POL& - A PROGRAM ( AUTONOMY4 

,F9ALLY1 ! ?IRD & LA/ PHASE 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,POLI% NATIONAL IDEA IS ITS ATTEMPT TO JO9 ! CLASS MOVEM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! TW5TY-YE>1 SOCIAL-PATRIOTIC EXP]IM5T ( ! ,P,P,S WAS ! ONLY CASE 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK]S' MOVEM5T :]E ! SLOGAN ( ! NATION-/ATE WAS MADE P>T ( A SOCIALI/ PROGRAM4 ,& ?IS S+UL> EXP]IM5T 5D$ AFT] TW5TY YE>S 9 EXACTLY ! SAME K9D ( CRISIS & 9 ! SAME MANN] AS ! PETIT B\RGEOIS EXP]IM5T4 ,AT ! TIME ( ! \TBREAK ( ! ,WORK]S' ,REVOLUTION .<#a#i#e.> 9 ,RUSSIA1 ! ,P,P,S1 SO AS TO SECURE = ITSELF A P>T 9 ACTIVE POLITICS & 9 ! LIFE ( ! SOCIETY1 PUBLICLY R5\NC$ ! PROGRAM ( REBUILD+ ,POL&4 ,! ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY R5\NC$ ?IS PROGRAM SO AS TO TAKE AN ACTIVE P>T 9 ! MIDDLE-CLASS C\NT]-REVOLUTION2 ! ,P,P,S DID SO TO EX]T PRESSURE = ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 

,! CRISIS1 DECL9E1 & FALL ( ! ,P,P,S1 BR\<T ON BY ?IS R5UNCIATION1 CON/ITUT$ ! ?IRD & LA/ BANKRUPTCY ( ! IDEA ( ! ,POLI% NATION-/ATE - ?IS TIME WE>+ ! MANTLE ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! CURR5T REVOLUTION1 ?AT MI<TIE/ SOCIAL UPHEAVAL ( MOD]N TIMES1 :I* IS CALL+ ALL EMBRYOS ( LIFE TO GR[? & MATURITY1 & SIMULTANE\SLY TE>+ UP ! 5TIRE F\NDATION ( SOCIETY ) A GIANT PL[1 REJECT$ ! LA/ TRACE ( ! IDEA ( ! ,POLI% NATION-/ATE1 AS IF IT W]E AN EMPTY %ELL FROM :I* HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T HAD REMOV$ ALL CONT5T1 & :I* C\LD ONLY ROLL AB\T AMONG ! RUBBLE ( SOCIAL TRADITIONS DUR+ ! TR\BLES ( A P]IOD ( REACTION4 

,! HI/ORICAL C>E] ( ,POLI% NATIONALISM1 H[EV]1 HAS NOT YET COME TO AN 5D4 ,9DE$1 IT HAS 5D$ ITS LIFE AS ! IDEA ( ! NATION-/ATE1 BUT IT HAS SIMULTANE\SLY TRANS=M$ ITSELF FROM A UTOPIAN SPECT] TO A REALI/IC FACTOR ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,! ,POLI% B\RGEOIS-CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T FETT]$ ,POL& TO ,RUSSIA & CONDEMN$ ! IDEA ( NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE TO UTOPIANISM & TO DEFEAT4 ,BUT ! O!R SIDE ( ?IS B\RGEOIS PROCESS IS ! REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T ( ,POLI% SOCIETY4 ,ALL ! MANIFE/ATIONS & FACTORS ( SOCIAL PROGRESS 9 ,POL&1 ABOVE ALL ITS PR9CIPAL FACTOR1 ! ,POLI% POSITION PROLET>IAT & ITS P>T 9 ! G5]AL REVOLUTION 9 ! ,CZ>I/ ,EMPIRE1 HAVE GR[N \T ( ! F\NDATIONS ( ?IS SAME B\RGEOIS-CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T4 ,! SOCIAL PROGRESS & DEVELOPM5T ( ,POL& >E 9 ?IS WAY UNIT$ ) ! CAPITALI/IC PROCESS BY UNBREAKABLE HI/ORICAL TIES1 :I* UNIT$ ,POL& & ,RUSSIA1 & :I* BURI$ ! ,POLI% NATIONAL IDEA4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ALL SEP>ATI/ ASPIRATIONS DIRECT$ AT RAIS+ AN >TIFICIAL B>RI] BETWE5 ,POL& & ,RUSSIA1 >E BY NATURE DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! 9T]E/S ( SOCIAL PROGRESS & REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T2 OR 9 O!R WORDS1 !Y >E MANIFE/ATIONS ( REACTION4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 ! NATIONAL IDEA1 AFT] ! F9AL FAILURE ( ! PROGRAM ( ! NATION-/ATE & NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE1 WAS R$UC$ TO A G5]AL & UNDEF9$ IDEA ( NATIONAL SEP>ATION1 &1 AS SU*1 ,POLI% NATIONALISM BECAME A =M ( SOCIAL REACTION BLESS$ BY TRADITION4 ,! NATIONAL IDEA BECAME A COLLECTIVE IDEOLOGICAL %IELD = ! REACTION>Y ASPIRATIONS ( ! :OLE CAMP ( B\RGEOIS CLASSES1 NOBILITY1 MIDDLE CLASS1 & PETITE B\RGEOISIE4 ,HI/ORICAL DIALECTICS ALSO PROV$ TO BE F> MORE IMAG9ATIVE1 SUPPLE1 & 9CL9$ TO V>IETY ?AN ! M9DS ( ! POLITICIANS1 CAU<T 9 ! GRIP ( /]EOTYPES1 & SPECULAT+ 9 ! AB/RACT WILD]NESS ( ! 0RI<TS ( NATIONS40 ,SO MANY ,RUSSIAN1 ,G]MAN1 & O!R REVOLUTION>IES W]E1 & /ILL >E1 9CL9$ TO REG>D 0NATIONAL TRADITION0 AS A HI/ORIC VESSEL1 DE/9$ BY NATURE = ALL TIMES1 TO ABSORB & C>RY ALL SORTS ( REVOLUTION>Y CURR5TS1 AS A SEA CON*1 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO LEG5D1 :5 C>RI$ A%ORE & LIFELESS1 WILL ALWAYS REPEAT ! DI/ANT RO> ( ! SEA WAVES :5 PLAC$ CLOSE TO ! E>4 ,?IS 0NATIONAL TRADITION10 9 !SE CONCRETE HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL CONDITIONS :I* CREAT$ TODAY'S ,POL&1 BECOMES JU/ ! OPPOSITE3 A VESSEL = ALL TYPES ( REACTION1 A NATURAL %IELD = C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,UND] ! SLOGAN ( 0NATIONAL TRADITION0 !RE TOOK PLACE ! ELECTIONS ( ! ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY TO ! FIR/ ,DUMA1 PROTECT$ BY ! ,COSSACKS FROM ! CRITICISMS & PROTE/S ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT4 ,9 ! NAME ( ! 0NATIONAL IDEA0 ! ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRATS US$ BULLETS TO *ASE AWAY ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC WORK]S FROM ! PRE-ELECTION MEET+S1 & EV5 KILL$ SEV]AL DOZ5 WORK]S 9 ,W>SAW1 ,LODZ1 & ,PABIANICE4.<#a#d.> ,UND] ! NATIONAL SLOGAN1 WORK]S' 0NATIONAL UNIONS0 W]E ORGANIZ$ BY ! ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY = C\NT]ACTION AGA9/ ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE & ! REVOLUTION>Y ACTION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,UND] ! NATIONAL SLOGAN1 ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRATIC RAILROAD WORK]S BROKE ! RAILROAD /RIKE1 :I* HAD BE5 />T$ 9 ,DECEMB] #aie 9 ,POL&1 =C+ ! /RIK+ WORK]S TO RETURN TO WORK AT GUN PO9T4 ,UND] ! NATIONAL SLOGAN4 ! ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY BEGAN A CRUSADE AGA9/ ! G5]AL /RIKE & O!R =MS ( /RIKES1 CLAIM+ !Y W]E RU9+ ! 0C\NTRY'S 9DU/RY & ! NATIONAL WEAL?40 ,UND] ! NATIONAL SLOGAN1 ! ,POLI% ,CIRCLE 9 ! ,DUMA R5\NC$ P>TICIPATION 9 ! ,VYBORG ,MANIFE/O DELIB]ATIONS1 & 9 ! DECL>ATION ( ! ,VYBORG ,MANIFE/O ITSELF1 AFT] ! DISP]SION ( ! ,DUMA4 

,UND] ! NATIONAL SLOGAN1 ! ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY ORGANIZ$ SO-CALL$ 0,POLI% ,FALCONS10.<#a#e.> OR1 RA!R1 >M$ FI<T+ SQUADS DE/9$ = MURD]+ SOCIALI/S1 MAK+ /RIKES IMPOSSIBLE1 & SO ON4 ,MR4 ,DM[SKI1 ! LEAD] ( ! ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY1 DECL>$ 9 ITS (FICIAL ORGAN ?AT 0SOCIALI/S >E \TSID]S0 & >E ?US 0=EIGN 5EMIES10 !REBY JU/IFY+ 9 ADVANCE ! 0NATIONAL0 MURD]S ( ! SOCIALI/S4 ,& F9ALLY1 9 ! NAME ( ! NATIONAL IDEA1 ! FUTURE ( ! NATION1 & NATIONAL DEF5SE1 ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE1 ) ! ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY AT ! HEAD1 PUBLICLY /OOD BEH9D ! BANN] ( 0NEO-PAN-,SLAVISM10 9 ! RANKS ( ! HIREL+S ( ABSOLUTISM & ! ,RUSSIAN 0NATIONAL IDEA10 0) NO RES]VATIONS40 ,! LA/ VE/IGE ( ! POLITICAL 0NATIONAL0 PROGRAM - ,POL&'S AUTONOMY - WAS ?US GIV5 UP ON ! ALT> ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,MI/REAT$ BY HI/ORY1 ! ,POLI% NATIONAL IDEA MOV$ ?R\< ALL /AGES ( DECL9E & FALL4 ,HAV+ />T$ ITS POLITICAL C>E] AS A ROMANTIC1 NOBLE 9SURG5T1 GLORIFI$ BY 9T]NATIONAL REVOLUTION1 IT N[ 5DS AS A NATIONAL HOOLIGAN - A VOLUNTE] ( ! ,BLACK ,HUNDR$S ( ,RUSSIAN ABSOLUTISM & IMP]IALISM4 

,NOTES 

.<#a.>,DIE ,NEUE ,ZEIT1 #a#h#i#g-#a#h#i#h1 ,VOL4 ,I1 P4#e#a#g4 

.<#b.> ,! NUM]ICAL RELATION%IP ( NATIONALITIES 9 ,HUNG>Y AT ?AT TIME WAS MORE OR LESS AS FOLL[S3 

,HUNG>IANS 
  
#e11 
,RUMANIANS 
#b1#c1 
,G]MANS 
#a1#e1 
,CROATS 
   #i1 
,S]BS 
   #h#c1 
,RU!NIANS 
   #d#d#c1 

.<#c.>,AT A PRESS CONV5TION ( ,SLAVIC J\RNALI/S 9 ,JUNE #a#h#i#h1 ! ,SLOVAK DELEGATE1 ,K>OL ,SALVA1 FROM ,LIPTOV1 CALL$ TO ! ,CZE*S3 0,IF H>MONY IS TO EXI/ BETWE5 US1 !N NOT ONLY DO WE HAVE TO BE/IR \RSELVES1 BUT Y\ ALSO6 ,I KN[ ! REASON = Y\R LACK ( 9T]E/ 9 US1 UP TO ?IS TIME4 ,! REGION ( ! ,SLOVAKS HAS BE5 UP TO N[ 7) A FEW GLORI\S EXCEPTIONS7 REG>D$ AS A =EIGN C\NTRY BY ! ,CZE* PEOPLE60 ,ORIG9AL NOTE BY ,R-,L4 

.<#d.> ,/ANCZYK WAS A NICKNAME = CONS]VATIVES 9 ,GALICIA4 

.<#e.> ,= EXAMPLE1 PROMPT$ BY SU* AN 9NOC5T UND]TAK+ AS ! E/ABLI%M5T ( AN ASSOCIATION = ! RE/ORATION ( ! RI<T TO USE ! ,LI?UANIAN LANGUAGE 9 ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* 9 ,LI?UANIA1 ! ,VILNA ,LI?UANIAN ,C\RI] WROTE 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#f3 

,H[ MANY TIMES ALREADY HAVE ! GR\NDLESS ACCUSATIONS AGA9/ ! ,POLES ( =C$ ,POLONIZATION ( ,LI?UANIAN L&S BE5 REFUT$6 ,H[ MANY TIMES W]E CLAIMS ( ,LI?UANIANS AGA9/ ,POLES PROV5 TO HAVE NO S\ND BASIS - CLAIMS ?AT HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5TS HAPP5$ TO TAKE ONE C\RSE & NOT ANO!R6 ,! ,POLES >E NOT TO BE ACCUS$ ( ,POLONIZATION T5D5CIES1 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! ,LI?UANIANS %\LD BE ACCUS$ ( ATTEMPTS AT ,LI?UANIZATION4 ,IF ! P]SPECTIVES1 REA*$ BY WAY ( MUTUAL CONCESSIONS & PEACEFUL CONV5TIONS1 ( LIV+ SIDE BY SIDE PEACEFULLY DO NOT PLEASE ! ,LI?UANIANS1 IF !Y 9SI/ ON TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( EV]Y MEANS ( H>ASS+ & ANNIHILAT+ ! ,POLES1 !N LET !M REMEMB] ?AT !Y W]E ! FIR/ TO CA/ D[N ! GANTLET BE=E ! ,POLES & ?AT ON !M WILL FALL ! RESPONSIBILITY = ?IS4 

,?IS REF]5CE TO ! 0HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T10 :I* 9SUR$ ! SUP]IORITY ( ONE NATIONALITY OV] ANO!R 7ACCUS+ ( *AUV9ISM ?OSE :O >E FI<T+ = ! EXI/5CE ( !IR [N NATIONALITY71 ALONG ) ! OBSCURE ?REATS AGA9/ ! O!R1 CALL TO M9D ! ,PRUSSIAN ,H,K,T :I* DEF5D$ ! ?REAT5$ ,G]MANS AGA9/ ! 0ATTEMPTS ( ,POLONIZATION10 ( ,C\NT ,/ANISLAW ,T>N[SKI1 :O D]ID$ ! ,RU!NES AS BE+ CONC]N$ PRIM>ILY ) ! MALICI\S 0H>ASSM5T0 ( ,POLES4 ,ORIG9AL NOTE BY ,R4,L4 

,! ,H,K,T1 OR ,HAKATA1 W]E ,G]MAN *AUV9I/S1 ORGANIZ$ 9 #ahid = ! PURPOSE ( ]ADICAT+ ! ,POLI% ELEM5TS 9 ,POZNAN PROV9CE4 ,! LEAD]S ( ! GR\P W]E ,HAHNEMANN1 ,K5NEMANN1 & ,TI$EMANN4 - ,$4 

.<#f.> ,! MAJORITY ( ! B\RGEOIS LEGAL !ORI/S1 !RE=E1 RECOGNIZE ! 9DEP5D5T EXI/5CE ( A /ATE AS AN 9DISP5SABLE ATTRIBUTE ( ! 0NATIONAL IDEA40 ,MESSRS4 ,BLUNTS*LI & ,CO41 ! IDEOLOGI/S ( !IR [N CLASS1 A*IEVE NO?+ ELSE BY US+ AB/RACT DEF9ITIONS & SUB-DIVISIONS1 ?AN :AT HAS BE5 ALREADY A*IEV$ BY ! P[]-HUNGRY B\RGEOISIE 9 ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY4 ,ORIG9AL NOTE BY ,R4,L4 

.<#g.> 0,IT IS CORRECT10 SAYS ,KAUTSKY1 0?AT ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY IS ! P>TY ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T2 ITS AIM IS ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY BEYOND ! CAPITALI/ /AGE4 ,EVOLUTION1 AS IS KN[N1 DOES NOT EXCLUDE REVOLUTION1 :I* IS BUT AN EPISODE ( EVOLUTION4 ,! ULTIMATE GOAL ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY IS ! DE/RUCTION ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 SU* A WAY ?AT ! PROLET>IAT WILL TAKE OV] & CONTROL SOCIAL PRODUCTION1 AS A RESULT ( :I* ! WORK]S WILL CEASE BE+ PROLET>IANS & CON/ITUT+ A SEP>ATE CLASS ( SOCIETY4 ,?IS \TCOME DEP5DS ON C]TA9 ECONOMIC & POLITICAL PRECONDITIONS4 ,IT PRESUPPOSES A C]TA9 LEVEL ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,!RE=E1 ! PROLET>IAT HAS = ITS TASK ! SUPPORT ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T2 BUT ITS TASK IS H>DLY TO ACTIVELY SUPPORT ! EXPANSION ( CAPITALISM - 9 O!R WORDS1 IT IS NOT TO SUPPORT ! GR[? ( CAPITALI/ PR(ITS4 ,?IS LATT] IS ! HI/ORIC TASK ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 TO :I* IT IS LOYALLY ATT5D+4 ,WE HAVE NO NE$ TO HELP !M 9 ?IS & WE CAN HELP !M ! LESS1 ! MORE WE FI<T AGA9/ CAPITALI/ ME?ODS ( DEVELOPM5T 444 ,WE DO NOT NE$ TO TAKE A POSITION 9 FAVOR ( REPLACEM5T ( WORK]S BY MA*9ES1 NOR ( ! EXPROPRIATION ( H&WORK]S BY FACTORIES1 ETC4 ,\R TASK 9 ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T IS ORGANIZATION & SUPPORT ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ITS CLASS /RUGGLE40 - ,DIE ,NEUE ,ZEIT1 #a#h#i#h-#a#h#i#i1 ,VOL4,I1 PP4#b#i#b-#i#c4 

,& ?IS SAME >GUM5T1 ,KAUTSKY ADDS1 APPLIES 9 AN EV5 GREAT ] DEGREE TO ! FIELD ( POLITICAL RELATIONS4 ,ORIG9AL NOTE BY ,R4,L4 

.<#h.> ,! WORK+ CLASS 9 ,POL& WAS COMPOS$ ( V>I\S NATIONALITIES 9T]M+L$ ) EA* O!R1 :]EAS ! RUL+ CLASS WAS QUITE SOLIDLY ,POLI% 7OR ,G]MAN74 ,! AU?OR IS ADVOCAT+ = ! WORK+ CLASS - PRESUMABLY = EA* ( ITS NATIONALITIES - ! SAME RI<TS AS NATIONALITIES ?AT W]E 5JOY$ BY ! 0O!R0 NATIONALITIES1 ( ! RUL+ CLASS1 ?AT IS4 

.<#i.> ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN91 ,AUFRUF AN DIE ,SLAW51 ,KO!N1 #a#h#d#h1 9 ,ZWEI ,S*RIFT5 AUS D5 #d] ,JAHR5 DES ,X,I,X4 ,JAHRHUND]TS1 ,9T]NATIONALE ,BIBLIO!K FUR ,PHILOSOPHIE1 ,BD4,I,I1 NOS4#a#a-#a#b 7,PRAGUE3 #a#i#c#f71 P4#b#g4 

.<#a.> ,IT WAS ,5GELS1 NOT ,M>X1 :O P5N$ ?IS ANSW]1 9 ! ,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG1 ,FEBRU>Y #a#e1 #a#h#d#i1 NO4#b#b#b4 ,SEE ,M>X-,5GELS1 ,W]KE1 ,V,I1 #b#g#a4 

.<#a#a.> ,9 ! ORIG9AL ! AU?OR HAS PUT 0,TEXAS0 = 0,MEXICO10 :I* IS OBVI\SLY A SLIP4 

.<#a#b.> ,! EXT5T ( ! 9FLU5CE ( ! 0C(FEE0 9T]E/S ON ! 0NATIONAL WILL0 9 ?IS 0NATIONAL0 REPUBLIC1 EV5 AFT] ! =MAL ABOLITION ( SLAV]Y 7:I* IS1 MOREOV]1 /ILL PRACTIC$ TO ?IS V]Y DAY71 IS PROV$ BY ?IS NEXT 9CID5T4 ,:5 ! C(FEE PLANTATIONS CAUS$ A GREAT CRISIS LA/ YE> .<#a#i#g.> BY RELEAS+ UNLIMIT$ AM\NTS ( C(FEE ON ! 9T]NATIONAL C(FEE M>KET1 !REBY CAUS+ A DRA/IC FALL 9 PRICES1 ! ,BRAZILIAN PLANTATION [N]S =C$ ! GOV]NM5T TO PUR*ASE ! 5TIRE SURPLUS ( C(FEE ) /ATE FUNDS4 ,NATURALLY1 A VIOL5T %AKEUP ( ! F9ANCES & 5TIRE MAT]IAL EXI/5CE ( ! :OLE POPULATION HAS RESULT$ FROM ?IS ORIG9AL EXP]IM5T4 

.<#a#c.> 0,RETURN TO ORGANIC WORK0 - A SLOGAN CO9$ 9 ! #a#h#fS 7AFT] ! ABORTIVE #a#h#f#c-#f#d ,JANU>Y ,9SURRECTION7 BY ! SO-CALL$ POSITIVI/S 9 ! ,K+DOM ( ,POL&1 & ! ,GALICIA CONS]VATIVES4 ,REJECT+ ROMANTICISM & ITS L(TY NOTIONS ( 9SURG5CY & CONSPIRACY1 IT CALL$ = A SCI5TIFIC APPROA* 9 $UCATION1 9DU/RY1 TRADE1 & AGRICULTURE AS ! ONLY MEANS = ,POL&'S SURVIVAL4 

.<#a#d.> ,PABIANICE - AN 9DU/RIAL CITY AB\T #a MILES S\?-WE/ ( ,LODZ4 

.<#a#e.> ,! ,FALCONS 7,SOKOL7 W]E A Y\? ASSOCIATION 9 ,GALICIA1 F\ND$ 9 #ahfg UND] ! POLITICAL GUIDANCE ( ! ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY4 

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,F$]ATION1 ,C5TRALIZATION1 & ,P>TICUL>ISM 

,WE MU/ TURN NEXT TO ANO!R PROPOS$ =M ( ! SOLUTION ( ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION1 I4E41 F$]ATION4 ,F$]ALISM HAS LONG BE5 ! FAVORITE IDEA ( REVOLUTION>IES ( AN>*IC HUE4 ,DUR+ ! #ahdh REVOLUTION ,BAKUN9 WROTE 9 HIS MANIFE/O3 0,! REVOLUTION PROCLAIM$ BY ITS [N P[] ! DISSOLUTION ( DESPOTIC /ATES1 ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,PRUSSIAN /ATE 444 ,AU/RIA 444 ,TURKEY 444 ! DISSOLUTION ( ! LA/ /RON<OLD ( ! DESPOTS1 ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE 444 & AS A F9AL GOAL - A UNIV]SAL F$]ATION ( ,EUROPEAN ,REPUBLICS40 ,FROM !N ON1 F$]ATION HAS REMA9$ AN IDEAL SETTLEM5T ( ANY NATIONALITY DIFFICULTIES 9 ! PROGRAMS ( SOCIALI/ P>TIES ( A MORE OR LESS UTOPIAN1 PETIT B\RGEOIS *>ACT]2 ?AT IS1 P>TIES :I* DO NOT1 LIKE ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 TAKE A HI/ORICAL APPROA* BUT :I* TRAFFIC 9 SUBJECTIVE 0IDEALS40 ,SU*1 = EXAMPLE1 IS ! P>TY ( ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,SU* WAS ! ,P,P,S 9 ITS TRANSITIONAL PHASE1 :5 IT HAD CEAS$ TO DEM& ! CREATION ( A NATIONAL /ATE & WAS ON ! WAY TO AB&ON+ ANY PHILOSOPHICAL APPROA*4 ,SU*1 F9ALLY1 >E A NUMB] ( SOCIALI/ GR\PS 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE1 ) :I* WE WILL BECOME ACQUA9T$ MORE CLOSELY AT ! 5D ( ! PRES5T *APT]4 

,IF WE ASK :Y ! SLOGAN ( F$]ATION 5JOYS SU* WIDE POPUL>ITY AMONG ALL REVOLUTION>IES ( AN>*I/IC COLOR+1 ! ANSW] IS NOT DIFFICULT TO F9D3 0,F$]ATION0 COMB9ES - AT LEA/ 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y IMAG9ATION ( !SE SOCIALI/S - 09DEP5D5CE0 & 0EQUALITY0 ( NATIONS ) 0FRAT]NITY40 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 !RE IS ALREADY A C]TA9 CONCESSION FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! LAW ( NATIONS & ! NATION-/ATE 9 FAVOR ( H>D REALITY1 IT IS A SUI G5]IS1 IDEOLOGICAL1 TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ! CIRCUM/ANCE1 :I* CANNOT BE OV]LOOK$ ?AT NATIONS CANNOT LIVE 9 ! VACUUM ( !IR 0RI<TS0 AS SEP>ATE & P]FECTLY SELF-SUFFICI5T 0NATION-/ATES10 BUT ?AT !RE EXI/ BETWE5 !M SOME L9KS4 ,HI/ORICALLY DEVELOP$ CONNECTIONS BETWE5 V>I\S NATIONALITIES1 ! MAT]IAL DEVELOPM5T :I* WELD$ :OLE >EAS1 IRRESPECTIVE ( NATIONAL DIFF]5CES1 ! C5TRALIZATION ( B\RGEOIS DEVELOPM5T - ALL ?IS IS REFLECT$ 9 ! HEADS ( ?OSE REVOLUTION>Y IMPROVIS]S2 9 PLACE ( 0BRUTE =CE0 !Y PLACE 0VOLUNT>ISM0 9 RELATIONS BETWE5 NATIONS4 ,& S9CE REPUBLICANISM IS SELF-EVID5T 9 ?IS BECAUSE ! V]Y SAME 0WILL ( ! PEOPLE0 :I* RE/ORES 9DEP5D5CE & EQUALITY TO ALL NATIONS OBVI\SLY HAS SO MU* GOOD TA/E AS TO ?R[ SIMULTANE\SLY ) CONTEMPT TO ! DUMP ( HI/ORY ALL REMNANTS ( MON>*ISM1 CONSEQU5TLY ! EXI/+ B\RGEOIS WORLD IS TRANS=M$ AT ONE /ROKE 9TO A VOLUNT>Y UNION ( 9DEP5D5T REPUBLICS1 I4E41 F$]ATION4 ,H]E WE HAVE A SAMPLE ( ! SAME 0REVOLUTION>Y0 HI/ORICAL C>ICATURE ( REALITY BY MEANS ( :I* ! APPETITE ( ,CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA = ! S\!RN ,SLAYS WAS TRANS=M$1 9 ,BAKUN9'S PHRASEOLOGY1 9TO ! PAN-,SLAVIC IDEAL ( AN>*ISM1 0A F$]ATION ( ,SLAVIC ,PEOPLES40 ,ON A SMALL] SCALE1 AN APPLICATION ( ?IS ME?OD ( 0REVOLUTION>Y0 ALT]ATIONS ( REALITY WAS ! PROGRAM ( ! ,P,P,S ADOPT$ AT ITS ,EI<? ,CONGRESS 9 #a#i#f3 A REPUBLICAN F$]ATION ( ,POL& ) ,RUSSIA4 ,AS LONG AS ! SOCIAL-PATRIOTIC /&PO9T - 9 ! PRE-REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD - WAS MA9TA9$ 9 ALL ITS PURITY & CONSI/5CY1 ! ,P,P,S RECOGNIZ$ ONLY ! PROGRAM ( NATION-/ATES1 & REJECT$ ) CONTEMPT & HATR$ ! IDEA ( F$]ATION (F]$1 = 9/ANCE1 BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES4 ,:5 ! \TBREAK ( REVOLUTION ALL AT ONCE DEMOLI%$ ITS PRESUPPOSITIONS1 & ! ,P,P,S SAW ITSELF =C$ TO FOLL[ ! ROAD ( CONCESSIONS 9 FAVOR ( REALITY :I* C\LD NO LONG] BE D5I$1 9 VIEW ( ! OBVI\S FACT ?AT ,POL& & ,RUSSIA =M ONE SOCIAL 5TITY1 A MANIFE/ATION ( :I* WAS PRECISELY ! COMMON REVOLUTION1 ! PROGRAM ( F$]ATION ( ,POL& ) ,RUSSIA1 PREVI\SLY HELD 9 CONTEMPT1 BECAME ! =M ( ?AT CONCESSION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! ,P,P,S1 AS IS USUAL ) 0REVOLUTION>IES0 ( ?IS TYPE1 DID NOT NOTICE ! FOLL[+ FACT3 :5 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY TOOK = ! HI/ORICAL BASIS ( ITS PROGRAM & TACTICS ! JO9T CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T ( ,POL& & ,RUSSIA1 IT M]ELY /AT$ AN OBJECTIVE1 HI/ORICAL FACT1 NOT DEP5D+ ON ! WILL ( ! SOCIALI/S4 ,FROM ?IS FACT1 ! REVOLUTION>Y CONCLUSION %\LD HAVE BE5 DRAWN 9 ! =M ( A UNIT$ CLASS /RUGGLE ( ! ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT4 ,! ,P,P,S1 H[EV]1 PUTT+ =W>D ! PROGRAM ( F$]ATION ( ,POL& ) ,RUSSIA1 W5T MU* FUR!R3 9 PLACE ( ! PASSIVE RECOGNITION ( HI/ORICAL FATE1 IT ITSELF ACTIVELY PROPOS$ A UNION ( ,POL& ) ,RUSSIA & ASSUM$ RESPONSIBILITY = ! UNION1 & 9 LIEU ( ! OBJECTIVE HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 IT PLAC$ ! SUBJECTIVE CONS5T ( SOCIALI/S 9 0REVOLUTION>Y0 =M4 

,BUT F$]ALISM AS A =M ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION HAS1 LIKE ! 0NATION-/ATE0 ITSELF1 ITS DEF9ITE HI/ORICAL CONT5T1 QUITE DIFF]5T FROM1 & 9DEP5D5T (1 ! SUBJECTIVE IDEOLOGY ATTA*$ TO ?AT =M4 ,!RE=E1 ! IDEA ( F$]ATION CAN BE EVALUAT$ FROM ! CLASS /&PO9T ( ! PROLET>IAT ONLY :5 WE EXAM9E ! FATE & ROLE ( ?AT IDEA 9 MOD]N SOCIALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 

  

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,AN \T/&+ T5D5CY ( CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T 9 ALL C\NTRIES IS 9DISPUTABLY AN 9T]NAL1 ECONOMIC1 & CAPITALI/ C5TRALIZATION1 I4E41 AN 5DEAVOR TO CONC5TRATE & WELD 9TO ONE 5TITY ! /ATE T]RITORY FROM ! ECONOMIC1 LEGISLATIVE1 ADM9I/RATIVE1 JUDICIAL1 MILIT>Y1 ETC4 VIEWPO9TS4 ,9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 :5 FEUDALISM PREVAIL$1 ! L9K BETWE5 ! P>TS & REGIONS ( ONE & ! SAME /ATE WAS EXTREMELY LOOSE4 ,?US1 EA* MAJOR CITY ) ITS 5VIRONS1 ITSELF PRODUC$ ! MAJORITY ( OBJECTS ( DAILY USE TO SATISFY ITS NE$S2 IT ALSO HAD ITS [N LEGISLATION1 ITS [N GOV]NM5T1 ITS >MY2 ! BIGG] & WEAL?I] CITIES 9 ! ,WE/ (T5 WAG$ W>S ON !IR [N & CONCLUD$ TREATIES ) =EIGN P[]S4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 BIGG] COMMUNITIES LIV$ !IR [N CLOS$ & ISOLAT$ LIFE1 & EA* >EA ( L& ( A FEUDAL LORD OR EV5 EA* >EA ( KNI<TLY E/ATES CON/ITUT$ 9 ITSELF A SMALL1 ALMO/ 9DEP5D5T /ATE4 ,! CONDITIONS ( ! TIME W]E *>ACT]IZ$ BY A DIM9UTION & LOOS5+ ( ALL /ATE NORMS4 ,EA* T[N1 EA* VILLAGE1 EA* REGION HAD DIFF]5T LAWS1 DIFF]5T TAXES3 ONE & ! SAME /ATE WAS FILL$ ) LEGAL & CU/OMS B>RI]S SEP>AT+ ONE FRAGM5T ( A /ATE FROM ANO!R4 ,?IS DEC5TRALIZATION WAS A SPECIFIC FEATURE ( ! NATURAL ECONOMY & ! NASC5T >TISAN PRODUCTION ( ! TIME4 

,)9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! PULV]IZATION ( PUBLIC LIFE1 CONNECT$ ) ! NATURAL ECONOMY1 & ( ! WEAK COHESION BETWE5 ! P>TS ( ! /ATE ORGANISM1 T]RITORIES & :OLE C\NTRIES PASS$ 9CESSANTLY FROM H& TO H& 9 ,C5TRAL & ,WE/]N ,EUROPE ?R\<\T ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,WE NOTE ALSO ! PAT*+ TOGE!R ( /ATES BY WAY ( PUR*ASE1 EX*ANGE1 PAWN+S1 9H]ITANCE1 & M>RIAGE2 ! CLASSICAL EXAMPLE IS ! ,HAPSBURG MON>*Y4 

,! REVOLUTION 9 PRODUCTION & TRADE RELATIONS AT ! CLOSE ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 ! 9CREASE ( GOODS PRODUCTION & MONEY$ ECONOMY1 TOGE!R ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9T]NATIONAL TRADE & ! SIMULTANE\S REVOLUTION 9 ! MILIT>Y SY/EM1 ! DECL9E ( KNI<?OOD & ! RISE ( /&+ >MIES1 ALL !SE W]E FACTORS ?AT1 9 POLITICAL RELATIONS1 BR\<T AB\T ! 9CREASE ( MON>*ICAL P[] & ! RISE ( ABSOLUTISM4 ,! MA9 T5D5CY ( ABSOLUTISM WAS ! CREATION ( A C5TRALIZ$ /ATE APP>ATUS4 ,! SIXTE5? & SEV5TE5? C5TURIES >E A P]IOD ( 9CESSANT /RUGGLE ( ! C5TRALI/ T5D5CY ( ABSOLUTISM AGA9/ ! REMNANTS ( FEUDALI/ P>TICUL>ISM4 ,ABSOLUTISM DEVELOP$ 9 TWO DIRECTIONS3 ABSORB+ ! FUNCTIONS & ATTRIBUTES ( ! DIETS & PROV9CIAL ASSEMBLIES AS WELL AS ( ! SELF-GOV]N+ MUNICI PALITIES1 & /&>DIZ+ ADM9I/RATION 9 ! :OLE >EA ( ! /ATE BY CREAT+ NEW C5TRAL AU?ORITIES 9 ! ADM9I/RATION & ! JUDICI>Y1 AS WELL AS A CIVIL1 P5AL1 & COMM]CIAL CODE4 ,9 ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 C5TRALISM TRIUMPH$ FULLY 9 ,EUROPE 9 ! =M ( SO-CALL$ 05LI<T5$ DESPOTISM10 :I* SOON PASS$ 9TO UN5LI<T5$1 POLICE-BUREAUCRATIC DESPOTISM4 

,AS A RESULT ( ! HI/ORICAL CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT ABSOLUTISM WAS ! FIR/ & PR9CIPAL PROMOT] ( MOD]N /ATE C5TRALISM1 A SUP]FICIAL T5D5CY DEVELOP$ TO ID5TIFY C5TRALISM 9 G5]AL ) ABSOLUTISM1 I4E41 ) REACTION4 ,9 REALITY1 ABSOLUTISM1 9S(> AS1 AT ! CLOSE ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 IT COMBAT$ FEUDAL DISP]SION & P>TICUL>ISM1 WAS UND\BT$LY A MANIFE/ATION ( HI/ORICAL PROGRESS4 ,?IS WAS P]FECTLY WELL UND]/OOD BY ,/ASZIC1 :O PO9T$ \T ?AT ! .<,POLI%.> G5TRY COMMONWEAL? C\LD NOT SURVIVE 09 ! MID/ ( AUTOCRACIES40 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ABSOLUTISM ITSELF PLAY$ ONLY ! ROLE ( A 0/IRRUP DR9K0 .<P>T+ GOOD WI%ES.> ) REG>D TO ! MOD]N B\RGEOIS SOCIETY = :I*1 POLITICALLY & SOCIALLY1 IT PAV$ ! WAY BY TOPPL+ FEUDALISM & F\ND+ A MOD]N1 UNI=M1 GREAT /ATE ON ITS RU9S4 ,9DE$1 9DEP5D5T ( ABSOLUTISM1 & AFT] ITS HI/ORICAL DEMISE1 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY CONT9U$ TO C>RY ?R\< ) UNDIM9I%$ =CE & CONSI/5CY ! C5TRALI/ T5D5CY4 ,! PRES5T C5TRALISM ( ,FRANCE AS A POLITICAL >EA IS ! WORK ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION4 ,! V]Y NAME1 0,GREAT ,REVOLUTION10 EX]T$1 EV]Y:]E ITS 9FLU5CE REA*$ 9 ,EUROPE1 A C5TRALIZ+ 9FLU5CE4 ,SU* A PRODUCT ( ! ,REVOLUTION'S C5TRALISM WAS ! 0,REPUBLIQUE ,HELVETIQUE10 9 :I*1 9 #a#g#i#h1 SUDD5LY ! PREVI\SLY LOOSELY CONF$]AT$ ,SWISS CANTONS W]E COMPRESS$4 ,! FIR/ SPONTANE\S ACTION ( ! ,M>* .<#a#h#d#h.> REVOLUTION 9 ,G]MANY WAS ! DE/RUCTION BY ! POPUL> MASSES ( ! SO-CALL$ CU/OMS H\SES .<,MAU?AUS].>1 ! SYMBOLS ( M$IEVAL P>TICUL>ISM4 

,CAPITALISM1 ) ITS L>GE-SCALE MA*9E PRODUCTION1 :OSE VITAL PR9CIPLE IS CONC5TRATION1 SWEPT AWAY & CONT9UES TO SWEEP AWAY COMPLETELY ANY SURVIVALS ( M$IEVAL ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 & LEGAL DISCRIM9ATION4 ,BIG 9DU/RY NE$S M>KETS & FRE$OM ( UNTRAMMEL$ TRADE 9 BIG >EAS4 ,9DU/RY & TRADE1 GE>$ TO BIG >EAS1 REQUIRE UNI=M ADM9I/RATION1 UNI=M >RANGEM5T ( ROADS & COMMUNICATIONS1 UNI=M LEGISLATION & JUDICI>Y1 AS F> AS POSSIBLE 9 ! 5TIRE 9T]NATIONAL M>KET1 BUT ABOVE ALL 9 ! :OLE >EA 9SIDE EA* RESPECTIVE /ATE4 ,! ABOLITION ( ! CU/OMS1 & TAX AUTONOMY ( ! SEP>ATE MUNICIPALITIES & G5TRY HOLD+S1 AS WELL AS ( !IR AUTONOMY 9 ADM9I/]+ C\RTS & LAW1 W]E ! FIR/ A*IEVEM5TS ( ! MOD]N B\RGEOISIE4 ,TOGE!R ) ?IS W5T ! CREATION ( ONE BIG /ATE MA*9]Y ?AT W\LD COMB9E ALL FUNCTIONS3 ! ADM9I/RATION 9 ! H&S ( ONE C5TRAL GOV]NM5T2 LEGISLATION 9 ! H&S ( A LEGISLATIVE BODY - ! P>LIAM5T2 ! >M$ =CES 9 ! =M ( ONE C5TRALIZ$ >MY SUBJECT TO A C5TRAL GOV]NM5T2 CU/OMS >RANGEM5TS 9 ! =M ( ONE T>IFF 5COMPASS+ ! 5TIRE /ATE EXT]NALLY2 A UNI=M CURR5CY 9 ! :OLE /ATE1 ETC4 ,9 ACCORDANCE ) ?IS1 ! MOD]N /ATE ALSO 9TRODUC$ 9 ! >EA ( SPIRITUAL LIFE1 AS F> AS POSSIBLE1 A UNI=MITY 9 $UCATION & S*OOLS1 ECCLESIA/ICAL CONDITIONS1 ETC41 ORGANIZ$ ON ! SAME PR9CIPLES 9 ! 5TIRE /ATE4 ,9 A WORD1 AS COMPREH5SIVE A C5TRALIZATION AS POSSIBLE 9 ALL >EAS ( SOCIAL LIFE IS A PROM95T TR5D ( CAPITALISM4 ,AS CAPITALISM DEVELOPS1 C5TRALIZATION 9CREAS+LY PI]CES ALL OB/ACLES & LEADS TO A S]IES ( UNI=M 9/ITUTIONS1 NOT ONLY )9 EA* MAJOR /ATE1 BUT 9 ! 5TIRE CAPITALI/IC WORLD1 BY MEANS ( 9T]NATIONAL LEGISLATION4 ,PO/AL & TELEGRAPHIC S]VICES AS WELL AS RAILWAY COMMUNICATION HAVE BE5 = DECADES ! OBJECT ( 9T]NATIONAL CONV5TIONS4 

,?IS C5TRALI/ T5D5CY ( CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T IS ONE ( ! MA9 BASES ( ! FUTURE SOCIALI/ SY/EM1 BECAUSE ?R\< ! HI<E/ CONC5TRATION ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE1 ! GR\ND IS PREP>$ = A SOCIALIZ$ ECONOMY CONDUCT$ ON A WORLD-WIDE SCALE ACCORD+ TO A UNI=M PLAN4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ONLY ?R\< CONSOLIDAT+ & C5TRALIZ+ BO? ! /ATE P[] & ! WORK+ CLASS AS A MILITANT =CE DOES IT EV5TUALLY BECOME POSSIBLE = ! PROLET>IAT TO GRASP ! /ATE P[] 9 ORD] TO 9TRODUCE ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 

,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! PROP] POLITICAL FRAMEWORK 9 :I* ! MOD]N CLASS /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT OP]ATES & CAN CONQU] IS ! BIG CAPITALI/IC /ATE4 ,USUALLY1 9 ! SOCIALI/ RANKS1 ESPECIALLY ( ! UTOPIAN TR5D1 ATT5TION IS PAID ONLY TO ! ECONOMIC ASPECT ( CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T1 & ITS CATEGORIES - 9DU/RY1 EXPLOITATION1 ! PROLET>IAT1 DEPRESSIONS - >E REG>D$ AS 9DISP5SABLE PR]EQUISITES = SOCIALISM4 ,9 ! POLITICAL SPH]E1 USUALLY ONLY DEMOCRATIC /ATE 9/ITUTIONS1 P>LIAM5T>IANISM1 & V>I\S 0FRE$OMS0 >E REG>D$ AS 9DISP5SABLE CONDITIONS ( ?IS MOVEM5T4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS (T5 OV]LOOK$ ?AT ! MOD]N BIG /ATE IS ALSO AN 9DISP5SABLE PR]EQUISITE = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! MOD]N CLASS /RUGGLE & A GU>ANTEE ( ! VICTORY ( SOCIALISM4 ,! HI/ORICAL MISSION ( ! PROLET>IAT IS NOT 0SOCIALISM0 APPLICABLE ON EV]Y 9* ( GR\ND SEP>ATELY1 NOT DICTATOR%IP1 BUT WORLD REVOLUTION1 :OSE PO9T ( DEP>TURE IS BIG-/ATE DEVELOPM5T4 

,!RE=E1 ! MOD]N SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 LEGITIMATE *ILD ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 POSSESSES ! SAME EM95TLY C5TRALI/ *>ACT]I/IC AS ! B\RGEOIS SOCIETY & /ATE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY IS1 9 ALL C\NTRIES1 A DET]M9$ OPPON5T ( P>TICUL>ISM AS WELL AS ( F$]ALISM4 ,9 ,G]MANY1 ,BAV>IAN OR ,PRUSSIAN P>TICUL>ISM1 I4E41 A T5D5CY TO PRES]VE ,BAV>IA'S OR ,PRUSSIA'S POLITICAL DI/9CTIV5ESS1 !IR 9DEP5D5CE FROM ! ,REI* 9 ONE RESPECT OR ANO!R1 IS ALWAYS A SCRE5 = G5TRY OR PETIT B\RGEOIS REACTION4 ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ALSO COMBATS1 ) FULL 5]GIES1 ! EF=TS1 = 9/ANCE1 ( ,S\? ,G]MAN P>TICUL>I/S TO PRES]VE A SEP>ATE RAILROAD POLICY 9 ,BAV>IA1 ,BAD51 ,WURTTEMB]G2 IT ALSO 5]GETICALLY COMBATS P>TICUL>ISM 9 ! CONQU]$ PROV9CES ( ,ALSACE-,LORRA9E1 :]E ! PETITE B\RGEOISIE TRIES TO SEP>ATE ITSELF1 BY ITS ,FR5* NATIONALISM1 FROM POLITICAL & SPIRITUAL COMMUNITY ) ! 5TIRE ,G]MAN ,REI*4 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY 9 ,G]MANY IS ALSO A DECID$ OPPON5T ( ?OSE SURVIVALS ( ! F$]AL RELATION%IP AMONG ! ,G]MAN /ATES 9SIDE ! ,REI* :I* HAVE /ILL BE5 PRES]V$4 ,! G5]AL TR5D ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T T5DS NOT ONLY T[>D ! POLITICAL UNION ( ! SEP>ATE PROV9CES )9 EA* /ATE1 BUT ALSO T[>D ! ABOLITION ( ANY /ATE F$]ATIONS & ! WELD+ ( LOOSE /ATE COMB9ATIONS 9TO HOMOG5E\S1 UNI=M /ATES2 OR1 :]EV] ?IS IS IMPOSSIBLE1 TO !IR COMPLETE BREAKUP4 

,AN EXPRESSION ( ?IS IS ! MOD]N HI/ORY ( ! ,SWISS ,CONF$]ACY1 AS WELL AS ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,UNION2 ( ! ,G]MAN ,REI*1 AS WELL AS ( ,AU/RIA-,HUNG>Y4 

  

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,! FIR/ C5TRALI/ CON/ITUTION ( ! 9TEGRAT$ REPUBLIC ( ,SWITZ]L&1 CREAT$ BY ! GREAT REVOLUTION1 WAS OBLIT]AT$ )\T A TRACE BY ! TIME ( ! ,RE/ORATION1 & REACTION1 :I* TRIUMPH$ 9 ,SWITZ]L& UND] ! PROTECTION ( ! ,HOLY ,ALLIANCE1 QUICKLY RETURN$ TO ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! CANTONS1 TO P>TICUL>ISM & ONLY A LOOSE CONF$]ATION4 ,DOME/ICALLY1 ?IS IMPLEM5TATION ( ! IDEAL 0( VOLUNT>Y UNION ( 9DEP5D5T GR\PS & /ATE UNITS0 9 ! SPIRIT ( AN>*I/S & O!R WOR%IP]S ( 0F$]ATION40 9VOLV$ ! ADOPTION ( AN >I/OCRATIC CON/ITUTION 7) ! EXCLUSION ( ! BROAD WORK+ MASSES7 AS WELL AS ! RULE ( ,CA?OLIC CL]ICALISM4 

,A NEW OPPOSITION TR5D1 T[>D ! DEMOCRATIZATION & ! C5TRALIZATION ( ! ,SWISS F$]ATION1 WAS BORN 9 ! P]IOD ( REVOLUTION>Y SEE?+ BETWE5 ! ,JULY .<#a#h#c.> & ,M>* .<#a#h#d#h.> REVOLUTIONS1 :I* WAS MANIFE/$ 9 ,SWITZ]L& 9 ! =M ( A T5D5CY TO CREATE A CLOSE /ATE UNION 9 PLACE ( F$]ATION1 & TO ABOLI% ! POLITICAL RULE ( NOBLE FAMILIES & ( ! ,CA?OLIC CL]GY4 ,H]E1 C5TRALISM & DEMOCRACY 9ITIALLY W5T H& 9 H&1 & 5C\NT]$ ! OPPOSITION ( ! REACTION :I* F\<T UND] ! SLOGAN ( F$]ATION & P>TICUL>ISM4 

,! FIR/ CON/ITUTION ( ! PRES5T ,SWISS ,CONF$]ATION ( #ahdh WAS BORN \T ( A BITT] /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! SO-CALL$ 0,SOND]BUND10 I4E41 A F$]ATION ( SEV5 ,CA?OLIC CANTONS :I*1 9 #a#h#d#g1 UND]TOOK A REVOLT AGA9/ ! G5]AL CONF$]ATION 9 ! NAME ( SAV+ ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! CANTONS & !IR OLD >I/OCRATIC SY/EM1 & CL]ICALISM4 ,AL?\< ! REBELS PR\DLY WAV$ ! BANN] ( 0FRE$OM & 9DEP5D5CE0 ( ! CANTONS AGA9/ ! 0DESPOTISM0 ( ! ,CONF$]ACY1 9 P>TICUL> ( 0FRE$OM ( CONSCI5CE0 AGA9/ ,PROTE/ANT 9TOL]ANCE 7! O/5SIBLE CAUSE ( ! CONFLICT WAS ! CLOS+ ( ! CONV5TS BY ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,RADICAL P>TIES71 DEMOCRATIC & REVOLUTION>Y ,EUROPE1 UNDECEIV$ BY ?IS1 APPLAUD$ :OLEHE>T$LY :5 ! ,CONF$]ACY1 BY BRUTAL >M$ =CE1 I4E41 BY 0VIOL5CE10 =C$ ! ADVOCATES ( F$]ALISM TO B[ & SURR5D] TO ! ,CONF$]ATE AU?ORITY4 ,& :5 ,FREILIGRA?1 ! B>D ( ! ,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG1 TRIUMPHANTLY CELEBRAT$ ! VICTORY ( ! BAYONETS ( ,SWISS C5TRALISM AS A REVEILLE TO ! ,M>* REVOLUTION - 0,9 ! HI<L&S ! FIR/ %OT WAS FIR$1 9 ! HI<L&S AGA9/ ! P>SONS0 IT WAS ! ABSOLUTI/ GOV]NM5T ( ,G]MANY1 ! PILL> ( ,METT]NI*'S REACTION1 ?AT TOOK UP ! CAUSE ( ! F$]ALI/S & ! DEF5D]S ( ! OLD 9DEP5D5CE ( ! CANTONS4 ,! LAT] DEVELOPM5T ( ,SWITZ]L& UP UNTIL ! PRES5T HAS BE5 M>K$ BY CON/ANT1 PROGRESSIVE1 LEGAL & POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION UND] ! IMPACT ( ! GR[? ( BIG 9DU/RY & 9T]NATIONAL TRADE1 RAILROADS1 & ,EUROPEAN MILIT>ISM4 ,ALREADY ! SECOND ,CON/ITUTION ( #ahgd EXT5D$ CONSID]ABLY ! ATTRIBUTES ( ! C5TRAL LEGISLATION1 ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T AU?ORITY1 & P>TICUL>LY ( A C5TRALIZ$ JUDICI>Y 9 COMP>ISON ) ! ,CON/ITUTION ( #a#h#d#h4 ,S9CE ! ,CON/ITUTION WAS ?OR\<LY REVIS$ 9 #a#h#g#d1 C5TRALIZATION HAS PROGRESS$ CONT9U\SLY BY ! ADDITION ( EV] NEW 9DIVIDUAL >TICLES1 5L>G+ ! COMPET5CE ( ! C5TRAL 9/ITUTIONS ( ! ,CONF$]ACY4 ,:ILE ! ACTUAL POLITICAL LIFE ( ,SWITZ]L&1 ) ITS DEVELOPM5T T[>D A MOD]N CAPITALI/ /ATE1 IS 9CREAS+LY CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! F$]AL 9/ITUTIONS1 ! AUTONOM\S LIFE ( ! CANTON DECL9ES & BECOMES 9CREAS+LY /]ILE4 ,MATT]S HAVE GONE EV5 FUR!R4 ,:5 ! F$]AL ORGANS ( LEGISLATION & UNI=M GOV]NM5T1 ORIG9AT+ FROM DIRECT ELECTIONS BY ! PEOPLE 7! SO-CALL$ ,NAZIONALRAT & ! SO-CALL$ ,BUNDESRAT71 ASSUME 9CREAS+LY MORE PRE/IGE & P[]1 ! ORGAN ( ! F$]AL REPRES5TATION1 I4E41 ( ! CANTONS 7! SO-CALL$ ,/&]AT71 BECOMES MORE & MORE A SURVIVAL1 A =M )\T CONT5T1 CONDEMN$ BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( LIFE TO SL[ DEA?4.<#a.> ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ?IS PROCESS ( C5TRALIZATION IS SUPPLEM5T$ BY ANO!R P>ALLEL PROCESS ( MAK+ ! CANTONAL CON/ITUTIONS UNI=M BY MEANS ( CON/ANT REVISIONS 9 ! LEGISLATURES ( ! RESPECTIVE CANTONS & ! MUTUAL IMITATION & BORR[+ AMONG !M4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! =M] V>IETY ( CANTONAL P>TICUL>ISMS RAPIDLY DISAPPE>S4 ,UNTIL N[1 ! MA9 SAFEGU>D ( ?IS POLITICAL SEP>AT5ESS & 9DEP5D5CE ( ! CANTONS WAS !IR LOCAL CIVIL & P5AL LAW :I* PRES]V$ ! 5TIRE M$LEY ( ITS HI/ORICAL ORIG91 TRADITION1 & CANTONAL P>TICUL>ISM4 ,AT PRES5T1 EV5 ?IS /UBBORNLY DEF5D$ =TRESS ( ! CANTONS' 9DEP5D5CE HAS HAD TO YIELD UND] ! PRESSURE ( ,SWITZ]L&'S CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T - 9DU/RY1 TRADE1 RAILROADS & TELEGRAPHS1 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS - :I* PASS$ LIKE A LEVEL+ WAVE OV] ! LEGAL CONDITIONS ( ! CANTONS4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! PROJECT ( ONE COMMON CIVIL & P5AL CODE = ! 5TIRE CONF$]ATION HAS BE5 ALREADY ELABORAT$1 :ILE PORTIONS ( ! CIVIL CODE HAVE ALREADY BE5 APPROV$ & IMPLEM5T$4 ,!SE P>ALLEL CURR5TS ( C5TRALIZATION & /&>DIZATION1 WORK+ FROM ABOVE & BEL[ & MUTUALLY SUPPLEM5T+ EA* O!R1 5C\NT]1 ALMO/ AT EV]Y /EP1 ! OPPOSITION ( ! SOCIALLY & ECONOMICALLY MO/ BACKW>D1 MO/ PETIT B\RGEOIS ,FR5* & ,ITALIAN CANTONS4 ,9 A SIGNIFICANT MANN]1 ! OPPOSITION ( ! ,SWISS DEC5TRALI/S & F$]ALI/S EV5 ASSUMES ! =MS & COLORS ( A NATIONALITY /RUGGLE = ! ,FR5* ,SWISS3 ! EXPANSION ( ! P[] ( ! ,CONF$]ACY AT ! EXP5SE ( CANTONAL P>TICUL>ISM IS TANTAM\NT TO ! 9CREASE ( ! PREPOND]ANCE ( ! ,G]MAN ELEM5T1 & AS SU* !Y1 ! ,FR5* ,SWISS1 OP5LY COMBAT IT4 ,NO LESS *>ACT]I/IC IS ANO!R CIRCUM/ANCE1 VIZ41 ! SAME ,FR5* CANTONS :I*1 9 ! NAME ( F$]ATION & 9DEP5D5CE1 COMBAT /ATE C5TRALISM1 HAVE 9T]NALLY ! LEA/ DEVELOP$ COMMUNAL SELF-GOV]NM5T1 :ILE ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC SELF-GOV]N+ 9/ITUTIONS1 A TRUE RULE ( ! PEOPLE1 PREVAIL 9 ?OSE COMMUNES ( ! ,G]MAN CANTONS :I* ADVOCATE C5TRALIZATION ( ! ,CONF$]ATION4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 BO? AT ! V]Y BOTTOM & AT ! TOP ( /ATE 9/ITUTIONS1 BO? 9 ! LATE/ RESULTS ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( PRES5T-DAY ,SWITZ]L& & AT ITS PO9T ( DEP>TURE1 C5TRALISM GOES H& 9 H& ) DEMOCRACY & PROGRESS1 :ILE F$]ALISM & P>TICUL>ISM >E L9K$ ) REACTION & BACKW>DNESS4 

,9 ANO!R =M ! SAME PH5OM5A >E REPEAT$ 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA4 

,! FIR/ NUCLEUS ( ! ,UNION ( ! ,5GLI% COLONIES 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 :I* UNTIL !N HAD BE5 9DEP5D5T1 :I* DIFF]$ GREATLY FROM ONE ANO!R SOCIALLY & POLITICALLY1 & :I* 9 MANY RESPECTS HAD DIV]G5T 9T]E/S1 WAS ALSO CREAT$ BY REVOLUTION4 ,! REVOLUTION WAS ! ADVOCATE & CREATOR ( ! PROCESS ( POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION :I* HAS NEV] /OPP$ UP TO ! PRES5T DAY4 ,ALSO1 H]E1 AS 9 ,SWITZ]L&1 ! 9ITIAL1 MO/ IMMATURE =M ( DEVELOPM5T1 WAS ! SAME 0VOLUNT>Y F$]ATION0 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ! CONSCI\S & UNCONSCI\S ADH]5TS ( AN>*I/IC IDEAS1 /&S AT ! APEX ( MOD]N SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T AS ! CR[N+ SUMMIT ( DEMOCRACY4 

,9 ! FIR/ ,CON/ITUTION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ELABORAT$ 9 ! P]IOD #a#g#g#g-#a#g#h#a1 !RE TRIUMPH$ COMPLETELY ! 0FRE$OM & 9DEP5D5CE ( ! SEV]AL COLONIES1 !IR COMPLETE RI<T ( SELF-DET]M9ATION40 ,! UNION WAS LOOSE & VOLUNT>Y TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT IT PRACTICALLY DID NOT POSSESS ANY C5TRAL EXECUTIVE & MADE POSSIBLE1 ALMO/ ON ! MORR[ ( ITS E/ABLI%M5T1 A FRATRICIDAL CU/OMS W> AMONG ITS 0FREE & EQUAL0 MEMB]S1 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,NEW ,J]SEY1 ,VIRG9IA1 & ,M>YL&1 :ILE 9 ,MASSA*USETTS1 UND] ! BLESS+ ( COMPLETE 09DEP5D5CE0 & 0SELF-DET]M9ATION10 A CIVIL W>1 AN UPRIS+ ( DEBT-5CUMB]$ F>M]S BROKE \T1 :I* >\S$ 9 ! WEAL?Y B\RGEOISIE ( ! /ATES A VIVID YE>N+ = A /RONG C5TRAL AU?ORITY4 ,?IS B\RGEOISIE WAS =CIBLY REM9D$ ?AT 9 A B\RGEOIS SOCIETY ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL 0NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE0 HAS REAL SUB/ANCE & 0VALUE0 ONLY :5 IT S]VES ! 9DEP5D5T UTILIZATION ( ! FRUITS ( 09T]NAL ORD]10 I4E41 ! UNDI/URB$ RULE ( PRIVATE PROP]TY & EXPLOITATION4 

,! SECOND ,CON/ITUTION ( #a<g ALREADY CREAT$1 9 PLACE ( F$]ATION1 A UNIFI$ /ATE ) A C5TRAL LEGISLATIVE AU?ORITY & A C5TRAL EXECUTIVE4 ,H[EV]1 C5TRALISM HAD /ILL1 = A LONG TIME1 TO COMBAT ! SEP>ATI/ T5D5CIES ( ! /ATES RI<T]S :I* F9ALLY ]UPT$ 9 ! =M ( AN OP5 REVOLT ( ! ,S\!RN /ATES1 ! FAM\S #ahfa W> ( SECESSION ,H]E WE ALSO SEE A /RIK+ REPETITION ( ! #ahdg ,SWISS SITUATION4 ,AS ADVOCATES ( C5TRALISM1 ! ,NOR!RN /ATES ACT$ REPRES5T+ ! MOD]N1 BIG-CAPITAL DEVELOPM5T1 MA*9E 9DU/RY1 P]SONAL FRE$OM & EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW1 ! TRUE COROLL>IES ( ! SY/EM ( HIR$ LABOR1 B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY1 & B\RGEOIS PROGRESS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! BANN] ( SEP>ATISM1 F$]ATION1 & P>TICUL>ISM1 ! BANN] ( EA* HAMLET'S 09DEP5D5CE0 & 0RI<T ( SELF-DET]M9ATION0 WAS RAIS$ BY ! PLANTATION [N]S ( ! ,S\?1 :O REPRES5T$ ! PRIMITIVE EXPLOITATION ( SLAVE LABOR4 ,9 ,SWITZ]L& AS 9 ,AM]ICA1 C5TRALISM /RUGGL$ AGA9/ ! SEP>ATI/ T5D5CIES ( F$]ALISM BY MEANS ( >M$ =CE & PHYSICAL CO]CION1 TO ! UNANIM\S ACCLAIM ( ALL PROGRESSIVE & DEMOCRATIC ELEM5TS ( ,EUROPE4 ,IT IS SIGNIFICANT ?AT ! LA/ MANIFE/ATION ( SLAV]Y 9 MOD]N SOCIETY TRI$ TO SAVE ITSELF1 AS REACTION ALWAYS DOES1 UND] ! BANN] ( P>TICUL>ISM1 & ! ABOLITION ( SLAV]Y WAS ! OBV]SE ( ! VICTORY ( C5TRALI/ CAPITALISM4 ,AFT] ! VICTORI\S W> AGA9/ ! SECESSIONI/S1 ! ,CON/ITUTION ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,UNION UND]W5T A NEW REVISION 9 ! DIRECTION ( C5TRALISM2 ! REMA9D] WAS1 FROM !N ON1 A*IEV$ BY BIG CAPITAL1 BIG P[]1 IMP]IALI/ DEVELOPM5T3 RAILROADS1 WORLD TRADE1 TRU/S1 F9ALLY1 9 REC5T TIMES1 CU/OMS PROTECTIONISM1 IMP]IALI/ W>S1 ! COLONIAL SY/EM1 & ! RESULT+ RE-ORGANIZATION ( ! MILIT>Y1 ( TAXATION1 & SO ON4 ,AT PRES5T1 ! C5TRAL EXECUTIVE 9 ! P]SON ( ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,UNION POSSESSES MORE EXT5SIVE P[]1 & ! ADM9I/RATION & JUDICI>Y >E MORE C5TRALIZ$ ?AN 9 ! MAJORITY ( ! MON>*IES ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,:ILE 9 ,SWITZ]L& ! GRADUAL EXPANSION ( ! C5TRAL FUNCTIONS AT ! EXP5SE ( F$]ALISM TAKES PLACE BY MEANS ( AM5DM5TS TO ! CON/ITUTION1 9 ,AM]ICA ?IS TAKES PLACE 9 A WAY ( ITS [N )\T ANY CON/ITUTIONAL *ANGES1 ?R\< A LIB]AL 9T]PRETATION ( ! CON/ITUTION BY ! JUDICIAL AU?ORITIES4 

,! HI/ORY ( MOD]N ,AU/RIA PRES5TS A PICTURE ( 9CESSANT /RUGGLE BETWE5 A C5TRALI/ & F$]ALI/ TR5D4 ,! />T+ PO9T ( ?IS HI/ORY1 ! #ahdh REVOLUTION1 %[S ! FOLL[+ DIVISION ( ROLES3 ! ADVOCATES ( C5TRALISM >E ! ,G]MAN LIB]ALS & DEMOCRATS1 ! !N LEAD]S ( ! REVOLUTION1 :ILE ! OB/RUCTION UND] ! BANN] ( F$]ALISM IS REPRES5T$ BY ! ,SLAVIC C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y P>TIES3 ! ,GALICIAN NOBILITY2 ! ,CZE*1 ,MORAVIAN & ,DALMATIAN DIETS2 ! PAN-,SLAVI/S &1 ! ADMIR]S ( ,BAKUN91 ?AT PROPHET & PHRASEMAK] ( ! AN>*I/ 0AUTONOMY ( FREE PEOPLES40 ,M>X *>ACT]IZ$ ! POLICY & ROLE ( ! ,CZE* F$]ALI/S 9 ! #ahdh REVOLUTION AS FOLL[S3 

,! ,CZE* & ,CROAT PAN-,SLAVI/S WORK$1 SOME DELIB]ATELY & SOME UNKN[+LY1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! CLE> 9T]E/S ( ,RUSSIA4 ,!Y BETRAY$ ! CAUSE ( REVOLUTION = ! %AD[ ( A NATIONALITY :I*1 9 ! BE/ CASE1 W\LD HAVE %>$ ! FATE ( ! ,POLI% ONE4 ,! ,CZE*1 ,MORAVIAN1 ,DALMATIAN1 & A P>T ( ! ,POLI% DELEGATES 7! >I/OCRACY7 CONDUCT$ A SY/EMATIC /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,G]MAN ELEM5T4 ,! ,G]MANS & A P>T ( ! ,POLES 7! IMPOV]I%$ G5TRY7 W]E ! MA9 ADH]5TS ( REVOLUTION>Y PROGRESS2 FI<T+ AGA9/ !M1 ! MASS ( ! ,SLAVIC DELEGATES WAS NOT CONT5T TO DEMON/RATE 9 ?IS WAY ! REACTION>Y T5D5CIES ( !IR 5TIRE MOVEM5T1 BUT EV5 DEBAS$ ITSELF BY S*EM+ & PLOTT+ ) ! V]Y SAME ,AU/RIAN GOV]NM5T :I* HAD DISP]S$ !IR ,PRAGUE CONGRESS4 ,!Y RECEIV$ A WELL-DES]V$ REW>D = !IR DISGRACEFUL BEHAVIOR4 ,!Y HAD SUPPORT$ ! GOV]NM5T DUR+ ! ,OCTOB] UPRIS+1 ! \TCOME ( :I* F9ALLY ASSUR$ A MAJORITY TO ! ,SLAVS4 ,?IS N[ ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY ,SLAVIC ASSEMBLY WAS DISP]S$ BY ! ,AU/RIAN SOLDI]Y EXACTLY AS ! ,PRAGUE CONGRESS HAD BE5 & ! PAN-,SLAVI/S W]E ?REAT5$ ) IMPRISONM5T IF !Y D>$ TO COMPLA94 ,!Y A*IEV$ ONLY ?IS3 ?AT ! ,SLAVIC NATIONALITY IS N[ EV]Y:]E ?REAT5$ BY ,AU/RIAN C5TRALISM4.<#b.> 

,M>X WROTE ?IS 9 #aheb DUR+ ! REVIVAL ( ABSOLUTI/ RULE 9 ,AU/RIA AFT] ! F9AL COLLAPSE ( ! REVOLUTION & ( ! FIR/ ]A ( CON/ITUTIONALISM - 0A RESULT :I* !Y [E TO !IR [N FANATICISM & BL9DNESS40 

,SU* WAS ! FIR/ APPE>ANCE ( F$]ALISM 9 ! MOD]N HI/ORY ( ,AU/RIA4 

,9 NO /ATE DID ! SOCIO-HI/ORICAL CONT5T ( ! F$]ALI/ PROGRAM & ! FALLACY ( ! AN>*I/ FANTASIES CONC]N+ ! DEMOCRATIC OR EV5 REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] ( ?AT SLOGAN APPE> SO EMPHATICALLY ALSO 9 LAT] TIMES1 &1 SO TO SPEAK1 SYMBOLICALLY1 AS 9 ,AU/RIA4 ,! PROGRESS ( POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION CAN BE DIRECTLY MEASUR$ H]E BY ! PROGRAM ( ! RI<T TO VOTE = ! ,VI5NA P>LIAM5T1 :I*1 PASS+ SUCCESSIVELY ?R\< F\R PHASES ( GRADUAL DEMOCRATIZATION1 WAS 9CREAS+LY BECOM+ ! MA9 CEM5T B9D+ TOGE!R ! /ATE /RUCTURE ( ! ,HAPSBURG MON>*Y4 ,! ,OCTOB] ,PAT5T ( #a#h#f1 :I* 9AUGURAT$ ! SECOND CON/ITUTIONAL ]A 9 ,AU/RIA1 HAD CREAT$ 9 ! SPIRIT ( F$]ALISM A WEAK C5TRAL LEGISLATIVE ORGAN1 & GIV5 ! RI<T ( ELECT+ ! DELEGATIONS TO IT NOT TO ! PEOPLE1 BUT TO ! DIETS ( ! RESPECTIVE CR[NL&S4 ,H[EV]1 ALREADY 9 #a#h#g#c1 IT PROV$ 9DISP5SABLE = BREAK+ ! OPPOSITION ( ! ,SLAVIC F$]ALI/S1 TO 9TRODUCE VOT+ RI<TS NOT BY ! DIETS1 BUT BY ! PEOPLE !MSELVES1 TO ! ,C5TRAL ,P>LIAM5T .<,REI*SRAT.> - AL?\< IT WAS A CLASS1 UNEQUAL1 & 9DIRECT VOT+ SY/EM4 ,SUBSEQU5TLY1 ! NATIONALITY /RUGGLE & ! DEC5TRALI/ OPPOSITION ( ! ,CZE*S1 :I* ?REAT5$ ! V]Y EXI/5CE & 9TEGRITY ( ! ,HAPSBURG MON>*Y1 =C$1 9 #a#h#i#f1 ! REPLACEM5T ( !IR CLASS VOT+ RI<T BY A UNIV]SAL ONE1 ?R\< ! ADDITION ( A FIF? CURIA 7! SO-CALL$ UNIV]SAL ELECTION CURIA74 ,REC5TLY WE WITNESS$ ! F9AL RE=M ( ! ELECTORAL LAW 9 ,AU/RIA 9 ! DIRECTION ( UNIV]SAL & EQUAL VOT+ RI<TS AS ! ONLY MEANS ( CONSOLIDAT+ ! /ATE & BREAK+ ! C5TRIFUGAL T5D5CIES ( ! ,SLAVIC F$]ALI/S4 ,ESPECIALLY *>ACT]I/IC 9 ?IS RESPECT IS ! ROLE ( ,GALICIA4 ,ALREADY FROM ! FIR/ SESSION ( ! ,VI5NESE ,REI*SRAT & ! ,GALICIAN ,DIET 9 ,APRIL #a#h#f#a1 ! ,GALICIAN NOBILITY CAME =W>D AS AN EXTREME OPPOSITION AGA9/ ! LIB]AL CAB9ET ( ,S*M]L+1 VIOL5TLY OPPOS+ ! LIB]AL RE=MS 9 ! NAME ( 0NATIONAL AUTONOMY0 & ! RI<T ( NATIONS TO 0SELF-DET]M9ATION10 I4E41 9 ! NAME ( ! AUTONOM\S RI<TS ( ! ,PROV9CIAL ,DIET4 

,SOON ! POLICY BECAME CRY/ALLIZ$ 9 ! ,/ANCZYK PROGRAM ( ! SO-CALL$ ,CRAC[ P>TY1 ! P>TY ( SU* M5 AS ,T>N[SKI1 ,POPIEL1 ,WODZICKI1 & ,KOZMIAN1 & F\ND ITS EXPRESSION 9 ! NOTORI\S 0RESOLUTION0 ( ! ,GALICIAN ,DIET ( ,SEPTEMB] #b#h1 #a#h#f#h1 :I* IS A K9D ( ,MAGNA ,C>TA ( ! 0SEP>ATION ( ,GALICIA40 ,! RESOLUTION DEM&$ SU* A BROAD5+ ( ! COMPET5CE ( ! ,PROV9CIAL ,DIET ?AT = ! ,C5TRAL ,P>LIAM5T !RE REMA9$ ONLY ! MO/ IMPORTANT ALL-MON>*Y MATT]S2 IT COMPLETELY ABOLI%$ ! C5TRAL ADM9I/RATION1 H&+ IT OV] EXCLUSIVELY TO ! CR[N L& AU?ORITIES1 & 9 ! 5D COMPLETELY SEP>AT+ ALSO ! CR[N L& JUDICI>Y4 ,! /ATE CONNECTION ( ,GALICIA ) ,AU/RIA WAS R$UC$ H]E TO SU* A FLIMSY %AD[ ?AT SANGU9E M9DS1 :O DID NOT YET KN[ ! FLEXIBILITY ( ,POLI% NATIONALISM1 W\LD BE READY TO SEE 9 ?IS IDEAL PROGRAM ( F$]ALISM1 0ALMO/0 NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE OR AT LEA/ A BOLD /RIV+ T[>D IT4 ,H[EV]1 TO PREV5T ANY SU* ILLUSIONS1 ! ,/ANCZYK P>TY HAD ANN\NC$ ITS POLITICAL CR$O & BEGUN ITS PUBLIC C>E] 9 ,AU/RIA NOT ) ! ABOVE PROGRAM ( F$]ATION BUT ) ! NOTORI\S ADDRESS ( ! ,DIET ( ,DECEMB] #a1 #a#h#f#f1 9 :I* IT PROCLAIM$ ITS CLASSICAL =MULA3 0,)\T FE> ( DES]T+ ! NATIONAL IDEA & ) FAI? 9 ! MISSION ( ,AU/RIA WE DECL>E FROM ! BOTTOM ( \R HE>TS ?AT WE /& & WI% TO /& BY ,Y\R ,MAJE/Y40 ,?IS WAS ONLY A CONCISE APHORI/IC =MULATION ( ! SANGU9>Y CRUSADE :I* ! NOBILITY P>TY >\ND ,PRZEGLAD ,POLSKI 7,POLI% ,REVIEW7 WAG$1 AFT] ! ,JANU>Y UPRIS+1 AGA9/ ! 9SURRECTION & ! 9SURG5TS AGA9/ ! 0CONSPIRACY10 0ILLUSIONS10 0CRIM9AL ATTEMPTS01 0=EIGN REVOLUTION>Y 9FLU5CES10 0! EXCESSES ( SOCIAL AN>*Y10 LIQUIDAT+ ) CYNICAL HA/E ! LA/ P]IOD ( \R NATIONAL MOVEM5TS UND] ! SLOGAN ( 0ORGANIC WORK0 & PUBLIC R5UNCIATION ( ANY SOLID>ITY ) ,RUSSIAN-DOM9AT$ ,POL&4 ,F$]ALISM & POLITICAL SEP>ATISM W]E NOT 9 REALITY AN EXPRESSION ( NATIONAL ASPIRATIONS BUT W]E1 RA!R1 !IR SIMPLE NEGATION & !IR PUBLIC R5UNCIATION4 ,! O!R H>MONI\S COMPLEM5T ( ! ,/ANCZYK PROGRAM ( F$]ATION 7READ3 SEP>ATION7 WAS OPPOSITION & OB/RUCTION 9 COALITION ) ,CZE* & ,MORAVIAN F$]ALI/S & ! ,G]MAN CL]ICAL-REACTION>Y P>TY AGA9/ ANY LIB]AL RE=MS 9 ,AU/RIA3 AGA9/ ! LIB]AL COMMUNAL LAW1 AGA9/ ! LIB]AL LAW CONC]N+ ELEM5T>Y S*OOLS1 AGA9/ ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! LAW CONC]N+ DIRECT ELECTIONS BY ! PEOPLE TO ! ,C5TRAL ,P>LIAM5T2 ON ! O!R H& IT SUPPORT$ ! GOV]NM5T 9 ALL REACTION>Y PROJECTS1 E4G41 SUPPORT ( ! MILIT>Y LAWS />T+ ) ,TAAFFE'S ,LAW1 ETC4 ,?IS DEVELOPM5T HAS BE5 C\PL$ ) EXTREME REACTION ALSO 9 PROV9CIAL POLICIES1 ! MO/ GL>+ EXPRESSION ( :I* IS ! ADAMANT OPPOSITION AGA9/ ! RE=M ( ELECTIONS TO ! ,PROV9CIAL ,DIET4 

,F9ALLY1 ! ?IRD COMPON5T ( ,GALICIAN F$]ALISM IS ! POLICY ( ! ,POLI% NOBILITY T[>D ! ,RU!NIANS4 ,QUITE ANALOG\S TO ! ,FR5* F$]ALI/S ( ,SWITZ]L&1 ! ,GALICIAN ADVOCATES ( A POT5TIAL DEC5TRALIZATION ( ! ,AU/RIAN /ATE HAVE BE5 /RICT C5TRALI/S 9T]NALLY 9 RELATION TO ! ,RU!NIAN POPULATION4 ,! ,GALICIAN NOBILITY HAS FROM ! BEG9N+ /UBBORNLY COMBAT$ ! DEM& ( AUTONOMY = ! ,RU!NIANS1 ! ADM9I/RATIVE DIVISION ( ,GALICIA 9TO ,EA/]N & ,WE/]N1 & ! GRANT+ ( EQUAL /ATUS TO ! ,RU!NIAN LANGUAGE & SCRIPT ALONG ) ! ,POLI% LANGUAGE4 ,! PROGRAM ( 0SEP>ATION0 & F$]ALISM SUFF]$ A DECISIVE DEFEAT 9 ,AU/RIA AS E>LY AS #a#h#g#c1 :5 DIRECT ELECTIONS TO ! ,C5TRAL ,P>LIAM5T W]E 9TRODUC$1 & FROM !N ON ! ,/ANCZYK P>TY1 9 KEEP+ ) ITS OPPORTUNI/IC PR9CIPLES1 AB&ON$ ! POLICY ( OB/RUCTION & ACQUIESC$ 9 ,AU/RIAN C5TRALISM4 ,H[EV]1 ,GALICIAN F$]ALISM FROM !N ON APPE>S ON ! /AGE IF NOT AS A PROGRAM ( REALI/IC POLITICS !N AS A MEANS ( P>LIAM5T>Y MANEUV]S EA* TIME ?AT S]I\S DEMOCRATIC RE=MS >E CONSID]$4 ,! LA/ MEMORABLE APPE>ANCE ( ! PROGRAM ( 0SEP>AT+0 ,GALICIA 9 ! PUBLIC >5A IS CONNECT$ ) ! /RUGGLE ( ! ,GALICIAN NOBILITY AGA9/ ! MO/ REC5T ELECTORAL RE=M1 AGA9/ ! 9TRODUCTION ( UNIV]SAL & EQUAL VOT+ RI<TS = ! ,VI5NA ,P>LIAM5T4 ,& AS IF TO PUT /RONG] EMPHASIS ON ! REACTION>Y CONT5T ( ! F$]ALI/ PROGRAM1 ! DEPUTIES ( ,AU/RIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 9 ,APRIL #a#i#f1 VOT$ UNANIM\SLY AGA9/ ! MOTION CONC]N+ ! SEP>ATION ( ,GALICIA4 ,AT !IR HEAD 9 HIS *>ACT] AS REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,AU/RIAN ,WORK]S' ,P>TY1 A REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ALL-MON>*Y PROLET>IAN POLICY SPOKE & VOT$ AGA9/ ! SEP>ATION ( ,GALICIA3 ?IS WAS ,MR4 ,IGNACY ,DASZYNSKI1 :O1 AS A LEAD] 9 ! ?REE P>TS ( ! PATRIOTIC ,P,P,S1 CONSID]S ! SEP>ATION ( ! ,K+DOM ( ,POL& FROM ,RUSSIA AS HIS POLITICAL PROGRAM4 ,! ,AU/RIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY IS A DET]M9$ & OP5 ADVOCATE ( C5TRALISM1 A CONSCI\S ADH]5T ( ! /ATE CONSOLIDATION ( ,AU/RIA & CONSEQU5TLY A CONSCI\S OPPON5T ( ANY SEP>ATI/ T5D5CIES4 

0,! FUTURE ( ! ,AU/RIAN /ATE0 SAYS ,KAUTSKY - 0DEP5DS ON ! /R5G? & 9FLU5CE ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 ,PRECISELY BECAUSE IT IS REVOLUTION>Y1 IT IS 9 ?IS CASE A P>TY UPHOLD+ ! /ATE .<E9E /AATS]LTALT5DE ,P>TEI.> 9 ?IS S5SE2 AL?\< ?IS S\NDS /RANGE1 ONE MAY APPLY TO ! ,R$ REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ! WORDS :I* HALF A C5TURY AGO ,GRILLP>Z] ADDRESS$ TO ! H]O ( ! ,R$ ,YELL[ REACTION1 ,G5]AL ,RADETZKY3 ',9 Y\R CAMP IS ,AU/RIA4'0 .<0,9 DE95 ,LAG] I/ ,O/]REI*0.>.<#c.> IS JU/ AS 9 ! MATT] ( ! 0SEP>ATION0 ( ,GALICIA ,AU/RIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY DECISIVELY REJECTS ! PROGRAM ( ! ,CZE* ,F$]ALI/S1 ?AT IS1 ! SEP>ATION ( ,BOHEMIA4 ,KAUTSKY WRITES3 

,! GR[? ( ! IDEA ( AUTONOMY = ,BOHEMIA IS ONLY A P>TIAL ,MANIFE/ATION ( ! G5]AL GR[? ( REACTION 9 ALL BIG /ATES ( ! ,CONT95T4 ,! PROGRAM ( 0AUTONOMY0 W\LD NOT YET MAKE ,BOHEMIA AN AUTONOM\S /ATE4 ,IT W\LD /ILL REMA9 A P>T ( ,AU/RIA4 ,! ,C5TRAL ,P>LIAM5T W\LD NOT BE ABOLI%$ BY ?IS4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT MATT]S 7MILIT>Y AFFAIRS1 CU/OMS1 ETC47 W\LD REMA9 9 ITS COMPET5CE4 ,H[EV]1 ! SEP>ATION ( ,BOHEMIA W\LD BREAK ! P[] ( ! ,C5TRAL ,P>LIAM5T1 :I* TODAY IS V]Y WEAK4 ,IT W\LD BREAK IT NOT ONLY 9 RELATION TO ! DIETS ( ! SEV]AL NATIONS BUT ALSO 9 RELATION TO ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 ON ! MODEL ( ! DELEGATIONS4 .<,! REF]5CE H]E IS TO DELEGATIONS ( ,AU/RIA & ,HUNG>Y :I* W]E ELECT$ BY ! ,VI5NA & ,BUDAPE/ P>LIAM5T & HAD AS !IR TASK ! >RANGEM5T ( ! SO-CALL$ ,AU/RO-,HUNG>IAN COMPROMISE1 ?AT IS1 ! MUTUAL RELATION%IP OR PROPORTION CONTRIBUT$ BY BO? C\NTRIES = ! COMMON EXP5SES ( ! /ATE & ! SETTLEM5T ( C]TA9 MATT]S AFFECT+ BO?4.> ,! /ATE C\NCIL1 ?AT IS1 ! ,C5TRAL ,P>LIAM5T ( ,AU/RIA1 W\LD HAVE TO BE R$UC$ TO A MIS]ABLE IDOL NODD+ ITS HEAD TO EV]Y?+4 ,! P[] ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T 9 MILIT>Y & CU/OMS AFFAIRS1 AS WELL AS =EIGN POLICY1 W\LD !N BECOME UNRE/RICT$4 ,! SEP>ATION ( ,BOHEMIA W\LD SIGNIFY ! /R5G!N+ ( ! RULE ( B\RGEOIS PEASANT CL]ICALISM 9 ! ,ALP9E L&S ( ! NOBILITY & 9 ,GALICIA2 ALSO ?AT ( ! CAPITALI/ MAGNATES 9 ,BOHEMIA4 ,AS LONG AS !SE ?REE /RATA MU/ EX]CISE !IR AU?ORITY 9 ! ,C5TRAL ,P>LIAM5T JO9TLY1 !Y CANNOT DEVELOP ALL !IR P[] BECAUSE !IR 9T]E/S >E NOT ID5TICAL2 HOLD+ !M TOGE!R IS NO EASY MATT]4 ,!IR /R5G? WILL BE 9CREAS$ IF EA* ( !SE /RATA CAN CONC5TRATE ON A C]TA9 DEF9$ >EA4 ,! CL]ICALS 9 ,9NSBRUCK & ,L9Z1 ! ,GALICIAN NOBILITY 9 ,CRAC[ & ,LEMB]G1 ! ,BOHEMIAN ,TORIES 9 ,PRAGUE >E MORE P[]FUL SEP>ATELY ?AN ALL TOGE!R 9 ,VI5NA4 ,JU/ AS 9 ,G]MANY1 ! REACTION DRAWS ITS /R5G? FROM ! P>TICUL>ISM & WEAKNESS ( ! ,C5TRAL ,P>LIAM5T2 H]E1 JU/ AS !RE1 GIV+ ONE'S MORAL SUPPORT TO P>TICUL>ISM MEANS WORK+ 9 FAVOR ( REACTION4 ,H]E1 JU/ AS !RE1 WE >E OBLIGAT$ TO RESI/ /RONGLY ! PRES5T CURR5T T5D+ TO ! WEAK5+ ( ! ,C5TRAL ,P>LIAM5T4 .<,KAUTSKY 5DS ) !SE WORDS3.> ,WE MU/ COMBAT ,BOHEMIAN /ATES' RI<TS .<! PROGRAM ( SEP>AT+ (F ,BOHEMIA.> AS A PRODUCT ( REACTION & A MEANS ( ITS SUPPORT4 ,WE MU/ COMBAT IT S9CE IT MEANS SPLITT+ ! PROLET>IAT ( ,AU/RIA4 ,! ROAD FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM DOES NOT LEAD ?R\< FEUDALISM4 ,! PROGRAM ( SEP>AT+ (F ,BOHEMIA IS JU/ AS LITTLE A PRELIM9>Y TO ! AUTONOMY ( PEOPLES AS ANTI-,SEMITISM 7?AT IS1 A UNILAT]AL /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,JEWI% CAPITAL7 IS A PRELIM9>Y TO ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4.<#d.> 

,:]E ! REMNANTS ( FEUDALISM HAVE BE5 PRES]V$ TO ?IS DAY 9 ,EUROPE1 !Y >E EV]Y:]E A PROTECTION ( MON>*Y4 ,9 ,G]MANY1 A /RIK+ MANIFE/ATION ( ?IS IS ! FACT ?AT ! UNITY ( ! ,REI* IS BAS$ ON A UNIV]SAL EQUAL VOT+ RI<T TO ,P>LIAM5T1 :ILE ALL ,G]MAN /ATES TAK5 9DIVIDUALLY HAVE MU* MORE REACTION>Y /ATE CON/ITUTIONS1 FROM ,PRUSSIA1 ) ITS 7AS ,BISM>CK EXPRESS$ IT7 0MO/ MON/R\S0 TRI-CLASS ELECTORAL LAW1 UP TO ,MECKL5BURG1 :I* IS /ILL 9 G5]AL A M$IEVAL /ATE ) A PURELY CLASS CON/ITUTION4 

,! CITY ( ,HAMBURG ITSELF IS AN EV5 MORE /RIK+ EXAMPLE IF WE BELIEVE ?AT PROGRESS & DEMOCRACY >E CONNECT$ ) C5TRALISM1 & REACTION ) P>TICUL>ISM & F$]ALISM4 ,! CITY ( ,HAMBURG1 :I* =MS ?REE ELECTORAL DI/RICTS ( ! ,G]MAN ,REI*1 IS REPRES5T$ 9 ,P>LIAM5T ON ! BASIS ( A UNIV]SAL VOT+ RI<T1 EXCLUSIVELY BY SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC DEPUTIES4 ,ON ! BASIS ( ! ,CON/ITUTION ( ! ,REI* AS A :OLE1 ! ,WORK]S' ,P>TY IS1 !RE=E1 9 ,HAMBURG1 ! UNIQUE RUL+ P>TY4 ,BUT ! V]Y SAME CITY ( ,HAMBURG1 AS A SEP>ATE LITTLE /ATE1 ON ! BASIS ( ITS DI/9CTION1 SEP>AT5ESS1 9TRODUC$ = ITSELF A NEW ELECTORAL LAW EV5 MORE REACTION>Y ?AN ! ONE 9 =CE UNTIL N[1 :I* MAKES IT ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE TO ELECT ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS TO ! ,HAMBURG ,DIET4 

,9 ,AU/RIA-,HUNG>Y WE SEE ! SAME4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 A F$]AL RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,HUNG>Y & ,AU/RIA IS AN EXPRESSION NOT ( FRE$OM & PROGRESS BUT ( MON>*ICAL REACTION BECAUSE IT IS KN[N ?AT ! ,AU/RO-,HUNG>IAN DUALISM IS MA9TA9$ ONLY BY ! DYNA/IC 9T]E/ ( ! ,HAPSBURGS1 & ,AU/RIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY CLE>LY DECL>$ ITSELF 9 FAVOR ( ! COMPLETE DISSOLUTION ( ?AT F$]ATION & ! COMPLETE SEP>ATION ( ,HUNG>Y FROM ,AU/RIA4 

,H[EV]1 ?IS POSITION RESULT$ BY NO MEANS FROM ! 9CL9ATIONS ( ,AU/RIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY = DEC5TRALIZATION 9 G5]AL1 BUT JU/ ! REV]SE3 IT RESULT$ FROM ! FACT ?AT A F$]AL CONNECTION BETWE5 ,HUNG>Y & ,AU/RIA IS AN OB/ACLE TO AN EV5 GREAT] POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION 9SIDE ,AU/RIA = ! PURPOSE ( RE/OR+ & CONSOLIDAT+ ! LATT]1 & H]E ! V]Y SAME ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY IS AN ADVOCATE ( AS CLOSE A UNION ( ! CR[NL&S AS POSSIBLE1 & AN OPPON5T ( ANY T5D5CIES TO ! SEP>ATION ( ,GALICIA1 ,BOHEMIA1 ,TRIE/E1 ! ,TR5T9O1 & SO ON4 ,9 FACT1 ! ONLY C5T] ( POLITICAL & DEMOCRATIC PROGRESS 9 ,AU/RIA IS H] C5TRAL POLICY1 A ,C5TRAL ,P>LIAM5T 9 ,VI5NA :I*1 9 ITS DEVELOPM5T1 REA*$ A UNIV]SAL EQUAL-VOT+ RI<T1 :ILE ! AUTONOM\S ,DIETS ,GALICIAN1 ,L[] ,AU/RIAN1 ,BOHEMIAN - >E /RON<OLDS ( ! MO/ SAVAGE REACTION ON ! P>T ( ! NOBILITY OR B\RGEOISIE4 

,F9ALLY1 ! LA/ EV5T 9 ! HI/ORY ( F$]AL RELATION%IPS1 ! SEP>ATION ( ,NORWAY FROM ,SW$51 TAK5 UP 9 ITS TIME EAG]LY BY ! ,POLI% SOCIAL-PATRIOTIC P>TIES 7SEE ! ,CRAC[ ,NAPRZOD .<,=W>D.>7 AS A JOY\S MANIFE/ATION ( /R5G? & ! PROGRESSIV5ESS ( SEP>ATI/ T5D5CIES1 SOON *ANG$ 9TO A NEW /RIK+ PRO( ?AT F$]ALISM & /ATE SEP>ATIONS RESULT+ FROM IT >E BY NO MEANS AN EXPRESSION ( PROGRESS OR DEMOCRACY4 ,AFT] ! SO-CALL$ ,NORWEGIAN 0REVOLUTIONS10 :I* CONSI/$ 9 ! DE?RONEM5T & ! EXPULSION FROM ,NORWAY ( ! ,K+ ( ,SW$51 ! ,NORWEGIANS QUIETLY ELECT$ ANO!R K+ = !MSELVES1 HAV+ EV5 =MALLY1 9 A POPUL> BALLOT1 REJECT$ ! PROJECT ( 9TRODUC+ A REPUBLIC4 ,?AT :I* SUP]FICIAL ADMIR]S ( ALL NATIONAL MOVEM5TS & ALL SEMBLANCES ( 9DEP5D5CE PROCLAIM$ AS A 0REVOLUTION0 WAS A SIMPLE MANIFE/ATION ( PEASANT & B\RGEOIS P>TICUL>ISM1 A DESIRE TO POSSESS = !IR [N MONEY A 0K+ ( !IR [N0 9/EAD ( ONE IMPOS$ BY ! ,SW$I% >I/OCRACY1 &1 !RE=E1 A MOVEM5T :I* HAD NO?+ 9 COMMON :ATEV] ) A REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! HI/ORY ( ! DIS9TEGRATION ( ! ,SW$I%-,NORWEGIAN UNION AGA9 PROV$ H[ F>1 EV5 H]E1 ! F$]ATION HAD BE5 AN EXPRESSION ( PURELY DYNA/IC 9T]E/S1 ?AT IS1 A =M ( MON>*ISM & REACTION4 

  

,I,V 

,! IDEA ( F$]ALISM AS A SOLUTION ( ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION1 & 9 G5]AL1 AN 0IDEAL0 ( ! POLITICAL SY/EM 9 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS1 RAIS$ SIXTY YE>S AGO BY ,BAKUN9 & O!R AN>*I/S1 F9DS AT PRES5T REFUGE ) A NUMB] ( SOCIALI/ GR\PS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,A /RIK+ ILLU/RATION ( ?AT IDEA1 AS WELL AS ( ITS RELATION TO ! CLASS /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT AT ! PRES5T TIME1 IS GIV5 BY ! CONGRESS ( ?OSE F$]ALI/ GR\PS ( ALL ,RUSSIA HELD DUR+ ! REC5T .<#a#i#e.> REVOLUTION & :OSE DELIB]ATIONS HAVE BE5 PUBLI%$ 9 A DETAIL$ REPORT4 .<,SEE ! ,PROCE$+S ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TIES1 ,APRIL #a#f-#b1 #a#i#g1 ,KNIGOI ,IZDATIEL/VO1 ,SEJM 7,/4 ,PET]SBURG3 #a#i#h74.> 

,FIR/ ( ALL1 A *>ACT]IZATION ( ! POLITICAL COMPLEXION & ( ! 0SOCIALISM0 ( !SE GR\PS IS 9T]E/+4 ,9 ! ,CONGRESS1 !RE P>TICIPAT$ ,GEORGIAN1 ,>M5IAN1 ,BYELO-,RUSSIAN1 ,JEWI%1 ,POLI%1 & ,RUSSIAN F$]ALI/S4 ,! ,GEORGIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,F$]ALI/ ,P>TY OP]ATES MA9LY - ACCORD+ TO ITS [N REPORT - NOT AMONG ! URBAN POPULATION BUT 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 BECAUSE ONLY !RE DOES !RE EXI/ 9 A COMPACT MASS ! NATIONAL ,GEORGIAN ELEM5T2 !SE NUMB] AB\T #a4#b MILLION & >E CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! GUB]NIAS ( ,TIFLIS1 ,KUTAI1 & P>TIALLY1 ,BATUM4 ,?IS P>TY IS ALMO/ COMPLETELY RECRUIT$ FROM PEASANTS & PETTY G5TRY4 0,9 ITS /RIV+ = AN 9DEP5D5T REGULATION ( ITS LIFE0 - DECL>ES ! DELEGATE ( ! ,GEORGIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,F$]ALI/ ,P>TY - 0)\T C\NT+ ON ! C5TRALI/ BUREAUCRACY1 :E!R ?IS BE ABSOLUTI/IC OR CON/ITUTIONAL OR EV5 SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC 7671 ! ,GEORGIAN PEASANTRY WILL PROBABLY F9D SYMPA?Y & HELP ON ! P>T ( ?AT PETTY ,GEORGIAN G5TRY :I* LIVES ON ! L& & BY ! SIZE ( ITS POSSESSIONS & ALSO ITS WAY ( LIFE DIFF]S LITTLE FROM ! PEASANTRY40 ,!RE=E1 ! P>TY CONSID]S ?AT 0EV5 9DEP5D5TLY ( CONSID]ATIONS ( A BASIC 767 NATURE1 M]ELY ! PRACTICAL CONDITIONS ( ,GEORGIAN AGRICULTURE DEM& ! TREATM5T ( ! AGR>IAN QUE/ION AS A CLASS QUE/ION1 PEASANT OR G5TRY ONLY AS AN OV]-ALL NATIONAL QUE/ION1 AS A SOCIAL 767 PROBLEM1 AS A PROBLEM ( WORK76740 ,/>T+ ) !SE ASSUMPTIONS1 ! ,GEORGIAN ,F$]ALI/S1 9 H>MONY ) ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES1 /RIVE = ! 0SOCIALIZATION ( L& :I* IS TO BE A*IEV$ UND] ! RULE ( ! CAPITALI/IC OR B\RGEOIS SY/EM40 ,A BEAUTIFUL ADDITION TO ?IS PROGRAM IS ! RES]VATION ?AT 0SOCIALIZATION0 CANNOT BE EXT5D$ TO OR*>DS1 V9EY>DS & O!R 0SPECIAL CULTIVATIONS10 OR TO F>MS1 BECAUSE !SE >E >EAS 0DEM&+ A C]TA9 CONTRIBUTION ( WORK & MAT]IAL MEANS :I* CANNOT BE RETURN$ 9 ONE YE> OR 9 SEV]AL YE>S0 & :I* W\LD BE DIFFICULT = A ,GEORGIAN PEASANT TO R5\NCE40 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 !RE REMA9S PRIVATE PROP]TY = 0CULTIVATIONS0 & 0SOCIALISM0 = GRA9-PLANT+ - ( :I* !RE IS LITTLE 9 ! ,CAUCASUS - AS WELL AS = DUNES1 M>G9AL L&S1 BOGS1 & =E/S4 

,! MA9 ?+ ON :I* ! ,SOCIALI/ ,F$]ALI/S PUT EMPHASIS IS ! RES]VATION ?AT ! AGRICULTURAL QUE/ION 9 ,GEORGIA %\LD BE DECID$ NOT 9 A CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY NOR 9 A C5TRAL P>LIAM5T1 BUT ONLY 9 AUTONOM\S NATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS1 BECAUSE 0H[EV] LIFE WILL DECIDE ?IS QUE/ION1 9 PR9CIPLE1 ONLY ?IS IS UNQUE/IONABLE1 ?AT ! L& 9 A ,GEORGIAN T]RITORY %\LD BELONG FIR/ ( ALL TO ! ,GEORGIAN PEOPLE40 ,! QUE/ION1 H[ IT HAPP5S ?AT ! 0SOCIALI/0 P>TY IS JO9$1 5 MASSE1 BY ! PETTY G5TRY & B\RGEOISIE1 ! DELEGATES ( ! ,GEORGIAN ,F$]ALI/S EXPLA9$ BY SAY+ ?AT ?IS HAPP5S ONLY BECAUSE 0!RE IS NO O!R P>TY :I* W\LD =MULATE ! DEM&S ( !SE /RATA40 

,! ,>M5IAN ,REVOLUTION>Y ,F$]ATION1 ?AT IS1 ,DA%NAKTSUTYUN1 F\ND$ AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! #a#h#iS = ! PURPOSE ( LIB]AT+ ! ,>M5IANS FROM ,TURKEY1 WAS EXCLUSIVELY CONC]N$ ) 0MILIT>IZ+ ! PEOPLE10 I4E41 ! PREP>ATION ( FI<T+ DETA*M5TS & >M$ EXP$ITIONS 9TO ,TURKEY1 ! IMPORT ( WEAPONS1 ! DIRECTION ( ATTACKS ON ,TURKI% TROOPS1 ETC4 ,ONLY REC5TLY1 AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! CURR5T C5TURY1 ! ,>M5IAN ,REVOLUTION>Y ,F$]ATION EXP&$ ITS ACTIVITY 9TO ! ,CAUCASUS & ASSUM$ AT ! SAME TIME A SOCIAL ASPECT4 ,! CAUSE = ! REVOLUTION>Y \TBUR/ ( ! MOVEM5T & ! T]RORI/IC ACTION 9 ! ,CAUCASUS WAS ! CONFISCATION ( ! E/ATES ( ! ,>M5IAN CL]GY = ! .<CZ>I/.> TREASURY 9 #a#i#c4 ,BESIDES ITS MA9 COMBAT0 ACTION1 ! P>TY BEGAN1 AGA9/ ! BACKGR\ND ( ?OSE EV5TS1 A PROPAG&A AMONG ! RURAL POPULATION 9 ! ,CAUCASUS AS WELL AS A /RUGGLE AGA9/ CZ>DOM4 ,! AGR>IAN PROGRAM ( ,DA%NAKTSUTYUN DEM&S ! EXPROPRIATION ( G5TRY E/ATES )\T COMP5SATION1 & SURR5D]+ !RE TO ! COMMUNES = EQUAL DI/RIBUTION4 ,?IS RE=M IS TO BE BAS$ ON ! /ILL RA!R G5]AL COMMUNAL PROP]TY 9 ! C5TRAL P>T ( ! ,TRANSCAUCASUS4 ,REC5TLY1 !RE >OSE A 0Y\NG0 TR5D AMONG ! ,>M5IAN ,F$]ALI/S MA9TA9+ ?AT ! ,DA%NAKTSUTYUN P>TY IS SIMPLY A B\RGEOIS1 NATIONALI/IC ORGANIZATION ( A RA!R D\BTFUL SOCIALI/IC ASPECT - AN ORGANIZATION L9K+ )9 ITSELF COMPLETELY HET]OG5E\S SOCIAL ELEM5TS1 & 9 ITS ACTIVITY & ACTION ON COMPLETELY HET]OG5E\S SOCIO-POLITICAL T]RITORY1 SU* AS ,TURKEY ON ! ONE SIDE & ! ,CAUCASUS ON ! O!R4 ,?IS P>TY RECOGNIZES1 ACCORD+ TO ITS [N REPORT1 ! PR9CIPLE ( F$]ALISM BO? AS A BASIS ( NATION-WIDE RELATIONS & ! BASIS ON :I* %\LD BE ?OR\<LY RECON/RUCT$ ! CONDITIONS 9 ! ,CAUCASUS1 & F9ALLY1 AS AN ORGANIZ+ PR9CIPLE = ! P>TY4 

,A ,BYELORUSSIAN ORGANIZATION WAS =M$ 9 #aic UND] ! NAME ( ! ,BYELORUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION>Y ,HROMADA4 ,ITS C>D9AL PROGRAMMATIC DEM& WAS SEP>ATION FROM ,RUSSIA1 & 9 ! SPH]E ( ECONOMICS1 ! NATIONALIZATION ( ! L&4 ,9 #a#i#f1 ?IS PROGRAM UND]W5T A REVISION & FROM !N ON ! P>TY HAS BE5 DEM&+ A F$]AL REPUBLIC 9 ,RUSSIA1 ) T]RITORIAL AUTONOMY = ,LI?UANIA & A DIET 9 ,VILNA1 AS WELL AS A NON-T]RITORIAL NATIONAL CULTURAL AUTONOMY = ! REMA9+ NATIONALITIES 9HABIT+ ,LI?UANIA1 :ILE ON ! AGR>IAN QUE/ION ! FOLL[+ DEM&S W]E ADOPT$3 L&S HELD BY ! TREASURY1 BY ! *UR*1 & BY ! MONA/]IES1 AS WELL AS BIG L&$ PROP]TY ABOVE EI<TY TO ONE HUNDR$ DESSIAT9S >E TO BE CONFISCAT$ & TURN$ 9TO A L& FUND \T ( :I*1 FIR/ ( ALL1 ! L&LESS & SMALL PEASANTS %\LD BE SUPPLI$ ON ! BASIS ( H]$IT>Y PROP]TY1 ) ! AIM ( ELIM9AT+ PAUP]ISM AS WELL AS DEVELOP+ ! PRODUCTIVE =CES ( ! C\NTRY4 ,! SOCIALIZATION ( L& CANNOT YET BE M5TION$ BECAUSE ( ! L[ 9TELLECTUAL LEVEL ( ! ,BYELORUSSIAN PEASANT4 ,?US1 ! TASK ( ! P>TY IS ! CREATION & MA9T5ANCE ( A PEASANT F>M 9 A NORMAL SIZE ( EI<T DESSIAT9S1 AS WELL AS ! CONSOLIDATION ( L&S4 ,FUR!RMORE1 =E/S1 BODIES ( WAT]1 & BOGS >E TO BE NATIONALIZ$4 ,HRONMADA C>RIES ON ITS ACTIVITY AMONG ! ,BYELORUSSIAN PEASANTS :O 9HABIT1 TO ! NUMB] ( AB\T SEV5 MILLIONS1 ! GUB]NIAS ( ,VILNA1 ,M9SK1 ,GRODNO1 & P>T ( ,WITEBSK4 

,! ,JEWI% ,F$]ALI/ GR\P1 0,SI]P0 .<0,! ,SICKLE0.>1 ORGANIZ$ ONLY A FEW YE>S AGO BY ,JEWI% DISSID5TS FROM ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY1 DEM&S NON-T]RITORIAL AUTONOMY = ALL NATIONALITIES 9 ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE2 \T ( !M W\LD BE CREAT$ VOLUNT>Y /ATE POLITICAL ASSOCIATIONS COMB9+ TOGE!R 9TO A /ATE F$]ATION1 9 ORD] TO /RIVE 9 ?AT WAY = ITS ULTIMATE GOAL1 T]RITORIAL 767 AUTONOMY = ! ,JEWS4 ,IT DIRECTS ITS ACTIVITY MA9LY TO ! ORGANIZ+ ( ,JEWI% WORK]S 9 ,WITEBSK1 ,EKAT]9OSLAV1 ,KIEV1 ETC41 & IT EXPECTS ! IMPLEM5TATION ( ITS PROGRAM TO >ISE FROM ! VICTORY ( ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES 9 ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE4 

,IT IS SUP]FLU\S TO *>ACT]IZE ! REMA9+ TWO ORGANIZATIONS1 ! ,P,P,S 0REVOLUTION>Y FACTION10 & ! ,RUSSIAN ,P>TY ( ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES1 S9CE !Y >E SUFFICI5TLY KN[N BY ORIG9 & *>ACT]4 

,?US APPE>S ?AT ,DIET ( ,F$]ALI/S CULTIVAT+ AT PRES5T ?AT ANTIQUAT$ IDEA ( F$]ATION REJECT$ BY ! CLASS MOVEM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IT IS A COLLECTION ( ONLY PETIT B\RGEOIS P>TIES = :OM ! NATIONALI/ PROGRAM IS ! MA9 CONC]N & ! SOCIALI/ PROGRAM AN ADDITION2 IT IS A COLLECTION ( P>TIES MA9LY REPRES5T+ - ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y FRACTION ( ! ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & ! ,JEWI% ,F$]ALI/S - ! *AOTIC ASPIRATIONS ( A PEASANTRY 9 OPPOSITION1 & ! RESPECTIVE CLASS PROLET>IAN P>TIES ?AT CAME 9TO BE+ ) ! REVOLUTION>Y /ORM1 9 CLE> OPPOSITION TO ! B\RGEOIS P>TIES4 ,9 ?IS COLLECTION ( PETIT B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS1 ! P>TY ( ! ,RUSSIAN T]RORI/S IS A TR5D1 NOT ONLY ! OLDE/ ONE1 BUT ALSO ! ONE FUR!/ LEFT4 ,! O!RS MANIFE/1 MU* MORE CLE>LY1 ?AT !Y HAVE 9 COMMON ) ! CLASS /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,! ONLY COMMON GR\ND :I* L9KS ?IS V>IEGAT$ COLLECTION ( NATIONALI/S HAS BE5 ! IDEA ( F$]ATION1 :I* ALL ( !M RECOGNIZE AS A BASIS ( /ATE & POLITICAL1 AS WELL AS P>TY1 RELATIONS4 ,H[EV]1 \T ( ?IS /RANGE H>MONY1 ANTAGONISM >ISES IMM$IATELY FROM ALL SIDES ! MOM5T ! QUE/ION TURNS TO PRACTICAL PROJECTS ( REALIZ+ ?AT COMMON IDEAL4 ,! ,JEWI% ,F$]ALI/S BITT]LY COMPLA9 ( ! 0HAU<T9ESS0 ( ! NATIONS 5D[$ BY FATE ) A 0T]RITORY0 ( !IR [N1 P>TICUL>LY ! EGOISM ( ! ,POLI% ,SOCIAL ,PATRIOTS1 :O PRES5T$ ! GREATE/ OPPOSITION TO ! PROJECT ( NON-T]RITORIAL AUTONOMY2 AT ! V]Y SAME TIME1 !SE ,JEWI% NATIONALI/S QUE/ION$ 9 A MELAN*OLY WAY :E!R ! ,GEORGIAN ,F$]ALI/S W\LD ADMIT ANY O!R NATIONALITY TO !IR T]RITORY1 :I* !Y CLAIM$ AS ! EXCLUSIVE POSSESSION ( ! ,GEORGIAN NATIONALITY4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,F$]ALI/S1 ON ! O!R H&1 ACCUSE ! ,JEWI% ONES1 SAY+ ?AT1 FROM ! /&PO9T ( !IR EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION1 !Y WANT TO IMPOSE ON ALL NATIONALITIES A NON-T]RITORIAL AUTONOMY4 ,! ,CAUCASIAN1 ,>M5IAN1 & ,GEORGIAN ,F$]ALI/S CANNOT AGREE CONC]N+ ! RELATION%IP ( ! NATIONALITIES 9 A FUTURE F$]AL SY/EM1 SPECIFICALLY ON ! QUE/ION ( :E!R O!R NATIONALITIES >E TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! ,GEORGIAN T]RITORIAL AUTONOMY1 0OR :E!R SU* C\NTIES AS ,AKHALKALAK1 9HABIT$ MA9LY BY ,>M5IANS1 OR ,B>*AB91 ) A MIXTURE ( POPULATION1 WILL =M 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOM\S T]RITORIES1 OR WILL CREATE AN AUTONOMY = !MSELVES ACCORD+ TO ! COMPOSITION ( !IR POPULATION40 ,! ,>M5IAN ,F$]ALI/S1 ON !IR P>T1 DEM& ! EXCLUSION ( ! CITY ( ,TIFLIS FROM ! AUTONOM\S ,GEORGIAN T]RITORY1 9ASMU* AS IT IS A C5T] PRIM>ILY 9HABIT$ BY ,>M5IANS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ALL ! ,GEORGIAN & ,>M5IAN ,F$]ALI/S RECOGNIZE ?AT AT PRES5T1 S9CE ! ,TAT>-,>M5IAN SLAU<T]1 ! ,TAT>S MU/ BE EXCLUD$ FROM ! F$]ATION ( AUTONOM\S ,CAUCASIAN PEOPLES AS 0A NATIONALITY IMMATURE FROM ! CULTURAL PO9T ( VIEW06 ,?US1 ! CONGLOM]ATION ( NATIONALI/S AGREE+ UNANIM\SLY TO ! IDEA ( F$]ATION *ANGES 9TO AS MANY CONTRADICTORY 9T]E/S & T5D5CIES2 & ! 0IDEAL0 ( F$]ALISM1 :I* CON/ITUTES 9 ! !ORETICAL & SUP]-HI/ORICAL AB/RACTION ( AN>*ISM1 ! MO/ P]FECT SOLUTION ( ALL NATIONALITY DIFFICULTIES1 ON ! FIR/ ATTEMPT AT ITS IMPLEM5TATION APPE>S AS A S\RCE ( NEW CONTRADICTIONS & ANTAGONISMS4 ,H]E IT IS /RIK+LY PROV$ ?AT ! IDEA ( F$]ALISM ALLEG$LY RECONCIL+ ALL NATIONALITIES IS ONLY AN EMPTY PHRASE1 & ?AT1 AMONG ! V>I\S NATIONAL GR\PS1 JU/ BECAUSE !Y DON'T /& ON A HI/ORICAL BASIS1 !RE IS NO ESS5TIALLY UNIFY+ IDEA :I* W\LD CREATE A COMMON GR\ND = ! SETTLEM5T ( CONTRADICTORY 9T]E/S4 

,BUT ! SAME F$]ALISM SEP>AT$ FROM ! HI/ORICAL BACKGR\ND DEMON/RATES ITS ABSOLUTE WEAKNESS & HELPLESSNESS NOT ONLY 9 VIEW ( ! NATIONALITY ANTAGONISMS 9 PRACTICE BUT ALSO 9 VIEW ( ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION 9 G5]AL4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS HAD AS ITS MA9 !ME AN EVALUATION & ELUCIDATION ( ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION & UND]TOOK IT UNRE/RICT$ BY ANY 0DOGMAS0 OR =MULAS ( ! 0N>R[ DOCTR9E ( ,M>XISM40 ,:AT ELUCIDATION DID IT GIVE TO ONE ( ! MO/ BURN+ QUE/IONS ( PRES5T POLITICAL LIFE8 0,OV] ! :OLE HI/ORY ( MANK9D BE=E ! APPE>ANCE ( SOCIALISM0 - PROCLAIM$ ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY 9 HIS SPEE* AT ! OP5+ ( ! ,CONGRESS - 0ONE MAY PLACE AS A MOTTO ! FOLL[+ WORDS FROM ! ,HOLY ,SCRIPTURE3 ',& !Y ORD]$ HIM TO SAY 0%IBBOLE?0 & HE SAID 0SIBBOLE?0 & !Y MASSACR$ HIM AT ! =D ( ! RIV]4' ,9DE$1 ! GREATE/ AM\NT ( BLOOD SPILL$ 9 9T]NATIONAL /RUGGLE WAS SPILL$ BECAUSE ( ! FACT ?AT ONE NATION PRON\NC$ '%IBBOLE?' & ! O!R 'SIBBOLE?4'0 ,AFT] ?IS PR(\ND 9TRODUCTION FROM ! PHILOSOPHY ( HI/ORY1 !RE FOLL[$ A S]IES ( SPEE*ES MA9TA9$ AT ! SAME LEVEL1 & ! DEBATES AB\T ! NATIONALITY QUE/IONS CULM9AT$ 9 ! MEMOR&UM ( ! ,GEORGIAN ,F$]ALI/S :I* PROCLAIM$3 

09 PRIMITIVE TIMES1 :5 ! MA9 TASK ( PEOPLE WAS HUNT+ WILD ANIMALS AS WELL AS CREATURES LIKE !MSELVES !RE W]E NEI!R MA/]S NOR SLAVES4 ,EQUALITY 9 SOCIAL RELATIONS WAS NOT VIOLAT$2 BUT LAT]1 :5 PEOPLE CAME TO KN[ ! CULTIVATION ( ! SOIL1 RA!R ?AN KILL+ & EAT+ !IR CAPTIVES !Y BEGAN TO KEEP !M 9 CAPTIVITY4 ,:AT1 !RE=E1 WAS ! REASON \T ( :I* SLAV]Y >OSE8 ,OBVI\SLY NOT ONLY MAT]IAL 9T]E/S AS SU*1 BUT ALSO ?IS CIRCUM/ANCE3 ?AT MAN WAS BY HIS PHYSICAL NATURE A HUNT] & A W>RIOR7674 ,& DESPITE ! FACT ?AT MAN HAS ALREADY LONG S9CE BECOME AN 9DU/RIAL ANIMAL1 HE IS TO ?IS V]Y DAY A PR$ATOR1 CAPABLE ( TE>+ AP>T HIS NEI<BOR = M9OR MAT]IAL CONSID]ATIONS4 ,?IS IS ! S\RCE ( UN5D+ W>S & ! DOM9ATION ( CLASSES4 ,NATURALLY ! ORIG9 ( CLASS DOM9ATION WAS 9FLU5C$ ALSO BY O!R CAUSES1 = 9/ANCE1 MAN'S ABILITY TO BECOME ACCU/OM$ TO DEP5D5CE4 ,BUT UND\BT$LY IF MAN W]E NOT A W>RIOR1 !RE W\LD BE NO SLAV]Y40 

,!RE FOLL[S A BLOODY PICTURE ( ! FATE ( ! NATIONALITIES SUBJECT TO CZ>DOM & !N AGA9 A !ORETICAL ELUCIDATION3 

0,SOMEBODY MAY TELL US ?AT BUREAUCRATIC RULE RAGES NOT ONLY 9 ! BORD]L&S BUT 9 ,RUSSIA ITSELF4 ,FROM \R PO9T ( VIEW ?IS IS COMPLETELY UND]/&ABLE4 ,A NATION SUBJUGAT+ O!R NATIONS EV5TUALLY FALLS 9TO SLAV]Y ITSELF4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ! MORE ,ROME EXP&$ ITS DOM9ATION1 ! MORE ! PLEBEIANS W]E LOS+ !IR FRE$OM4 ,ANO!R EXAMPLE3 DUR+ ! GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ! MILIT>Y VICTORIES ( ! ,REPUBLICAN ,>MY ANNIHILAT$ ! FRUIT ( ! REVOLUTION - ! ,REPUBLIC 7674 ,! ,RUSSIANS !MSELVES 5JOY$ 9COMP>ABLY GREAT] FRE$OM BE=E !Y UNIT$ 9 ONE P[]FUL /ATE1 ?AT IS1 AT ! TIME ( ! RULE ( DIE SEP>ATE PR9CES40 ,?US1 ! MEMOR&UM 5DS ITS HI/ORIO-PHILOSOPHICAL LECTURE2 FRE$OM DOES NOT AGREE ) ! CLATT] ( >MS4 ,CONQUE/ WAS ! MA9 CAUSE :I* BR\<T 9TO BE+ BO? SLAV]Y AS WELL AS ! RULE ( SOME SOCIAL CLASSES OV] O!RS4 

,?AT IS ALL ?AT ! ,F$]ALI/S ( ! PRES5T TIME >E ABLE TO SAY AB\T ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION4 ,IT IS LIT]ALLY ! SAME PHRASEOLOGY FROM ! /&PO9T ( 0JU/ICE01 0FRAT]NITY01 0MORALITY0 & SIMIL> BEAUTIFUL ?+S :I* ALREADY1 SIXTY YE>S AGO1 WAS PROCLAIM$ BY ,BAKUN94 ,& JU/ AS ! FA!R ( AN>*ISM WAS BL9D TO ! ,REVOLUTION ( #a#h#d#h1 ITS 9N] SPR+S1 ITS HI/ORICAL TASKS1 ! PRES5T LA/ ( ! ,MOHICANS ( F$]ALISM 9 ,RUSSIA /& HELPLESS & P[]LESS BE=E ! REVOLUTION 9 ! CZ>I/ SY/EM4 

,! IDEA ( F$]ATION1 BY ITS NATURE & HI/ORICAL SUB/ANCE REACTION>Y1 IS TODAY A PSEUDO-REVOLUTION>Y SIGN ( PETIT B\RGEOIS NATIONALISM1 :I* CON/ITUTES A REACTION AGA9/ ! UNIT$ REVOLUTION>Y CLASS /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ! 5TIRE ,EMPIRE4 

.<#a.> ,*>ACT]I/IC IS ! ANTIPA?Y1 G5]AL AMONG ! ,SWISS POPULATION1 AGA9/ ! ,/&]AT AS A 0DO-NO?+0 9/ITUTION4 ,?IS IS ONLY A SUBJECTIVE EXPRESSION ( ! FACT ?AT ?IS ORGAN ( F$]ALISM HAS BE5 DEPRIV$ ( ITS FUNCTIONS BY ! OBJECTIVE C\RSE ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,ORIG9AL NOTE BY ,R4,L4 

.<#b.> ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS & ,K>L ,M>X1 ,REVOLUTION & ,KONT]REVOLUTION 9 ,DEUTS*L& 7,WEIM>3 #a#i#d#i71 PP4#g#g1 #g#h-#g#i4 

.<#c.>,DIE ,NEUE ,ZEIT1 #a#h#i#g-#a#h#i#h1 ,VOL4#a1 P4#e#f#d4 

.<#d.>,DIE ,NEUE ,ZEIT1 #a#h#i#h-#a#h#i#i1 PP4#b#i#c1 #b#i#f1 #b#i#g1 #c#a4 

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,C5TRALIZATION & ,AUTONOMY 

,WE HAVE NOT$ ! G5]AL C5TRALIZ+ T5D5CY ( CAPITALISM 9 ! B\RGEOIS /ATES4 ,BUT LOCAL AUTONOMY ALSO GR[S SIMULTANE\SLY \T ( ! OBJECTIVE DEVELOPM5T & \T ( ! NE$S ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 

,B\RGEOIS ECONOMY REQUIRES AS GREAT A UNI=MITY AS POSSIBLE 9 LEGISLATION1 ! JUDICI>Y1 ADM9I/RATION1 ! S*OOL SY/EM1 ETC41 9 ! 5TIRE >EA ( ! /ATE1 & AS F> AS POSSIBLE1 EV5 9 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS4 ,BUT ! SAME B\RGEOIS ECONOMY1 9 C>RY+ \T ALL !SE FUNCTIONS1 DEM&S ACCURACY & EFFICI5CY QUITE AS MU* AS UNI=MITY4 ,! C5TRALISM ( ! MOD]N /ATES IS ( NECESSITY CONNECT$ ) A BUREAUCRATIC SY/EM4 ,9 ! M$IEVAL /ATE1 9 A S]F ECONOMY1 PUBLIC FUNCTIONS W]E CONNECT$ ) L&$ PROP]TY2 !SE W]E ! 0CONCRETE RI<TS10 A K9D ( L& TAX4 ,! FEUDAL LORD ( E/ATES WAS AT ! SAME TIME & BY ! SAME TOK5 A CIVIL & CRIM9AL JUDGE1 ! HEAD ( ! POLICE ADM9I/RATION1 ! *IEF ( MILIT>Y =CES 9 A C]TA9 T]RITORY1 & COLLECTOR ( TAXES4 ,!SE FUNCTIONS CONNECT$ ) [N+ REAL E/ATE W]E1 LIKE ! L& ITSELF1 ! OBJECT ( TRANSACTIONS1 GIFT1 SALE1 9H]ITANCE1 & SO ON4 ,ABSOLUTISM1 :I* 9CREAS$ T[>D ! 5D ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 PAV+ ! WAY = CAPITALISM BY ITS /RUGGLE AGA9/ FEUDAL DISP]SAL ( /ATE AU?ORITY1 SEP>AT$ PUBLIC FUNCTIONS FROM L& [N]%IP & CREAT$ A NEW SOCIAL CATEGORY = ! EXECUTION ( !SE FUNCTIONS1 NAMELY CR[N (FICIALS4 ,) ! DEVELOPM5T ( MOD]N CAPITALI/IC /ATES1 ! P]=MANCE ( PUBLIC FUNCTIONS PASS$ COMPLETELY 9TO ! H&S ( PAID HIREL+S4 ,?IS SOCIAL GR\P 9CREAS$ NUM]ICALLY & CREAT$ ! MOD]N /ATE BUREAUCRACY4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! TRANSF] ( PUBLIC FUNCTIONS TO HIR$ P]SONNEL - COMPLETELY DEVOT$ TO !IR WORK & DIRECT$ BY ONE P[]FUL POLITICAL C5T] - CORRESPONDS ) ! SPIRIT ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMY1 :I* IS BAS$ ON SPECIALIZATION1 DIVISION ( LABOR1 & A COMPLETE SUBORD9ATION ( MANP[] TO ! PURPOSE ( MA9TA9+ ! SOCIAL ME*ANISM3 ON ! O!R H&1 H[EV]1 ! C5TRALI/ BUREAUCRACY HAS S]I\S DRAWBACKS HAMP]+ ! ECONOMY4 

,CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE >E *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! HI<E/ S5SITIVITY & ELA/ICITY1 BY ! CAPACITY1 & EV5 ! 9CL9ATION = CON/ANT *ANGES 9 CONNECTION ) ?\S&S ( SOCIAL 9FLU5CES :I* CAUSE CON/ANT FLUCTUATIONS & UNDULATIONS 9 M>KET CONDITIONS1 & 9 ! CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION !MSELVES4 ,AS A RESULT ( !SE FLUCTUATIONS1 ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMY REQUIRES SUBTLE1 P]CEPTIVE ADM9I/RATION ( PUBLIC S]VICES SU* AS ! C5TRALIZ$ BUREAUCRACY1 ) ITS RIGIDITY & R\T9E1 IS NOT ABLE TO AF=D4 ,H5CE1 ALREADY AS A CORRECTIVE TO ! C5TRALISM ( ! MOD]N /ATE1 !RE DEVELOPS1 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 ALONG ) LEGISLATION BY REPRES5TATIVE ASSEMBLIES1 A NATURAL T5D5CY T[>D LOCAL AUTONOMY1 GIV+ ! POSSIBILITY ( A BETT] ADJU/M5T ( ! /ATE APP>ATUS TO SOCIAL NE$S4 ,= LOCAL AUTONOMY TAKES 9TO ACC\NT ! MANIFOLD V>IETY ( LOCAL CONDITIONS & ALSO BR+S AB\T A DIRECT 9FLU5CE & COOP]ATION ( SOCIETY ?R\< ITS PUBLIC FUNCTIONS4 

,H[EV]1 MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! DEFICI5CIES 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! RULE ( BUREAUCRACY1 BY :I* ! !ORY ( B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM USUALLY EXPLA9S ! NECESSITY = AUTONOMY1 !RE IS ANO!R CIRCUM/ANCE4 ,! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY BR\<T =?1 FROM ! MOM5T ( ! 9CEPTION ( MASS FACTORY PRODUCTION1 A :OLE S]IES ( 5TIRELY NEW SOCIAL NE$S IMP]I\SLY DEM&+ SATISFACTION4 ,ABOVE ALL ! P5ETRATION ( BIG CAPITAL & ! SY/EM ( HIR$ LABOR1 HAV+ UND]M9$ & RU9$ ! 5TIRE TRADITIONAL SOCIAL /RUCTURE1 CREAT$ A PLAGUE UNKN[N BE=E1 NAMELY MASS UNEMPLOYM5T & PAUP]IZATION = ! PROLET>IAT4 ,S9CE CAPITAL NE$S A RES]VE LABOR =CE & S9CE PUBLIC SECURITY MU/ BE PRES]V$1 SOCIETY1 9 ORD] TO HOLD 9 *ECK ! PROLET>IAN MASSES DEPRIV$ ( MEANS ( LIVELIHOOD & EMPLOYM5T1 CANNOT BUT TAKE C>E ( !M4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 MOD]N PUBLIC WELF>E COMES 9TO BE+ AS A SOCIAL FUNCTION )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION4 

,! AGGLOM]ATION ( BIG MASSES ( 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IANS 9 ! WOR/ MAT]IAL CONDITIONS 9 ! MOD]N 9DU/RIAL C5T]S CREAT$ = ! ADJAC5T B\RGEOIS CLASSES A ?REAT ( 9FECTI\S DISEASES & BR\<T AB\T ANO!R URG5T SOCIAL NE$3 PUBLIC CONC]N = HEAL?1 & 9 CONNECTION ) ?IS1 ! :OLE MANAGEM5T ( ! SEWAGE SY/EM & SUPPLY ( WAT] AS WELL AS PUBLIC REGULATION ( BUILD+ CON/RUCTION4 

,! REQUIREM5TS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION & ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY BR\<T AB\T = ! FIR/ TIME ! PROBLEM ( POPUL> $UCATION4 ,! SY/EM ( S*OOLS ACCESSIBLE TO BROAD MASSES1 NOT ONLY 9 ! BIG CITIES BUT ALSO 9 ! PROV9CES & AMONG ! RURAL POPULATION1 BR\<T ! IDEA ?AT ! CREATION & REGULATION ( S*OOLS WAS A PUBLIC FUNCTION4 

,! MOVEM5T ( GOODS & P]SONS 9 ! :OLE >EA ( ! /ATE AS A NORMAL PH5OM5ON & A CONDITION ( ! EXI/5CE ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION BR\<T =? ! NE$ = CON/ANT PUBLIC CONC]N AB\T ROADS & MEANS ( COMMUNICATION1 NOT ONLY 9 ! =M ( TRUNK-L9E RAILROADS & M>ITIME TRAFFIC1 IMPORTANT FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( MILIT>Y /RATEGY & WORLD TRADE1 BUT ALSO ( VEHICUL> ROADS1 HI<WAYS1 BRIDGES1 RIV] NAVIGATION1 & SUBSIDI>Y RAILROADS4 ,! CREATION & MA9T5ANCE ( !SE 9DISP5SABLE CONDITIONS ( 9T]NAL COMMUNICATION BECAME ONE ( ! MO/ URG5T ECONOMIC NE$S ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 

,F9ALLY1 PUBLIC SAFETY ( P]SONS & PROP]TY AS A MATT] ( G5]AL CONC]N & SOCIAL NE$ IS ALSO A CLE>LY MOD]N PRODUCT1 CONNECT$ ) ! REQUIREM5TS ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,9 M$IEVAL SOCIETY1 SAFETY WAS GU>ANTE$ BY SOME SPECIAL >EAS ( LEGAL PROTECTION3 = ! RURAL POPULATION1 ! >EA ( ! RESPECTIVE FEUDAL DOM9ION1 = ! BUR<]S1 ! PROTECTIVE WALLS ( ! CITY & ! /ATUTES & 0FRE$OMS0 ( EA* CITY SEP>ATELY4 ,! KNI<TS W]E SUPPOS$ TO GU>ANTEE !IR [N SAFETY4 ,MOD]N SOCIETY1 BAS$ ON ! PRODUCTION ( GOODS1 NE$S SAFETY ( P]SONS & PROP]TY AS A UNIV]SAL SOCIAL GU>ANTEE = EV]YBODY 9 ! 5TIRE T]RITORY ( ! /ATE )\T DISCRIM9ATION4 ,! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T CANNOT SATISFY ALL !SE NE$S4 ,!RE >E SOME ! GOV]NM5T CANNOT TAKE C>E ( AT ALL1 LIKE ! LOCAL AFFAIRS 9 ! REMOTE P>TS ( ! C\NTRY2 UND]/&ABLY1 ! GOV]NM5T T5DS TO TRANSMIT ! EXP5SES ( MANAG+ SU* AFFAIRS TO ! LOCAL POPULATION4 

,LOCAL AUTONOMY1 !RE=E1 ORIG9ATES 9 ALL MOD]N /ATES V]Y E>LY1 ABOVE ALL 9 ! =M ( TRANSF]R+ ! MAT]IAL BURD5 ( A S]IES ( SOCIAL FUNCTIONS TO ! POPULATION ITSELF4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 CAPITALISM /RATIFIES & L9KS 9TO ONE ECONOMIC & SOCIAL ORGANISM ! BIGGE/ /ATE >EAS1 &1 TO A C]TA9 EXT5T1 ! 5TIRE WORLD4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 H[EV]1 9 ORD] TO PROMOTE ITS 9T]E/S1 TO P]FECT & 9TEGRATE ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMY1 CAPITALISM SPLITS ! .<AUTONOM\S.> /ATES & CREATES NEW C5T]S1 NEW SOCIAL ORGANISMS1 AS1 = 9/ANCE1 BIG CITIES & PROV9CIAL REGIONS1 ETC4 ,A CONTEMPOR>Y MOD]N CITY IS TI$ BY NUMB]LESS ECONOMIC & POLITICAL BONDS NOT ONLY TO ! /ATE BUT TO ! 5TIRE WORLD4 ,! ACCUMULATION ( PEOPLE1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( MUNICIPAL TRANSPORTATION & ECONOMY1 TURNS ! CITY 9TO A SEP>ATE SMALL ORGANISM2 ITS NE$S & PUBLIC FUNCTIONS >E MORE NUM]\S & V>I$ ?AN W]E ?OSE ( A M$IEVAL CITY1 :I* ) ITS H&ICRAFT PRODUCTION1 WAS ALMO/ 5TIRELY 9DEP5D5T BO? ECONOMICALLY & POLITICALLY4 

,! CREATION ( DIFF]5T /ATES & ( NEW URBAN >EAS PROVID$ ! FRAMEWORK = ! MOD]N MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5T - A PRODUCT ( NEW SOCIAL NE$S4 ,A MUNICIPAL OR PROV9CIAL GOV]NM5T IS NECESS>Y 9 ORD] TO COMPLY ) ! NE$S ( !SE SPECIFIC SOCIAL ORGANISMS 9TO :I* CAPITALISM1 FOLL[+ ! ECONOMIC PR9CIPLE ( ! CONTRADICTORY 9T]E/S ( ! CITY & ! VILLAGE1 TRANS=M$ ! CITY ON ! ONE H& & ! VILLAGE ON ! O!R4 ,)9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! SPECIAL CAPITALI/IC CONNECTION BETWE5 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE1 ?AT IS1 BETWE5 CITY & VILLAGE1 )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! CLOSE MUTUAL DEP5D5CE ( !IR PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE1 A ?\S& ?READS L9K+ ! DAILY 9T]E/S ( ! POPULATION ( EA* MAJOR CITY ) ! EXI/5CE ( ! POPULATION ( ! NEI<BOR+ VILLAGES !RE GOES1 9 A NATURAL WAY1 A PROV9CIAL AUTONOMY AS 9 ,FRANCE - DEP>TM5TAL1 CANTONAL1 OR COMMUNAL4 ,MOD]N AUTONOMY 9 ALL !SE =MS IS BY NO MEANS ! ABOLITION ( /ATE C5TRALISM BUT ONLY ITS SUPPLEM5TATION2 TOGE!R !Y CON/ITUTE ! *>ACT]I/IC =M ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE4 

,BESIDES POLITICAL UNIFICATION1 /ATE SOV]EIGNTY1 UNI=M LEGISLATION1 & C5TRALIZ$ /ATE GOV]NM5T1 LOCAL AUTONOMY BECAME1 9 ALL !SE C\NTRIES1 ONE ( ! BASIC POLICY ISSUES BO? ( ! LIB]ALS & ( ! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY4 ,LOCAL AUTONOMY1 GR[+ \T ( ! MOD]N B\RGEOIS SY/EM 9 ! MANN] 9DICAT$1 HAS NO?+ 9 COMMON ) F$]ALISM OR P>TICUL>ISM H&$ D[N FROM ! M$IEVAL PA/4 ,IT IS EV5 ITS EXACT OPPOSITE4 ,:ILE ! M$IEVAL P>TICUL>ISM OR F$]ALISM CON/ITUTES A SEP>ATION ( ! POLITICAL FUNCTIONS ( ! /ATE1 MOD]N AUTONOMY CON/ITUTES ONLY AN ADAPTATION ( ! CONC5TRAT$ /ATE FUNCTIONS TO LOCAL NE$S & ! P>TICIPATION 9 !M ( ! PEOPLE4 ,:ILE1 !RE=E1 COMMUNAL P>TICUL>ISM OR F$]ALISM 9 ! SPIRIT ( 

,BAKUN9'S IDEAL IS A PLAN = SPLITT+ ! T]RITORY ( A BIG /ATE 9TO SMALL >EAS P>TLY OR COMPLETELY 9DEP5D5T ( EA* O!R1 MOD]N AUTONOMY IS ONLY A =M ( DEMOCRATIZATION ( A C5TRALIZ$ BIG /ATE4 ,! CLE>E/ ILLU/RATION ( ?IS PO9T ( MOD]N AUTONOMY :I* GREW 9 ! *IEF MOD]N /ATES ON ! GRAVE ! =M] P>TICUL>ISM & 9 CLE> OPPOSITION TO IT4 

  

,I,I 

,/ATE ADM9I/RATIVE & BUREAUCRATIC C5TRALISM WAS 9ITIAT$ 9 ,FRANCE BY ABSOLUTISM DUR+ ! ANCI5 REGIME4 ,BY ! SUPPRESSION ( COMMUNAL 9DEP5D5CE 9 ! CITIES1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,P>IS1 BY SUBJUGAT+ ! L>GE/ FEUDAL POSSESSIONS & 9CORPORAT+ !M 9TO ! CR[NL&S1 F9ALLY BY CONC5TRAT+ ADM9I/RATION 9 ! H&S ( ! /ATE C\NCIL & ROYAL SUP]VISORS1 !RE WAS CREAT$ ALREADY 9 ! TIME ( ,RI*ELIEU A P[]FUL APP>ATUS ( /ATE C5TRALISM4 ,! =M] 9DEP5D5T FEUDAL FIEFS W]E R$UC$ TO ! CONDITION ( PROV9CES2 SOME ( !M W]E GOV]N$ BY ASSEMBLIES :OSE P[]1 H[EV]1 WAS MORE & MORE ( AN ILLUSION4 

,! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION UND]TOOK ITS WORK 9 TWO DIRECTIONS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 CONT9U+ ! T5D5CY T[>D POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION1 IT COMPLETELY ABOLI%$ ! T]RITORIAL REMNANTS ( FEUDALISM2 ON ! O!R1 9 PLACE ( ! PROV9CIAL ADM9I/RATION ( BUREAUCRATS ASSIGN$ BY ! GOV]NM5T1 IT CREAT$ A LOCAL ADM9I/RATION ) REPRES5TATIVES ELECT$ BY ! PEOPLE4 ,! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY WIP$ FROM ! MAP ( ,FRANCE ! HI/ORICAL DIVISION ( ! C\NTRY 9TO PROV9CES1 AS WELL AS ! M$IEVAL DIVISION 9TO ADM9I/RATIVELY DIV]SE CITIES & VILLAGES4 ,ON ! TABULA RASA :I* WAS ?US LEFT ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 FOLL[+ ! IDEA ( ,SIEYES1 9TRODUC$ A NEW1 SIMPLE1 GEOMETRICAL DIVISION 9TO SQU>E DEP>TM5TS4 ,! DEP>TM5TS1 9 TURN1 >E SUBDIVID$ 9TO >RONDISSEM5TS1 CANTONS1 & COMMUNES1 EA* GOV]N$ BY A BODY ELECT$ BY PUBLIC VOTE4 ,! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,DIRECTORY ( ! ,YE> ,I,I,I MADE C]TA9 *ANGES 9 DETAILS1 MA9TA9+ H[EV]1 ! F\NDATIONS ( ! GREAT RE=M EFFECT$ BY ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY2 IT WAS ?IS RE=M :I* HAD GIV5 TO MOD]N HI/ORY AN EPO*-MAK+ MODEL ( MOD]N AUTONOMY1 :I* GREW UP ON ! GRAVE ( FEUDAL DEC5TRALIZATION & WAS IMBU$ ) AN 5TIRELY NEW IDEA1 NAMELY1 DEMOCRATIC REPRES5TATION BY ELECTION4 

,!RE FOLL[$ A HUNDR$ YE>S ( *ANGE 9 ! HI/ORY ( AUTONOMY 9 ,FRANCE4 ,?IS HI/ORY & ! :OLE POLITICAL FATE ( DEMOCRACY 9 ! C\NTRY OSCILLAT$1 9 A *>ACT]I/IC MANN]1 BETWE5 TWO POLES4 ,! SLOGAN ( ! >I/OCRATIC1 MON>*ICAL REACTION IS1 ?R\<\T ?IS TIME1 DEC5TRALIZATION1 9 ! S5SE ( RETURN+ TO ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! =M] HI/ORICAL PROV9CES1 :ILE ! SLOGAN ( LIB]ALISM & DEMOCRACY IS CLOSE ADH]5CE TO POLITICAL C5TRALISM & AT ! SAME TIME1 ! RI<TS ( REPRES5TATION ( ! LOCAL POPULATION1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! COMMUNE4 ,! FIR/ BL[ TO ! WORK ( ! ,REVOLUTION 9 ?AT FIELD WAS DEALT BY ,NAPOLEON1 :O WAS CR[N$ BY ! SO-CALL$ ,/ATUTE ( ,PLUVOIS #bh ( ! YE> ,V,I,I,I 7,FEB4 #a#g1 #a#h71 HIS C\P D'ETAT ( #a#h? ,BRUMAIRE4 ,?IS /ATUTE1 TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! G5]AL CONFUSION & *AOS CAUS$ ESPECIALLY 9 ! PROV9CES BY ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION DUR+ ! TIME ( ! ,DIRECTORY1 = :I* ! DEMOCRATIC AUTONOMY WAS BLAM$1 HA/ILY COMPRESS$ ! WORK ( ! ,REVOLUTION 9TO ! FRAMEWORK ( BUREAUCRACY4 ,MA9TA9+ ! NEW T]RITORIAL DIVISION ( ,FRANCE 9 L9E ) POLITICAL C5TRALISM1 ,NAPOLEON ABOLI%$1 BY ONE /ROKE ( ! P51 ANY P>TICIPATION ( ! PEOPLE 9 LOCAL AUTONOMY & GAVE OV] ! 5TIRE P[] 9TO ! H&S ( (FICIALS ASSIGN$ BY ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T3 PREFECT1 SUB-PREFECT1 & MAYOR4 ,9 ! DEP>TM5T1 ! ,NAPOLEONIC PREFECT WAS1 9 A CONSID]ABLE MEASURE1 A RESURRECTION ( ! SUP]VISOR FROM ! HAPPY TIMES ( ! ANCI5 REGIME4 ,NAPOLEON EXPRESS$ ?IS REV]SION ) *>ACT]I/IC FRANKNESS :5 HE SAID1 0,AVEC MES PREFETS1 MES G5S D'>MES ET MES PRETRES1 JE F]AI T\T CE QUE JE V\DRAI40 .<0,) ! HELP ( MY PREFECTS1 POLICE1 & PRIE/S ,I WILL DO :ATEV] ,I LIKE40.> 

,! ,RE/ORATION KEPT ! SY/EM ( ITS PR$ECESSOR 9 G5]AL1 ACCORD+ TO A CURR5T EXPRESSION4 0,! ,B\RBONS SLEPT ON A B$ ?AT HAD BE5 MADE BY ,NAPOLEON40 ,H[EV]1 AS SOON AS ! >I/OCRATIC EMIGRATION RETURN$ HOME ITS BATTLE CRY WAS DEC5TRALIZATION1 A RETURN TO ! SY/EM ( ! PROV9CES4 ,! NOTORI\S *AMBRE 9TR\VABLE HAD SC>CELY ASSEMBL$ :5 ONE ( ! EXTREME ,ROYALI/S1 ,B>! ,LEBA/RIE1 AT A MEET+ ( ,JANU>Y #a#c1 #a#h#a#f1 SOLEMNLY ANN\NC$ ! 9DISP5SABILITY ( DEC5TRALIZATION4 ,ON MANY LAT] OCCASIONS ! LEAD]S ( ! RI<T1 ,CORBI]E1 ,DE ,BONALD1 ,LA ,B\RDONNAYE1 DE ,VILLELE1 ,DUV]GI] DE ,HAURANNE1 >GU$ 0! IMPOSSIBILITY ( RECONCIL+ ! MON>*Y ) REPUBLICAN UNI=MITY & EQUALITY40 ,UND] ?IS /&>D1 ! >I/OCRACY F\<T SIMPLY = A RETURN TO ITS =M] POSITION 9 ! PROV9CES FROM ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL PO9T ( VIEW4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 IT D5\NC$ POLITICAL C5TRALISM AS 0A G]3NID = REVOLUTION1 A HOTB$ ( 9NOVATIONS & AGITATION40 ,H]E WE ALREADY HE> LIT]ALLY ! SAME >GUM5TS UND] COV] ( :I* ! RI<T1 HALF A C5TURY LAT]1 TRI$ TO MOBILIZE ! PROV9CIAL REACTION AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION>Y ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 

,!RE=E1 ! FIR/ TIMID ATTEMPT AT ! RE=M ( ! LOCAL ADM9I/RATION ) APPLICATION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( ELECTION1 ?AT IS1 ! PROJECT ( ,M>TIGNAQUE1 CALL$ =? A /ORM 9 ! HONORABLE PRE-,JULY ASSEMBLY & WAS REJECT$ CLE>LY AS ! 0BEG9N+ ( REVOLUTION40 ,! 5RAG$ REPRES5TATIVES ( ! L&$ >I/OCRACY DEM&$ ONLY ! BROAD5+ ( ! COMPET5CE ( ! PREFECT & SUB-PREFECT & MAK+ !M DEP5D5T ON ! C5TRAL AU?ORITY4 ,H[EV]1 ! DAYS ( ! ,RE/ORATION W]E ALREADY NUMB]$ & ! DEFEAT ( ,M>TIGNAQUE'S PROJECT BECAME ! PROLOGUE ( ! ,JULY ,REVOLUTION4 ,! ,JULY ,MON>*Y1 :I* WAS ONLY AN IMPROV$ $ITION ( ! ,RE/ORATION 9 ! SPIRIT ( ! RULE ( ! RI*E/ B\RGEOISIE1 9TRODUC$ 9SIGNIFICANT *ANGES 9 LOCAL AUTONOMY2 IT PROVID$ A %AD[ ( ! SY/EM ( ELECTION4 ,! LAW ( #ahca ON ! COMMUNES & ! LAW ( #ahcc ON ! DEP>TM5TS GAVE ! RI<T ( SUFFRAGE = MUNICIPAL & DEP>TM5TAL C\NCILS TO A SMALL M9ORITY ( ! MO/ HI<LY TAX$ AS WELL AS TO ! BUREAUCRACY & B\RGEOIS 9TELLIG5TSIA1 )\T1 H[EV]1 ANY BROAD5+ ( ! ATTRIBUTES ( !SE C\NCILS4 

,! REVOLUTION ( #ahdh RE/OR$ ! WORK ( ITS GREAT PR$ECESSOR1 9TRODUC$ UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE = DEP>TM5TAL C\NCILS1 & MADE ! MEET+S ( ! C\NCILS PUBLIC4 ,AFT] ! ,JUNE DAYS1 ! P>TY ( ! >I/OCRATIC-CL]ICAL RI<T VIOL5TLY DEM&$ ! RETURN TO DEC5TRALIZATION AS A WEAPON AGA9/ ! HYDRA ( SOCIALISM4 ,9 #a#h#d#i-#a#h#e#a1 ! DEP>TM5TAL C\NCILS UNANIM\SLY DEM&$ ! EXT5SION ( !IR COMPET5CE & EXTRAORD9>Y P[]S 9 CASE ( CIVIL W>1 = USE AGA9/ ,P>IS4 ,?I]S1 AT ?AT TIME /ILL A LIB]AL1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 9SI/$ ON C5TRALISM AS ! MO/ C]TA9 PREV5TIVE MEANS AGA9/ SOCIALISM4 7,! V]Y SAME ,?I]S1 IT IS TRUE1 9 #a#h#g#a1 HIMSELF WAV$ ! BANN] ( F$]ALISM & DEC5TRALIZATION TO MOBILIZE ! PROV9CES AGA9/ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE47 ,! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC1 9 LIQUIDAT+ ! WORK ( ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION1 PREP>$ 9 #ahea A PROJECT = ! RE=M ( LOCAL ADM9I/RATION :I* RE/OR$ COMPLETELY ! SY/EM ( ,NAPOLEON ,I1 ) AN ALL-P[]FUL PREFECT1 & 9 ?IS WAY BUILT H]E1 AS 9 G5]AL1 A BRIDGE ON :I* ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I 5T]$4 ,! LATT] UND]TOOK AN EV5 MORE ?OR\< REVISION ( ! ,FEBRU>Y A*IEVEM5TS1 PUT LOCAL ADM9I/RATION EV5 FUR!R BACK ?AN ! RE=MS ( ,NAPOLEON ,I1 & ABOLI%$ ! OP5NESS ( ! MEET+S ( ! DEP>TM5TAL C\NCILS & !IR RI<T TO ELECT !IR [N CAB9ET2 FROM !N ON ! GOV]NM5T APPO9T$ MAYORS QUITE >BITR>ILY1 I4E41 NOT FROM )9 ! COMMUNAL C\NCIL4 ,F9ALLY1 ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I EXP&$ ! P[] ( ! PREFECTS 7BY ! LAWS ( #aheb & #a#h#f#a7 TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT HE MADE !M COMPLETELY 9DEP5D5T ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,!SE OMNIPRES5T DEP>TM5TAL SATRAPS1 DEP5D5T DIRECTLY ON ,L\IS ,NAPOLEON1 BECAME1 BY VIRTUE ( !IR FUNCTION ( 0DIRECTORS0 ( ELECTIONS TO ,P>LIAM5T1 ! MA9 PILL>S ( ! ,SECOND ,EMPIRE4 

,! C\RSE ( ! ABOVE HI/ORY UNTIL ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,SECOND ,EMPIRE WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ,M>X 9 BROAD /ROKES 9 HIS ,! ,EI<TE5? ,BRUMAIRE ( ,L\IS ,BONAP>TE 9 ! FOLL[+ WAY3 

,?IS EXECUTIVE P[] ) ITS 5ORM\S BUREAUCRATIC & MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION1 ) ITS +5I\S /ATE MA*9]Y1 EMBRAC+ WIDE /RATA1 ) A HO/ ( (FICIALS NUMB]+ HALF A MILLION1 BESIDES AN >MY ( ANO!R HALF-MILLION1 ?IS APPALL+ P>ASITIC BODY1 :I* 5ME%ES ! BODY ( ,FR5* SOCIETY LIKE A NET & *OKES ALL ITS PORES1 SPRANG UP 9 ! DAYS ( ! ABSOLUTE MON>*Y1 ) ! DECAY ( ! FEUDAL SY/EM1 :I* IT HELP$ TO HA/54 ,! SEIGNORIAL PRIVILEGES ( ! L&[N]S & T[NS BECAME TRANS=M$ 9TO SO MANY ATTRIBUTES ( ! /ATE P[]1 ! FEUDAL DIGNIT>IES 9TO PAID (FICIALS1 & ! MOTLEY PATT]N ( CONFLICT+ M$IEVAL PL5>Y P[]S 9TO ! REGULAT$ PLAN ( A /ATE AU?ORITY :OSE WORK IS DIVID$ & C5TRALIZ$ AS 9 A FACTORY4 ,! FIR/ ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 ) ITS TASK ( BREAK+ ALL SEP>ATE LOCAL1 T]RITORIAL1 URBAN1 & PROV9CIAL P[]S 9 ORD] TO CREATE ! CIVIL UNITY ( ! NATION1 WAS B\ND TO DEVELOP :AT ! ABSOLUTE MON>*Y HAD BEGUN3 C5TRALIZATION1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME ! EXT5T1 ! ATTRIBUTES1 & ! AG5TS ( GOV]NM5TAL P[]4 ,NAPOLEON P]FECT$ ?IS /ATE MA*9]Y4 ,! ,LEGITIMI/ ,MON>*Y & ! ,JULY ,MON>*Y ADD$ NO?+ BUT A GREAT] DIVISION ( LABOR1 GR[+ 9 ! SAME MEASURE AS ! DIVISION ( LABOR )9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY CREAT$ NEW GR\PS ( 9T]E/S1 &1 !RE=E1 NEW MAT]IAL = /ATE ADM9I/RATION4 ,EV]Y COMMON 9T]E/ WAS /RAI<TAWAY SEV]$ FROM SOCIETY1 C\NT]POS$ TO IT AS A HI<] G5]AL 9T]E/1 SNAT*$ FROM ! ACTIVITY ( SOCIETY'S MEMB]S !MSELVES & MADE AN OBJECT ( GOV]NM5TAL ACTIVITY1 FROM A BRIDGE1 A S*OOLH\SE1 & ! COMMUNAL PROP]TY ( A VILLAGE COMMUNITY TO ! RAILWAYS1 ! NATIONAL WEAL?1 & ! NATIONAL UNIV]SITY ( ,FRANCE4 ,F9ALLY1 9 ITS /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION1 ! P>LIAM5T>Y REPUBLIC F\ND ITSELF COMPELL$ TO /R5G!N1 ALONG ) ! REPRESSIVE MEASURES1 ! RES\RCES & C5TRALIZATION ( GOV]NM5TAL P[]4 ,ALL REVOLUTIONS P]FECT$ ?IS MA*9E 9/EAD ( SMA%+ IT4 ,! P>TIES ?AT CONT5D$ 9 TURN = DOM9ATION REG>D$ ! POSSESSION ( ?IS HUGE /ATE $IFICE AS ! PR9CIPAL SPOILS ( ! VICTOR4 

,BUT UND] ! ABSOLUTE MON>*Y1 DUR+ ! FIR/ ,REVOLUTION1 UND] ,NAPOLEON1 BUREAUCRACY WAS ONLY ! MEANS ( PREP>+ ! CLASS RULE ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,UND] ! ,RE/ORATION1 UND] ,L\IS ,PHILIPPE1 UND] ! P>LIAM5T>Y REPUBLIC1 IT WAS ! 9/RUM5T ( ! RUL+ CLASS1 H[EV] MU* IT /ROVE = P[] ( ITS [N4 

,ONLY UND] ! SECOND ,BONAP>TE DOES ! /ATE SEEM TO HAVE MADE ITSELF COMPLETELY 9DEP5D5T4 ,AS AGA9/ CIVIL SOCIETY1 ! /ATE MA*9E HAS CONSOLIDAT$ ITS POSITION SO ?OR\<LY ?AT ! *IEF ( ! ,SOCIETY ( ,DECEMB] #a SUFFICES = ITS HEAD1 AN ADV5TUR] BL[N 9 FROM ABROAD1 RAIS$ ON ! %IELD BY A DRUNK5 SOLDI]Y1 :I* HE HAS B\<T ) LIQUOR & SAUSAGES1 & :I* HE MU/ CONT9UALLY PLY ) SAUSAGE ANEW4.<#a.> 

,! BUREAUCRATIC SY/EM ( ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I /IRR$ UP1 ESPECIALLY T[>D ! 5D ( HIS REIGN1 A /RONG OPPOSITION2 ?IS OPPOSITION COMES ?R\< CLE>LY 9 ! /ATEM5TS ( C]TA9 LOCAL ADM9I/RATIONS4 ,! MO/ /RIK+ EXAMPLE WAS ! FAM\S 0,NANCY ,MANIFE/O10 :I* DEM&$ EXTREME DEC5TRALIZATION & UND] :OSE BANN] !RE RALLI$1 9 #a#h#f#e1 ! :OLE LEGITIMI/-CL]ICAL OPPOSITION ( ! LA/ PHASE ( ! ,EMPIRE4 ,9 ! NAME ( 0FRE$OM & ORD]0 ! ,MANIFE/O DEM&$ ! LIB]ATION ( ! ,COMMUNE FROM ! SUP]-VISION ( ! PREFECT1 ! APPO9TM5T ( ! MAYOR FROM AMONG ! COMMUNAL C\NCILORS1 & ! COMPLETE ELIM9ATION ( ! >RONDISSEM5T C\NCILS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,MANIFE/O DEM&$ E/ABLI%+ CANTONAL C\NCILS & ASSIGN+ TO !M ! DI/RIBUTION ( TAXES1 & F9ALLY1 REVIS+ ! B\ND>IES BETWE5 DEP>TM5TS 9 ! SPIRIT ( RETURN+ TO ! HI/ORICAL B\ND>IES ( ! PROV9CES & MAK+ ! DEP>TM5TS SO REVIS$ 9DEP5D5T CONC]N+ BUDGET & ! 5TIRE ADM9I/RATION4 ,?IS PROGRAM1 :I* AIM$ 0TO CREATE PREV5TIVE MEASURES AGA9/ REVOLUTIONS10 TO SAVE 0FRE$OM COMPROMIS$ BY ?REE REVOLUTIONS10 WAS ACCEPT$ BY ALL LIB]AL CONS]VATIVES ( ! ,ODILON ,B>ROT TYPE1 & ITS ADVOCATES W]E HEAD$ BY ALL ! LEAD]S ( LEGITIMISM1 I4E41 ! ,B\RBON P>TY3 ,BE*>D1 ,FALI\X1 ,C\NT ,MONTALEMB]T1 & F9ALLY1 ! ,PRET5D] TO ! CR[N HIMSELF1 ,C\NT ,*AMBORD1 :O1 9 HIS ,MANIFE/O ( #ahga RAIS$ 0ADM9I/RATIVE DEC5TRALIZATION0 TO ! ROLE ( A LEAD+ PROGRAMMATIC DEM& ON ! BANN] ( ! :ITE LILIES4 

,! ,NANCY PROGRAM PROVOK$ %>P RESI/ANCE FROM TWO SIDES - FROM ! ,EMPIRE & FROM ! EXTREME ,LEFT1 ,REPUBLICANS1 ,DEMOCRATS1 & ,SOCIALI/S4 ,! LATT]1 CONDEMN+ ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CY ( LEGITIMI/ 0DEC5TRALIZATION10 SAID1 9 ! WORDS ( ,VICTOR ,HUGO3 0,G5TLEM51 Y\ >E =G+ A *A9 & Y\ SAY3 ',?IS IS FRE$OM4'0 0,!RE=E10 !Y EXCLAIM$1 0WE DO NOT WANT Y\R DEP>TM5TAL C\NCILS AS A LEGISLATIVE AU?ORITY1 NOR Y\R P]MAN5T DEP>TM5TAL COMMISSIONS AS ADM9I/RATIVE AU?ORITY 9 :I* A TRIPLE FEUDALISM W\LD PREVAIL3 ! L&$ 9T]E/1 ! *UR*1 & 9DU/RY1 9T]E/$ 9 KEEP+ ! PEOPLE 9 IGNORANCE & MIS]Y40.<#b.> ,UND] ! PRETEXT ( FRE$OM1 ,FRANCE WAS TO BE H&$ OV] AS PREY TO BI%OPS1 L&$ >I/OCRACY1 & FACTORY [N]S - ?IS IS ! OP9ION ( CONTEMPOR>Y DEMOCRACY & SOCIALI/S AB\T ! #ahfe PROGRAM4 ,L\IS ,BLANC WAS AN ESPECIALLY 9FLEXIBLE OPPON5T ( DEC5TRALIZATION1 EV5 TO ! DEP>TM5TS1 :I* HE CONSID]$ AN >TIFICIAL CREATION1 ?\< HE F]V5TLY 5C\RAG$ ! WIDE/ SELF-GOV]NM5T ( ! ,COMMUNE AS ! NATURAL HI/ORICAL ORGANIZATION & ! F\NDATION ( ! /ATE4 

,9 ! REVOLUTION>Y CAMP ! ADVOCATES ( DEC5TRALIZATION1 :O 9DE$ W5T FUR!R ?AN ! LEGITIMI/S1 W]E ONLY ADH]5TS ( ,PR\DHON1 SU* AS ,DESM>ET1 :O DI/9CTLY PROCLAIM$ ! SLOGAN ( F$]ALISM BO? 9 APPLICATION TO 0! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,EUROPE0 & TO COMMUNES & DI/RICTS )9 ! /ATE1 AS AN IDEAL SOLUTION ( ! SOCIAL QUE/ION BECAUSE IT WAS A WAY ( 0ANNIHILAT+ P[] BY DIVID+ IT40 ,?AT ! ADH]5TS ( ?IS AN>*I/IC MANN] ( DISPOS+ ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE HAVE NOT YET DI$ \T 9 ,FRANCE IS PROV$ BY ! BOOK :I* APPE>$ 9 #a#h#i#i1 ,LE PR9CIPE SAUVEUR P> UN GIROND9 .<,CIT$ BY ,AVALOV1 P4#b#b#h.>1 9 :I* ! AU?OR %>PLY POLEMICIZES AGA9/ ! C5TRALISM & HOMOG5EITY ( ! MOD]N /ATE1 ADVOCAT+1 9/EAD ( DEP>TM5TAL AUTONOMY1 ! COMPLETE DISSOLUTION ( ! /ATE 9 ! SPIRIT ( F$]ATION4 ,NEW VOICES 9 ! SAME SPIRIT HAVE BE5 HE>D EV5 9 LAT] YE>S - & 5?USIA/S = 0HI/ORICAL0 DEC5TRALIZATION /ILL CROP UP FROM ! CAMP ( ! ,ROYALI/S1 AS IS DEMON/RAT$ BY ! LEGITIMI/ PAMPHLET FROM ! TIME ( ! ,DREYFUS AFFAIR1 ,LA DEC5TRALIZATION ET LA MON>*IE NATIONALE4 

,! OPPOSITION BETWE5 ! VIEWS ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIALI/S & ! AN>*I/IC ,PR\DHON WAS =MULAT$ AS E>LY AS #ahea BY ,L\IS ,BLANC 9 HIS PAMPHLET1 ,LA ,REPUBLIQUE UNE ET 9DIVISIBLE1 9 :I* 9 A ?UND]\S VOICE HE W>N$ ! REPUBLIC AGA9/ ! DANG] ( F$]ALISM1 OPPOS+ TO ! ANTAGONISMS ( ?IRTY-SEV5 ?\S& T9Y P>LIAM5TS 0LA GR&E TRADITION MONTAGN>DE 5 FAIT DE C5TRALIZATION POLITIQUE0 & 0UNE ADM9I/RATION SURVEILLEE04 ,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 ,FRANCE AT ?AT MOM5T WAS LESS ?REAT5$ BY ! DANG] ( F$]ALISM ?AN BY ITS OPPOSITE3 ! C\P D'ETAT ( ,L\IS ,BONAP>TE & ! ABSOLUTE RULE ( HIS PREFECTS4 

,! SAME GR\P+ ( P>TIES ) REG>D TO LOCAL ADM9I/RATION WAS ALSO REFLECT$ 9 ! NOTORI\S NATIONAL ASSEMBLY 9 ,BORDEAUX AFT] ! FALL ( ! ,EMPIRE4 ,AFT] ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ! MA9 QUE/ION CONC]N+ DEC5TRALIZATION WAS :E!R IT C\LD S]VE AS A PREV5TITIVE AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 ! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC HA/5$ TO EXP& ! COMPET5CE ( ! DEP>TM5TS1 EQUIPP+ !M - 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! LEAD+ IDEA ( REACTION S9CE ! TIME ( ! ,RE/ORATION - ) SPECIAL P[]S AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION4 ,! SO-CALL$ 0,LOI ,TREV5EUC0 ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#e1 #a#h#g#b1 BE>S ! SIGNIFICANT TITLE 0,LOI RELATIVE AU ROLE EV5TUEL DES CONSEILS G5]AUX DANS DES CIRCON/ANCES EXCEPTIONNELLES40 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! P[]S ( ! COMMUNES W]E1 AFT] A TEMPOR>Y EXPANSION1 AGA9 RE/RICT$3 :]EAS 9 #ahga ! COMMUNAL C\NCILS HAD RECEIV$ ! P[] ( ELECT+ !IR MAYOR1 AFT] ?REE YE>S !Y W]E AGA9 DEPRIV$ ( ?IS RI<T1 & ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC APPO9T$ ?IRTY-SEV5 ?\S& MAYORS ?R\< ITS PREFECTS1 ?US %[+ ITSELF A FAI?FUL EXPON5T ( ! MON>*ICAL TRADITIONS4 

,H[EV]1 9 ! F\NDATION ( ! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC !RE OCCURR$ C]TA9 SOCIAL *ANGES :I*1 DESPITE ALL EXT]NAL OB/ACLES1 PU%$ ! MATT] ( LOCAL AUTONOMY ON TO COMPLETELY NEW PA?S4 ,AL?\< ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! URBAN & RURAL COMMUNES MI<T HAVE BE5 ABHORR5T TO ! B\RGEOIS REACTION1 9TIMIDAT$ BY ! GREAT TRADITIONS ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE FROM #agic TO #a#h#g#a1 IT EV5TUALLY BECAME AN 9DISP5SABLE NE$1 ESPECIALLY S9CE ! 9CEPTION ( BIG 9DU/RY UND] ! W+S ( ! ,SECOND ,EMPIRE4 ,IT WAS !N ?AT RAILROADS BEGAN TO BE BUILT ON A L>GE SCALE4 ,! >TIFICIALLY FO/]$ & PROTECT$ BIG 9DU/RY NOT ONLY FL\RI%$ 9 ,P>IS BUT 9 ! FIFTIES & SIXTIES IT SPREAD 9TO ! PROV9CES & SUBURBAN >EAS :]E CAPITALISM S\<T *EAP FACTORY SITES & *EAP LABOR4 ,5T]PRISES1 9DU/RIAL C5T]S1 F9ANCIAL =TUNES MU%ROOM$ 9 ! HO?\SE TEMP]ATURE ( ! ,EMPIRE1 SUPPRESS+ SMALL 9DU/RY & 9TRODUC+ MASS FACTORY LABOR ( WOM5 & *ILDR54 ,! ,P>IS ,/OCK ,EX*ANGE OCCUPI$ SECOND PLACE 9 ,EUROPE4 ,TOGE!R ) ?IS EXPLOSION ( 0ORIG9AL ACCUMULATION10 AS YET UNBRIDL$ BY ANY PROTECTIVE LAW - !RE WAS /ILL NO FACTORY 9SPECTION - OR BY LABOR ORGANIZATION & /RUGGLE1 !RE TOOK PLACE 9 ,FRANCE AN UNP>ALLEL$ ACCUMULATION ( MASS POV]TY1 DISEASE1 & DEA?4 ,SUFFICE IT TO M5TION ?AT !RE W]E CASES :5 FEMALE FACTORY WORK]S W]E PAID ONE S\1 I4E41 FIVE C5TIMES P] DAY1 9 A P]IOD ( G5]AL UNP>ALLEL$ HI< PRICES ( ! PRIME NECESSITIES ( LIFE4.<#c.> ,! %ORT P]IOD ( ?IS EXPLOIT+ ECONOMY MADE B\RGEOIS SOCIETY PA9FULLY AW>E ( ! LACK ( ANY PUBLIC ACTIVITY TO PREV5T GL>+ POV]TY1 9FECTI\S DISEASES1 DANG] TO LIFE & PROP]TY ON PUBLIC ROADS1 ETC4 ,AS E>LY AS #a#h#e#f1 MU* WAS WRITT5 & SPOK5 AB\T ! NECESSITY ( AN (FICIAL 9QUIRY CONC]N+ PAUP]ISM 9 ,FRANCE4 ,9 #a#h#e#h1 SU* AN 9QUIRY 0CONFID5TIALLY0 ORD]$ BY ! GOV]NM5T PR$ICTABLY CAME TO NAU<T4 

,! /ATE ( PUBLIC $UCATION CORRESPOND$ MORE OR LESS ) !SE ECONOMIC CONDITIONS4 ,S*OOL C\RSES = ADULTS1 SUBSIDIZ$ BY ! GOV]NM5T UND] ,L\IS ,PHILIPPE BY ! T9Y SUM ( #d< FRANCS ON ! AV]AGE ANNUALLY1 W]E1 DUR+ ! ,EMPIRE1 DEPRIV$ ( ?IS SUBSIDY & NEGLECT$4 ,A C]TA9 HI/ORIAN DESCRIB$ ! /ATE ( ELEM5T>Y S*OOLS 9 #ahfc AS FOLL[S3 

,?\S&S ( COMMUNES >E )\T S*OOLS = GIRLS2 VILLAGES >E DEPRIV$ ( ANY S*OOLS AT ALL2 A L>GE NUMB] ( O!RS /AY BRIEFLY 9 S*OOL & DO NOT LE>N ANY?+ USEFUL2 !RE >E NO S*OOLS = ADULTS & NOT A S+LE LIBR>Y 9 ! VILLAGES2 ! ANNUAL FIGURES %[ ?AT !RE IS MORE ?AN #bg P]C5T ILLIT]ACY2 ?AT LIV+ CONDITIONS ( ! MALE & FEMALE TEA*]S >E MIS]ABLE2 ?AT #e1 FEMALE TEA*]S RECEIVE LESS ?AN #d FRANCS ANNUAL WAGES1 SOME RECEIVE SEV5TY-FIVE FRANCS P] YE>4 ,NOT A S+LE ONE IS 5TITL$ TO RETIREM5T PAY4 ,NOT A S+LE MALE TEA*] 5JOYS A RETIREM5T PAY :I* W\LD ASSURE HIM ( ONE FRANC DAILY SUBSI/5CE4.<#d.> 

,AMONG ! WORK]S 9 ,P>IS1 ! 9QUIRY ORD]$ BY ! ,*AMB] ( ,COMM]CE 9 #ahf ASC]TA9$ ?AT FIFTY ?\S&1 I4E41 AB\T #ac P]C5T ( ! WORK+ POPULATION1 WAS COMPLETELY ILLIT]ATE4 ,! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC1 :OSE MISSION IT WAS TO BUILD A DURABLE HOME = ! B\RGEOISIE & FIR/ ( ALL TO LIQUIDATE ! BANKRUPT E/ATE TAK5 OV] FROM ! ,EMPIRE1 F\ND ITSELF FAC$ ) A NUMB] ( NEW TASKS3 MILIT>Y RE=M1 & 9 CONNECTION ) ?IS1 A HEAL? RE=M2 ALSO A RE=M1 OR RA!R CREATION ( PUBLIC $UCATION2 RE=M ( TRANSPORTATION1 COMPLETELY NEGLECT$ BY ! ,EMPIRE1 :I* WAS SOLELY OCCUPI$ ) DECORAT+ & RE=M+ ,P>IS TO TURN IT 9TO A MODEL CAPITAL ( ! ,MON>*Y4 ,MOREOV]1 ! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC FAC$ ! TASK ( ACQUIR+ MEANS = !SE RE=MS4 ,?IS MEANT AN 9CREASE ( TAXES4 ,H[EV]1 !SE W5T PRIM>ILY = MILIT>Y EXP5DITURES1 = COLONIAL POLICY1 & ESPECIALLY = ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS4 ,)\T ! P>TICIPATION ( ! LOCAL POPULATION1 ABOVE ALL ( ! COMMUNES1 ! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC W\LD NEV] HAVE BE5 ABLE TO SOLVE !SE TASKS4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 BIG 9DU/RY'S REVOLUTIONIZ+ ( CONDITIONS UND] ! ,EMPIRE COMPLETELY *ANG$ ! ROLE ( ! DEP>TM5T4 ,:5 ,L\IS ,BLANC1 9 ! NATIONAL ASSEMBLY 9 #a#h#g#a1 DECL>$ ?AT ! DEP>TM5T IS AN >TIFICIAL PRODUCT ( ADM9I/RATIVE GEOMETRY1 ?IS WAS D\BTLESS AN ANA*RONI/IC VIEW4 ,9DE$1 9 !IR BEG9N+1 EM]G+ FROM ! H&S ( ! CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY1 ! DEP>TM5TS W]E AN 5TIRELY 0FREE IMPROVIZATION0 ( ! G5IUS ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 A SIMPLE NETWORK ( SYMMETRICAL FIGURES ON ! MAP ( ,FRANCE2 & IT WAS EXACTLY 9 ?IS ABOLITION ( ALL HI/ORICAL B\ND>IES ( ! PROV9CES ?AT ! P[]FUL 9NOVAT+ ?\<T1 ?AT GREAT 0TRADITION MONTAGN>DE0 CONSI/$1 :I*1 ON ! RU9S ( ! M$IEVAL SY/EM1 CREAT$ A POLITICALLY UNIFI$ MOD]N ,FRANCE4 ,= DECADES1 DUR+ ! ,RE/ORATION & LAT]1 ! DEP>TM5TS DID NOT HAVE ANY LIFE ( !IR [N2 !Y W]E US$ BY ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T ONLY AS BRAN* (FICES1 AS ! SPH]E ( ACTION ( ! CL]K-PREFECT :OSE ONLY PALPABLE EXPRESSION WAS ! OBLIGATORY 0HOTELS DE PREFECTURE04 ,H[EV]1 9 MOD]N ,FRANCE1 NEW LOCAL NE$S HAVE BR\<T1 9 ! C\RSE ( TIME1 NEW 9/ITUTIONS SURR\ND+ !SE =TRESSES ( ! C5TRAL BUREAUCRACY4 ,! NEW 0DEP>TM5TAL 9T]E/S0 :I* HAVE GA9$ 9CREAS+ RECOGNITION >E C5T]$ >\ND %ELT]S1 HOSPITALS1 S*OOLS1 LOCAL ROADS1 & ! PROCUREM5T ( 0ADDITIONAL C5TIMES0 NECESS>Y TO MEET ! CO/S4 

,! ORIG9ALLY EMPTY FRAMEWORK ( ! DEP>TM5TS1 DRAWN ON ! GRAVE ( ! M$IEVAL P>TICUL>ISM ( ! PROV9CES1 BECAME 9 ! C\RSE ( TIME1 ?R\< ! DEVELOPM5T ( B\RGEOIS ,FRANCE1 FILL$ ) NEW SOCIAL CONT5T3 ! LOCAL 9T]E/S ( CAPITALISM4 ,! LOCAL ADM9I/RATION ( ,FRANCE BY ALL-P[]FUL PREFECTS C\LD SUFFICE 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ONLY = ! >TIFICIAL MA9T5ANCE ( ! ,EMPIRE4 ,! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC WAS EV5TUALLY =C$1 9 ITS [N 9T]E/S1 TO ADMIT ! LOCAL POPULATION TO P>TICIPATION 9 ?IS ADM9I/RATION & TO *ANGE ! COMMUNES & DEP>TM5TS FROM EXCLUSIVE 9/RUM5TS ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T 9TO ORGANS ( DEMOCRATIC AUTONOMY4 

,H[EV]1 ?IS %IFT C\LD BE EFFECT$ ONLY )9 ! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC4 ,9 ! SAME WAY ?AT ! REPUBLICAN =M ( GOV]NM5T WAS CONSOLIDAT$ 9 ,FRANCE ULTIMATELY ?ANKS ONLY TO CIRCUM/ANCES :I* P]MITT$ ! SOCIAL NUCLEUS ( ?IS CLE>LY B\RGEOIS POLITICAL =M TO BE HUSK$ FROM ITS IDEOLOGICAL COCOON1 FROM ! ILLUSION ( 0SOCIAL REPUBLIC0 CREAT$ BY ?REE REVOLUTIONS 9 ! C\RSE ( ALMO/ HALF A C5TURY1 SO ! LOCAL SELF-GOV]NM5T HAD FIR/ TO BE LIB]AT$ FROM ! TRADITIONAL IDEOLOGY HO/ILE TO IT4 ,AS LATE AS ! #ahga ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 SOME ADVOCATES ( LIB]ALISM ABHORR$ ! 0REACTION>Y0 IDEA ( AUTONOMY :I* !Y P]SI/5TLY ID5TIFI$ ) FEUDAL DEC5TRALIZATION4 ,! ,MON>*I/1 D',HAUSSONVILLE1 W>N$ HIS P>TY1 REM9D+ IT ?AT ALREADY DUR+ ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION ! APPE>ANCE ( ADH]+ TO F$]ALISM WAS SUFFICI5T TO S5D PEOPLE TO ! GUILLOT9E1 :ILE ,DUV]GI] DE ,HAURANNE DECL>$ ?AT ,FRANCE WAS FAC$ ) A DILEMMA3 EI!R UNI=M ADM9I/RATION REPRES5T$ 9 EA* DEP>TM5T BY A PREFECT1 OR A F$]ATION ( AUTONOM\S DEP>TM5TS4 ,!SE W]E ! LA/ REV]B]ATIONS ( AN OP9ION :I* WEI<$ ON PEOPLE'S M9DS = ?REE-QU>T]S ( A C5TURY4 ,ONLY :51 ) ! FALL ( ! ,SECOND ,EMPIRE & ! TRIUMPH ( ! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC1 ! ATTEMPTS ( ! >I/OCRATIC CL]ICAL REACTION W]E DEFEAT$ ONCE & = ALL & ! PHANTOM ( ! F$]ALISM ( ! 0HI/ORIC PROV9CES0 WAS RELEGAT$ TO ! REALM ( DISEMBODI$ SPIRITS DID ! IDEA ( ! RELATIVE 9DEP5D5CE ( ! DEP>TM5TS CEASE TO GIVE AN IMPRESSION ( F$]ALISM :I* FRI<T5$ AWAY B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM & DEMOCRACY4 ,& ONLY :5 ! LA/ FLICK] ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION DI$ \T 9 ! C9D]S ( ! #ahga ,COMMUNE & UND] ! WI!R$ LAWN ( ! 0,CONF$]ATES' ,WALL0 .<0,MUR DES ,F$]ES0.> AT ,P]E ,LA*AISE1 :]E ! CORPSES & HALF-DEAD BODIES ( ! ,COMMUNE'S H]OES W]E DUMP$1 ONLY !N DID ! IDEA ( COMMUNAL SELF-GOV]NM5T CEASE TO BE SYNONYM\S ) SOCIAL UPHEAVAL 9 ! M9DS ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 & ! ,PHRYGIAN CAP CEASE TO BE ! SYMBOL ( ! ,CITY ,HALL4 ,9 A WORD1 ONLY :5 BO? DEP>TM5TAL & COMMUNAL AUTONOMY W]E ABLE TO DEMON/RATE !IR PROP] HI/ORICAL SOCIAL VALUE AS G5U9ELY MOD]N 9/ITUTIONS ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE1 GR[+ \T ( ITS [N NE$S & S]V+ ITS 9T]E/S1 DID ! PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPM5T ( LOCAL AUTONOMY 9 ,FRANCE BECOME POSSIBLE4 ,! ORGANIC /ATUTE ( #a#h#g#a1 SUPPLEM5T$ BY ! LAW ( #a#h#i#i1 AT LA/ AU?ORIZ$ REPRES5TATIVES ( DEP>TM5TS *OS5 BY G5]AL ELECTIONS ( ! PEOPLE TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! ADM9I/RATION ) A DET]M9+ VOICE1 & ! /ATUTE ( #ahhd GAVE A SIMIL> RI<T TO ! COMMUNAL C\NCILS1 RETURN+ TO !M ! P[] ( *OOS+ !IR [N MAYOR4 ,SL[LY & RELUCTANTLY1 & ONLY 9 REC5T TIMES1 ! MOD]N AUTONOMY ( ,FRANCE HAS LIB]AT$ ITSELF FROM ! IRON BONDS ( BUREAUCRACY4 

,! HI/ORY ( SELF-GOV]NM5T 9 ,5GL& FOLL[$ 5TIRELY DIFF]5T PA?S4 ,9/EAD ( ! REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE-OV] FROM M$IEVAL TO MOD]N SOCIETY1 WE SEC H]E1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 AN E>LY COMPROMISE :I* HAS PRES]V$ TO ?IS DAY ! OLD REMNANTS ( FEUDALISM4 ,NOT SO MU* BY ! %ATT]+ ( OLD =MS AS BY GRADUALLY FILL+ !M ) NEW CONT5T1 B\RGEOIS ,5GL& HAS C>V$ \T A PLACE = ITSELF 9 M$IEVAL ,5GL&4 ,& P]HAPS 9 NO O!R >EA IS ?IS PROCESS SO TYPICAL & 9T]E/+ AS 9 ! >EA ( LOCAL SELF-GOV]NM5T4 ,AT FIR/ GLANCE1 & ACCORD+ TO A COMMONPLACE EXPRESSION1 ,5GL& APPE>S AS ! C\NTRY ) ! OLDE/ LOCAL SELF-GOV]NM5T1 NAY1 AS ! CRADLE1 ! CLASSICAL HOMEL& ( SELF-GOV]NM5T1 ON :I* ! LIB]ALISM ( ! CONT95T S\<T TO MODEL ITSELF4 ,9 REALITY1 ?AT AGE-OLD SELF-GOV]NM5T ( ,5GL& BELONGS TO ! REALM ( MY?S1 & ! FAM\S OLD ,5GLI% SELF-GOV]NM5T HAS NO?+ 9 COMMON ) SELF-GOV]NM5T 9 ! MOD]N S5SE4 ,SELF-GOV]NM5T WAS SIMPLY A SPECIAL SY/EM ( LOCAL ADM9I/RATION :I* ORIG9AT$ AT ! TIME ( ! FL[]+ ( FEUDALISM & BE>S ALL ! HALLM>KS ( ITS ORIG94 ,! C5T]S ( ?AT SY/EM >E ! C\NTY1 A PRODUCT ( ! FEUDAL CONDITIONS AFT] ! ,NORMAN ,CONQUE/1 & ! P>I%1 A PRODUCT ( M$IEVAL1 ECCLESIA/ICAL CONDITIONS2 :ILE ! MA9 P]SON1 ! S\L ( ! :OLE C\NTY ADM9I/RATION1 IS ! JU/ICE ( ! PEACE1 AN (FICE CREAT$ 9 ! F\RTE5? C5TURY ALONG ) ! ?REE O!R C\NTY (FICES3 ! %]IFF1 CONDUCT+ ! ELECTIONS TO P>LIAM5T1 ADM9I/]+ JUDGM5TS 9 CIVIL LAWSUITS1 ETC42 ! CORON]1 CONDUCT+ 9QUE/S 9 CASES ( VIOL5T DEA?2 & F9ALLY1 ! COMM&] ( ! C\NTY MILITIA4 ,AMONG !SE (FICIALS ONLY ! SECOND>Y FIGURE ( ! CORON] IS ELECTIVE2 ALL O!R (FIC]S >E APPO9T$ BY ! ,CR[N FROM AMONG ! LOCAL L&$ >I/OCRACY4 ,ONLY L&$ PROPRIETORS ) A SPECIFI$ 9COME C\LD BE APPO9T$ TO ! (FICE ( JU/ICE ( ! PEACE4 ,ALL !SE (FIC]S FULFILL$ !IR DUTIES )\T REMUN]ATION1 & ! PURELY M$IEVAL ASPECT IS FUR!R 9DICAT$ BY ! FACT ?AT 9 !IR COMPET5CE !Y COMB9$ JUDICIAL & EXECUTIVE P[]4 ,! JU/ICE ( ! PEACE DID EV]Y?+ 9 ! C\NTY AS WELL AS 9 ! P>I%1 AS WE %ALL PRES5TLY SEE4 ,HE RAN ! C\RTS1 ASSIGN$ TAXES1 ISSU$ ADM9I/RATIVE ORD9ANCES1 9 A WORD1 HE REPRES5T$ 9 HIS P]SON ! :OLE COMPET5CE ( PUBLIC AU?ORITY 5TIRELY 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! FEUDAL ATTRIBUTIONS ( ! L&$ PROPRIETOR2 ! ONLY DIFF]5CE H]E WAS HIS APPO9TM5T BY ! ,CR[N4 ,! JU/ICE ( ! PEACE1 ONCE APPO9T$1 BECAME AN OMNIPOT5T HOLD] ( PUBLIC P[]3 JU/ICES ( ! PEACE W]E 5TIRELY 9DEP5D5T ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 & 9 G5]AL1 NOT RESPONSIBLE1 BECAUSE ! OLD SY/EM ( ,5GLI% SELF-GOV]NM5T OBVI\SLY KN[S NO?+ ( ANO!R BASIC FEATURE ( MOD]N ADM9I/RATION3 ! JUDICIAL RESPONSIBILITY ( (FICIALS & ! SUP]VISION BY ! C5TRAL AU?ORITY OV] LOCAL (FICES4 ,ANY P>TICIPATION ( ! LOCAL POPULATION 9 ?IS ADM9I/RATION WAS \T ( ! QUE/ION4 ,IF1 !RE=E1 ! ANCI5T ,5GLI% SELF-GOV]NM5T MAY BE REG>D$ AS A K9D ( AUTONOMY1 ?IS CAN BE DONE ONLY 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT WAS A SY/EM ( UNRE/RICT$ AUTONOMY ( ! L&$ >I/OCRACY1 :O HELD 9 !IR H&S ! COMPLETE PUBLIC P[] 9 ! C\NTY4 

,! FIR/ UND]M9+ ( ?IS M$IEVAL SY/EM ( ADM9I/RATION CO9CIDES ) ! REIGN ( ,ELIZABE?1 I4E41 ! P]IOD ( ?AT %ATT]+ REVOLUTION 9 RURAL PROP]TY RELATIONS :I* 9AUGURAT$ ! CAPITALI/IC ]A 9 ,5GL&4 ,VIOL5T EXPROPRIATIONS ( ! PEASANTRY BY ! >I/OCRACY ON ! BROADE/ SCALE1 ! SUP]SESSION ( AGRICULTURE BY %EEP-H]D+1 ! SECUL>IZATION ( *UR* E/ATES :I* W]E APPROPRIAT$ BY ! >I/OCRACY1 ALL ?IS SUDD5LY CREAT$ AN IMM5SE RURAL PROLET>IAT1 & 9 CONSEQU5CE1 POV]TY1 BEGG>Y1 & PUBLIC ROBB]Y4 ,! FIR/ TRIUMPHAL /EPS ( CAPITAL %OOK ! F\NDATIONS ( ! :OLE SOCIETY & ,5GL& WAS =C$ TO FACE A NEW ?REAT - PAUP]ISM4 ,!RE BEGAN A CRUSADE AGA9/ VAGRANCY1 BEGG>Y1 & LOOT+1 :I* EXT5DS 9 A BLOOD/A9$ /REAK UNTIL ! MIDDLE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,S9CE1 H[EV]1 PRISONS1 BR&+ ) HOT IRONS1 & EV5 ! GALL[S PROV$ AN 5TIRELY 9SUFFICI5T M$IC9E AGA9/ ! NEW PLAGUE1 SUMM>Y CONVICTIONS CAME 9TO BE+ 9 ,5GL& & ALSO 0PUBLIC PHILAN?ROPY02 NEXT TO ! GALL[S AT ! CROSS-ROADS >OSE ! P>I% WORKH\SE4 ,! MOD]N PH5OM5ON ( MASS PAUP]ISM WAS ! FIR/ PROBLEM TRANSC5D+ ! P[]S & MEANS ( ! M$IEVAL SY/EM ( ADM9I/RATION AS C>RI$ \T BY ! SELF-GOV]NM5T ( ! >I/OCRACY4 ,! SOLUTION ADOPT$ WAS TO %IFT ! NEW BURD5 TO NEW %\LD]S ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 ! WEAL?Y B\RGEOISIE4 ,N[ ! MOLD-COV]$ *UR* P>I% WAS CALL$ TO A NEW ROLE - C>E ( ! POOR4 ,9 ! PECULI> ,5GLI% ADM9I/RATION1 ! P>I% IS NOT ONLY A RURAL BUT ALSO AN URBAN ORGANIZATION1 SO ?AT TO ?IS DAY ! P>I% SY/EM OV]LAPS ! MOD]N ADM9I/RATIVE NETWORK 9 ! BIG CITIES1 CREAT+ A GREAT *AOS ( COMPET5CES4 

,AT ! 5D ( ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 A TAX = ! POOR WAS 9TRODUC$ 9 ! P>I%1 & ?IS TAX GRADUALLY BECAME ! CORN]/ONE ( ! TAX SY/EM ( ! COMMUNE4 ,! POOR RATES GREW FROM ,G,B,P#i1 /]L+ AT ! 5D ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY TO ,G,B,P#g1#h#g1#h#a /]L+ 9 #a#h#h#a4 ,! COLLECTION & ADM9I/RATION ( !SE FUNDS1 ! ORGANIZATION ( ASSI/ANCE & WORKH\SES1 CALL$ =? A NEW ORGANIZATION ( ! COMMUNAL (FICE3 & TO IT !RE ALSO FELL PRES5TLY ANO!R IMPORTANT PUBLIC FUNCTION :I* WAS LIKEWISE CAUS$ B ! NE$S ( ! NASC5T CAPITALI/ ECONOMY3 SUP]VISION ( ROADS4 ,?IS ORGANIZATION ALSO COMPRIS$1 FROM !N ON1 BESIDES ! RECTOR :O WAS AT ! HEAD & TWO *UR* W>D5S ELECT$ BY ! COMMUNE1 TWO OV]SE]S ( ! POOR1 DESIGNAT$ BY ! JU/ICE ( ! PEACE1 & ONE SURVEYOR ( ! HI<WAYS1 ALSO DESIGNAT$ BY ! JU/ICE ( ! PEACE4 ,AS WE SEE1 ?IS WAS /ILL ! USE ( ! OLD SELF-GOV]NM5T APP>ATUS = MOD]N PURPOSES4 ,! L&$ >I/OCRACY 9 ! P]SONS ( ! JU/ICES ( ! PEACE PRES]V$ P[] 9 !IR H&S2 ONLY ! MAT]IAL BURD5 FELL ON ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! COMMUNE HAD TO C>RY ! BURD5 ( ! POOR TAX2 H[EV]1 IT DIDN'T HAVE ANY VOICE 9 ! APPORTIONM5T ( ! TAX4 ,! LATT] FUNCTION WAS AN ATTRIBUTE ( ! JU/ICE ( ! PEACE & ( ! COMMUNAL OV]SE]S SUBJECT TO HIM4 

,9 SU* A /ATE ! LOCAL ADM9I/RATION SURVIV$ UNTIL ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,A FEW ATTEMPTS AT ADMITT+ ! POPULATION TO P>TICIPATION 9 ?IS ADM9I/RATION W]E UND]TAK5 AT ! BEG9N+ ( ?AT C5TURY BUT CAME TO NO?+4 

,9 ! MEANTIME1 CAPITALISM 9 ,5GL& 5T]$ NEW PA?S3 BIG MA*9E 9DU/RY CELEBRAT$ ITS TRIUMPHAL 5TRY & UND]TOOK AN ASSAULT ON ! OLD =TRESS ( SELF-GOV]NM5T1 :I* ! CRUMBL+ /RUCTURE C\LD NOT )/&4 

,! VIOL5T GR[? ( FACTORY 9DU/RY AT ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? & ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY CAUS$ A COMPLETE UPHEAVAL 9 ! CONDITIONS ( ,5GL&'S SOCIAL LIFE4 ,! IMM5SE 9FLUX ( ! RURAL PROLET>IAT TO ! CITIES SOON BR\<T AB\T SU* A CONC5TRATION ( PEOPLE & SU* A H\S+ %ORTAGE 9 ! 9DU/RIAL CITIES ?AT ! WORK]S' DI/RICTS BECAME ABHORR5T SLUMS1 D>K1 /9K+1 FIL?Y1 PLAGUE-RIDD54 ,SICKNESS AMONG ! POPULATION ASSUM$ T]RIFY+ PROPORTIONS4 ,9 ,SCOTL& & ,IREL& AN \TBREAK ( TYPHOID TOOK PLACE REGUL>LY AFT] EA* PRICE 9CREASE & EA* 9DU/RIAL CRISIS4 ,9 ,$9BUR< & ,GLASG[1 = 9/ANCE AS /AT$ BY ,5GELS 9 HIS CLASSIC WORK1 ,! ,CONDITION ( ! ,WORK+ ,CLASS 9 ,5GL& 9 #a#h#d#d1 9 ! YE> #a#h#a#g1 #f1 P]SONS FELL ILL2 9 #ahbf & #a#h#c#g1 #a1 EA*2 9 #a#h#d#b1 9 ,GLASG[ ALONE1 #c#b11 I4E41 #ab P]C5T ( ! 5TIRE POPULATION4 ,9 ,IREL&1 9 #a#h#a#g1 #c#i1 P]SONS FELL ILL ) TYPHOID1 9 #a#h#a#i1 #f12 9 ! MA9 9DU/RIAL CITIES ( C\NTIES ,CORK & ,LIM]ICK1 ONE-SEV5? & ONE-F\R? RESPECTIVELY ( ! 5TIRE POPULATION FELL VICTIM 9 ?OSE YE>S TO ! EPIDEMIC4 ,9 ,LONDON & ,MAN*E/]1 MAL>IA WAS 5DEMIC4 ,9 ! LATT] CITY1 IT WAS (FICIALLY /AT$ ?AT ?REE-QU>T]S ( ! POPULATION NE$$ M$ICAL HELP EV]Y YE>1 & MORTALITY AMONG *ILDR5 UP TO FIVE REA*$1 9 ! 9DU/RIAL CITY ( ,LE$S 9 #a#h#c#b1 ! T]RIFY+ FIGURE ( #e1#b#h#f \T ( A POPULATION ( #a14 ,! LACK ( HOSPITALS & M$ICAL HELP1 H\S+ %ORTAGES1 & UND]N\RI%M5T ( ! PROLET>IAT BECAME A PUBLIC ?REAT4 

,9 NO LESS A DEGREE1 ! 9TELLECTUAL NEGLECT ( ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE BECAME A PUBLIC PLAGUE :5 BIG 9DU/RY1 HAV+ CONC5TRAT$ IMM5SE CR[DS ( ! PROLET>IAT UND] ITS COMM&1 MADE !M A PREY ( SPIRITUAL SAVAGES4 ,! TEXTILE 9DU/RY ESPECIALLY1 :I* WAS ! FIR/ TO 9TRODUCE MASS LABOR ( WOM5 & *ILDR5 AT ! L[E/ AGE & :I* MADE IMPOSSIBLE ANY HOME $UCATION1 H[EV] RUDIM5T>Y1 MADE ! FILL+ ( ?IS GAP1 I4E41 ! CREATION ( ELEM5T>Y S*OOLS1 A PUBLIC NE$4 ,H[EV]1 ! /ATE P]=M$ !SE TASKS TO A M9IMAL DEGREE4 ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! F\R? DECADE .<( ! C5TURY.>1 \T ( ! BUDGET ( ,5GL& AM\NT+ TO ,G,B,P#e#e MILLION1 PUBLIC $UCATION IS ALLOTT$ ! RIDICUL\S SUM ( ,G,B,P#d14 ,$UCATION WAS LEFT MA9LY TO PRIVATE 9ITIATIVE1 ESPECIALLY ( ! *UR*1 & BECAME MO/LY AN 9/RUM5T ( BIGOTRY & A WEAPON ( SECT>IAN /RUGGLE4 ,9 ,SUNDAY S*OOLS1 ! ONLY ONES ACCESSIBLE TO WORK+-CLASS *ILDR51 ! LATT] W]E (T5 NOT EV5 TAU<T READ+ & WRIT+1 AS OCCUPATIONS UNWOR?Y ( ,SUNDAY2 :ILE 9 ! PRIVATE S*OOLS1 AS WAS DEMON/RAT$ BY A P>LIAM5T>Y 9QUIRY1 ! TEA*]S !MSELVES (T5 DID NOT KN[ H[ TO READ OR WRITE4 ,9 G5]AL1 ! PICTURE REVEAL$ BY ! FAM\S ,*ILDR5 ,EMPLOYM5T ,COMMISSION %[$ ! NEW CAPITALI/IC ,5GL& AS A SC5E ( RU9 & DE/RUCTION1 A WRECKAGE ( ! 5TIRE ANTIQUAT$1 TRADITIONAL1 SOCIAL /RUCTURE4 ,! GREAT SOCIAL RE=M WAS ACCOMPLI%$ = ! PURPOSE ( E/ABLI%+ TOL]ABLE LIV+ CONDITIONS = ! NEW HO/1 I4E41 = ! CAPITALI/IC B\RGEOISIE4 ,! ELIM9ATION ( ! MO/ ?REAT5+ SYMPTOMS ( PAUP]ISM1 ! PROVISION ( PUBLIC HYGI5E1 ELEM5T>Y $UCATION1 ETC4 BECAME AN URG5T TASK4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS TASK C\LD BE A*IEV$ ONLY :5 BO? 9 /ATE POLICY & 9 ! 5TIRE ADM9I/RATION ! EXCLUSIVE RULE ( ! L&$ >I/OCRACY WAS ABOLI%$ & YIELD$ TO ! RULE ( ! 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE4 ,! ELECTION RE=M ( #a#h#c#b1 :I* BROKE ! POLITICAL P[] ( ! ,TORIES1 IS ALSO ! DATE FROM :I* BEG9S SELF-GOV]NM5T 9 ,5GL& 9 ! MOD]N S5SE1 I4E41 SELF-GOV]NM5T BAS$ ON ! P>TICIPATION ( ! POPULATION 9 ! LOCAL ADM9I/RATION1 & ON PAID1 RESPONSIBLE (FICIALS 9 ! ROLE ( EXECUTOR ( ITS WILL UND] ! SUP]VISION & CONTROL ( ! C5TRAL AU?ORITY4 ,! M$IEVAL DIVISION ( ! /ATE 9TO C\NTIES & P>I%ES CORRESPOND$ TO ! NEW GR\P+ ( ! POPULATION & LOCAL NE$S & 9T]E/S AS LITTLE AS ! M$IEVAL (FICES ( ! JU/ICE ( ! PEACE & P>I% C\NCILS4 ,BUT :ILE ! REVOLUTION>Y ,FR5* LIB]ALISM SWEPT FROM ! C\NTRY ! HI/ORIC PROV9CES & 9 !IR PLACE ]ECT$ A HOMOG5E\S ,FRANCE ) NEW ADM9I/RATIVE DIVISIONS1 ! CONS]VATIVE ,5GLI% LIB]ALISM CREAT$ ONLY A NEW ADM9I/RATIVE NETWORK - 9SIDE1 BESIDE1 & ?R\< ! OLD DIVISIONS1 )\T =MALLY ABOLI%+ !M4 ,! PECULI>ITY ( ,5GLI% SELF-GOV]NM5T CONSI/S 9 ! FACT ?AT1 UNABLE TO UTILIZE ! COMPLETELY 9 ADEQUATE FRAMEWORK ( TRADITIONAL SELF-GOV]NM5T1 IT CREAT$ A NEW K9D ( BASE3 SPECIAL COMMUNAL ASSOCIATIONS ( ! POPULATION = EA* ( ! BASIC FUNCTIONS ( SELF GOV]NM5T4 

,?US1 ! LAW ( #ahcd E/ABLI%ES NEW 0POOR LAW UNIONS01 COMPRIS+ SEV]AL P>I%ES :OSE POPULATION JO9TLY ELECTS1 ON ! BASIS ( A SIX-CLASS ELECTORAL LAW1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! TAXES PAID1 A SEP>ATE BO>D ( GU>DIANS = EA* UNION4 ,?IS BODY DECIDES ! :OLE MATT] ( WELF>E1 BUILD+ ( WORKH\SES1 ISSU+ DOLES1 ETC42 IT ALSO HIRES & PAYS ! (FICIALS :O C>RY \T ITS DECISIONS4 ,! OLD (FICE ( ! P>I% OV]SE] ( ! POOR *ANG$ FROM AN HONOR>Y TO A PAID ONE1 & WAS R$UC$ TO ! FUNCTION ( IMPOS+ & COLLECT+ TAXES ASSIGN$ BY ! BO>D4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! SAME MODEL1 BUT QUITE 9DEP5D5TLY1 ! LAW ( #ahdg CREAT$ A NEW1 BROAD ORGANIZATION TO TAKE C>E ( PUBLIC HEAL? & SUP]VISION ( BUILD+S1 CLEANL9ESS ( /REETS & H\SES1 WAT] SUPPLY1 & FOOD M>KET+4 ,ALSO = ?IS PURPOSE NEW ASSOCIATIONS ( ! LOCAL POPULATION ) REPRES5TATIVES ELECT$ BY IT W]E E/ABLI%$4 ,ON ! BASIS ( ! ,PUBLIC ,HEAL? ,ACT ( #a#h#g#e1 ,5GL& - ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! CAPITAL - IS DIVID$ 9TO URBAN & RURAL SANIT>Y DI/RICTS4 ,! ORGAN ( REPRES5TATION IS1 9 ! URBAN DI/RICTS1 ! CITY C\NCIL2 9 ! BOR\<S1 SPECIAL LOCAL BO>DS ( HEAL?2 & 9 ! RURAL DI/RICTS HEAL? IS SUP]VIS$ BY ! BO>D ( GU>DIANS4 ,ALL !SE BO>DS DECIDE ALL MATT]S P]TA9+ TO HEAL? & HIRE SAL>I$ (FIC]S :O C>RY \T ! RESOLUTIONS ( ! BO>D4 

,! ADM9I/RATION ( LOCAL TRANSPORTATION ALSO FOLL[$ ! SAME L9ES BUT 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! TWO BODIES M5TION$ ABOVE4 ,= ?IS PURPOSE1 HI<WAY DI/RICTS W]E CREAT$1 COMPOS$ ( SEV]AL P>I%ES :OSE POPULATION ELECTS SEP>ATE HI<WAY BO>DS4 ,9 MANY RURAL DI/RICTS1 TRANSPORTATION IS ! CONC]N ( ! LOCAL BO>D ( HEAL?1 OR ! BO>D ( GU>DIANS :I* ADM9I/]S BO? TRANSPORTATION & POOR RELIEF4 ,! HI<WAY BO>DS OR ! BO>DS ( GU>DIANS DECIDE AB\T TRANSPORTATION 5T]PRISES & HIRE A PAID DI/RICT-SURVEYOR AS ! (FICIAL C>RY+ \T !IR ORD]S4 ,& SO ! (FICE ( ! =M] HONOR>Y HI<WAY SURVEYOR VANI%$4 

,F9ALLY1 $UCATION WAS ALSO 5TRU/$ TO A SPECAIL SELF-GOV]N+ ORGANIZATION4 ,9DIVIDUAL P>I%ES1 CITIES & ! CAPITAL =M AS MANY S*OOL DI/RICTS4 ,H[EV]1 ! BO>D ( $UCATION ( ! C\NCIL ( /ATE HAS ! RI<T TO COMB9E SEV]AL URBAN P>I%ES 9TO ONE DI/RICT4 ,EV]Y DI/RICT ELECTS A S*OOL BO>D 5TRU/$ ) SUP]VISION ( ELEM5T>Y $UCATION3 IT MAKES DECISIONS CONC]N+ TUITION-FREE S*OOL+ & ! HIR+ ( (FICIALS & TEA*]S4 

,9 ?IS WAY !RE CAME 9TO BE+1 QUITE 9DEP5D5TLY FROM ! OLD ORGANIZATION ( SELF-GOV]NM5T1 NEW1 MULTIPLE1 AUTONOM\S ORGANIZATIONS :I*1 PRECISELY BECAUSE !Y ORIG9AT$ NOT BY WAY ( A BOLD REVOLUTION>Y RE=M BUT AS DISCRETE PAT*WORK1 =M$ AN EXTREMELY COMPLEX & 9VOLV$ SY/EM ( (T5 OV]LAPP+ >EAS ( COMPET5CE4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS *>ACT]I/IC = ! CLASSIC C\NTRY ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY ?AT ! AXIS >\ND :I* ?IS MOD]N SELF-GOV]NM5T WAS CRY/ALLIZ$ - SO F> CLE>LY ON ! L[E/ LEVEL 9 ! RURAL COMMUNE - WAS ! ORGANIZATION ( PUBLIC WELF>E1 ! ORGANIZATION = COMBAT+ PAUP]ISM3 ! 0POOR0 WAS1 9 ,5GL&1 TO ! MIDDLE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ! (FICIAL SYNONYM = ! WORK]1 JU/ AS 9 A LAT] TIME ( ORD]LY & MOD]NIZ$ CONDITIONS1 ! SOB] EXPRESSION 0H&S0 BECAME SU* A SYNONYM4 ,BESIDE ?IS NEW ORGANIZATION ( SELF-GOV]NM5T1 ! OLD C\NTIES ) !IR JU/ICES ( ! PEACE BECAME A RELIC4 ,! JU/ICE ( ! PEACE FELL TO ! SUBORD9ATE ROLE ( P>TICIPANT 9 ! LOCAL C\NCIL1 & SUP]VISION ( ADM9I/RATION WAS LEFT HIM ONLY TO A C]TA9 EXT5T 9 MATT]S ( HI<WAYS4 ,:51 H[EV]1 ! LOCAL ADM9I/RATION PASS$ FROM ! H&S ( ! JU/ICE APPO9T$ BY ! ,CR[N TO ! ELECT$ REPRES5TATIVES ( ! LOCAL POPULATION1 ! ADM9I/RATIVE DEC5TRALIZATION BY NO MEANS 9CREAS$1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y1 WAS ELIM9AT$4 ,IF1 9 ! OLD DAYS1 ! JU/ICE ( ! PEACE WAS AN ALL-P[]FUL MA/] 9 ! C\NCIL1 5TIRELY 9DEP5D5T ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 AT PRES5T1 ! LOCAL GOV]NM5T IS SUBJECT ON ! ONE H& TO ! UNI=M P>LIAM5T>Y LEGISLATION1 & ON ! O!R TO /RICT CONTROL BY ! C5TRAL ADM9I/RATIVE AU?ORITIES4 ,! ,LOCAL ,GOV]NM5T ,BO>D SPECIALLY CREAT$ = ?IS PURPOSE CONTROLS ! ACTIVITY ( ! LOCAL BO>DS ( GU>DIANS & BO>DS ( HEAL? ?R\< VISIT+ 9SPECTORS1 :ILE ! S*OOL BO>DS >E SUBJECT TO ! BO>D ( $UCATION ( ! /ATE C\NCIL4 

,ALSO1 URBAN SELF-GOV]NM5T 9 ,5GL& IS A PRODUCT ( MO/ REC5T TIMES4 ,ONLY SLI<T TRACES SURVIV$ TO MOD]N TIMES ( ! COMMUNAL 9DEP5D5CE ( ! M$IEVAL CITY4 ,! MOD]N CITY1 AN \TCOME ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 MADE A NEW URBAN ORGANIZATION 9DISP5SABLE3 9ITIAT$ BY ! LAW ( #a#h#c#e1 IT WAS NOT F9ALLY E/ABLI%$ UNTIL #a#h#h#b4 

,! HI/ORY ( SELF-GOV]NM5T 9 ,G]MANY & ,AU/RIA LACKS SU* DI/9CTIVE FEATURES AS ?AT ( ,FRANCE OR ,5GL&2 H[EV]1 IT G5]ALLY FOLL[$ ! SAME L9ES4 ,9 BO? C\NTRIES1 ! DIVISION 9TO CITIES & RURAL COMMUNES RESULT+ FROM ! M$IEVAL DEVELOPM5T BR\<T AB\T A HI<LY DEVELOP$ SELF-GOV]NM5T ( ! CITIES & !IR POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE1 & ALSO CREAT$ ! POLITICAL SPLIT1 P]HAPS ! GREATE/ 9 ,EUROPE1 ( ! /ATE T]RITORY 9TO 9DEP5D5T FEUDAL >EAS4 ,AFT] ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 & ESPECIALLY 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 DUR+ ! TIME ( 5LI<T5$ ABSOLUTISM1 ! CITIES COMPLETELY LO/ !IR 9DEP5D5CE & FELL UND] ! AU?ORITY ( ! /ATE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! RURAL COMMUNES LO/ !IR TRADITIONAL SELF-GOV]N+ 9/ITUTIONS1 HAV+ COMPLETELY FALL51 ?R\< ! GR[? ( S]FDOM1 UND] ! AU?ORITY ( L&[N]S4 ,AL?\< MU* LAT] ?AN 9 ,FRANCE1 ABSOLUTISM NEV]!LESS1 AS ! CREATOR ( A UNIFI$ /ATE AU?ORITY & T]RITORY1 TRIUMPH$ 9 ,G]MANY 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY4 ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 BUREAUCRATIC C5TRALISM IS EV]Y:]E VICTORI\S4 

,H[EV]1 BE=E LONG1 9 CONNECTION ) ! RIS+ BIG-9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION & ! ASPIRATION ( ! B\RGEOISIE TO 9TRODUCE MOD]N CONDITIONS 9TO ! /ATE1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( LOCAL SELF-GOV]NM5T ON NEW PR9CIPLES BEG9S4 ,! FIR/ G5]AL LAW ( ?IS K9D ORIG9AT$ 9 ,AU/RIA DUR+ ! ,M>* ,REVOLUTION4 ,ACTUALLY1 H[EV]1 ! F\NDATIONS ( ! PRES5T SELF-GOV]NM5T W]E LAID 9 ,AU/RIA BY ! /ATUTE ( #a#h#f#b2 9 ! RESPECTIVE CR[NL&S1 P>TICUL> COMMUNAL LAWS CAME 9TO BE+ LAT] ?R\< LEGISLATION ( ! ,DIET4 

,9 ,G]MANY1 !RE PREVAILS ,FR5* LAW1 P>TLY D]IV$ FROM ,NAPOLEONIC TIMES1 :I* DOES NOT DI/+UI% BETWE5 ! URBAN & RURAL COMMUNE3 = 9/ANCE1 9 ! ,RH9EL&1 9 ! ,BAV>IAN ,PALAT9ATE1 ,HESSE1 ,?UR+IA1 ETC4 ,ON ! O!R H9D1 ! ,PRUSSIAN MODEL PREVAIL+ 9 WE/]N & EA/]N ,G]MANY IS AN 9DEP5D5T PRODUCT4 ,AL?\< ! ,PRUSSIAN URBAN LAW DATES ALREADY FROM #a#h#h1 ! ACTUAL P]IOD ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRES5T SELF-GOV]NM5T 9 ,PRUSSIA FELL 9 ! SIXTIES & ! MA9 RE=MS 9 ! SEV5TIES & EI<TIES4 ,AMONG ! MA9 >EAS ( URBAN ADM9I/RATION - PROV9CE1 DI/RICT 7,KREIS71 & COMMUNE - ONLY ! LA/ HAS WELL-DEVELOP$1 SELF-GOV]N+ 9/ITUTIONS1 I4E41 EXT5SIVE P[] ( ! REPRES5TATIVES ELECT$ BY ! POPULATION2 9 ! REMA9+ ONES1 REPRES5TATIVE BODIES 7,KREI/AG1 ,PROV9ZALL&TAG7 EXI/ BUT !Y >E RA!R MOD]NIZ$1 M$IEVAL CLASS DIETS & !IR COMPET5CE IS EXTREMELY LIMIT$ BY ! COMPET5CE ( (FICIALS APPO9T$ BY ! ,CR[N1 SU* AS ,REGI]UNGSPRASID5T 9 ! PROV9CE1 & ,L&RAT 9 ! DI/RICT4 

,LOCAL SELF-GOV]NM5T 9 ,RUSSIA CON/ITUTES ONE ( ! MO/ \T/&+ ATTEMPTS ( ABSOLUTISM :I*1 9 ! FAM\S 0LIB]AL RE=MS0 AFT] ! ,SEBA/OPOL CATA/ROPHE1 AIM$ AT ADJU/+ ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ORI5TAL DESPOTISM TO ! SOCIAL NE$S ( MOD]N CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,BETWE5 ! PEASANT RE=M & ! RE=M ( ! C\RTS AT ! ?RE%OLD ( ! 0R5EW$0 ,RUSSIA ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I1 /&S ! LAW :I* CREAT$ ! T]RITORIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,MODEL$ ON ! NEWLY E/ABLI%$ SELF-GOV]N+ 9/ITUTIONS ( ,PRUSSIA1 ! SY/EM ( ! ,RUSSIAN 0ZEM/VO0 IS A P>ODY ( ,5GLI% SELF-GOV]NM5T2 IT 5TRU/S ! 5TIRE LOCAL ADM9I/RATION TO ! WEAL?Y NOBILITY1 & AT ! SAME TIME SUBJECTS ?IS SELF-GOV]NM5T ( ! NOBILITY TO /RICT POLICE SUP]VISION & ! DECISIVE AU?ORITY ( CZ>I/ BUREAUCRACY4 

,! LAW GOV]N+ ELECTIONS TO ! C\NTY & GUB]NIAL T]RITORIAL C\NCILS HAPPILY COMB9ES1 9 ! TRI-CURIAL SY/EM & 9DIRECT ELECTIONS1 ! CLASS PR9CIPLE ) ! C5SUS PR9CIPLE4 ,IT MAKES ! C\NTY M>%AL ( ! NOBILITY ! EX-(FICIO *AIRMAN 9 ! DI/RICT C\NCIL1 & SECUR+ 9 IT TO ! NOBILITY CURIA HALF ( ! SEATS SUSP5DS OV] ALL RESOLUTIONS ( ! C\NCIL1 LIKE A ,DAMOCLES SWORD1 ! ?REAT5+ VETO ( ! GOV]NOR4 

,AS A RESULT ( ?IS PECULI>ITY ( ,RUSSIA'S SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 :I*1 9 ! P]IOD BE=E #aie MADE NOT ! URBAN B\RGEOISIE1 BUT C]TA9 /RATA ( ! NOBILITY ! ADVOCATES ( 0LIB]AL DREAMS0 H[EV] PALE1 EV5 ?IS P>ODY ( SELF-GOV]N+ 9/ITUTIONS REPRES5T$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN ZEM/VOS HAS BECOME1 9 ! H&S ( ! NOBILITY1 A FRAMEWORK = S]I\S SOCIAL & CULTURAL ACTIVITY4 ,H[EV]1 ! %>P CLA% ?AT IMM$IATELY >OSE BETWE5 LIB]ALISM1 NE/L+ 9 ! T]RITORIAL ADM9I/RATION1 ON ! ONE H&1 & ! BUREAUCRACY & GOV]NM5T ON ! O!R1 GL>+LY ILLUM9AT$ ! G5U9E CONTRADICTION BETWE5 MOD]N SELF-GOV]NM5T & ! M$IEVAL /ATE APP>ATUS ( ABSOLUTISNI4 ,BEG9N+ A FEW YE>S AFT] ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! ZEM/VOS1 ! COLLISION ) ! P[] ( ! GOV]NORS EXT5DS LIKE A R$ ?READ ?R\< ! HI/ORY ( SELF-GOV]NM5T 9 ,RUSSIA1 OSCILLAT+ BETWE5 ! DEPORTATION ( RECALCITRANT C\NCIL *AIRM5 TO MORE OR LESS DI/ANT REGIONS2 & ! BOLDE/ DREAMS ( ,RUSSIAN LIB]ALS 9 ! =M ( AN ALL-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ZEM/VOS :I* WAS SUPPOS$ TO BE TRANS=M$ 9TO A CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY ?AT W\LD ABOLI% ABSOLUTISM 9 A PEACEFUL MANN]4 

,! FEW YE>S ( ! ACTION ( ! .<#a#i#e.> REVOLUTION SOLV$ ?IS HI/ORICAL COLLISION1 VIOL5TLY MOV+ ! ,RUSSIAN NOBILITY TO ! SIDE ( REACTION & DEPRIV+ ! P>ODY ( T]RITORIAL SELF-GOV]NM5T ( ANY MY/IFY+ RESEMBLANCES TO LIB]ALISM4 ,?US WAS CLE>LY DEMON/RAT$ ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( RECONCIL+ ! DEMOCRATIC SELF-GOV]NM5T 9DISP5SABLE ,9 A B\RGEOIS SOCIETY ) ! RULE ( ABSOLUTISM1 AS WELL AS ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( GRAFT+ MOD]N B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY ONTO ! CLASS ACTION ( ! T]RITORIAL NOBILITY & ITS 9/ITUTIONS4 ,LOCAL SELF-GOV]NM5T 9 ! MOD]N S5SE 9 ONLY ONE ( ! DETAILS ( ! G5]AL POLITICAL PROGRAM :OSE IMPLEM5TATION 9 ! 5TIRE /ATE CON/ITUTES ! TASK ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,9 P>TICUL>1 ! ,K+DOM ( ,POL& & ,LI?UANIA MU/ P>TICIPATE 9 ?IS POLITICAL RE=M4 ,?IS ,K+DOM IS AT S5T A UNIQUE EXAMPLE ( A C\NTRY ) A HI<LY DEVELOP$ B\RGEOIS ECONOMY :I*1 H[EV]1 IS DEPRIV$ ( ANY TRACES ( LOCAL SELF-GOV]NM5T4 

,9 ANCI5T ,POL&1 A C\NTRY ( NATURAL ECONOMY & G5TRY RULE1 !RE OBVI\SLY WAS NO LOCAL SELF-GOV]NM5T4 ,POLI% DI/RICT & PROV9CIAL C\NCILS POSSESS$ ONLY FUNCTIONS CONNECT$ ) ELECTIONS TO ! SEJM4 ,AL?\< CITIES POSSESS$ !IR ,MAGDEBURG LAWS1 IMPORT$ FROM ,G]MANY & /&+ \TSIDE ! NATIONAL LAW1 9 ! SEV5TE5? & EI<TE5? C5TURIES1 ) ! COMPLETE DECL9E ( CITIES1 ! MAJORITY ( !M FELL UND] ! LAW ( S]FDOM OR REGRESS$ TO ! /ATUS ( RURAL SETTLEM5TS & COMMUNES1 & 9 CONSEQU5CE URBAN SELF-GOV]NM5T DISAPPE>$4 

,! ,DU*Y ( ,W>SAW1 :I* WAS AN EXP]IM5T ( ,NAPOLEON1 WAS 5D[$ ) A SY/EM ( SELF-GOV]NM5T BODILY TRANSF]R$ FROM ,FRANCE1 NOT ! ONE :I* WAS ! PRODUCT ( REVOLUTION1 BUT A SELF-GOV]NM5T SQUEEZ$ 9 ! CLAMPS ( ! ,/ATUTE ( ,PLUVOIS #b#h4 ,! ,DU*Y WAS DIVID$ 9TO DEP>TM5TS1 C\NTIES1 & COMMUNES ) 0MUNICIPAL0 SELF-GOV]NM5TS & 0PREFECTS0 :O APPO9T$ MUNICIPAL C\NCILORS FROM A LI/ ( C&IDATES ELECT$ AT C\NTY DIETS1 :I* WAS A SLAVI% COPY ( ! ,NAPOLEONIC 0LI/ES DE CONFIANCE0 9 ! DEP>TM5T4 ,!SE BODIES1 DE/9$ MA9LY TO IMPOSE /ATE TAXES1 HAD ONLY ADVISORY FUNCTIONS O!RWISE1 & LACK$ ANY EXECUTIVE ORGANS4 

,9 ! ,CONGRESS ,K+DOM1 ! ,FR5* APP>ATUS WAS COMPLETELY ABOLI%$2 ONLY ! DEP>TM5TS REMA9$1 R5AM$ 0VOYVOD%IP40 ,H[EV]1 !Y /ILL HAD NO SELF-GOV]N+ FUNCTIONS1 ONLY A C]TA9 9FLU5CE ON ! ELECTION ( JUDGES & ADM9I/RATIVE (FICIALS4 ,AFT] ! ,NOVEMB] ,9SURRECTION .<#a#h#c.>1 EV5 ?IS REMNANT ( SELF-GOV]N+ =MS WAS ABOLI%$1 & ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! %ORT P]IOD ( ,WIELOPOLSKI'S EXP]IM5T 9 #a#h#f#a1 :5 PROV9CIAL & C\NTY AS WELL AS URBAN C\NCILS W]E CREAT$ ON ! BASIS ( 9DIRECT1 MULTILEVEL ELECTIONS & )\T ANY EXECUTIVE ORGANS1 ! C\NTRY TO ?IS DAY REMA9S )\T ANY =M ( SELF-GOV]NM5T4 ,A WEAK CLASS COMMUNE CRIPPL$ BY ! GOV]NM5T IS ! ONLY RELIC 9 ?IS FIELD4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! ,K+DOM ( ,POL& REPRES5TS AT PRES5T1 AFT] A HUNDR$ YE>S ( ! OP]ATION ( ,RUSSIAN ABSOLUTISM1 SOME ANALOGY TO ?AT TABULA RASA :I* ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION CREAT$ 9 ,FRANCE 9 ORD] TO ]ECT ON ?IS GR\ND A RADICAL & DEMOCRATIC RE=M ( SELF-GOV]NM5T UNRE/RICT$ BY ANY HI/ORICAL SURVIVALS4 

  

,I,I,I 

,K>L ,KAUTSKY *>ACT]IZES ! BASIC ATTITUDE ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY TO ! QUE/ION ( AUTONOMY AS FOLL[S3 

,! C5TRALIZATION ( ! LEGISLATIVE PROCESS DID NOT BY ANY MEANS 9VOLVE ! COMPLETE C5TRALIZATION ( ADM9I/RATION4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y4 ,! SAME CLASSES :I* NE$$ UNIFICATION ( ! LAWS W]E OBLIG$ !REAFT] TO BR+ ! /ATE P[] UND] !IR CONTROL4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS TOOK PLACE ONLY 9COMPLETELY UND] ! P>LIAM5T>Y =M ( GOV]NM5T1 9 :I* ! GOV]NM5T IS DEP5D5T ON ! LEGISLATURE4 ,! ADM9I/RATION1 ) ! :OLE BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS AT ITS DISPOSAL1 WAS NOM9ALLY SUBORD9ATE TO ! C5TRAL LEGISLATURE1 BUT ! EXECUTIVE (T5 TURN$ \T TO BE /RONG] 9 PRACTICE4 ,! ADM9I/RATION 9FLU5CES ! VOT]S 9 ! LEGISLATURE ?R\< ITS BUREAUCRACY & ?R\< ITS P[] 9 LOCAL MATT]S2 IT CORRUPTS ! LEGISLATORS ?R\< ITS P[] TO DO !M FAVORS4 ,H[EV]1 ! /RONGLY C5TRALIZ$ BUREAUCRACY %[S ITSELF LESS & LESS ABLE TO COPE ) ! 9CREAS+ TASKS ( ! /ATE ADM9I/RATION4 ,IT IS OV]COME BY !M4 ,! RESULTS >E3 FUMBL+1 DELAYS1 PO/PON+ ! MO/ IMPORTANT MATT]S1 COMPLETE MISUND]/&+ ( ! RAPIDLY *ANG+ NE$S ( PRACTICAL LIFE1 MASSIVE WA/E ( TIME & LABOR 9 SUP]FLU\S P5CIL WORK4 ,!SE >E ! RAPIDLY 9CREAS+ %ORTCOM+S ( BUREAUCRATIC C5TRALISM4 

,?US !RE >ISES1 ALONG ) ! /RIV+ = UNI=MITY ( LEGISLATION1 AFT] ! SEV]AL PROV9CIAL LEGISLATURES HAVE BE5 SUP]S$$ BY A C5TRAL P>LIAM5T1 A /RIV+ = DEC5TRALIZATION ( ADM9I/RATION1 = LOCAL ADM9I/RATION ( ! PROV9CES & COMMUNES4 ,! ONE & ! O!R >E *>ACT]I/IC ( ! MOD]N /ATE4 

0,?IS SELF-GOV]NM5T DOES NOT MEAN ! RE/ORATION ( M$IEVAL P>TICUL>ISM4 ,! COMMUNE .<,GEME9DE.> & LIKEWISE ! PROV9CE7 DOES NOT BECOME A SELF-SUFFICI5T 5TITY AS IT ONCE WAS4 ,IT REMA9S A COMPON5T P>T ( ! GREAT :OLE1 ! NATION1 .<,H]E US$ AS SYNONYM\S ) 0/ATE40 - ,KAUTSKY.> & HAS TO WORK = IT & )9 ! LIMITS ?AT IT SETS4 ,! RI<TS & DUTIES ( ! 9DIVIDUAL COMMUNES AS AGA9/ ! /ATE >E NOT LAID D[N 9 SPECIAL TREATIES4 ,!Y >E A PRODUCT ( ! G5]AL SY/EM ( LAWS1 DET]M9$ = ALL BY ! C5TRAL P[] ( ! /ATE2 !Y >E DET]M9$ BY ! 9T]E/S ( ! :OLE /ATE OR ! NATION1 NOT BY ?OSE ( ! SEV]AL COMMUNES40 - ,K4 ,KAUTSKY1 ,D] ,P>LAM5T>ISMUS1 DIE ,VOLKSGESETZGEBUNG UND DIE ,SOZIALDEMOKRATIE1 P4#d#h4 

,IF ,COMRADE ,/AMPF] WILL KEEP SEP>ATE ! C5TRALIZATION ( ADM9I/RATION & ! C5TRALIZATION ( ! LEGISLATIVE PROCESS1 HE WILL F9D ?AT ! PA?S BE+ FOLL[$ BY ,G]MAN & ,AU/RIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY RESPECTIVELY >E NOT DIV]G+ AT ALL1 BUT >E GO+ 9 ! SAME DIRECTION AS ! :OLE ( MOD]N DEMOCRACY4 ,OPPOSITION TO ALL SPECIAL PRIVILEGES 9 ! C\NTRY1 /R5G!N+ ( ! C5TRAL LEGISLATURE AT ! EXP5SE ( ! PROV9CIAL P>LIAM5TS AS WELL AS ( ! GOV]NM5T ADM9I/RATION2 WEAK5+ ( ! C5TRAL ADM9I/RATION BO? ?R\< ! /R5G!N+ ( ! C5TRAL LEGISLATURE & ?R\< ! DEVOLUTION ( SELF-ADM9I/RATION TO ! COMMUNES & PROV9CES - ?IS LATT] PROCESS TAK+1 9 ,AU/RIA1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ITS [N LOCAL CONDITIONS1 ! =M ( SELF-ADM9I/RATION ( ! NATIONALITIES - BUT A SELF-ADM9I/RATION REGULAT$ = ! :OLE C\NTRY BY ! C5TRAL LEGISLATURE ALONG UNI=M L9ES3 ?AT IS1 9 SPITE ( ALL HI/ORICAL & O!R SOCIAL DIFF]5CES1 9 ,G]MANY & ,AU/RIA ! POSITION ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ON ! QUE/ION ( C5TRALISM & P>TICUL>ISM4.<#e.> 

,WE HAVE QUOT$ ! ABOVE EXT5SIVE >GUM5T ( ,KAUTSKY ON ! QUE/ION WE >E EXAM9+ BUT NOT BECAUSE WE UNRES]V$LY %>E HIS VIEWS4 ,! LEAD+ IDEA ( ?IS >GUM5T3 ! DIVISION ( MOD]N /ATE C5TRALISM 9TO ADM9I/RATIVE & LEGISLATIVE1 ! REJECTION ( ! =M] & ! ABSOLUTE REOGNITION ( ! LATT]1 APPE>S TO US SOME:AT TOO =MALI/IC & NOT QUITE PRECISE4 ,LOCAL AUTONOMY - PROV9CIAL1 MUNICIPAL1 & COMMUNAL - DOES NOT AT ALL DO AWAY ) ADM9I/RATIVE C5TRALISM3 AUTONOMY COV]S ONLY /RICTLY LOCAL MATT]S1 :ILE ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! /ATE AS A :OLE -MA9S 9 ! H&S ( ! C5TRAL AU?ORITY1 :I*1 EV5 9 SU* DEMOCRATIC /ATES AS ,SWITZ]L&1 %[S A CON/ANT T5D5CY TO EXT5D ITS COMPET5CE4 

,AN \T/&+ FEATURE ( MOD]N ADM9I/RATION 9 CONTRADI/9CTION TO M$IEVAL P>TICUL>ISM IS PRECISELY ! /RICT SUP]VISION BY C5TRAL 9/ITUTIONS & ! SUBORD9ATION ( ! LOCAL ADM9I/RATION TO ! UNI=M DIRECTION & CONTROL ! /ATE AU?ORITIES4 ,A TYPICAL ILLU/RATION ( ?IS >RANGEM5T IS ! DEP5D5CE ( ! MOD]N SELF-GOV]N+ (FICIALS 9 ,5GL& ON ! C5TRAL (FICES & EV5 ! SPECIAL CREATION OV] !M ( A C5TRAL ,LOCAL ,GOV]NM5T ,BO>D :I* ELIM9ATES G5U9E ADM9I/RATIVE DEC5TRALIZATION REPRES5T$ BY ! OLD SY/EM 9 :I*1 IT WILL BE RECALL$1 ! ALL-P[]FUL JU/ICES ( ! PEACE W]E 5TIRELY 9DEP5D5T ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 ! MO/ REC5T DEVELOPM5T ( SELF-GOV]NM5T 9 ,FRANCE PAVES ANEW ! WAY TO DEMOCRATIZATION1 & AT ! SAME TIME GRADUALLY ELIM9ATES ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! PREFECT FROM ! C5TRAL M9I/RIES1 A SY/EM ?AT HAD *>ACT]IZ$ ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,SECOND ,EMPIRE4 

,! ABOVE PH5OM5ON ALSO COMPLETELY CORRESPONDS TO ! G5]AL DIRECTION ( POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,A /RONG C5TRAL GOV]NM5T IS AN 9/ITUTION PECULI> NOT ONLY TO ! EPO* ( ABSOLUTISM AT ! DAWN ( B\RGEOIS DEVELOPM5T BUT ALSO TO B\RGEOIS SOCIETY ITSELF 9 ITS HI<E/ /AGE1 FL[]+1 & DECL9E4 ,! MORE EXT]NAL POLICY - COMM]CIAL1 AGGRESSIVE1 COLONIAL - BECOMES ! AXIS ( ! LIFE ( CAPITALISM1 ! MORE WE 5T] 9TO ! P]IOD ( IMP]IALI/IC 0GLOBAL0 POLICY1 :I* IS A NORMAL PHASE ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMY1 & ! MORE CAPITALISM NE$S A /RONG AU?ORITY1 A P[]FUL C5TRAL GOV]NM5T :I* CONC5TRATES 9 ITS H&S ALL ! RES\RCES ( ! /ATE = ! PROTECTION ( ITS 9T]E/S \TSIDE4 ,H5CE1 MOD]N AUTONOMY1 EV5 9 ITS WIDE/ APPLICATION1 F9DS DEF9ITE B>RI]S 9 ALL ?OSE ATTRIBUTES ( P[] :I* >E RELAT$ TO ! =EIGN POLICY ( A /ATE4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 AUTONOMY ITSELF PUTS UP B>RI]S TO LEGISLATIVE C5TRALIZATION1 BECAUSE )\T C]TA9 LEGISLATIVE COMPET5CES1 EV5 N>R[LY \TL9$ & PURELY LOCAL1 NO SELF-GOV]NM5T IS POSSIBLE4 ,! P[] ( ISSU+ )9 A C]TA9 SPH]E1 ON ITS [N 9ITIATIVE1 LAWS B9D+ = ! POPULATION1 & NOT M]ELY SUP]VIS+ ! EXECUTION ( LAWS ISSU$ BY ! C5TRAL LEGISLATIVE BODY1 CON/ITUTES PRECISELY ! S\L & CORE ( SELF-GOV]NM5T 9 ! MOD]N DEMOCRATIC S5SE - IT =MS ! BASIC FUNCTION ( MUNICIPAL & COMMUNAL C\NCILS AS WELL AS ( PROV9CIAL DIETS OR DEP>TM5TAL C\NCILS4 ,ONLY :5 ! LATT] 9 ,FRANCE ACQUIR$ ! RI<T ( DECID+ 9 ! LA/ 9/ANCE AB\T !IR PROBLEMS 9/EAD ( SUBMITT+ !IR OP9IONS 9 A CONSULTATIVE CAPACITY1 & P>TICUL>LY :5 !Y ACQUIR$ ! RI<T ( DRAFT+ !IR 9DEP5D5T BUDGET1 ONLY FROM ?AT TIME DATES ! REAL BEG9N+ ( ! AUTONOMY ( ! DEP>TM5TS4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 ! F\NDATION ( URBAN SELF-GOV]NM5T 9 ,G]MANY IS ! RI<T ( E/ABLI%+ ! BUDGET ( ! T[NS1 & 9 CONNECTION ) ?IS ! 9DEP5D5T FIX+ ( SUPPLEM5TS TO ! /ATE TAXES & ALSO ! 9TRODUCTION ( NEW COMMUNAL TAXES 7AL?\< )9 LIMITS FIX$ BY /ATE LAW74 ,FUR!R1 :51 = 9/ANCE1 ! CITY C\NCIL ( ,B]L9 OR ,P>IS ISSUES B9D+ REGULATIONS CONC]N+ ! BUILD+ CODE1 9SURANCE DUTIES = HOME 9DU/RY1 EMPLOYM5T & UNEMPLOYM5T AID1 ! CITY SEWAGE-DISPOSAL SY/EM1 COMMUNICATIONS1 ETC41 ALL !SE >E LEGISLATIVE ACTIVITIES4 ,! AXIS ( ! 9CESSANT /RUGGLE BETWE5 LOCAL REPRES5TATIVES & ORGANS ( ! C5TRAL ADM9I/RATION IS ! DEMOCRATIC T5D5CY CON/ANTLY TO EXP& ! LEGISLATIVE COMPET5CE ( ! ELECT$ ORGANS & TO R$UCE ! ADM9I/RATIVE COMPET5CE ( ! APPO9T$ ORGANS4 

,! ATTITUDE TO LOCAL AUTONOMY - ITS LEGISLATIVE & ADM9I/RATIVE FUNCTIONS - CON/ITUTES ! !ORETICAL BASIS ( ! POLITICAL FI<T :I* HAS BE5 GO+ ON = A LONG TIME BETWE5 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ON ! ONE H& & ! GOV]NM5T & ! B\RGEOIS P>TIES ON ! O!R4 ,! LATT] HOLD A UNI=M VIEW ON ! MATT] 9 QUE/ION EXCEPT = A SMALL GR\P ( EXTREME-LEFT PROGRESSIVES4 ,:ILE ! !ORY ( B\RGEOIS REACTION MA9TA9S ?AT LOCAL SELF-GOV]NM5T IS1 BY ITS NATURE1 ONLY A LOCALIZATION ( /ATE ADM9I/RATIONS1 ?AT ! COMMUNE1 DI/RICT1 OR PROV9CE AS A F9ANCIAL UNIT IS CALL$ TO ADM9I/] ! /ATE PROP]TY1 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY DEF5DS ! VIEW ?AT A COMMUNE1 DI/RICT1 OR PROV9CE IS A SOCIAL BODY CALL$ UPON TO TAKE C>E - 9 A LOCAL SPH]E - ( A NUMB] ( SOCIAL MATT]S & NOT ONLY F9ANCIAL ONES4 ,! PRACTICAL CONCLUSION ( !SE TWO !ORIES IS ?AT ! B\RGEOIS P>TIES 9SI/ ?AT ELECTORAL RI<TS TO SELF-GOV]N+ BODIES %\LD BE LIMIT$ BY A PROP]TY QUALIFICATION1 :ILE ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY CALLS = A UNIV]SAL & EQUAL ELECTORAL RI<T = ! :OLE POPULATION4 ,G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 ! PROGRESS ( MOD]N SELF GOV]NM5T T[>D DEMOCRACY CAN BE MEASUR$ BY ! EXPANSION ( ! GR\PS ( POPULATION :I* P>TICIPATE 9 SELF-GOV]NM5T BY WAY ( ELECTIONS1 AS WELL AS BY ! DEGREE TO :I* !IR REPRES5TATIVE BODIES EXT5D !IR COMPET5CE4 ,! TRANSF] ( SOME ACTIVITIES FROM ! ADM9I/RATION TO ! LEGISLATIVE1 REPRES5TATIVE BODIES IS A MEASURE EXT5D+ ! LATT]'S COMPET5CE4 ,IT SEEMS !RE=E ?AT ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATE APP>ATUS CAN BE SEP>AT$ FROM LOCAL SELF-GOV]NM5T1 & MOD]N SELF-GOV]NM5T FROM FEUDAL & PETIT B\RGEOIS P>TICUL>ISM4 ,?IS CAN BE DONE1 9 \R OP9ION1 NOT BY A =MALI/IC APPROA*1 :]EBY ! LEGISLATIVE & ! ADM9I/RATIVE P[]S >E SEP>AT$1 BUT BY SEP>AT+ SOME SPH]ES ( SOCIAL LIFE - NAMELY ?OSE :I* CON/ITUTE ! CORE ( A CAPITALI/ ECONOMY & ( A BIG B\RGEOIS /ATE - FROM ! SPH]E ( LOCAL 9T]E/S4 

,9 P>TICUL>1 ,KAUTSKY'S =MULA 9CLUD+ NATIONAL AUTONOMY UND] ! G5]AL HEAD+ ( LOCAL SELF-GOV]NM5T W\LD1 9 VIEW ( HIS !ORY AB\T LEGISLATIVE C5TRALIZATION LEAD ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY TO REFUSE TO RECOGNIZE REGIONAL DIETS ON ! GR\ND ?AT !Y W]E A MANIFE/ATION ( LEGISLATIVE DEC5TRALIZATION1 I4E41 M$IEVAL P>TICUL>ISM4 ,KAUTSKY'S >GUM5TS >E 9 !IR ESS5CE EXTREMELY VALUABLE AS AN 9DICATION CONC]N+ ! G5]AL T5D5CY 9 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC POLICY1 CONC]N+ ITS BASIC /&PO9T T[>D C5TRALISM & BIG P[] POLICY ON ! ONE H& & P>TICUL>I/IC T5D5CIES ON ! O!R4 ,BUT PRECISELY FROM ! SAME F\NDATIONS FROM :I*1 9 ALL CAPITALI/IC /ATES1 GR[S LOCAL SELF-GOV]NM5T1 !RE ALSO GR[S 9 C]TA9 CONDITIONS NATIONAL AUTONOMY1 ) LOCAL LEGISLATION AS AN 9DEP5D5T MANIFE/ATION ( MOD]N SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 :I* HAS AS LITTLE 9 COMMON ) M$IEVAL P>TICUL>ISM AS ! PRES5T-DAY CITY C\NCIL HAS ) A P>LIAM5T ( ! ANCI5T ,HANSEATIC REPUBLIC4 

.<#a.> ,K>L ,M>X1 ,! ,EI<TE5? ,BRUMAIRE ( ,L\IS ,BONAP>TE 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#f#i71 PP4#a#b#a-#b#c4 

.<#b.> ,QUOT$ 9 ,AVALOV1 ,DEC5TRALIZATION & ,SELF-GOV]NM5T 9 ,FRANCE1 ,DEP>TM5TAL ,C\NCILS FROM ! ,RE=M ( ,BONAP>TE TO ,\R ,DAYS1 P4#b#d#f4 ,ORIG9AL NOTE BY ,R4,L4 

.<#c.> ,?IS FACT IS QUOT$ BY ,G4 ,WEILL1 ,HI/OIRE DU M\VEM5T SOCIAL 5 ,FRANCE 7#a#i#d71 P4#a#b4 ,ORIG9AL NOTE BY ,R4,L4 

.<#d.>,IBID41 P4#a#a4 ,ORIG9AL NOTE BY ,R4,L4 

.<#e.> ,K>L ,KAUTSKY1 ,P>TIKUL>ISMUS & ,SOZIALDEMOKRATIE1 9 ,DIE ,NEUE ,ZEIT1 #a#h#i#h-#a#h#i#i1 ,VOL4,I1 PP4#e#e-#f4 

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,! ,NATIONAL ,QUE/ION & ,AUTONOMY 

,CAPITALISM TRANS=MS SOCIAL LIFE FROM ! MAT]IAL F\NDATIONS UP TO ! TOP - ! CULTURAL ASPECTS4 ,IT HAS PRODUC$ A :OLE S]IES ( 5TIRELY NEW ECONOMIC PH5OM5A3 BIG 9DU/RY1 MA*9E PRODUCTION1 PROLET>IZATION1 CONC5TRATION ( PROP]TY1 9DU/RIAL CRISES1 CAPITALI/ MONOPOLIES1 MOD]N 9DU/RY1 LABOR ( WOM5 & *ILDR51 ETC4 ,CAPITALISM HAS PRODUC$ A NEW C5T] ( SOCIAL LIFE3 ! BIG CITY1 AS WELL AS A NEW SOCIAL CLASS3 ! PR(ESSIONAL 9TELLIG5TSIA4 ,CAPITALI/ ECONOMY ) ITS HI<LY DEVELOP$ DIVISION ( LABOR & CON/ANT PROGRESS ( TE*NOLOGY NE$S A L>GE SPECIALIZ$ /AFF ( EMPLOYES ) TE*NICAL TRA9+3 5G9E]S1 *EMI/S1 >*ITECTS1 ELECTRICIANS1 ETC4 ,CAPITALI/ 9DU/RY & COMM]CE NE$ A :OLE >MY ( LAWY]S3 ATTORNEYS1 NOT>IES1 JUDGES1 ETC4 ,B\RGEOIS MANAGEM5T1 ESPECIALLY 9 BIG CITIES1 HAS MADE HEAL? A PUBLIC MATT] & DEVELOP$ = ITS S]VICE L>GE NUMB]S ( PHYSICIANS1 PH>MACI/S1 MIDWIVES1 D5TI/S1 AS WELL AS PUBLIC HOSPITALS ) APPROPRIATE /AFFS4 ,CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION REQUIRES NOT ONLY SPECIALLY TRA9$ PRODUCTION MANAG]S BUT UNIV]SAL1 ELEM5T>Y1 POPUL> $UCATION1 BO? TO RAISE ! G5]AL CULTURAL LEVEL ( ! PEOPLE :I* CREATES EV] GR[+ NE$S1 & CONSEQU5TLY DEM& = MASS >TICLES1 & TO DEVELOP A PROP]LY $UCAT$ & 9TELLIG5T WORK] CAPABLE ( OP]AT+ L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY4 ,H5CE1 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY EV]Y:]E1 POPUL> $UCATION & VOCATIONAL TRA9+ >E 9DISP5SABLE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY WE SEE PUBLIC S*OOLS & NUM]\S ELEM5T>Y1 SECOND>Y1 & COLLEGE TEA*]S1 LIBR>IES1 READ+ ROOMS1 ETC4 

,CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION & P>TICIPATION 9 ! WORLD M>KET >E IMPOSSIBLE )\T APPROPRIATELY EXT5SIVE1 SPE$Y1 & CON/ANT COMMUNICATION - BO? MAT]IAL & CULTURAL4 ,B\RGEOIS SOCIETY HAS ?US CREAT$ ON ! ONE H& RAILROADS & MOD]N PO/AL & TELEGRAPH S]VICES1 & ON ! O!R BAS$ ON !SE MAT]IAL F\NDATIONS - A P]IODICAL PRESS1 A SOCIAL PH5OM5ON :I* BE=E WAS 5TIRELY UNKN[N4 ,TO WORK = ! PRESS !RE HAS COME 9TO BE+ 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY A NUM]\S CATEGORY ( PR(ESSIONAL J\RNALI/S & PUBLICI/S4 ,CAPITALISM HAS MADE ANY MANIFE/ATION ( HUMAN 5]GY1 9CLUD+ >TI/IC CREATIVITY1 AN OBJECT ( COMM]CE1 :ILE ON ! O!R H&1 BY MAK+ >T OBJECTS ACCESSIBLE TO ! BROAD MASSES ( ! PEOPLE ?R\< MASS PRODUCTION1 IT HAS MADE >T AN EV]YDAY NE$ ( AT LEA/ URBAN SOCIETY4 ,!AT]1 MUSIC1 PA9T+1 SCULPTURE1 :I*1 9 ! P]IOD ( NATURAL ECONOMY HAD BE5 A MONOPOLY & PRIVATE LUXURY ( 9DIVIDUAL1 P[]FUL SPONSORS1 >E 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY A PUBLIC 9/ITUTION & P>T & P>CEL ( ! NORMAL DAILY LIFE ( ! URBAN POPULATION4 ,! WORK]'S CULTURAL NE$S >E MET 9 ! TAV]NS OR BE] G>D5S & BY *EAP BOOK ILLU/RATIONS & JUNKY ORNAM5TS2 HE ADORNS HIS P]SON & HIS LODG+ ) >TI/IC TAWDR9ESS1 :ILE ! B\RGEOISIE HAS AT ITS DISPOSAL PHILH>MONICS1 FIR/-RATE !AT]S1 WORKS ( G5IUS1 & OBJECTS ( ELEGANCE4 ,H[EV]1 ! ONE & ! O!R K9D ( CONSUMPTION CALLS =? A NUM]\S CLASS ( >TI/S & >TI/IC PRODUC]S4 

,9 ?IS WAY CAPITALISM CREATES A :OLE NEW CULTURE3 PUBLIC $UCATION1 DEVELOPM5T ( SCI5CE1 ! FL[]+ ( LE>N+1 J\RNALISM1 A SPECIFICALLY GE>$ >T4 ,H[EV]1 !SE >E NOT JU/ ME*ANICAL APP5DAGES TO ! B>E PROCESS ( PRODUCTION OR ME*ANICALLY SEP>AT$ LIFELESS P>TS4 ,! CULTURE ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY ITSELF CON/ITUTES A LIV+ & TO SOME EXT5T AUTONOM\S 5TITY4 ,9 ORD] TO EXI/ OR DEVELOP1 ?IS SOCIETY NOT ONLY NE$S C]TA9 RELATION%IPS ( PRODUCTION1 EX*ANGE1 A ND COMMUNICATION1 BUT IT ALSO CREATES A C]TA9 SET ( 9TELLECTUAL RELATIONS )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( CONTRADICTORY CLASS 9T]E/S4 ,IF ! CLASS /RUGGLE IS A NATURAL PRODUCT ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY !N ITS NATURAL NE$S >E ! CONDITIONS ?AT MIKE ?IS CLASS /RUGGLE POSSIBLE2 H5CE NOT ONLY MOD]N POLITICAL =MS1 DEMOCRACY1 P>LIAM5T>IANISM1 BUT ALSO OP5 PUBLIC LIFE1 ) AN OP5 EX*ANGE ( VIEWS & CONFLICT+ CONVICTIONS1 AN 9T5SE 9TELLECTUAL LIFE1 :I* ALONE MAKES ! /RUGGLE ( CLASSES & P>TIES POSSIBLE4 ,POPUL> $UCATION1 J\RNALISM1 SCI5CE1 >T - GR[+ AT FIR/ )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION - BECOME 9 !MSELVES AN 9DISP5SABLE NE$ & CONDITION ( EXI/5CE ( MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,S*OOLS1 LIBR>IES1 NEWSPAP]S1 !AT]S1 PUBLIC LECTURES1 PUBLIC DISCUSSIONS GR[ 9TO ! NORMAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 9TO ! 9DISP5SABLE 9TELLECTUAL ATMOSPH]E ( EA* MEMB] ( ! MOD]N1 P>TICUL>LY URBAN SOCIETY1 EV5 \TSIDE ! CONNECTION ( !SE PH5OM5A ) ECONOMIC CONDITIONS4 ,9 A WORD1 ! VULG> MAT]IAL PROCESS ( CAPITALISM CREATES A :OLE NEW IDEOLOGICAL 0SUP]/RUCTURE0 ) AN EXI/5CE & DEVELOPM5T :I* >E TO SOME EXT5T AUTONOM\S4 

,H[EV]1 CAPITALISM DOES NOT CREATE ?AT 9TELLECTUAL SPIRIT 9 ! AIR OR 9 ! !ORETICAL VOID ( AB/RACTION1 BUT 9 A DEF9ITE T]RITORY1 A DEF9ITE SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T1 A DEF9ITE LANGUAGE1 )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( C]TA9 TRADITIONS1 9 A WORD1 )9 DEF9ITE NATIONAL =MS4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 BY ?AT V]Y CULTURE IT SETS AP>T A C]TA9 T]RITORY & A C]TA9 POPULATION AS A CULTURAL NATIONAL 5TITY 9 :I* IT CREATES A SPECIAL1 CLOS] COHESION & CONNECTION ( 9TELLECTUAL 9T]E/S4 

,ANY IDEOLOGY IS BASICALLY ONLY A SUP]/RUCTURE ( ! MAT]IAL & CLASS CONDITIONS ( A GIV5 EPO*4 ,H[EV]1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ! IDEOLOGY ( EA* EPO* H>KS BACK TO ! IDEOLOGICAL RESULTS ( ! PREC$+ EPO*S1 :ILE ON ! O!R H& IT HAS ITS [N LOGICAL DEVELOPM5T 9 A C]TA9 >EA4 ,?IS IS ILLU/RAT$ BY ! SCI5CES AS WELL AS BY RELIGION1 PHILOSOPHY1 & >T4 

,! CULTURAL & ES!TIC VALUES CREAT$ BY CAPITALISM 9 A GIV5 5VIRONM5T NOT ONLY ASSUME A C]TA9 NATIONAL QUALITY ?R\< ! MA9 ORGAN ( CULTURAL PRODUCTION1 I4E41 ! LANGUAGE1 BUT M]GE ) ! TRADITIONAL CULTURE ( SOCIETY1 :OSE HI/ORY BECOMES SATURAT$ ) ITS DI/9CT CULTURAL *>ACT]I/ICS2 9 A WORD1 ?IS CULTURE TURNS 9TO A NATIONAL CULTURE ) AN EXI/5CE & DEVELOPM5T ( ITS [N4 ,! BASIC FEATURES & F\NDATIONS ( MOD]N CULTURE 9 ALL B\RGEOIS C\NTRIES >E COMMON1 9T]NATIONAL1 & ! T5D5CY ( CONTEMPOR>Y DEVELOPM5T IS D\BTLESS T[>D AN EV] GREAT] COMMUNITY ( 9T]NATIONAL CULTURE4 ,H[EV]1 )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ?IS HI<LY COSMOPOLITAN1 B\RGEOIS CULTURE1 ,FR5* IS CLE>LY DI/+UI%$ FROM ,5GLI% CULTURE1 ,G]MAN FROM ,DUT*1 ,POLI% FROM ,RUSSIAN1 AS SO MANY SEP>ATE TYPES4 

,! BORD]L9ES ( HI/ORICAL /AGES & ! HI/ORICAL 0SEAMS0 >E LEA/ DETECTABLE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN IDEOLOGY4.<#a.> ,BECAUSE ! MOD]N CAPITALI/ CULTURE IS AN HEIR TO & CONT9UATOR ( E>LI] CULTURES1 :AT DEVELOPS IS ! CONT9UITY & MONOLI?IC QUALITY ( A NATIONAL CULTURE :I*1 ON ! SURFACE1 %[S NO CONNECTION ) ! P]IOD ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY & B\RGEOIS RULE4 ,= ! PHRASEMONG] ( ! 0,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY10 OR M9DLESS 0SOCIOLOGI/0 ( SOCIAL PATRIOTISM1 ! CULTURE ( PRES5T-DAY ,POL& IS1 9 ITS CORE1 ! SAME UN*ANG$ 0CULTURE ( ! ,POLI% NATION0 AS AT ! TIME ( ,BATORY OR ,/ANISLAS ,AUGU/US1 :ILE ,/RASZEWICZ1 ,SWIATO*[SKI1 & ,SI5KIEWICZ >E DIRECT-L9E SPIRITUAL HEIRS ( ,REY ( ,NAGT[ICE1 ,PASEK1 & ,MICKIEWICZ4 ,9 FACT1 H[EV]1 ! LIT]ATURE & ! PRESS 9 MOD]N1 B\RGEOIS ,POL& >E APPALL+LY TRIVIAL2 ,POLI% SCI5CE & ! 5TIRE ,POLI% CULTURE >E APPALL+LY POOR3 !Y BELONG 9 A NEW HI/ORICAL /AGE COMPLETELY ALI5 9 SPIRIT & CONT5T TO ! OLD CULTURE ( FEUDAL ,POL&1 MIRROR$ 9 ITS LA/ MONUM5TAL WORK1 ,PAN ,TADEUSZ4 ,PRES5T-DAY ,POLI% CULTURE1 9 ALL ITS DE/ITUTION1 IS A MOD]N PRODUCT ( ! SAME CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ?AT *A9$ ,POL& TO ,RUSSIA & PLAC$ AT ! HEAD ( SOCIETY1 9 ! ROLE ( RUL+ CLASS1 A RABBLE ( HET]OG5E\S MONEYMAK]S )\T A PA/1 )\T A REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION1 & PR(ESSIONAL TRAITORS TO ! NATIONAL CAUSE4 ,! PRES5T-DAY B\RGEOIS LE>N+1 >T1 & J\RNALISM ( ,POL& >E 9 SPIRIT & CONT5T IDEOLOGICAL HI]OGLYPHS FROM :I* A MAT]IALI/ HI/ORIAN READS ! HI/ORY ( ! FALL ( G5TRY ,POL&1 ! HI/ORY ( 0ORGANIC WORK10 CONCILIATION1 ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY1 DEPUTATIONS1 MEMOR&A1 UP TO ! 0NATIONAL0 ELECTIONS TO ! CZ>I/ ,DUMA UND] A /ATE ( EM]G5CY1 & 0NATIONAL0 TE5S TO MURD] ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ WORK]S4 ,CAPITALISM CREAT$ MOD]N ,POLI% NATIONAL CULTURE1 ANNIHILAT+ 9 ! SAME PROCESS ,POLI% NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE4 

,CAPITALISM ANNIHILAT$ ,POLI% NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE BUT AT ! SAME TIME CREAT$ MOD]N ,POLI% NATIONAL CULTURE4 ,?IS NATIONAL CULTURE IS A PRODUCT 9DISP5SABLE )9 ! FRAME-WORK ( B\RGEOIS ,POL&2 ITS EXI/5CE & DEVELOPM5T >E A HI/ORICAL NECESSITY1 CONNECT$ ) ! CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T ITSELF4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM1 :I* *A9$ ,POL& TO ,RUSSIA BY SOCIO-ECONOMIC TIES1 UND]M9$ ,RUSSIAN ABSOLUTISM1 UNIT$ & REVOLUTIONIZ$ ! ,RUSSIAN & ,POLI% PROLET>IAT AS A CLASS CALL$ UPON TO OV]?R[ ABSOLUTISM1 & 9 ?IS WAY CREAT$1 UND] ! ,CZ>S1 ! 9DISP5SABLE PRECONDITIONS = A*IEV+ POLITICAL FRE$OM4 ,BUT )9 ! FRAMEWORK & AGA9/ ! BACKGR\ND ( ?IS G5]AL T5D5CY T[>D ! DEMOCRATIZATION ( ! /ATE1 CAPITALISM AT ! SAME TIME KNIT MORE CLOSELY ! SOCIO-ECONOMIC & CULTURAL-NATIONAL LIFE ( ! ,POLI% K+DOM1 ?US PREP>+ ! OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS = ! REALIZATION ( ,POLI% NATIONAL AUTONOMY4 

,AS WE HAVE SE51 ! REQUIREM5TS ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM LEAD ) HI/ORIC NECESSITY 9 ALL MOD]N /ATES TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( LOCAL SELF-GOV]NM5T ?R\< ! P>TICIPATION ( ! PEOPLE 9 C>RY+ \T SOCIO-POLITICAL FUNCTIONS ON ALL LEVELS1 FROM ! COMMUNE TO ! DI/RICT & PROV9CE4 ,:]E1 H[EV]1 9SIDE A MOD]N /ATE !RE EXI/ DI/9CT NATIONALITY DI/RICTS CON/ITUT+ AT ! SAME TIME T]RITORIES ) C]TA9 ECONOMIC & SOCIAL DI/9CTIONS1 ! SAME REQUIREM5TS ( ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMY MAKE SELF-GOV]NM5T ON ! HI<E/1 C\NTRY-WIDE LEVEL1 9DISP5SABLE4 ,ON ?IS LEVEL1 LOCAL SELF-GOV]NM5T IS ALSO TRANS=M$1 AS A RESULT ( A NEW FACTOR1 NATIONAL-CULTURAL DI/9CTNESS1 9TO A SPECIAL TYPE ( DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTION APPLICABLE ONLY 9 QUITE SPECIFIC CONDITIONS4 

,! ,MOSC[-,VLADIMIR 9DU/RIAL DI/RICT1 ) ITS ECONOMIC A*IEVEM5TS1 LOCAL SPECIFIC 9T]E/S1 & CONC5TRATION ( POPULATION1 DIFF]S C]TA9LY AS MU* FROM ! VA/ ,RUSSIAN SPACE SURR\ND+ IT AS DOES ! ,K+DOM ( ,POL&4 ,H[EV]1 ! FACTOR DI/+UI%+ \R C\NTRY FROM ! C5TRAL DI/RICT ( ,RUSSIA 9 A DECISIVE WAY1 IS ! DI/9CTNESS ( ! CULTURAL-NATIONAL EXI/5CE1 :I* CREATES A :OLE SPH]E ( SEP>ATE COMMON 9T]E/S BESIDES PURELY ECONOMIC & SOCIAL ONES4 ,JU/ AS AN URBAN OR VILLAGE COMMUNE1 DI/RICT1 DEP>TM5T OR GUB]NIA1 PROV9CE OR REGION MU/ POSSESS1 9 KEEP+ ) ! SPIRIT ( MOD]N SELF-GOV]NM5T1 A C]TA9 RANGE ( LOCAL LEGISLATION CONTA9$ )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( /ATE LAWS1 NATIONAL SELF-GOV]NM5T1 9 ! SPIRIT ( DEMOCRACY1 MU/ BE BAS$ ON ! REPRES5TATION ( ! PEOPLE & !IR P[] ( LOCAL LEGISLATION )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( /ATE LAWS1 TO SATISFY ! NATIONAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC & CULTURAL-NATIONAL NE$S4 

,! 5TIRE MOD]N CULTURE IS1 ABOVE ALL1 A CLASS1 B\RGEOIS CULTURE4 ,LE>N+ & >T1 S*OOL & !AT]1 PR(ESSIONAL 9TELLIG5TSIA1 ! PRESS - ALL PRIM>ILY S]VE ! B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 >E IMBU$ ) ITS PR9CIPLES1 ITS SPIRIT1 ITS T5D5CY4 ,BUT ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ! B\RGEOIS SY/EM1 LIKE ! CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ITSELF1 >E1 9 ! SPIRIT ( ! HI/ORICAL DIALECTIC1 TW(OLD1 D\BLE-$G$ PH5OM5A3 ! MEANS ( CLASS DEVELOPM5T & RULE >E AT ! SAME TIME SO MANY MEANS = ! RISE ( ! PROLET>IAT AS A CLASS TO ! /RUGGLE = EMANCIPATION1 = ! ABOLITION ( B\RGEOIS RULE4 ,POLITICAL FRE$OM1 P>LIAM5T>IANISM >E1 9 ALL PRES5T-DAY /ATES1 TOOLS = BUILD+ UP CAPITALISM & ! 9T]E/S ( ! B\RGEOISIE AS ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,H[EV]1 ! SAME DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS & B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T>IANISM >E1 AT A C]TA9 LEVEL1 AN 9DISP5SABLE S*OOL ( ! PROLET>IAT'S POLITICAL & CLASS MATURITY1 A CONDITION ( ORGANIZ+ IT 9TO A ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC P>TY1 ( TRA9+ IT 9 OP5 CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,! SAME APPLIES TO ! SPH]E ( ! 9TELLECT4 ,! BASIC S*OOL1 ELEM5T>Y $UCATION1 IS NECESS>Y = B\RGEOIS SOCIETY 9 ORD] TO CREATE APPROPRIATE MASS CONSUMPTION AS WELL AS AN APPROPRIATE CONT+5T ( ABLE WORK+ H&S4 ,BUT ! SAME S*OOL & $UCATION BECOME ! BASIC TOOLS ( ! PROLET>IAT AS A REVOLUTION>Y CLASS4 ,! SOCIAL1 HI/ORICAL1 PHILOSOPHICAL1 & NATURAL SCI5CES >E TODAY ! IDEOLOGICAL PRODUCTS ( ! B\RGEOISIE & EXPRESSIONS ( ITS NE$S & CLASS T5D5CIES4 ,BUT ON A C]TA9 LEVEL ( ITS DEVELOPM5T ! WORK+ CLASS RECOGNIZES ?AT = IT ALSO 0KN[L$GE IS P[]0 - NOT 9 ! TA/ELESS S5SE ( B\RGEOIS 9DIVIDUALISM & ITS PREA*+S ( 09DU/RI\SNESS & DILIG5CE0 AS A MEANS ( A*IEV+ 0HAPP9ESS10 BUT 9 ! S5SE ( KN[L$GE AS A LEV] ( CLASS /RUGGLE1 AS ! REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS ( ! WORK+ MASSES4 ,F9ALLY1 SOCIALISM1 :I* L9KS ! 9T]E/ ( ! WORK]S AS A CLASS ) ! DEVELOPM5T & FUTURE ( MANK9D AS A GREAT CULTURAL BRO!RHOOD1 PRODUCES A P>TICUL> AFF9ITY ( ! PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE ) ! 9T]E/S ( CULTURE AS A :OLE1 & CAUSES ! SEEM+LY CONTRADICTORY & P>ADOXICAL PH5OM5ON ?AT ! CONSCI\S PROLET>IAT IS TODAY 9 ALL C\NTRIES ! MO/ >D5T & IDEALI/IC ADVOCATE ( ! 9T]E/S ( LE>N+ & >T1 ! SAME B\RGEOIS CULTURE ( :I* IT IS TODAY ! DIS9H]IT$ /EP*ILD4 

,! NATIONAL AUTONOMY ( ! ,K+DOM ( ,POL& IS PRIM>ILY NECESS>Y = ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE TO /R5G!N ITS CLASS RULE & TO DEVELOP ITS 9/ITUTIONS 9 ORD] TO EXPLOIT & OPPRESS ) NO RE/RICTIONS :ATSOEV]4 ,9 ! SAME WAY AS ! MOD]N /ATE-POLITICAL P>LIAM5T>Y 9/ITUTIONS1 &1 AS !IR COROLL>Y1 ! 9/ITUTIONS ( LOCAL SELF-GOV]NM5T >E ON A C]TA9 LEVEL AN 9DISP5SABLE TOOL ( B\RGEOIS RULE & A CLOSE H>MONIZATION ( ALL /ATE & SOCIAL FUNCTIONS ) ! 9T]E/S ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 9 A N>R[] S5SE1 NATIONAL AUTONOMY IS AN 9DISP5SABLE TOOL ( ! /RICT APPLICATION ( ! SOCIAL FUNCTIONS 9 A C]TA9 T]RITORY TO ! SPECIAL B\RGEOIS 9T]E/S ( ?AT T]RITORY4 ,ABSOLUTISM1 :I* SAFE-GU>D$ ! CRUDE/ AL?\< ! MO/ IMPORTANT VITAL 9T]E/ ( ! RUL+ CLASSES1 VIZ41 ! LIMITLESS EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK+ /RATA1 NATURALLY1 AT ! SAME TIME1 SACRIFIC$ TO ITS [N 9T]E/S & WORK+ ME?ODS ALL SUBTLE 9T]E/S & =MS ( B\RGEOIS RULE1 I4E41 TREAT$ !M ) ,ASIATIC RU?LESSNESS4 ,POLITICAL LIB]TY & SELF-GOV]NM5T WILL EV5TUALLY GIVE ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE ! POSSIBILITY ( UTILIZ+ A NUMB] ( PRES5TLY NEGLECT$ SOCIAL FUNCTIONS - S*OOLS1 RELIGI\S WOR%IP1 & ! 5TIRE CULTURAL-SPIRITUAL LIFE ( ! C\NTRY - = ITS [N CLASS 9T]E/S4 ,BY MANN+ ALL (FICES ( ! ADM9I/RATION1 JUDICI>Y1 & POLITICS1 ! B\RGEOISIE WILL BE ABLE TO ASSIMILATE G5U9ELY !SE NATURAL ORGANS ( CLASS RULE ) ! SPIRIT & HOME NE$S ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 & SO TURN !M 9TO FLEXIBLE1 ACCURATE1 & SUBTLE TOOLS ( ! ,POLI% RUL+ CLASSES4 ,NATIONAL AUTONOMY1 AS A P>T ( ALL-/ATE POLITICAL FRE$OM1 IS1 9 A WORD1 ! MO/ MATURE POLITICAL =M ( B\RGEOIS RULE 9 ,POL&4 

,H[EV]1 PRECISELY = ?IS REASON1 AUTONOMY IS AN 9DISP5SABLE CLASS NE$ ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT4 ,! RIP] ! B\RGEOIS 9/ITUTIONS GR[1 ! DEEP] !Y P5ETRATE ! SOCIAL FUNCTIONS1 ! MORE GR\ND !Y COV] )9 ! V>IEGAT$ 9TELLECTUAL & ES!TIC SPH]E1 ! BROAD] GR[S ! BATTLEFIELD & ! BIGG] ! NUMB] ( FIR+ L9ES :]EFROM ! PROLET>IAT CONDUCTS ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,! MORE UNRE/RICT$LY & EFFICI5TLY ! DEVELOPM5T ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY PROCE$S1 ! MORE C\RAGE\SLY & SURELY ADVANCES ! CONSCI\SNESS1 POLITICAL MATURITY1 & UNIFICATION ( ! PROLET>IAT AS A CLASS4 

,! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT NE$S = ITS CLASS /RUGGLE ALL ! COMPON5TS ( :I* A SPIRITUAL CULTURE IS MADE2 PRIM>ILY1 ITS 9T]E/S1 ESS5TIALLY BAS$ ON ! SOLID>ITY ( NATIONS & /RIV+ T[>D IT1 REQUIRE ! ELIM9ATION ( NATIONAL OPPRESSION1 & GU>ANTEES AGA9/ SU* OPPRESSION WORK$ \T 9 ! C\RSE ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,MOREOV]1 A NORMAL1 BROAD1 & UNRE/RICT$ CULTURAL LIFE ( ! C\NTRY IS JU/ AS 9DISP5SABLE = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT'S CLASS /RUGGLE AS = ! EXI/5CE ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY ITSELF4 

,NATIONAL AUTONOMY HAS ! SAME AIMS AS >E CONTA9$ 9 ! POLITICAL PROGRAM ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT3 ! OV]?R[ ( ABSOLUTISM & ! A*IEVEM5T ( POLITICAL FRE$OM 9 ! C\NTRY AT L>GE2 ?IS IS BUT A P>T ( ! PROGRAM RESULT+ BO? FROM ! PROGRESSIVE TR5DS ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T & FROM ! CLASS 9T]E/S (4 ! PROLET>IAT4 

  

,I,I 

,! NATIONAL SEP>AT5ESS ( A C]TA9 T]RITORY 9 A MOD]N /ATE IS NOT BY ITSELF A SUFFICI5T BASIS = AUTONOMY2 ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 NATIONALITY & POLITICAL LIFE IS PRECISELY :AT CALLS = CLOS] EXAM9ATION4 ,!ORETICIANS ( NATIONALISM USUALLY CONSID] NATIONALITY 9 G5]AL AS A NATURAL1 UN*ANGEABLE PH5OM5ON1 \TSIDE SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 A CONS]VATIVE PH5OM5ON RESI/+ ALL HI/ORICAL VICISSITUDES1 ,9 ACCORDANCE ) ?IS VIEW B\RGEOIS NATIONALISM F9DS ! MA9 S\RCES ( NATIONAL VITALITY & /R5G? NOT 9 ! MOD]N HI/ORICAL =MATION1 I4E41 URBAN1 B\RGEOIS CULTURE1 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 9 ! TRADITIONAL =MS ( LIFE ( ! RURAL POPULATION4 ,! PEASANT MASS ) ITS SOCIAL CONS]VATISM APPE>S TO ! ROMANTICS ( NATIONALISM AS ! ONLY G5U9E MA9/AY ( ! NATIONAL CULTURE1 AN UN%AKABLE =TRESS ( NATIONAL DI/9CTNESS1 ! /RON<OLD ( ! PROP] NATIONAL G5IUS & SPIRIT4 ,:51 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 !RE BEGAN TO FL\RI%1 9 CONNECTION ) ! NATIONALI/ TR5D 9 ! POLITICS ( ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE1 SO-CALL$ FOLKLORISM1 IT TURN$ ABOVE ALL TO ! TRADITIONAL =MS ( PEASANT CULTURE AS TO ! TREASURY 9 :I* EV]Y NATION DEPOSITS 0! ?READS ( ITS ?\<TS & ! FL[]S ( ITS FEEL+S40 ,9 ! SAME WAY AT PRES5T1 ! REC5TLY AWAK5$ ,LI?UANIAN1 ,BYELORUSSIAN1 & ,UKRA9IAN NATIONALISM BASES ITSELF 5TIRELY ON ! RURAL POPULATION & ITS CONS]VATIVE =MS ( EXI/5CE1 SIGNIFICANTLY />T+ ! CULTIVATION ( ?IS AGE-OLD & VIRG9 NATIONAL FIELD ) SPREAD+ PRIM]S & ! ,HOLY ,SCRIPTURE 9 ! NATIONAL LANGUAGE & NATIONAL OR?OGRAPHY4 ,ALREADY1 9 ! #a#h#hS1 :5 ! PSEUDO-SOCIALI/IC & PSEUDO-REVOLUTION>Y ,GLOS .<,VOICE.> WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,W>SAW1 ! ,POLI% ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY TOO1 FOLL[+ ITS 9FALLIBLE REACTION>Y 9/9CT1 TURN$ ITS PECULI> NATIONAL S5TIM5TS1 HAPPILY M>RI$ TO ! ANTI-,SEMITISM ( ! URBAN B\RGEOISIE1 T[>D ! RURAL POPULATION4 ,F9ALLY1 9 ! SAME WAY1 ! MO/ RE-C5T 0NATIONALI/0 CURR5T 9 ,RUSSIA1 ! P>TY ( ,MR4 ,KORFANTY & ,COMPANY1 IS BAS$ MA9LY ON ! CONS]VATISM ( ! RURAL POPULATION ( ,UPP] ,SILESIA1 EXPLOIT$ AS A F\NDATION = ECONOMIC & POLITICAL SUCCESS BY ! REACTION>Y ,POLI% PETITE B\RGEOISIE4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ! PROBLEM ( :I* SOCIAL /RATA CON/ITUTE ! PROP] GU>DIANS ( NATIONAL CULTURE HAS REC5TLY CAUS$ AN 9T]E/+ EX*ANGE ( VIEWS 9 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC CAMP4 

,9 ! /UDY ( ! 0NATIONALITY QUE/ION1 0 QUOT$ BY US SEV]AL TIMES1 ,K>L ,KAUTSKY1 CRITICIZ+ ! WORK ( ! ,AU/RIAN P>TY PUBLICI/ ,OTTO ,BAU] ON ! SAME SUBJECT1 SAYS3 

,CLASS DIFF]5CES LEAD ,BAU] TO ! P>ADOXICAL OP9ION ?AT ONLY ?OSE PORTIONS ( A NATION CON/ITUTE A NATION :I* P>TICIPATE 9 ! CULTURE3 CONSEQU5TLY1 UNTIL N[1 ONLY ! RUL+ & EXPLOIT+ CLASSES4 

0,9 ! P]IOD ( ! ,/AUF]S0 - WRITES ,BAU] - 0! NATION EXI/$ ONLY 9 ! CULTURAL COMMUNITY ( KNI<?OOD 444 ,A HOMOG5E\S NATIONAL *>ACT] PRODUC$ BY ! HOMOG5EITY ( CULTURAL 9FLU5CES1 WAS ONLY ! *>ACT] ( ONE CLASS ( ! NATION 444 ,! PEASANT DID NOT %>E 9 ANY?+ ?AT UNIT$ ! NATION4 ,!RE=E ! ,G]MAN PEASANTS DO NOT AT ALL CON/ITUTE ! NATION2 !Y >E ! ,H9T]SASS5 ( ! NATION4 ,9 A SOCIETY BAS$ ON ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ! RUL+ CLASSES CON/ITUTE ! NATION - =M]LY ! KNI<?OOD1 TODAY ! $UCAT$ PEOPLE1 AS A COMMUNITY ( PEOPLE 9 :OM UNI=M $UCATION DEVELOP$ BY ! NATION'S HI/ORY1 ) ! HELP ( A COMMON LANGUAGE & NATIONAL $UCATION1 DEVELOPS AN AFF9ITY ( *>ACT]S4 ,ON ! O!R H& ! BROAD POPUL> MASSES DO NOT CON/ITUTE ! NATION40.<#b.> 

,ACCORD+ TO ,BAU] ONLY ! SOCIALI/ SY/EM1 BY MAK+ ! MASSES ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE P>TICIPANTS 9 ! 5TIRETY ( ! CULTURE1 WILL TURN !SE MASSES 9TO A NATION4 ,KAUTSKY REPLIES TO !SE >GUM5TS AS FOLL[S3 

,?IS IS A V]Y SUBTLE ?\<T ) A V]Y RI<T CORE BUT 9 ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION IT LEADS TO A FALSE ROAD1 = IT TREATS ! CONCEPT ( NATION 9 SU* A WAY AS TO MAKE SIMPLY IMPOSSIBLE ! UND]/&+ ( ! =CE ( ! NATIONAL ?\<T 9 ALL CLASSES 9 ! PRES5T1 & ! BASES ( ! PRES5T NATIONAL CONTRADICTIONS ( 5TIRE NATIONS4 ,BAU] CONFLICTS H]E ) ! OBS]VATION MADE BY ,R5N].<#c.> ?AT IT IS PRECISELY ! PEASANT :O IS ! PRES]V] ( NATIONALITY4 ,R5N] DEMON/RATES ?AT 9 ,AU/RIA 79CLUD+ ,HUNG>Y71 DUR+ ! LA/ C5TURY1 A NUMB] ( CITIES *ANG$ !IR NATIONALITY1 BECOM+ ,HUNG>IAN OR ,CZE* RA!R ?AN ,G]MAN4 ,ON ! O!R H& ,G]MAN CITIES1 SPECIFICALLY ,VI5NA1 ABSORB$ AN IMM5SE 9FLUX ( =EIGN NATIONALITIES & ASSIMILAT$ !M TO ! ,G]MAN NATION4 ,H[EV]1 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE ! L+UI/IC B\ND>IES HAVE PRACTICALLY NOT %IFT$4 ,ACTUALLY1 9 ,AU/RIA'S MAJOR CITIES1 ! PROCESS ( ,G]MANIZATION HAS A*IEV$ ITS GOAL2 AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY !Y HAD ALL BE5 ,G]MAN CITIES1 ) ! EXCEPTION AT ! MO/ ( ,GALICIA1 ,CROATIA1 & ! ,ITALIAN T[NS4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! PEASANT POPULATION IS ! ONE ?AT REMA9$ NATIONAL2 ! T5D5CIES T[>D MAK+ ,AU/RIA A NATIONAL /ATE %ATT]$ AGA9/ ! PEASANTRY4 ,! PEASANT FIRMLY ADH]ES TO HIS NATIONALITY AS TO ANY TRADITION1 :ILE ! CITY DWELL]1 ESPECIALLY ! $UCAT$ ONE1 ASSIMILATES MU* MORE EASILY4.<#d.> 

,9 ! C\RSE ( HIS /UDY1 ,KAUTSKY IS =C$ TO CONSID]ABLY REVISE HIS REASON+4 ,EXAM9+ MORE CLOSELY ! F\NDATIONS ( MOD]N NATIONAL MOVEM5TS1 HE PO9TS \T ?AT PRECISELY ! B\RGEOIS DEVELOPM5T CALL+ 9TO EXI/5CE A NEW SOCIAL CLASS1 ! PR(ESSIONAL 9TELLIG5TSIA1 CREATES 9 ?IS =M ! MA9 FACT ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y NATIONAL IDEA & A PILL> ( NATIONAL LIFE4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! SAME DEVELOPM5T SIMULTANE\SLY LEADS ! SOCIAL & CULTURAL LIFE ( PRES5T-DAY NATIONALITIES1 & P>TICUL>LY ( ! 9TELLIG5TSIA TO 9T]NATIONAL PA?S1 & FROM ?IS /&PO9T ,KAUTSKY RI<TLY REV]SES ! P]SPECTIVE \TL9$ BY ,BAU]1 BY EXPLA9+ ?AT ! TASK ( ! GREAT SOCIALI/ RE=M 9 ! FUTURE WILL NOT BE ! NATIONALIZATION1 I4E41 ! NATIONAL SEP>ATION ( ! WORK+ MASSES1 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 BLAZ+ ! TRAIL = ONE UNIV]SAL1 9T]NATIONAL CULTURE 9 :I* DI/9CT NATIONALITIES WILL DISAPPE>4 ,H[EV]1 9 PRES5T-DAY CONDITIONS1 ! ROLE ( ! URBAN1 OR /RICTLY SPEAK+1 B\RGEOIS ELEM5T1 IS DECISIVE = ! FATE ( NATIONALITIES4 ,IF ,KAUTSKY 9 AGREEM5T ) ,R5N] PO9TS TO A :OLE S]IES ( ,SLAVIC CRITICS ,G]MANIZ$ AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY 9 ! ,HAPSBURG MON>*Y AS AN EXAMPLE ( ! NATIONAL NONRESI/ANCE ( ! URBAN ELEM5T1 !SE FACTS MAY ACTUALLY S]VE ONLY AS AN ILLU/RATION ( ! PETIT B\RGEOIS CONDITIONS ( ! PRE-CAPITALI/ ]A BY :I* D\BTLESS ! URBAN LIFE 9 ! ,SLAVIC L&S ( ,AU/RIA WAS *>ACT]IZ$ AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( EV5TS1 A DEF9ITE SW+ ( ! SAME TYPE ( CRITICS TO !IR [N NATIONALITY 9 ! LA/ FEW DECADES1 :I* IS CONFIRM$ BY ,KAUTSKY & ,R5N]1 IS1 ON ! O!R H&1 A /RIK+ EXAMPLE ( H[ F> ! RISE ( ITS [N B\RGEOIS DEVELOPM5T 9 A C\NTRY1 ITS [N 9DU/RY1 ITS [N BIG CITY LIFE1 ITS [N 0NATIONAL0 B\RGEOISIE & 9TELLIG5TSIA1 AS IT OCCURR$ = EXAMPLE 9 ,BOHEMIA1 CAN =M ! BASIS = A RESI/ANT NATIONAL POLICY & = AN ACTIVE POLITICAL LIFE CONNECT$ ) IT4 

,! EMPHASIS ON ! PEASANT ELEM5T 9 CONNECTION ) ! FATE ( NATIONALITY IS CORRECT SO F> AS ! QUITE PASSIVE PRES]VATION ( NATIONAL PECULI>ITIES 9 ! E?NIC GR\P IS CONC]N$3 SPEE*1 MORES1 DRESS1 & ALSO1 USUALLY 9 CLOSE CONNECTION ) ?IS1 A C]TA9 RELIGION4 ,! CONS]VATISM ( PEASANT LIFE MAKES POSSIBLE ! PRES]VATION ( NATIONALITY )9 !SE N>R[ B\NDS & EXPLA9S ! RESI/ANCE = C5TURIES TO ANY D5ATIONALIZATION POLICY1 REG>DLESS ( EI!R ! RU?LESSNESS ( ! ME?ODS OR ! CULTURAL SUP]IORITY ( ! AGGRESSIVE =EIGN NATIONALITY4 ,?IS IS PROV$ BY ! PRES]VATION ( SPEE* & NATIONAL TYPE AMONG ! ,S\? ,SLAVIC TRIBES ( ,TURKEY & ,HUNG>Y1 ! PRES]VATION ( ! PECULI>ITIES ( ! ,BYELORUSSIANS1 ,RU!NIANS1 ,LI?UANIANS 9 ! ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE1 ( ! ,MASURIANS & ,LI?UANIANS 9 ,EA/ ,PRUSSIA1 OR ! ,POLES 9 ,UPP] ,SILESIA1 ETC4 

,H[EV]1 A NATIONAL CULTURE PRES]V$ 9 ?IS TRADITIONAL-PEASANT MANN] IS 9CAPABLE ( PLAY+ ! ROLE ( AN ACTIVE ELEM5T 9 CONTEMPOR>Y POLITICAL-SOCIAL LIFE1 PRECISELY BECAUSE IT IS 5TIRELY A PRODUCT ( TRADITION1 IS ROOT$ 9 PA/ CONDITIONS1 BECAUSE - TO USE ! WORDS ( ,M>X - ! PEASANT CLASS /&S 9 TODAY'S B\RGEOIS SOCIETY \TSIDE ( CULTURE1 CON/ITUT+ RA!R A 0PIECE ( B>B>ISM0 SURVIV+ 9 ?AT CULTURE4 ,! PEASANT1 AS A NATIONAL 0\TPO/10 IS ALWAYS & A PRIORI A CULTURE ( SOCIAL B>B>ISM1 A BASIS ( POLITICAL REACTION1 DOOM$ BY HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION4 ,NO S]I\S POLITICAL-NATIONAL MOVEM5T 9 PRES5T-DAY CONDITIONS IS POSSIBLE SOLELY ON A NATIONAL PEASANT F\NDATION4 ,& ONLY :5 ! PRES5T URBAN CLASSES-B\RGEOISIE1 PETITE B\RGEOISIE1 & B\RGEOIS-9TELLIG5TSIA - BECOME ! PROMOT]S ( ! NATIONAL MOVEM5T1 WILL IT BE POSSIBLE TO DEVELOP1 9 C]TA9 DEF9$ CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! SEEM+ PH5OM5ON ( ! NATIONAL CONTRADICTIONS & NATIONAL ASPIRATIONS ( 05TIRE NATIONS10 REF]R$ TO BY ,KAUTSKY4 

,?US1 LOCAL AUTONOMY 9 ! S5SE ( ! SELF-GOV]NM5T ( A C]TA9 NATIONALITY T]RITORY IS ONLY POSSIBLE :]E ! RESPECTIVE NATIONALITY POSSESSES ITS [N B\RGEOIS DEVELOPM5T1 URBAN LIFE1 9TELLIG5TSIA1 ITS [N LIT]>Y & S*OL>LY LIFE4 ,! ,CONGRESS ,K+DOM DEMON/RATES ALL !SE CONDITIONS4 ,ITS POPULATION IS NATIONALLY HOMOG5E\S BECAUSE ! ,POLI% ELEM5T HAS A DECISIVE PREPOND]ANCE OV] O!R NATIONALITIES 9 ! C\NTRY'S :OLE >EA1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! ,SUWALKI GUB]NIA 9 :I* ! ,LI?UANIANS PREVAIL4 ,\T ( ! OV]ALL POPULATION ( #i1#d#b1#b#e#c ! ,POLES CON/ITUTE #f1#g#e#e1#e#c1 :ILE ( ! REMA9+ NATIONALITIES ! ,JEWS & ,G]MANS >E MA9LY CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! CITIES :]E1 H[EV]1 !Y DO NOT REPRES5T A =EIGN B\RGEOIS 9TELLIG5TSIA1 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 >E CONSID]ABLY ASSIMILAT$ BY ,POLI% CULTURAL LIFE1 :ILE ! ,RUSSIANS1 EXCEPT 9 ! ,LUBL9 & ,SI$LCE REGIONS1 REPRES5T MA9LY ! 9FLUX ( BUREAUCRATIC ELEM5TS ALI5 TO ,POLI% SOCIETY4 ,! P]C5TAGE ( TOTAL POPULATION ( !SE NATIONALITIES 9 ! RESPECTIVE PROV9CES1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ,SUWALKI1 APPE>S1 ACCORD+ TO ! C5SUS ( #a#h#i#g1 AS FOLL[S3 

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,?US1 9 ALL ! GUB]NIAS EXCEPT TWO1 & 9 ! C\NTRY AS A :OLE1 ! ,POLI% ELEM5T CON/ITUTES MORE ?AN #g P]C5T ( ! POPULATION2 IT IS1 MOREOV]1 ! DECISIVE ELEM5T 9 ! SOCIO-CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! C\NTRY4 

,H[EV]1 ! SITUATION LOOKS DIFF]5T :5 WE TURN TO ! ,JEWI% NATIONALITY4 

,JEWI% NATIONAL AUTONOMY1 NOT 9 ! S5SE ( FRE$OM ( S*OOL1 RELIGION1 PLACE ( RESID5CE1 & EQUAL CIVIC RI<TS1 BUT 9 ! S5SE ( ! POLITICAL SELF-GOV]NM5T ( ! ,JEWI% POPULATION ) ITS [N LEGISLATION & ADM9I/RATION1 AS IT W]E P>ALLEL TO ! AUTONOMY ( ! ,CONGRESS ,K+DOM1 IS AN 5TIRELY UTOPIAN IDEA4 ,/RANGELY1 ?IS CONVICTION PREVAILS ALSO 9 ! CAMP ( EXTREME ,POLI% NATIONALI/S1 E4G41 9 ! SO-CALL$ 0,REVOLUTION>Y ,FACTION0 ( ! ,P,P,S1 :]E IT IS BAS$ ON ! SIMPLE CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT ! ,JEWI% NATIONALITY DOES NOT POSSESS A 0T]RITORY ( ITS [N0 )9 ! ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE4 ,BUT NATIONAL AUTONOMY CONCEIV$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ?AT GR\P'S [N /&PO9T1 I4E41 AS ! SUM ( FRE$OMS & RI<TS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION ( A C]TA9 GR\P ( PEOPLE L9K$ BY LANGUAGE1 TRADITION1 & PSY*OLOGY1 IS 9 ITSELF A CON/RUCTION LY+ BEYOND HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS1 FLUTT]+ 9 MID-AIR1 & !RE=E ONE ?AT CAN BE EASILY CONCEIV$1 AS IT W]E1 09 ! AIR10 I4E41 )\T ANY DEF9ITE T]RITORY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 AN AUTONOMY ?AT GR[S HI/ORICALLY TOGE!R ) LOCAL SELF-GOV]NM5T1 ON ! BASIS ( MOD]N B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPM5T1 IS ACTUALLY AS 9SEP>ABLE FROM A C]TA9 T]RITORY AS ! B\RGEOIS /ATE ITSELF1 & CANNOT BE IMAG9$ )\T IT TO ! SAME EXT5T AS 0NON-T]RITORIAL0 COMMUNAL OR URBAN SELF-GOV]NM5T4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! ,JEWI% POPULATION WAS COMPLETELY UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( MOD]N CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T 9 ! ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE & %>ES ! ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 & SPIRITUAL 9T]E/S ( P>TICUL> GR\PS 9 ?AT SOCIETY4 ,BUT ON ! ONE H&1 !SE 9T]E/S W]E NEV] T]RITORIALLY SEP>AT$ SO AS TO BECOME SPECIFICALLY ,JEWI% CAPITALI/ 9T]E/S2 RA!R1 !Y >E COMMON 9T]E/S ( ! ,JEWI% & O!R PEOPLE 9 ! C\NTRY AT L>GE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ?IS CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T DOES NOT LEAD TO A SEP>ATION ( B\RGEOIS ,JEWI% CULTURE1 BUT ACTS 9 AN EXACTLY OPPOSITE DIRECTION1 LEAD+ TO ! ASSIMILATION ( ! ,JEWI% B\RGEOIS1 URBAN 9TELLIG5TSIA1 TO !IR ABSORPTION BY ! ,POLI% OR ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE4 ,IF ! NATIONAL DI/9CTNESS ( ! ,LI?UANIANS OR ,BYELORUSSIANS IS BAS$ ON ! BACKW>D PEASANT PEOPLE1 ! ,JEWI% NATIONAL DI/9CTNESS 9 ,RUSSIA & ,POL& IS BAS$ ON ! SOCIALLY BACKW>D PETITE B\RGEOISIE1 ON SMALL PRODUCTION1 SMALL TRADE1 SMALL-T[N LIFE1 & - LET US ADD P>5!TICALLY - ON ! CLOSE RELATION ( ! NATIONALITY 9 QUE/ION TO RELIGION4 ,9 VIEW ( ! ABOVE1 ! NATIONAL DI/9CTNESS ( ! ,JEWS1 :I* IS SUPPOS$ TO BE ! BASIS ( NON-T]RITORIAL ,JEWI% AUTONOMY1 IS MANIFE/$ NOT 9 ! =M ( METROPOLITAN B\RGEOIS CULTURE1 BUT 9 ! =M ( SMALL-T[N LACK ( CULTURE4 ,OBVI\SLY ANY EF=TS T[>D 0DEVELOP+ ,JEWI% CULTURE0 AT ! 9ITIATIVE ( A H&FUL ( ,YIDDI% PUBLICI/S & TRANSLATORS CANNOT BE TAK5 S]I\SLY4 

,! ONLY MANIFE/ATION ( G5U9E MOD]N CULTURE 9 ! ,RUSSIAN FRAMEWORK IS ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT :I*1 BECAUSE ( ITS NATURE1 CAN BE/ REPLACE ! HI/ORICAL LACK ( B\RGEOIS NATIONAL CULTURE ( ! ,JEWS1 S9CE IT IS ITSELF A PHASE ( G5U9ELY 9T]NATIONAL & PROLET>IAN CULTURE4 

,DIFF]5T1 ?\< NO LESS COMPLICAT$1 IS ! QUE/ION ( AUTONOMY 9 ,LI?UANIA4 ,= NATIONALI/ UTOPIANS1 OBVI\SLY ! EXI/5CE ( A C]TA9 T]RITORY 9HABIT$ BY A POPULATION ( DI/9CT NATIONALITY IS A SUFFICI5T REASON TO DEM& = ! NATIONALITY 9 QUE/ION1 9 ! NAME ( ! RI<T ( ALL NATIONALITIES TO SELF-DET]M9ATION1 EI!R AN 9DEP5D5T REPUBLIC1 OR ONE F$]AT$ ) ,RUSSIA1 OR ! 0BROADE/ AUTONOMY40 ,EA* ( !SE PROGRAMS WAS ADVANC$ 9 TURN BY ! =M] 0,LI?UANIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY10 !N BY ! ,P,P,S 9 ITS F$]ATIVE PHASE1 & F9ALLY BY ! REC5TLY ORGANIZ$ 0,BYELORUSSIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,COMMUNE0 :I*1 AT ITS ,SECOND ,CONGRESS 9 #a#i#f1 ADOPT$ A SOME:AT VAGUE PROGRAM ( A 0F$]AL REPUBLIC 9 ,RUSSIA ) A T]RITORIAL-AUTONOM\S DIET 9 ,VILNA = ! T]RITORY ( ! ,WE/]N C\NTRY40.<#e.> ,:E!R ! 0,BYELORUSSIAN ,COMMUNE0 DEM&S ! PROCLAMATION ( ! 0,WE/]N C\NTRY0 AS ONE ( ! REPUBLICS 9TO :I* ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE IS TO BE SPLIT1 OR A 0T]RITORIAL AUTONOMY0 = ?AT 0,WE/]N C\NTRY0 IS DIFFICULT TO FIGURE \T2 S9CE AN 0AUTONOM\S0 DIET IS DEM&$ = ,VILNA1 IT W\LD SEEM ?AT ! LATT] V]SION IS 9T5D$1 OR ELSE1 :AT IS 9 COMPLETE H>MONY ) ! :OLE UTOPIAN-AB/RACT TREATM5T ( ! QUE/ION1 NO BASIC DI/9CTIONS >E MADE BETWE5 AN 9DEP5D5T REPUBLIC1 A F$]AL SY/EM1 & AUTONOMY1 BUT ONLY QUALITATIVE DI/9CTIONS4 ,LET US EXAM9E ! MATT] FROM ! /&PO9T ( T]RITORIAL AUTONOMY4 ,! 0,WE/]N C\NTRY10 ACCORD+ TO ! T]M9OLOGY 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ADM9I/RATIVE DIVISION1 IS A PREPOND]ANTLY AGR>IAN & SMALL-9DU/RY DI/RICT COMPRIS+ >EAS ) CONSID]ABLE V>IATIONS 9 CONDITIONS4 ,AP>T FROM ! LOCAL 9T]E/S ( ! RURAL1 MUNICIPAL1 & PROV9CIAL SELF-GOV]NM5TS1 ?IS T]RITORY IS MU* LESS ( AS DI/9CT PRODUCTION & TRAD+ DI/RICT1 ) A LESS DI/9CTIVE *>ACT] & A LESS DI/9CT GR\P+ ( 9T]E/S1 ?AN ! ,K+DOM ( ,POL& OR ! 9DU/RIAL ,MOSC[ DI/RICT4 ,ON ! O!R H& IT IS A DI/9CT NATIONALITY DI/RICT4 ,BUT IT IS PRECISELY ) REG>D TO ?IS QUE/ION ( NATIONALITY ?AT ! GREATE/ DIFFICULTIES >ISE FROM ! /&PO9T ( POT5TIAL AUTONOMY4 ,! 0,WE/]N C\NTRY10 I4E41 ! T]RITORY ( =M] ,LI?UANIA1 IS AN >EA OCCUPI$ BY SEV]AL DIFF]5T NATIONALITIES1 & ! FIR/ QUE/ION ?AT >ISES IS3 :I* NATIONALITY IS TO BE S]V$ BY ! T]RITORIAL-NATIONAL AUTONOMY ?AT IS AT /AKE1 :I* LANGUAGE1 :I* NATIONALITY IS TO BE DECISIVE 9 ! S*OOLS1 CULTURAL 9/ITUTIONS1 ! JUDICI>Y1 LEGISLATION1 & 9 FILL+ LOCAL (FICES8 ,! ,LI?UANIAN NATIONALI/S OBVI\SLY DEM& AUTONOMY = ! ,LI?UANIAN NATIONALITY4 ,LET US LOOK AT ! ACTUAL CONDITIONS ( ?AT NATIONALITY4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! C5SUS ( #ahig - ! LA/ ONE ?AT HAS TAK5 PLACE & :OSE RESULTS 9 ! >EA ( NATIONALITY RELATIONS HAVE BE5 AVAILABLE TO ! PUBLIC S9CE #aie - ! G5U9E ,LI?UANIAN NATIONALITY 9 ! ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE NUMB]S #a1#b#a1#e#a PEOPLE4 ,?IS POPULATION 9HABITS MA9LY ! ,VILNA1 ,KOVNO1 ,GRODNO1 & ,SUWALKI GUB]NIAS4 ,BESIDES1 !RE LIVE ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY 9 ! ,KOVNO GUB]NIA1 #d#d#h1 P]SONS ( ,SAMOGITIAN NATIONALITY1 :O BY NO MEANS ID5TIFY ) ! ,LI?UANIANS4 ,IF WE W]E TO \TL9E ! T]RITORY ?AT MI<T S]VE AS A BASIS = AN AUTONOM\S ,LI?UANIA1 WE W\LD HAVE TO ELIM9ATE P>T ( ! PRES5T 0,WE/]N C\NTRY10 & ON ! O!R H& GO BEYOND ITS BORD]S & 9CLUDE ! ,SUWALKI GUB]NIA :I* TODAY BELONGS TO ! ,CONGRESS ,K+DOM4 ,WE W\LD OBTA9 A T]RITORY APPROXIMATELY CORRESPOND+ TO ! VOYVOD%IP ( ,VILNA & ,TROKI :I*1 9 PRE-P>TITION ,POL&1 CON/ITUT$ 0,LI?UANIA PROP]40 ,! ,LI?UANIAN POPULATION IS DI/RIBUT$ 9 ?AT T]RITORY AS FOLL[S3 \T ( ! SUM TOTAL ( #a1#b1 ,LI?UANIANS ALMO/ HALF1 I4E41 #e#g#d1#h#e#c1 >E CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! ,KOVNO GUB]NIA4 ,! SECOND PLACE ) REG>D TO ! CONC5TRATION ( ,LI?UANIANS IS OCCUPI$ BY ! ,SUWALKI GUB]NIA1 :]E #c#e1#e#d#h LIVE2 SOME:AT FEW] >E TO BE F\ND 9 ! ,VILNA GUB]NIA1 VIZ41 #b#i#g1#g#b P]SONS2 F9ALLY1 AN 9SIGNIFICANT NUMB] ( ,LI?UANIANS1 AB\T #c1#e1 9HABIT ! NOR!RN PORTION ( ! ,GRODNO GUB]NIA4 ,ACTUALLY1 ! ,LI?UANIAN POPULATION IS D\BTLESS MORE NUM]\S1 BECAUSE 9 ! C5SUS ! LANGUAGE US$ BY ! RESPECTIVE POPULATIONS WAS ! MA9 PO9T TAK5 9TO CONSID]ATION1 :ILE A SIZABLE PROPORTION ( ,LI?UANIANS USE ! ,POLI% LANGUAGE 9 EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,H[EV]1 9 ! PRES5T CASE1 FROM ! /&PO9T ( NATIONALITY AS A BASIS ( NATIONAL AUTONOMY1 OBVI\SLY ONLY ! POPULATION :]E9 NATIONAL DI/9CTNESS IS EXPRESS$ 9 A DI/9CT NATIVE LANGUAGE CAN BE TAK5 9TO ACC\NT4 

,! DI/RIBUTION ( ! ,LI?UANIAN POPULATION BECOMES APP>5T ONLY :5 WE ASC]TA9 ITS NUM]ICAL RATIO TO ! REMA9+ POPULATION 9 ! SAME T]RITORY4 ,! OV]-ALL POPULATION FIGURE 9 ! GUB]NIAS M5TION$ 7ALWAYS ACCORD+ TO ! #ahig C5SUS7 IS AS FOLL[S3 

  
,P]C5T 

,LI?UANIANS 
,9 ! ,KOVNO GUB]NIA 
  
#a1#e#d#d1#e#f#i 
#c#g4 
,9 ! ,VILNA GUB]NIA 
#a1#e#i#a1#b#g 
#a#g4 
,9 ! ,GRODNO GUB]NIA 
#a1#f#c1#d#i 
  4#b 
,9 ! ,SUWALKI GUB]NIA 
   #e#h#b1#i#a#c 
#e#b4 

,\T ( A TOTAL POPULATION ( #e1#c#b#b1#i#c 9 ?AT T]RITORY1 ! ,LI?UANIANS CON/ITUTE LESS ?AN #bc P]C5T4 ,EV5 IF WE W]E TO 9CLUDE1 AS DO ! ,LI?UANIAN NATIONALI/S1 ! 5TIRE ,SAMOGITIAN POPULATION ) ! ,LI?UANIANS1 WE W\LD OBTA9 ! RATIO ( #ca P]C5T1 I4E41 LESS ?AN A ?IRD ( ! TOTAL POPULATION4 ,OBVI\SLY1 SETT+ UP ! =M] 0,LI?UANIA PROP]0 AS ! >EA ( ! ,LI?UANIAN NATIONALITY IS1 9 PRES5T-DAY CONDITIONS1 AN 5TIRELY >BITR>Y & >TIFICIAL CON/RUCTION4 

,! TOTAL POPULATION ( ! F\R 0NOR?-WE/]N0 GUB]NIAS 9CLUD$ BECAUSE ( ! ,BYELORUSSIAN NATIONALITY IS AS FOLL[S3 

,M9SK GUB]NIA 
  
#b1#a#d#g1#f#b#a 
,MOGILEV GUB]NIA 
#a1#f#h#f1#g#f#d 
,WITEBSK GUB]NIA 
#a1#d#h#i1#b#d#f 
,SMOL5SK GUB]NIA 
#a1#e#b#e1#b#g#i 

,TOGE!R ) ! POPULATION ( ! F\R GUB]NIAS 9HABIT$ BY ,LI?UANIANS1 ?IS ADDS UP TO ! CONSID]ABLE FIGURE ( #a#b1#a#g#a1#g4 ,H[EV]1 AMONG ?IS POPULATION1 ! ,BYELORUSSIANS CON/ITUTE LESS ?AN HALF1 I4E41 AB\T #e4#h#e MILLION 7#e1#h#e#e1#e#d#g74 ,EV5 CONSID]+ ONLY ! FIGURES1 ! IDEA ( FITT+ ,LI?UANIA'S AUTONOMY TO ! ,BYELORUSSIAN NATIONALITY SEEMS QUE/IONABLE4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS DIFFICULTY BECOMES MU* GREAT] IF WE TAKE 9TO CONSID]ATION ! SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ( ! RESPECTIVE NATIONALITIES4 

,9 ! T]RITORY 9HABIT$ BY !M ! ,BYELORUSSIANS CON/ITUTE AN EXCLUSIVELY RURAL1 AGR>IAN ELEM5T4 ,!IR CULTURAL LEVEL IS EXTREMELY L[4 ,ILLIT]ACY IS SO WIDESPREAD ?AT ! 0,BYELORUSSIAN ,COMMUNE0 WAS =C$ TO E/ABLI% AN 0,$UCATION ,DEP>TM5T0 TO SPREAD ELEM5T>Y $UCATION AMONG ! ,BYELORUSSIAN PEASANTS4 ,! COMPLETE LACK ( A ,BYELORUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE1 AN URBAN 9TELLIG5TSIA1 & AN 9DEP5D5T S*OL>LY & LIT]>Y LIFE 9 ! ,BYELORUSSIAN LANGUAGE1 R5D]S ! IDEA ( A NATIONAL ,BYELORUSSIAN AUTONOMY SIMPLY IMPRACTICAL4 

,! SOCIAL CONDITIONS AMONG ! ,LI?UANIAN NATIONALS >E SIMIL>4 ,TO A PREPOND]ANT DEGREE F>M+ IS ! OCCUPATION ( ! ,LI?UANIANS4 ,9 ! CULTURAL HE>T ( ,LI?UANIA1 ! ,VILNA GUB]NIA1 ! ,LI?UANIANS CON/ITUTE #a#i4#h P]C5T ( ! TOTAL POPULATION1 & #c4#a P]C5T ( ! URBAN POPULATION4 ,9 ! ,SUWALKI GUB]NIA1 ! NEXT ) REG>D TO ,LI?UANIAN CONC5TRATION1 ! ,LI?UANIANS CON/ITUTE AS MU* AS #e#b4#b P]C5T ( ! GUB]NIA POPULATION1 BUT ONLY #i4#b P]-C5T ( ! URBAN POPULATION4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! CULTURAL CONDITIONS AMONG ! ,LI?UANIANS >E QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE 9 ,BYELORUSSIA4 ,! $UCATION ( ! ,LI?UANIAN POPULATION IS ON A RELATIVELY HI< LEVEL1 & ! P]C5TAGE ( ILLIT]ATES IS ALMO/ ! L[E/ 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE4 ,BUT ! $UCATION ( ,LI?UANIANS IS PREPOND]ANTLY A ,POLI% $UCATION1 & ! ,POLI% LANGUAGE1 NOT ! ,LI?UANIAN1 IS H]E ! 9/RUM5T ( CULTURE1 :I* FACT IS CLOSELY CONNECT$ ) ! FACT ?AT ! POSSESS+ CLASSES1 ! RURAL L&$ G5TRY1 & ! URBAN 9TELLIG5TSIA >E G5U9ELY ,POLI% OR ,POLONIZ$ TO A HI< DEGREE4 ,! SAME SITUATION PREVAILS TO A CONSID]ABLE DEGREE 9 ,RU!NIA4 ,9DE$1 9 ,LI?UANIA & ,RU!NIA ! ONLY NATIONALITY CULTURALLY FIT TO MANAGE NATIONAL AUTONOMY IS ! ,POLI%1 ) ITS URBAN POPULATION & ITS 9TELLIG5TSIA4 ,!RE=E1 IF ! NATIONAL AUTONOMY ( ! 0,WE/]N C\NTRY0 W]E TO BE CONSID]$1 IT W\LD HAVE TO BE NEI!R A ,LI?UANIAN NOR A ,BYELORUSSIAN AUTONOMY1 BUT A ,POLI% ONE3 ! ,POLI% LANGUAGE1 ! ,POLI% S*OOL1 ,POLES 9 PUBLIC (FICES W\LD BE ! NATURAL EXPRESSION ( ! AUTONOM\S 9/ITUTIONS ( ! C\NTRY4 

,GIV5 ?IS SITUATION1 CULTURALLY & NATIONALLY1 ,LI?UANIA & ,RU!NIA W\LD CON/ITUTE ONLY AN EXT5SION ( ! ,K+DOM1 NOT A SEP>ATE AUTONOM\S REGION2 !Y W\LD =M1 ) ! ,K+DOM1 A NATURAL & HI/ORICAL REGION1 ) ,POLI% AUTONOMY OV] ! ,K+DOM PLUS ,LI?UANIA4 

,SU* A SOLUTION ( ! QUE/ION IS OPPOS$ BY SEV]AL DECISIVE CONSID]ATIONS4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 FROM ! PURELY NATIONAL PO9T ( VIEW1 ?IS W\LD BE ! RULE ( A SMALL ,POLI% M9ORITY OV] A MAJORITY ( ,LI?UANIANS1 ,BYELORUSSIANS1 ,JEWS1 & O!RS4 ,9 ,LI?UANIA & ,RU!NIA1 ! ,JEWS & ! ,POLES MAKE UP MO/ ( ! URBAN POPULATION2 TOGE!R !Y OCCUPY :AT W\LD BE ! NATURAL SOCIAL C5T]S ( AUTONOM\S 9/ITUTIONS4 ,BUT ! ,JEWI% POPULATION DECISIVELY \TNUMB]S ! ,POLI%1 :]EAS 9 ! ,CONGRESS ,K+DOM !RE >E #f1#h#h1 ,POLES 7ACCORD+ TO ! #ahig C5SUS7 & ONLY #a1#c1 ,JEWS4 ,! P]C5TAGE ( EA* 9 ! F\R GUB]NIAS ( ,LI?UANIA PROP] 9 T]MS ( ! OV]-ALL POPULATION IS AS FOLL[S3 

,GUB]NIA 
  
,POLES 
  
,JEWS 
,SUWALKI 
#b#b4#i#i 
#a4#a#d 
,KOVNO 
  #i4#d 
#a#c4#g#c 
,VILNA 
  #h4#a#g 
#a#b4#g#b 
,GRODNO 
#a4#h 
#a#g4#c#g 

,ONLY 9 ! ,SUWALKI GUB]NIA IS ! ,JEWI% POPULATION SMALL] ?AN ! ,POLI%1 BUT EV5 H]E ?IS RATIO IS QUITE DIFF]5T :5 WE TAKE ! T[NS 9TO CONSID]ATION3 !N ! ,POLES CON/ITUTE #bg P]C5T1 ! ,JEWS #d P]C5T ( ! URBAN POPULATION4 ,IT %\LD ALSO BE TAK5 9TO CONSID]ATION ?AT ,JEWS 9 ! ,K+DOM1 IF ASSIMILAT$ - MORE SO 9 ! URBAN >EAS - RE9=CE ! ,POLI% NATIONALITY2 :]EAS 9 ,LI?UANIA ! ASSIMILATION PROCESS1 :I* IS ANYWAY MU* SL[]1 OCCURS - :5 IT DOES AT ALL - AMONG ,JEWS :O BELONG TO ! ,RUSSIAN CULTURE2 9 BO? CASES CONFUSION AMONG NATIONALITIES GR[S & ! QUE/ION ( AUTONOMY BECOMES MORE & MORE 5TANGL$4 ,SUFFICE IT TO SAY ?AT 9 ! HE>T ( ,LI?UANIA & ! SEAT ( ! PLANN$ AUTONOM\S DIET1 ,VILNA1 \T ( ! #bbg S*OOLS C\NT$ 9 #a#i1 #ahb >E ,JEWI%6 

,ANO!R CONSID]ATION NO LESS IMPORTANT IS ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT ! ,POLI% NATIONALITY IS 9 ,LI?UANIA & ,RU!NIA PRECISELY ! NATIONALITY ( ! RUL+ /RATA3 ! G5TRY L&[N]S & ! B\RGEOISIE2 :ILE ! ,LI?UANIAN & P>TICUL>LY ! ,BYELORUSSIAN NATIONALITY IS REPRES5T$ MO/LY BY L&LESS PEASANTRY4 ,!RE=E1 ! NATIONALITY RELATION%IP IS H]E - G5]ALLY SPEAK+ - A RELATION%IP ( SOCIAL CLASSES4 ,H&+ OV] ! C\NTRY'S AUTONOM\S 9/ITUTIONS TO ! ,POLI% NATIONALITY W\LD H]E MEAN ! CREATION ( A NEW P[]FUL 9/RUM5T ( CLASS DOM9ATION )\T A CORRESPOND+ /R5G!N+ ( ! POSITION ( ! EXPLOIT$ CLASSES1 & W\LD CAUSE CONDITIONS ( ! K9D ?AT W\LD BE BR\<T AB\T BY ! PROPOS$ AUTONOMY ( ,GALICIA = ! ,RU!NIANS4 

,CONSEQU5TLY1 BO? = NATIONALITY & = SOCIAL REASONS ! JO9+ ( ,LI?UANIA TO ! AUTONOM\S T]RITORY ( ! ,K+DOM OR ! SEP>ATION ( ,LI?UANIA & ,RU!NIA 9TO AN AUTONOM\S REGION ) AN UNAVOIDABLE PREPOND]ANCE ( ! ,POLI% ELEM5T IS A PROJECT :I* ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY MU/ COMBAT 9 PR9CIPLE4 ,9 ?IS =M1 ! PROJECT ( ,LI?UANIA'S NATIONAL AUTONOMY ALTOGE!R FALLS ?R\< AS UTOPIAN1 9 VIEW ( ! NUM]ICAL & SOCIAL RELATIONS ( ! NATIONALITIES 9VOLV$4 

  

,I,I,I 

,ANO!R \T/&+ EXAMPLE ( ! DIFFICULTIES 5C\NT]$ BY ! PROBLEM ( NATIONALITY AUTONOMY 9 PRACTICE IS TO BE F\ND 9 ! ,CAUCASUS4 ,NO CORN] ( ! E>? PRES5TS SU* A PICTURE ( NATIONALITY 9T]MIXTURE 9 ONE T]RITORY AS ! ,CAUCASUS1 ! ANCI5T HI/ORICAL TRAIL ( ! GREAT MIGRATIONS ( PEOPLES BETWE5 ,ASIA & ,EUROPE1 /REWN ) FRAGM5TS & SPL9T]S ( ?OSE PEOPLES4 ,?AT T]RITORY'S POPULATION ( OV] N9E MILLION IS COMPOS$ 7ACCORD+ TO ! #ahig C5SUS7 ( ! FOLL[+ RACIAL & NATIONALITY GR\PS3 

  
,9 ,?\S&S 
,RUSSIANS 
  

#b1#a#i#b4#c 
,G]MANS 
     #b#a4#e 
,GREEKS 
     #e#g4#c 
,>M5IANS 
   #i#g#e4 
,OSSETIANS 
   #a#e#g4#a 
,KURDS 
   #a4 
,*E*5S 
   #b#d#c4#d 
,CIRCASSIANS 
   #a#a#a4#e 
,ABKHAZ 
     #g#b4#d 
,LEZG9S 
   #f#a#c4#h 
,GEORGIANS1 ,IM]ET9S1 

,M+RELS1 ETC4 
,K>TVELIAN 
#a1#b#a4#b 
,JEWS 

     #d#c4#d 
,TAT>S 
#a1#a#c#i4#f 
,KUMYKS 
   #a4#h 
,TURKS 
,TURCO-,TAT>S 
     #g4#b 
,NOGAYS 

     #e#e4#d 
,K>A*ES 
     #b#b4 
,KALMUKS 
     #a#a4#h 
,E/ONIANS 

,MORDV9IANS 
       #a4#d 

,! T]RITORIAL DI/RIBUTION ( ! L>GE/ NATIONALITIES 9VOLV$ IS AS FOLL[S3 ,! ,RUSSIANS1 :O CON/ITUTE ! MO/ NUM]\S GR\P 9 ! :OLE ,CAUCASUS1 >E CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! NOR?1 9 ! ,KUBAN & ,BLACK ,SEA DI/RICTS & 9 ! NOR?WE/ P>T ( ,T]SK4 ,MOV+ S\?W>D1 9 ! WE/]N P>T ( ! ,CAUCASUS ! ,K>TVELIANS >E LOCAT$2 !Y OCCUPY ! ,KUTAI & ! S\?-EA/]N P>T ( ! ,TIFLIS GUB]NIAS4 ,/ILL FUR!R S\?1 ! C5TRAL T]RITORY IS OCCUPI$ BY ! ,>M5IANS 9 ! S\!RN PORTION ( ! ,TIFLIS1 ! EA/]N PORTION ( ! ,K>S & ! NOR!RN PORTION ( ! ,]IVAN GUB]NIAS1 SQUEEZ$ BETWE5 ! ,GEORGIANS 9 ! NOR?1 ! ,TURKS 9 ! WE/ & ! ,TAT>S 9 ! EA/ & S\?1 9 ! ,BAKU1 ,ELIZABETPOL & ,]IVAN GUB]NIAS4 ,9 ! EA/ & 9 ! M\NTA9S >E LOCAT$ M\NTA9 TRIBES1 :ILE O!R M9OR GR\PS SU* AS ,JEWS & ,G]MANS LIVE1 9T]M+L$ ) ! AUTO*?ON\S POPULATION1 MA9LY 9 ! CITIES4 ,! COMPLEXITY ( ! NATIONALITY PROBLEM APPE>S P>TICUL>LY 9 ! L+UI/IC CONDITIONS BECAUSE 9 ! ,CAUCASUS !RE EXI/1 BESIDES ,RUSSIAN1 ,OSSETIAN1 & ,>M5IAN1 AB\T A HALF-DOZ5 LANGUAGES1 F\R ,LEZG9 DIALECTS1 SEV]AL ,*E*51 SEV]AL ,CIRCASSIAN1 ,M+REL1 ,GEORGIAN1 ,SUDANESE1 & A NUMB] ( O!RS4 ,& !SE >E BY NO MEANS DIALECTS1 BUT MO/LY 9DEP5D5T LANGUAGES 9COMPREH5SIBLE TO ! RE/ ( ! POPULATION4 

,FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! PROBLEM ( AUTONOMY1 OBVI\SLY ONLY ?REE NATIONALITIES 5T] 9TO CONSID]ATION3 ,GEORGIANS1 ,>M5IANS1 & ,TAT>S1 BECAUSE ! ,RUSSIANS 9HABIT+ ! NOR!RN P>T ( ! ,CAUCASUS CON/ITUTE1 ) REG>D TO NATIONALITY1 A CONT9UATION ( ! /ATE T]RITORY ( ! PURELY ,RUSSIAN POPULATION4 

,! RELATIVELY MO/ NUM]\S NATIONALITY GR\P BESIDES ! ,RUSSIANS >E ! ,GEORGIANS1 IF WE 9CLUDE AMONG !M ALL V>IETIES ( ,K>TVELIANS4 ,! HI/ORICAL T]RITORY ( ! ,GEORGIANS IS REPRES5T$ BY ! GUB]NIAS ( ,TIFLIS & ,KUTAI & ! DI/RICTS ( ,SUKHUM & ,SAKATALI1 ) A POPULATION ( #b1#a#a1#d#i4 ,H[EV]1 ! ,GEORGIAN NATIONALITY CON/ITUTES ONLY SLI<TLY MORE ?AN HALF ( ?AT NUMB]1 I4E41 #a1#b12 ! REMA9D] IS COMPOS$ ( ,>M5IANS TO ! NUMB] ( AB\T #b#b11 CONC5TRAT$ MA9LY 9 ! ,AKHALKALATS C\NTY ( ! ,TIFLIS GUB]NIA1 :]E !Y CON/ITUTE OV] #g P]C5T ( ! POPULATION2 ,TAT>S TO ! NUMB] ( #a12 ,OSSETIANS1 OV] #g12 ,LEZG9S REPRES5T HALF ( ! POPULATION 9 ! ,SAKATALI DI/RICT2 & ,ABKHAZES >E PREPOND]ANT 9 ! ,SUKHAM DI/RICT2 :ILE 9 ! ,BOR*AL9 C\NTY ( ! ,TIFLIS GUB]NIA A MIXTURE ( V>I\S NATIONALITIES HOLDS A MAJORITY OV] ! ,GEORGIAN POPULATION4 

,9 VIEW ( !SE FIGURES ! PROJECT ( ,GEORGIAN NATIONALITY AUTONOMY PRES5TS MANIFOLD DIFFICULTIES4 ,GEORGIA'S HI/ORICAL T]RITORY1 TAK5 AS A :OLE1 REPRES5TS SU* A NUM]ICALLY 9SIGNIFICANT POPULATION - SC>CELY #a1#b1 - ?AT IT SEEMS 9SUFFICI5T AS A BASIS ( 9DEP5D5T AUTONOM\S LIFE 9 ! MOD]N S5SE1 ) ITS CULTURAL NE$S & SOCIO-ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS4 ,9 AN AUTONOM\S ,GEORGIA1 ) ITS HI/ORICAL B\ND>IES1 A NATIONALITY ?AT COMPRISES ONLY SLI<TLY MORE ?AN HALF ( ! 5TIRE POPULATION W\LD BE CALL$ ON TO DOM9ATE 9 PUBLIC 9/ITUTIONS1 S*OOLS1 & POLITICAL LIFE4 ,! IMPOSSIBILITY ( ?IS SITUATION IS FELT SO WELL BY ! ,GEORGIAN NATIONALI/S ( REVOLUTION>Y HUE ?AT !Y1 A PRIORI1 REL9QUI% ! HI/ORICAL B\ND>IES & PLAN TO CURTAIL ! AUTONOM\S T]RITORY TO AN >EA CORRESPOND+ TO ! ACTUAL PREPOND]ANCE ( ! ,GEORGIAN NATIONALITY4 

,ACCORD+ TO ?AT PLAN1 ONLY SIXTE5 ( ,GEORGIA'S C\NTIES W\LD BE ! BASIS ( ! ,GEORGIAN AUTONOMY1 :ILE ! FATE ( ! F\R REMA9+ ONES ) A PREPOND]ANCE ( O!R NATIONALITIES W\LD BE DECID$ BY A 0PLEBISCITE0 ( ?OSE NATIONALITIES4 ,?IS PLAN LOOKS HI<LY DEMOCRATIC & REVOLUTION>Y2 BUT LIKE MO/ AN>*I/-9SPIR$ PLANS :I* SEEK TO SOLVE ALL HI/ORIC DIFFICULTIES BY MEANS ( ! 0WILL ( NATIONS0 IT HAS A DEFECT1 :I* IS ?AT 9 PRACTICE ! PLEBISCITE PLAN IS EV5 MORE DIFFICULT TO IMPLEM5T ?AN ! AUTONOMY ( HI/ORICAL ,GEORGIA4 ,! >EA SPECIFI$ 9 ! ,GEORGIAN PLAN W\LD 9CLUDE SC>CELY #a1#d1 PEOPLE1 I4E41 A FIGURE CORRESPOND+ TO ! POPULATION ( A BIG MOD]N CITY4 ,?IS >EA1 CUT \T QUITE >BITR>ILY FROM ,GEORGIA'S TRADITIONAL FRAMEWORK & PRES5T SOCIO-ECONOMIC /ATUS1 IS NOT ONLY AN EXTREMELY SMALL BASIS = AUTONOM\S LIFE BUT MOREOV] DOES NOT REPRES5T ANY ORGANIC 5TITY1 ANY SPH]E ( MAT]IAL LIFE & ECONOMIC & CULTURAL 9T]E/S1 BESIDES ! AB/RACT 9T]E/S ( ! ,GEORGIAN NATIONALITY4 

,H[EV]1 EV5 9 ?IS >EA1 ! ,GEORGIANS' NATIONALITY CLAIMS CANNOT BE 9T]PRET$ AS AN ACTIVE EXPRESSION ( AUTONOM\S LIFE1 9 VIEW ( ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT !IR NUM]ICAL PREPOND]ANCE IS L9K$ ) !IR PREEM95TLY AGR>IAN *>ACT]4 

,9 ! V]Y HE>T ( ,GEORGIA1 ! =M] CAPITAL1 ,TIFLIS1 & A NUMB] ( SMALL] CITIES HAVE AN EM95TLY 9T]NATIONAL *>ACT]1 ) ! ,>M5IANS1 :O REPRES5T ! B\RGEOIS /RATUM1 AS ! PREPOND]ANT ELEM5T4 ,\T ( ,TIFLIS'S POPULATION ( #a#f1 ! ,>M5IANS CON/ITUTE #e#e11 ! ,GEORGIANS & ,RUSSIANS #b1 EA*2 ! BALANCE IS COMPOS$ ( ,TAT>S1 ,P]SIANS1 ,JEWS1 ,GREEKS1 ETC4 ,! NATURAL C5T]S ( POLITICAL & ADM9I/RATIVE LIFE AS WELL AS ( $UCATION & SPIRITUAL CULTURE >E H]E1 AS 9 ,LI?UANIA1 SEATS ( =EIGN NATIONALITIES4 ,?IS CIRCUM/ANCE1 :I* MAKES ,GEORGIA'S NATIONALITY AUTONOMY AN 9SOLUBLE PROBLEM1 IMP+ES SIMULTANE\SLY ON ANO!R ,CAUCASIAN PROBLEM3 ! QUE/ION ( ! AUTONOMY ( ! ,>M5IANS4 

,! EXCLUSION ( ,TIFLIS & O!R CITIES FROM ! AUTONOM\S ,GEORGIAN T]RITORY IS AS IMPOSSIBLE FROM ! /&PO9T ( ,GEORGIA'S SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AS IS !IR 9CLUSION 9TO ?AT T]RITORY FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! ,>M5IAN NATIONALITY4 ,IF WE TOOK AS A BASIS ! NUM]ICAL PREPOND]ANCE ( ,>M5IANS 9 ! POPULATION1 WE W\LD OBTA9 A T]RITORY >TIFICIALLY PAT*$ TOGE!R FROM A FEW FRAGM5TS3 TWO S\!RN C\NTIES ( ,TIFLIS GUB]NIA1 ! NOR!RN P>T ( ,]IVAN GUB]NIA1 & ! NOR?-EA/]N P>T ( ,K>S GUB]NIA1 I4E41 A T]RITORY CUT (F FROM ! MA9 CITIES 9HABIT$ BY ! ,>M5IANS1 :I* IS S5SELESS BO? FROM ! HI/ORICAL /&PO9T & FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! PRES5T ECONOMIC CONDITIONS1 :ILE ! SIZE ( ! PUTATIVE AUTONOM\S >EA W\LD BE LIMIT$ TO SOME #h14 ,IF WE W5T BEYOND ! C\NTIES HAV+ A NUM]ICAL PREPOND]ANCE ( ,>M5IANS WE W\LD F9D ! ,>M5IANS 9EXTRICABLY MIX$ 9 ! NOR? ) ! ,GEORGIANS2 9 ! S\? - 9 ! ,BAKU & ,ELIZABETPOL GUB]NIAS - ) ! ,TAT>S2 & 9 ! WE/1 9 ! ,K>S GUB]NIA1 ) ! ,TURKS4 ,! ,>M5IANS PLAY1 9 RELATION TO ! MO/LY AGR>IAN ,TAT> POPULATION :I* LIVES 9 RA!R BACKW>D CONDITIONS1 P>TLY ! ROLE ( A B\RGEOIS ELEM5T4 

,?US1 ! DRAW+ ( A B\ND>Y BETWE5 ! MA9 NATIONALITIES ( ! ,CAUCASUS IS AN 9SOLUBLE TASK4 ,BUT EV5 MORE DIFFICULT IS ! PROBLEM ( AUTONOMY 9 RELATION TO ! REMA9+ MULTIPLE NATIONALITIES ( ! ,CAUCASIAN M\NTA9E]S4 ,BO? !IR T]RITORIAL 9T]M+L+ & ! SMALL NUM]ICAL SIZE ( ! RESPECTIVE NATIONALITIES1 & F9ALLY ! SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS :I* REMA9 MO/LY ON ! LEVEL ( L>GELY NOMADIC PA/ORALISM1 OR PRIMITIVE F>M+1 )\T AN URBAN LIFE ( !IR [N & ) NO 9TELLECTUAL CREATIVITY 9 !IR NATIVE LANGUAGE1 MAKE ! FUNCTION+ ( MOD]N AUTONOMY 5TIRELY 9APPLICABLE4 

,JU/ AS 9 ,LI?UANIA1 ! ONLY ME?OD ( SETTL+ ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION 9 ! ,CAUCASUS1 9 ! DEMOCRATIC SPIRIT1 SECUR+ TO ALL NATIONALITIES FRE$OM ( CULTURAL EXI/5CE )\T ANY AMONG !M DOM9AT+ ! REMA9+ ONES1 & AT ! SAME TIME MEET+ ! RECOGNIZ$ NE$ = MOD]N DEVELOPM5T1 IS TO DISREG>D E?NOGRAPHIC B\ND>IES1 & TO 9TRODUCE BROAD LOCAL SELF-GOV]NM5T - COMMUNAL1 URBAN1 DI/RICT1 & PROV9CIAL - )\T A DEF9ITE NATIONALITY *>ACT]1 ?AT IS1 GIV+ NO PRIVILEGES TO ANY NATIONALITY4 ,ONLY SU* A SELF-GOV]NM5T WILL MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO UNITE V>I\S NATIONALITIES TO JO9TLY TAKE C>E ( ! LOCAL ECONOMIC & SOCIAL 9T]E/S1 & ON ! O!R H&1 TO TAKE 9TO CONSID]ATION 9 A NATURAL WAY ! DIFF]5T PROPORTIONS ( ! NATIONALITIES 9 EA* C\NTY & EA* COMMUNE4 

,COMMUNAL1 DI/RICT1 PROV9CIAL SELF-GOV]NM5T WILL MAKE IT POSSIBLE = EA* NATIONALITY1 BY MEANS ( A MAJORITY DECISION 9 ! ORGANS ( LOCAL ADM9I/RATION1 TO E/ABLI% ITS S*OOLS & CULTURAL 9/ITUTIONS 9 ?OSE DI/RICTS OR COMMUNES :]E IT POSSESSES NUM]ICAL PREPOND]ANCE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME A SEP>ATE1 EMPIRE-WIDE1 L+UI/IC LAW GU>D+ ! 9T]E/S ( ! M9ORITY CAN E/ABLI% A NORM 9 VIRTUE ( :I* NATIONAL M9ORITIES1 BEG9N+ ) A C]TA9 NUM]ICAL M9IMUM1 CAN CON/ITUTE A BASIS = ! COMPULSORY F\ND+ ( S*OOLS 9 !IR NATIONAL LANGUAGES 9 ! COMMUNE1 DI/RICT1 OR PROV9CE2 & !IR LANGUAGE CAN BE E/ABLI%$ 9 LOCAL PUBLIC & ADM9I/RATIVE 9/ITUTIONS1 C\RTS1 ETC41 AT ! SIDE ( ! LANGUAGE ( ! PREPOND]ANT NATIONALITY 7! (FICIAL LANGUAGE74 ,SU* A SOLUTION W\LD BE WORKABLE1 IF 9DE$ ANY SOLUTION IS POSSIBLE )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( CAPITALISM1 & GIV5 ! HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS4 ,?IS SOLUTION W\LD COMB9E ! G5]AL PR9CIPLE ( LOCAL SELF-GOV]NM5T ) SPECIAL LEGISLATIVE MEASURES TO GU>ANTEE CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T & EQUALITY ( RI<TS ( ! NATIONALITIES ?R\< !IR CLOSE COOP]ATION1 & NOT !IR MUTUAL SEP>ATION BY B>RI]S ( NATIONAL AUTONOMY4 

  

,I,V 

,AN 9T]E/+ EXAMPLE ( A PURELY =MALI/IC SETTLEM5T ( ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION = ! 5TIRE ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE IS PROVID$ BY ! PROJECT ( A C]TA9 ,K4 ,=TUNATOV PUBLI%$ BY ! GR\P 0,TRUD I ,BORBA0 .<,WORK & ,/RUGGLE.>1 AN ATTEMPT AT A PRACTICAL SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEM 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! PR9CIPLES ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S4.<#f.> ,ON ! BASIS ( ! C5SUS1 ! AU?OR FIR/ >RANGES A MAP ( ! EMPIRE ACCORD+ TO NATIONALITIES1 TAK+ AS A BASIS ! NUM]ICAL PREPOND]ANCE ( EA* NATIONALITY 9 ! RESPECTIVE GUB]NIAS & C\NTIES4 ,! NUM]ICALLY /RONGE/ NATIONALITY IS ! ,GREAT ,RUSSIANS :O >E PREPOND]ANT 9 ?IRTY GUB]NIAS ( ,EUROPEAN ,RUSSIA4 ,!Y >E FOLL[$ BY ! ,LITTLE ,RUSSIANS :O HAVE A MAJORITY 9 ! ,UKRA9E 9 ! GUB]NIAS ( ,POLTAWA1 ,PODOLIA1 ,KH>KOV1 ,KIEV1 & ,VOLHYNIA1 & >E REPRES5T$ ALSO 9 ! GUB]NIAS ( ,EKAT]9OSLAV1 ,*]NIGOV1 ,KH]SON1 ,KUBAN1 & ,TAURIDA1 :ILE 9 ,BESS>ABIA ! ,MOLDAVIANS & 9 ! ,CRIMEA ! ,TAT>S >E PREPOND]ANT4 ,AP>T FROM ! ,POLES1 ! ?IRD NATIONALITY IS ! ,BYELORUSSIANS1 :O HAVE A MAJORITY 9 FIVE GUB]NIAS3 ,MOGILEV1 ,M9SK1 ,VILNA1 ,WITEBSK1 & ,GRODNO1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( EI<T C\NTIES 7,BIALY/OK1 9HABIT$ MA9LY BY ,POLES2 ,BIELSK1 ,BRZESC1 & ,KOBRYN1 9 :I* ! ,LITTLE ,RUSSIANS >E PREPOND]ANT2 ! ,DZW9SK1 ,REZYCA1 & ,LUC9 C\NTIES1 :]E ! ,LATVIANS >E 9 ! MAJORITY2 & F9ALLY ,TROKI1 9 :I* ! ,LI?UANIANS PREVAIL74 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,KRASNE C\NTY ( ,SMOL5SK GUB]NIA HAS TO BE 9CLUD$ 9 ,BYELORUSSIA BECAUSE ( ! PREPOND]ANCE ( ?AT NATIONALITY4 ,! ,LI?UANIANS & ,SAMOGITIANS PREVAIL 9 ! ,KOVNO & ,SUWALKI GUB]NIAS1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! ,SUWALKI & ,AUGU/[ C\NTIES 9 :I* ! ,POLES >E 9 ! MAJORITY4 ,! ,LATVIANS 9 ,C\RL& & ! ,E/ONIANS 9 ,E/ONIA HAVE A DECISIVE MAJORITY1 & BETWE5 !M !Y DIVIDE ,LIVONIA 9TO PRACTICALLY TWO EQUAL P>TS1 S\!RN & NOR!RN4 ,9CLUD+ ! ,CONGRESS ,K+DOM1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! ,SUWALKI GUB]NIA1 WE OBTA91 9 SIXTY-TWO GUB]NIAS ( ,EUROPEAN ,RUSSIA1 ! FOLL[+ PICTURE ( NATIONALITY RELATIONS3 

,GREAT ,RUSSIANS PREPOND]ANT 9 
#c GUB]NIAS 
,LITTLE ,RUSSIANS 
#a GUB]NIAS 
,BYELORUSSIANS 
  #e GUB]NIAS 
,POLES 
  #i GUB]NIAS 
,LI?UANIANS 
  #b GUB]NIAS 
,LATVIANS 
  #b GUB]NIAS 
,E/ONIANS 
  #a GUB]NIA 
,MOLDAVIANS 
  #a GUB]NIA 
,TAT>S 
  #b GUB]NIAS 

,HAV+ EXAM9$ ! T]RITORIAL DI/RIBUTION ( NATIONALITIES 9 ! ,CAUCASUS ACCORD+ TO GUB]NIAS & C\NTIES1 ! AU?OR 9 TURN MOVES TO ,ASIATIC ,RUSSIA4 ,9 ,SIB]IA1 ! ,RUSSIAN ELEM5T IS 9 A DECISIVE MAJORITY1 =M+ #h4#i P]C5T ( ! POPULATION BESIDES ! ,BURIATS1 #e P]C5T2 ,YAKUTS1 #d P]-C5T2 ,TAT>S1 #c4#f P]C5T2 O!R NATIONALITIES1 #f4#e P]C5T4 ,ONLY 9 ! ,YAKUT GUB]NIA DO ! ,RUSSIANS CON/ITUTE A M9ORITY ( #a#a4#e P]C5T :ILE ! ,YAKUTS =M #h#b4#b P]C5T ( ! :OLE4 ,9 ,C5TRAL ,ASIA1 ! MO/ NUM]\S NATIONALITIES >E ! ,KIRGIS1 :O >E 9 A MAJORITY 9 ALL GUB]NIAS ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! ?REE S\!RN ONES3 ,TRANS-,CASPIA1 9 :I* ! ,TURKOMANS NUMB] #fe P]C5T1 ,SAM>KANA1 9HABIT$ BY ! ,UZBEKHS 7#e#h4#h P]C5T7 & ,TADZIKHS 7#b#f4#i P]C5T71 & ! ,F]GAN ,VALLEY1 9 :I* ! ,S>TS =M HALF1 ! ,UZBEKHS #i4#g P]C5T1 ! ,KIRGIS #a#b4#h P]C5T ( ! POPULATION4 

,?US1 TAK+ AS A BASIS ! GUB]NIAS & C\NTIES ) A PREPOND]ANCE ( ONE NATIONALITY OR ANO!R1 ,MR4 ,=TUNATOV RANGES ! FOLL[+ S*EME ( NATIONALITY DI/RICTS 9 ! :OLE EMPIRE1 AS %[N 9 ! APP5DIX BEL[4 

,9 ?IS S*EME WE >E /RUCK BY GREAT NUM]ICAL DIFF]5CES1 E4G41 BETWE5 ! TREM5D\S ,GREAT ,RUSSIAN & ,LITTLE ,RUSSIAN DI/RICTS & SU* T9Y ONES AS ! ,LI?UANIAN1 ,E/ONIAN1 OR 9DIVIDUAL ,CAUCASIAN1 LET ALONE ! ,YAKUT4 ,?IS CIRCUM/ANCE APP>5TLY (F5DS ! S5SE ( SYMMETRY ( ! ADMIR]S ( ! PR9CIPLE ( 0,F$]ATION40 ,IT ALSO EVOKES 9 !M SOME D\BTS AS TO :E!R NATIONALITIES SO UNEQUAL 9 /R5G? & SIZE C\LD 5T] 9TO IDYLLIC COEXI/5CE AS AUTONOM\S DI/RICTS POSSESS+ EQUAL RI<TS4 ,!RE=E1 \R /ATI/ICIAN1 )\T MU* ?\<T1 OBVIATES ! EVIL ) SCISSORS & GLUE BY COMB9+ SEV]AL SMALL DI/RICTS 9TO ONE & SIMULTANE\SLY DISMEMB]+ TWO BIG ONES 9TO SMALL] ONES4 ,APP>5TLY TAK+ A POPULATION ( SIX TO N9E MILLION AS A NORMAL MEASURE ( A NATIONALITY DI/RICT - AL?\< IT IS UNKN[N ON :AT BASIS - HE CONSID]S ?AT IT IS 0EASY0 TO SPLIT ! ,LITTLE ,RUSSIAN DI/RICT 9TO ?REE & ! ,GREAT ,RUSSIAN 9TO SEV51 SEP>AT+ = 9/ANCE ! ,DON1 ,A/RAKHAZAN1 ,KUBAN1 ,/AVROPOL1 & ,BLACK ,SEA GUB]NIAS & TWO C\NTIES ( ,T]SK ) A POPULATION ( #f4#g MILLION AS A 0,COSSACK0 DI/RICT1 & ! ,KAZAN1 ,UFA1 ,OR5BURG1 ,SAM> GUB]NIAS & TWO C\NTIES ( ,SYMBIR GUB]NIA ) N9E MILLION POPULATION AS A ,TAT> ,BA%KIR DI/RICT1 F9ALLY SIMPLY DIVID+ ! REMA9+ T]RITORY ( TW5TY-FIVE GUB]NIAS ) =TY-TWO MILLION PEOPLE 9TO FIVE MORE OR LESS SYMMETRICAL P>TS ) EI<T MILLION PEOPLE1 ) NO REG>D TO ! NATIONALITY PR9CIPLE4 

,9 ?IS WAY WE OBTA9 ! PLAN ( ! DIVISION ( ! :OLE ( ,RUSSIA 9TO ! FOLL[+ SIXTE5 0/ATES0 OR AUTONOM\S DI/RICTS ON ! BASIS ( NATIONALITIES3 

#a ,POL& ) A POPULATION ( 
  #h1#f#i#f1 
#a ,BYELORUSSIA ) A POPULATION ( 
  #g1#c#b#h1 
#a ,BALTIC ) A POPULATION ( 
  #e1#d#f1 
#c ,LITTLE ,RUSSIA ) A POPULATION ( 
#b#g1#b#b#h1 
A4 ,S\?-WE/]N 7,PODOLIA1 ,VOLHYNIA & ,KIEV1 & #c C\NTIES ( ,GRODNO7 ) A POPULATION ( 
#a1#a#c#c1 
B4 ,LITTLE ,RUSSIA ,PROP] 7,POLTAWA1 ,KH>KOV1 ,*]NIGOV )\T ! NOR!RN C\NTIES AS WELL AS ! ,LITTLE ,RUSSIAN C\NTIES ( ,KURSK & ,VORONEZH GUB]NIA7 ) A POPULATION ( 
  #h1#d#e#a1 
C4 ,NEW ,RUSSIA 7,BESS>ABIA1 ,KH]SON1 ,TAURIDA1 ,EKAT]NOSLAV & ,TAGANROG C\NTY7 ) A POPULATION ( 
  #h1#f#d#d1 
L ,CAUCASUS 7)\T ! ,RUSSIAN C\NTIES7 
  #f1#a#e#g1 
#a ,KIRGIS 9 ,C5TRAL ,ASIA 7)\T #b C\NTIES ( ,AKMOL9 PROV9CE7 ) A POPULATION ( 
  #g1#d#i1 
#a ,SIB]IA 7) #b C\NTIES ( ,AKMOL9 PROV9CE7 ) A POPULATION ( 
  #f1#a#e1 
#g ,GREAT ,RUSSIA ) A POPULATION ( 
#e#g1#f#h1 

,9 SETT+ UP ! ABOVE S*EME ! AU?OR WAS OBVI\SLY NOT RE/RA9$ BY ANY HI/ORICAL OR ECONOMIC CONSID]ATIONS1 OR BY ! DIVISIONS ( PRODUCTION OR COMM]CIAL COMMUNICATION CREAT$ BY MOD]N DEVELOPM5T & NATURAL CONDITIONS4 ,IT IS WELL KN[N ?AT SU* P$E/RIAN CONSID]ATIONS CAN ONLY HAMP] ! POLITICAL CONCOCTIONS ( PEOPLE PR(ESS+ ! 0,M>XI/0 DOCTR9E & A MAT]IALI/IC WORLD VIEW4 ,!Y DO NOT EXI/ = ! !ORI/S & POLITICIANS ( 0TRULY REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM10 :O HAVE 9 M9D ONLY ! 0RI<TS0 ( NATIONS1 FRE$OM1 EQUALITY1 & O!R SU* L(TY MATT]S4 ,! SEP>ATION ( TWO ,LI?UANIAN GUB]NIAS - ,KOVNO & ,SUWALKI - ) ! EXCLUSION ( ! ,POLI% C\NTIES - FROM ! HI/ORICO-CULTURAL HE>T ( ,LI?UANIA1 ! ,VILNA GUB]NIA & O!R NEI<BOR+ REGIONS ) :I* ECONOMIC RELATIONS W]E ( LONG /&+1 & ON ! O!R H& ! JO9+ ( !SE TWO CURTAIL$ GUB]NIAS ) ,LIVONIA1 ,C\RL&1 & ,E/ONIA1 ) :I* ! HI/ORICAL L9KS1 AS WELL AS PRES5T-DAY ECONOMIC ONES1 >E QUITE LOOSE1 CLE>LY DEMON/RATES ?IS PO9T4 ,AL?\< ! CUTT+ UP ( ! ,UKRA9E = ! SAKE ( SYMMETRY 9TO V>I\S DIVISIONS1 DESPITE ! CONT9UITY ( ITS NATURAL & ECONOMIC *>ACT]1 & ON ! O!R H&1 COMB9+ 9TO ONE AUTONOM\S REGION ( ,SIB]IA A C\NTRY COMPRIS+ #a#b4#e MILLION SQU>E KILOMET]S1 I4E41 BY ONE-?IRD BIGG] ?AN ! :OLE ( ,EUROPE1 A C\NTRY REPRES5T+ ! GREATE/ NATURAL ECONOMIC & CULTURAL CONTRA/S1 IS A DEMON/RATION ?AT ?AT ME?OD IS FREE ( ANY 0DOGMAS40 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! NATIONALITY AUTONOMY 9 ?IS S*EME IS TREAT$ FREE ( ANY CONNECTION ) ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL /RUCTURE ( ! GIV5 NATIONALITY4 ,FROM ?IS /&PO9T O!R PEOPLES >E EQUALLY PREP>$ = REGIONAL AUTONOMY - ?AT IS1 !Y EV9CE A C]TA9 P]MAN5T T]RITORY & ADM9I/RATION1 LEGISLATION1 & CULTURAL LIFE C5TRALIZ$ 9 ?AT T]RITORY4 ,!RE >E1 ON ! ONE H&1 ! ,POLES1 & ON ! O!R ! ,KIRGIS1 ! ,YAKUTS1 & ! ,BURIATS1 :O >E /ILL P>TLY NOMADIC & >E /ILL LIV+ ACCORD+ TO ! TRADITIONS ( TRIBAL ORGANIZATION1 ?W>T+ TO ?IS V]Y DAY ! EF=TS ( ! T]RITORIAL ADM9I/RATION ( ,RUSSIAN ABSOLUTISM4 ,! AUTONOM\S REGIONAL CON/RUCTION1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! 0SOCIALI/-REVOLUTION>Y0 VIEWS1 IS ?US 5TIRELY 0FREE10 UNCONNECT$ ) ANY REAL BASES 9 TIME & SPACE1 & ALL ! EXI/+ HI/ORICAL1 ECONOMIC1 & CULTURAL CONDITIONS PLAY ONLY ! ROLE ( MAT]IAL \T ( :I*1 BY MEANS ( 0REVOLUTION>Y0 SCISSORS1 >TFUL NATIONALITY PLOTS >E TO BE CUT \T4 

,:AT IS ! RESULT ( ?IS SOLELY & EXCLUSIVELY E?NOGRAPHIC ME?OD ( ! POLITICAL DISMEMB]M5T ( ,RUSSIA8 ,MR4 ,=TUNATOV'S S*EME R$UCES ! PR9CIPLE ( NATIONALITY TO AN ABSURDITY4 ,AL?\< ! ,LI?UANIANS >E CUT (F FROM ! ,POLI% NATIONALITY ) :I* !Y COALESCE CULTURALLY1 /ILL !Y >E L9K$ ON ! BASIS ( E?NOGRAPHIC AFF9ITY 9TO ONE 0,BALTIC0 NATIONALITY ) ! ,LATVIANS & ! ,E/ONIANS ) :OM !Y ID5TIFY AS LITTLE AS ) ! ,POLES3 ?US !Y GRAVITATE T[>D ! COMPLETELY ,G]MANIZ$ CULTURAL C5T]S ( ,LIVONIA & ,E/ONIA4 ,COMB9+ ! ,GEORGIANS1 ,>M5IANS1 ,TAT>S1 & A FEW DOZ5 O!R TRIBES ( ! ,CAUCASUS 9TO ONE 0,CAUCASIAN0 NATIONALITY SMACKS ( A MALICI\S SATIRE AGA9/ NATIONAL AUTONOM\S ASPIRATIONS4 ,NO GREAT] REG>D = !SE ASPIRATIONS IS EVID5C$ BY ! 9CLUSION ( ! ,MOLDAVIANS1 SITUAT$ 9 ,BESS>ABIA1 9 ! ,LITTLE ,RUSSIAN NATIONALITY1 ( ! ,CRIMEAN ,TAT>S 9 ! V]Y SAME NATIONALITY1 & F9ALLY BY ! COMB9+ ( ,SAMOY$S1 ,O/IAKS1 ,TUNGUZ1 ,BURIATS1 ,YAKUTS1 ,*UCK*EES1 ,KAM*ADALS1 & MANY O!R TRIBES1 EA* LIV+ AN 5TIRELY SEP>ATE LIFE1 DIFF]+ AMONG !MSELVES 9 ! LEVEL ( CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T1 LANGUAGE1 RELIGION1 EV5 P>TLY RACE1 ) ! ,RUSSIAN POPULATION ( ,SIB]IA 9TO ONE MY/]I\S 0,SIB]IAN0 NATIONALITY ) COMMON LEGISLATIVE1 ADM9I/RATIVE1 & CULTURAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,=TUNATOV'S S*EME IS BASICALLY A SIMPLE NEGATION ( ! NATIONALITY PR9CIPLE4 ,IT IS ALSO 9T]E/+ AS AN EXAMPLE ( ! AN>*I/IC APPROA* TO NATIONALISM1 UNRE/RICT$ AS IT IS BY ANY CONSID]ATIONS ( OBJECTIVE SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,HAV+ ?R[N ITS WEI<T >\ND 9 ?AT VALLEY ( TE>S1 IT EV5TUALLY RETURNS TO ! RESULTS1 V]Y MU* RESEMBL+ ! SAME UGLY HI/ORY ( REALITY :I* IT HAD UND]TAK5 0TO CORRECT10 I4E41 ! SY/EMATIC VIOLATIONS ( ! 0NATIONALITY RI<TS0 & !IR EQUALITY4 ,! :OLE DIFF]5CE CONSI/S 9 ! FACT ?AT ! TRAMPL+ ( ! 0RI<TS0 ( NATIONALITIES IMAG9$ BY ! IDEOLOGY ( LIB]ALISM & AN>*ISM IS1 9 REALITY1 ! RESULT ( ! PROCESS ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T :I* HAS ITS 9N] S5SE & :AT IS MORE IMPORTANT - ITS REVOLUTION>Y DIALECTIC1 :ILE REVOLUTION>Y-NATIONALI/IC BUNGL+ T5DS1 9 ITS ZEAL\S CUTT+ UP ( :AT HAD GR[N TOGE!R SOCIALLY1 & 9 ITS GLU+ ( :AT SOCIALLY CANNOT BE GLU$ TOGE!R1 TO TRAMPLE EV5TUALLY ! NATIONALITY 0RI<TS0 CELEBRAT$ BY IT1 M]ELY = ! SAKE ( S*EMATIC P$ANTRY DEPRIV$ ( ANY S5SE & BL[N UP ) POLITICAL BUFFOON]Y4 

,NOTES BY ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

.<#a.> ,9CID5TALLY1 ?IS IS ! ONLY REASON :Y HI/ORIES ( PHILOSOPHY SU* AS ?OSE ( ,ZELL] OR ,KUNO ,FIS*] >E POSSIBLE1 9 :I* ! DEVELOPM5T ( 0IDEAS0 TAKES PLACE 9 A VOID1 ) NO RELATION TO ! PROSAIC HI/ORY ( SOCIETY4 ,ORIG9AL NOTE BY ,R4,L4 

.<#b.> ,OTTO ,BAU]1 ,DIE ,NATIONALITAT5FRAGE UND DIE ,SOZIALDEMOKRATIE 7,VI5NA #a#i#g71 PP4#d#i-#e1 #a#c#f4 ,ORIG9AL NOTE BY ,R4,L4 

.<#c.> ,ANO!R ,AU/RIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC PUBLICI/ :O1 UND] ! PSEUDONYM ,SPR+]1 WROTE A NUMB] ( WORKS ON ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION 9 ,AU/RIA3 ,D] ,KAMPF D] O/]REI*IS*5 ,NATION5 UM D5 ,/AAT 7#a#i#b72 ,GRUNDLAG5 UND ,5TWICKLUNGSZIELE D] O/]REI*IS*-UNG>IS*5 ,MON>*IE 7#a#i#f74 ,ORIG9AL NOTE BY ,R4,L4 

.<#d.> ,KAUTSKY1 ,NATIONALITAT & ,9T]NATIONALITAT1 PP4#c1 #d4 ,ORIG9AL NOTE BY ,R4,L4 

.<#e.>,PROCE$+S ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TIES 7,/4 ,PET]SBURG3 #a#i#h71 P4#i#b4 ,ORIG9AL NOTE BY ,R4,L4 

.<#f.> ,K4 ,=TUNATOV1 ,NATSONALNIIA ,OBLA/I ,ROSSII 7,/4 ,PET]SBURG3 ,KNIGOIZDATEL/VO ,TRUD I ,BORBA1 #a#i#f74 ,! AU?OR IS NOT ! WELL-KN[N /ATI/ICIAN1 ,PR(ESSOR ,A4 ,=TUNATOV1 AS WAS ]RONE\SLY SURMIS$ BY ! REVIEW] 9 ,HUMANITY1 NOS4#g#f & #g#g1 #a#i#g4 ,ORIG9AL NOTE BY ,R4,L4 

,APP5DIX 

,DI/RICTS 
,POPULATION ( GUB]NIA 

=M+ P>T ( DI/RICT 

) PREPOND]ANCE ( 

GIV5 NATIONALITY 

,POPULATION ( ALL 

C\NTIES ) A 

MAJORITY ( A 

GIV5 NATIONALITY 

,OV]ALL FIGURE ( 

P]SONS 9 A GIV5 

NATIONALITY 9 ! 

EMPIRE 

,9 ,?\S&S 
#a4 
,GREAT ,RUSSIAN 
  #e#g1#f#a#g 
  
  #e#g1#b#e 
  
  #e#e1#f#g#c 
#b4 
,LITTLE ,RUSSIAN 
  #b#e1#c#d#g 
  #b#f1#e#h#g 
  #b#b1#d#a#e 
#c4 
,BYELORUSSIAN 
    #h1#e#a#g 
    #g1#c#b#h 
    #e1#h#h#f 
#d4 
,POLI% 
    #h1#h#a#i 
    #h1#f#i#f 
    #g1#i#c#a 
#e4 
,LI?UANIAN-,LATVIAN 
    #d1#a#a 
    #d1#h#h 
    #c1#i#d 
#f4 
,E/ONIAN 
       #dac 
       #ieh 
    #a1#c 
#g4 
,MOLDAVIAN 
    #a1#i#c#e 
    #a1#c#e#b 
    #a1#a#b#b 
#h4 
,K>TVELIAN 

    #a1#e#c 
    #a1#c#e#b 
#i4 
,>M5IAN 

       #idf 
    #a1#a#g#c 
#a4 
,CAUCASIAN ,M\NTA9E]S 
    #f1#d#i#g 
    #a1#a#i 
    #a1#i#b 
#a#a4 
,CAUCASIAN ,TAT>S 

    #a1#i#h#b 
    #a1#e#c#c 
#a#b4 
,O!R ,CAUCASIANS 

       #ebg 

#a#c4 
,*UVA%ES1 ,BA%KIRS1 

,TAT>S1 ,MORDV9IANS 
  #d1#c#f#g 
    #c1#f#g#c 

#a#d4 
,KIRIS-,TURKOMAN 
    #e1#e#a#e 
    #e1#f#d#b 
    #d1#c#f#e 
#a#e4 
,S>TS1 ,UZBEKHS1 & 

,TAT*IKS 7,TADZIKHS7 
    #b1#b#c#b 
    #b1#b#c#b 
    #b1#d#f 
#a#f4 
,YAKUTS 
       #bg 
       #bcd 
       #bbg 
#a#g4 
,O!RS 

    #a1#a#g#c 

,TOTAL3 
#a#b#e1#f#d 
#a#b#e1#f#d 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #e1 #bba 3 ,! ,NATIONAL ,QUE/ION -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bbb 3 ,! ,NATIONAL ,QUE/ION -- ,UPDAT$4 

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