,*APT] #e 
,! ,NATIONAL ,QUE/ION & ,AUTONOMY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,CAPITALISM TRANS=MS SOCIAL LIFE FROM ! MAT]IAL F\NDATIONS UP TO ! TOP - ! CULTURAL ASPECTS4 ,IT HAS PRODUC$ A :OLE S]IES ( 5TIRELY NEW ECONOMIC PH5OM5A3 BIG 9DU/RY1 MA*9E PRODUCTION1 PROLET>IZATION1 CONC5TRATION ( PROP]TY1 9DU/RIAL CRISES1 CAPITALI/ MONOPOLIES1 MOD]N 9DU/RY1 LABOR ( WOM5 & *ILDR51 ETC4 ,CAPITALISM HAS PRODUC$ A NEW C5T] ( SOCIAL LIFE3 ! BIG CITY1 AS WELL AS A NEW SOCIAL CLASS3 ! PR(ESSIONAL 9TELLIG5TSIA4 ,CAPITALI/ ECONOMY ) ITS HI<LY DEVELOP$ DIVISION ( LABOR & CON/ANT PROGRESS ( TE*NOLOGY NE$S A L>GE SPECIALIZ$ /AFF ( EMPLOYES ) TE*NICAL TRA9+3 5G9E]S1 *EMI/S1 >*ITECTS1 ELECTRICIANS1 ETC4 ,CAPITALI/ 9DU/RY & COMM]CE NE$ A :OLE >MY ( LAWY]S3 ATTORNEYS1 NOT>IES1 JUDGES1 ETC4 ,B\RGEOIS MANAGEM5T1 ESPECIALLY 9 BIG CITIES1 HAS MADE HEAL? A PUBLIC MATT] & DEVELOP$ = ITS S]VICE L>GE NUMB]S ( PHYSICIANS1 PH>MACI/S1 MIDWIVES1 D5TI/S1 AS WELL AS PUBLIC HOSPITALS ) APPROPRIATE /AFFS4 ,CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION REQUIRES NOT ONLY SPECIALLY TRA9$ PRODUCTION MANAG]S BUT UNIV]SAL1 ELEM5T>Y1 POPUL> $UCATION1 BO? TO RAISE ! G5]AL CULTURAL LEVEL ( ! PEOPLE :I* CREATES EV] GR[+ NE$S1 & CONSEQU5TLY DEM& = MASS >TICLES1 & TO DEVELOP A PROP]LY $UCAT$ & 9TELLIG5T WORK] CAPABLE ( OP]AT+ L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY4 ,H5CE1 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY EV]Y:]E1 POPUL> $UCATION & VOCATIONAL TRA9+ >E 9DISP5SABLE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY WE SEE PUBLIC S*OOLS & NUM]\S ELEM5T>Y1 SECOND>Y1 & COLLEGE TEA*]S1 LIBR>IES1 READ+ ROOMS1 ETC4 

,CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION & P>TICIPATION 9 ! WORLD M>KET >E IMPOSSIBLE )\T APPROPRIATELY EXT5SIVE1 SPE$Y1 & CON/ANT COMMUNICATION - BO? MAT]IAL & CULTURAL4 ,B\RGEOIS SOCIETY HAS ?US CREAT$ ON ! ONE H& RAILROADS & MOD]N PO/AL & TELEGRAPH S]VICES1 & ON ! O!R BAS$ ON !SE MAT]IAL F\NDATIONS - A P]IODICAL PRESS1 A SOCIAL PH5OM5ON :I* BE=E WAS 5TIRELY UNKN[N4 ,TO WORK = ! PRESS !RE HAS COME 9TO BE+ 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY A NUM]\S CATEGORY ( PR(ESSIONAL J\RNALI/S & PUBLICI/S4 ,CAPITALISM HAS MADE ANY MANIFE/ATION ( HUMAN 5]GY1 9CLUD+ >TI/IC CREATIVITY1 AN OBJECT ( COMM]CE1 :ILE ON ! O!R H&1 BY MAK+ >T OBJECTS ACCESSIBLE TO ! BROAD MASSES ( ! PEOPLE ?R\< MASS PRODUCTION1 IT HAS MADE >T AN EV]YDAY NE$ ( AT LEA/ URBAN SOCIETY4 ,!AT]1 MUSIC1 PA9T+1 SCULPTURE1 :I*1 9 ! P]IOD ( NATURAL ECONOMY HAD BE5 A MONOPOLY & PRIVATE LUXURY ( 9DIVIDUAL1 P[]FUL SPONSORS1 >E 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY A PUBLIC 9/ITUTION & P>T & P>CEL ( ! NORMAL DAILY LIFE ( ! URBAN POPULATION4 ,! WORK]'S CULTURAL NE$S >E MET 9 ! TAV]NS OR BE] G>D5S & BY *EAP BOOK ILLU/RATIONS & JUNKY ORNAM5TS2 HE ADORNS HIS P]SON & HIS LODG+ ) >TI/IC TAWDR9ESS1 :ILE ! B\RGEOISIE HAS AT ITS DISPOSAL PHILH>MONICS1 FIR/-RATE !AT]S1 WORKS ( G5IUS1 & OBJECTS ( ELEGANCE4 ,H[EV]1 ! ONE & ! O!R K9D ( CONSUMPTION CALLS =? A NUM]\S CLASS ( >TI/S & >TI/IC PRODUC]S4 

,9 ?IS WAY CAPITALISM CREATES A :OLE NEW CULTURE3 PUBLIC $UCATION1 DEVELOPM5T ( SCI5CE1 ! FL[]+ ( LE>N+1 J\RNALISM1 A SPECIFICALLY GE>$ >T4 ,H[EV]1 !SE >E NOT JU/ ME*ANICAL APP5DAGES TO ! B>E PROCESS ( PRODUCTION OR ME*ANICALLY SEP>AT$ LIFELESS P>TS4 ,! CULTURE ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY ITSELF CON/ITUTES A LIV+ & TO SOME EXT5T AUTONOM\S 5TITY4 ,9 ORD] TO EXI/ OR DEVELOP1 ?IS SOCIETY NOT ONLY NE$S C]TA9 RELATION%IPS ( PRODUCTION1 EX*ANGE1 A ND COMMUNICATION1 BUT IT ALSO CREATES A C]TA9 SET ( 9TELLECTUAL RELATIONS )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( CONTRADICTORY CLASS 9T]E/S4 ,IF ! CLASS /RUGGLE IS A NATURAL PRODUCT ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY !N ITS NATURAL NE$S >E ! CONDITIONS ?AT MIKE ?IS CLASS /RUGGLE POSSIBLE2 H5CE NOT ONLY MOD]N POLITICAL =MS1 DEMOCRACY1 P>LIAM5T>IANISM1 BUT ALSO OP5 PUBLIC LIFE1 ) AN OP5 EX*ANGE ( VIEWS & CONFLICT+ CONVICTIONS1 AN 9T5SE 9TELLECTUAL LIFE1 :I* ALONE MAKES ! /RUGGLE ( CLASSES & P>TIES POSSIBLE4 ,POPUL> $UCATION1 J\RNALISM1 SCI5CE1 >T - GR[+ AT FIR/ )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION - BECOME 9 !MSELVES AN 9DISP5SABLE NE$ & CONDITION ( EXI/5CE ( MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,S*OOLS1 LIBR>IES1 NEWSPAP]S1 !AT]S1 PUBLIC LECTURES1 PUBLIC DISCUSSIONS GR[ 9TO ! NORMAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 9TO ! 9DISP5SABLE 9TELLECTUAL ATMOSPH]E ( EA* MEMB] ( ! MOD]N1 P>TICUL>LY URBAN SOCIETY1 EV5 \TSIDE ! CONNECTION ( !SE PH5OM5A ) ECONOMIC CONDITIONS4 ,9 A WORD1 ! VULG> MAT]IAL PROCESS ( CAPITALISM CREATES A :OLE NEW IDEOLOGICAL 0SUP]/RUCTURE0 ) AN EXI/5CE & DEVELOPM5T :I* >E TO SOME EXT5T AUTONOM\S4 

,H[EV]1 CAPITALISM DOES NOT CREATE ?AT 9TELLECTUAL SPIRIT 9 ! AIR OR 9 ! !ORETICAL VOID ( AB/RACTION1 BUT 9 A DEF9ITE T]RITORY1 A DEF9ITE SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T1 A DEF9ITE LANGUAGE1 )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( C]TA9 TRADITIONS1 9 A WORD1 )9 DEF9ITE NATIONAL =MS4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 BY ?AT V]Y CULTURE IT SETS AP>T A C]TA9 T]RITORY & A C]TA9 POPULATION AS A CULTURAL NATIONAL 5TITY 9 :I* IT CREATES A SPECIAL1 CLOS] COHESION & CONNECTION ( 9TELLECTUAL 9T]E/S4 

,ANY IDEOLOGY IS BASICALLY ONLY A SUP]/RUCTURE ( ! MAT]IAL & CLASS CONDITIONS ( A GIV5 EPO*4 ,H[EV]1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ! IDEOLOGY ( EA* EPO* H>KS BACK TO ! IDEOLOGICAL RESULTS ( ! PREC$+ EPO*S1 :ILE ON ! O!R H& IT HAS ITS [N LOGICAL DEVELOPM5T 9 A C]TA9 >EA4 ,?IS IS ILLU/RAT$ BY ! SCI5CES AS WELL AS BY RELIGION1 PHILOSOPHY1 & >T4 

,! CULTURAL & ES!TIC VALUES CREAT$ BY CAPITALISM 9 A GIV5 5VIRONM5T NOT ONLY ASSUME A C]TA9 NATIONAL QUALITY ?R\< ! MA9 ORGAN ( CULTURAL PRODUCTION1 I4E41 ! LANGUAGE1 BUT M]GE ) ! TRADITIONAL CULTURE ( SOCIETY1 :OSE HI/ORY BECOMES SATURAT$ ) ITS DI/9CT CULTURAL *>ACT]I/ICS2 9 A WORD1 ?IS CULTURE TURNS 9TO A NATIONAL CULTURE ) AN EXI/5CE & DEVELOPM5T ( ITS [N4 ,! BASIC FEATURES & F\NDATIONS ( MOD]N CULTURE 9 ALL B\RGEOIS C\NTRIES >E COMMON1 9T]NATIONAL1 & ! T5D5CY ( CONTEMPOR>Y DEVELOPM5T IS D\BTLESS T[>D AN EV] GREAT] COMMUNITY ( 9T]NATIONAL CULTURE4 ,H[EV]1 )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ?IS HI<LY COSMOPOLITAN1 B\RGEOIS CULTURE1 ,FR5* IS CLE>LY DI/+UI%$ FROM ,5GLI% CULTURE1 ,G]MAN FROM ,DUT*1 ,POLI% FROM ,RUSSIAN1 AS SO MANY SEP>ATE TYPES4 

,! BORD]L9ES ( HI/ORICAL /AGES & ! HI/ORICAL 0SEAMS0 >E LEA/ DETECTABLE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN IDEOLOGY4.<#a.> ,BECAUSE ! MOD]N CAPITALI/ CULTURE IS AN HEIR TO & CONT9UATOR ( E>LI] CULTURES1 :AT DEVELOPS IS ! CONT9UITY & MONOLI?IC QUALITY ( A NATIONAL CULTURE :I*1 ON ! SURFACE1 %[S NO CONNECTION ) ! P]IOD ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY & B\RGEOIS RULE4 ,= ! PHRASEMONG] ( ! 0,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY10 OR M9DLESS 0SOCIOLOGI/0 ( SOCIAL PATRIOTISM1 ! CULTURE ( PRES5T-DAY ,POL& IS1 9 ITS CORE1 ! SAME UN*ANG$ 0CULTURE ( ! ,POLI% NATION0 AS AT ! TIME ( ,BATORY OR ,/ANISLAS ,AUGU/US1 :ILE ,/RASZEWICZ1 ,SWIATO*[SKI1 & ,SI5KIEWICZ >E DIRECT-L9E SPIRITUAL HEIRS ( ,REY ( ,NAGT[ICE1 ,PASEK1 & ,MICKIEWICZ4 ,9 FACT1 H[EV]1 ! LIT]ATURE & ! PRESS 9 MOD]N1 B\RGEOIS ,POL& >E APPALL+LY TRIVIAL2 ,POLI% SCI5CE & ! 5TIRE ,POLI% CULTURE >E APPALL+LY POOR3 !Y BELONG 9 A NEW HI/ORICAL /AGE COMPLETELY ALI5 9 SPIRIT & CONT5T TO ! OLD CULTURE ( FEUDAL ,POL&1 MIRROR$ 9 ITS LA/ MONUM5TAL WORK1 ,PAN ,TADEUSZ4 ,PRES5T-DAY ,POLI% CULTURE1 9 ALL ITS DE/ITUTION1 IS A MOD]N PRODUCT ( ! SAME CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ?AT *A9$ ,POL& TO ,RUSSIA & PLAC$ AT ! HEAD ( SOCIETY1 9 ! ROLE ( RUL+ CLASS1 A RABBLE ( HET]OG5E\S MONEYMAK]S )\T A PA/1 )\T A REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION1 & PR(ESSIONAL TRAITORS TO ! NATIONAL CAUSE4 ,! PRES5T-DAY B\RGEOIS LE>N+1 >T1 & J\RNALISM ( ,POL& >E 9 SPIRIT & CONT5T IDEOLOGICAL HI]OGLYPHS FROM :I* A MAT]IALI/ HI/ORIAN READS ! HI/ORY ( ! FALL ( G5TRY ,POL&1 ! HI/ORY ( 0ORGANIC WORK10 CONCILIATION1 ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY1 DEPUTATIONS1 MEMOR&A1 UP TO ! 0NATIONAL0 ELECTIONS TO ! CZ>I/ ,DUMA UND] A /ATE ( EM]G5CY1 & 0NATIONAL0 TE5S TO MURD] ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ WORK]S4 ,CAPITALISM CREAT$ MOD]N ,POLI% NATIONAL CULTURE1 ANNIHILAT+ 9 ! SAME PROCESS ,POLI% NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE4 

,CAPITALISM ANNIHILAT$ ,POLI% NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE BUT AT ! SAME TIME CREAT$ MOD]N ,POLI% NATIONAL CULTURE4 ,?IS NATIONAL CULTURE IS A PRODUCT 9DISP5SABLE )9 ! FRAME-WORK ( B\RGEOIS ,POL&2 ITS EXI/5CE & DEVELOPM5T >E A HI/ORICAL NECESSITY1 CONNECT$ ) ! CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T ITSELF4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM1 :I* *A9$ ,POL& TO ,RUSSIA BY SOCIO-ECONOMIC TIES1 UND]M9$ ,RUSSIAN ABSOLUTISM1 UNIT$ & REVOLUTIONIZ$ ! ,RUSSIAN & ,POLI% PROLET>IAT AS A CLASS CALL$ UPON TO OV]?R[ ABSOLUTISM1 & 9 ?IS WAY CREAT$1 UND] ! ,CZ>S1 ! 9DISP5SABLE PRECONDITIONS = A*IEV+ POLITICAL FRE$OM4 ,BUT )9 ! FRAMEWORK & AGA9/ ! BACKGR\ND ( ?IS G5]AL T5D5CY T[>D ! DEMOCRATIZATION ( ! /ATE1 CAPITALISM AT ! SAME TIME KNIT MORE CLOSELY ! SOCIO-ECONOMIC & CULTURAL-NATIONAL LIFE ( ! ,POLI% K+DOM1 ?US PREP>+ ! OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS = ! REALIZATION ( ,POLI% NATIONAL AUTONOMY4 

,AS WE HAVE SE51 ! REQUIREM5TS ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM LEAD ) HI/ORIC NECESSITY 9 ALL MOD]N /ATES TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( LOCAL SELF-GOV]NM5T ?R\< ! P>TICIPATION ( ! PEOPLE 9 C>RY+ \T SOCIO-POLITICAL FUNCTIONS ON ALL LEVELS1 FROM ! COMMUNE TO ! DI/RICT & PROV9CE4 ,:]E1 H[EV]1 9SIDE A MOD]N /ATE !RE EXI/ DI/9CT NATIONALITY DI/RICTS CON/ITUT+ AT ! SAME TIME T]RITORIES ) C]TA9 ECONOMIC & SOCIAL DI/9CTIONS1 ! SAME REQUIREM5TS ( ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMY MAKE SELF-GOV]NM5T ON ! HI<E/1 C\NTRY-WIDE LEVEL1 9DISP5SABLE4 ,ON ?IS LEVEL1 LOCAL SELF-GOV]NM5T IS ALSO TRANS=M$1 AS A RESULT ( A NEW FACTOR1 NATIONAL-CULTURAL DI/9CTNESS1 9TO A SPECIAL TYPE ( DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTION APPLICABLE ONLY 9 QUITE SPECIFIC CONDITIONS4 

,! ,MOSC[-,VLADIMIR 9DU/RIAL DI/RICT1 ) ITS ECONOMIC A*IEVEM5TS1 LOCAL SPECIFIC 9T]E/S1 & CONC5TRATION ( POPULATION1 DIFF]S C]TA9LY AS MU* FROM ! VA/ ,RUSSIAN SPACE SURR\ND+ IT AS DOES ! ,K+DOM ( ,POL&4 ,H[EV]1 ! FACTOR DI/+UI%+ \R C\NTRY FROM ! C5TRAL DI/RICT ( ,RUSSIA 9 A DECISIVE WAY1 IS ! DI/9CTNESS ( ! CULTURAL-NATIONAL EXI/5CE1 :I* CREATES A :OLE SPH]E ( SEP>ATE COMMON 9T]E/S BESIDES PURELY ECONOMIC & SOCIAL ONES4 ,JU/ AS AN URBAN OR VILLAGE COMMUNE1 DI/RICT1 DEP>TM5T OR GUB]NIA1 PROV9CE OR REGION MU/ POSSESS1 9 KEEP+ ) ! SPIRIT ( MOD]N SELF-GOV]NM5T1 A C]TA9 RANGE ( LOCAL LEGISLATION CONTA9$ )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( /ATE LAWS1 NATIONAL SELF-GOV]NM5T1 9 ! SPIRIT ( DEMOCRACY1 MU/ BE BAS$ ON ! REPRES5TATION ( ! PEOPLE & !IR P[] ( LOCAL LEGISLATION )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( /ATE LAWS1 TO SATISFY ! NATIONAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC & CULTURAL-NATIONAL NE$S4 

,! 5TIRE MOD]N CULTURE IS1 ABOVE ALL1 A CLASS1 B\RGEOIS CULTURE4 ,LE>N+ & >T1 S*OOL & !AT]1 PR(ESSIONAL 9TELLIG5TSIA1 ! PRESS - ALL PRIM>ILY S]VE ! B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 >E IMBU$ ) ITS PR9CIPLES1 ITS SPIRIT1 ITS T5D5CY4 ,BUT ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ! B\RGEOIS SY/EM1 LIKE ! CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ITSELF1 >E1 9 ! SPIRIT ( ! HI/ORICAL DIALECTIC1 TW(OLD1 D\BLE-$G$ PH5OM5A3 ! MEANS ( CLASS DEVELOPM5T & RULE >E AT ! SAME TIME SO MANY MEANS = ! RISE ( ! PROLET>IAT AS A CLASS TO ! /RUGGLE = EMANCIPATION1 = ! ABOLITION ( B\RGEOIS RULE4 ,POLITICAL FRE$OM1 P>LIAM5T>IANISM >E1 9 ALL PRES5T-DAY /ATES1 TOOLS = BUILD+ UP CAPITALISM & ! 9T]E/S ( ! B\RGEOISIE AS ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,H[EV]1 ! SAME DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS & B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T>IANISM >E1 AT A C]TA9 LEVEL1 AN 9DISP5SABLE S*OOL ( ! PROLET>IAT'S POLITICAL & CLASS MATURITY1 A CONDITION ( ORGANIZ+ IT 9TO A ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC P>TY1 ( TRA9+ IT 9 OP5 CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,! SAME APPLIES TO ! SPH]E ( ! 9TELLECT4 ,! BASIC S*OOL1 ELEM5T>Y $UCATION1 IS NECESS>Y = B\RGEOIS SOCIETY 9 ORD] TO CREATE APPROPRIATE MASS CONSUMPTION AS WELL AS AN APPROPRIATE CONT+5T ( ABLE WORK+ H&S4 ,BUT ! SAME S*OOL & $UCATION BECOME ! BASIC TOOLS ( ! PROLET>IAT AS A REVOLUTION>Y CLASS4 ,! SOCIAL1 HI/ORICAL1 PHILOSOPHICAL1 & NATURAL SCI5CES >E TODAY ! IDEOLOGICAL PRODUCTS ( ! B\RGEOISIE & EXPRESSIONS ( ITS NE$S & CLASS T5D5CIES4 ,BUT ON A C]TA9 LEVEL ( ITS DEVELOPM5T ! WORK+ CLASS RECOGNIZES ?AT = IT ALSO 0KN[L$GE IS P[]0 - NOT 9 ! TA/ELESS S5SE ( B\RGEOIS 9DIVIDUALISM & ITS PREA*+S ( 09DU/RI\SNESS & DILIG5CE0 AS A MEANS ( A*IEV+ 0HAPP9ESS10 BUT 9 ! S5SE ( KN[L$GE AS A LEV] ( CLASS /RUGGLE1 AS ! REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS ( ! WORK+ MASSES4 ,F9ALLY1 SOCIALISM1 :I* L9KS ! 9T]E/ ( ! WORK]S AS A CLASS ) ! DEVELOPM5T & FUTURE ( MANK9D AS A GREAT CULTURAL BRO!RHOOD1 PRODUCES A P>TICUL> AFF9ITY ( ! PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE ) ! 9T]E/S ( CULTURE AS A :OLE1 & CAUSES ! SEEM+LY CONTRADICTORY & P>ADOXICAL PH5OM5ON ?AT ! CONSCI\S PROLET>IAT IS TODAY 9 ALL C\NTRIES ! MO/ >D5T & IDEALI/IC ADVOCATE ( ! 9T]E/S ( LE>N+ & >T1 ! SAME B\RGEOIS CULTURE ( :I* IT IS TODAY ! DIS9H]IT$ /EP*ILD4 

,! NATIONAL AUTONOMY ( ! ,K+DOM ( ,POL& IS PRIM>ILY NECESS>Y = ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE TO /R5G!N ITS CLASS RULE & TO DEVELOP ITS 9/ITUTIONS 9 ORD] TO EXPLOIT & OPPRESS ) NO RE/RICTIONS :ATSOEV]4 ,9 ! SAME WAY AS ! MOD]N /ATE-POLITICAL P>LIAM5T>Y 9/ITUTIONS1 &1 AS !IR COROLL>Y1 ! 9/ITUTIONS ( LOCAL SELF-GOV]NM5T >E ON A C]TA9 LEVEL AN 9DISP5SABLE TOOL ( B\RGEOIS RULE & A CLOSE H>MONIZATION ( ALL /ATE & SOCIAL FUNCTIONS ) ! 9T]E/S ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 9 A N>R[] S5SE1 NATIONAL AUTONOMY IS AN 9DISP5SABLE TOOL ( ! /RICT APPLICATION ( ! SOCIAL FUNCTIONS 9 A C]TA9 T]RITORY TO ! SPECIAL B\RGEOIS 9T]E/S ( ?AT T]RITORY4 ,ABSOLUTISM1 :I* SAFE-GU>D$ ! CRUDE/ AL?\< ! MO/ IMPORTANT VITAL 9T]E/ ( ! RUL+ CLASSES1 VIZ41 ! LIMITLESS EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK+ /RATA1 NATURALLY1 AT ! SAME TIME1 SACRIFIC$ TO ITS [N 9T]E/S & WORK+ ME?ODS ALL SUBTLE 9T]E/S & =MS ( B\RGEOIS RULE1 I4E41 TREAT$ !M ) ,ASIATIC RU?LESSNESS4 ,POLITICAL LIB]TY & SELF-GOV]NM5T WILL EV5TUALLY GIVE ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE ! POSSIBILITY ( UTILIZ+ A NUMB] ( PRES5TLY NEGLECT$ SOCIAL FUNCTIONS - S*OOLS1 RELIGI\S WOR%IP1 & ! 5TIRE CULTURAL-SPIRITUAL LIFE ( ! C\NTRY - = ITS [N CLASS 9T]E/S4 ,BY MANN+ ALL (FICES ( ! ADM9I/RATION1 JUDICI>Y1 & POLITICS1 ! B\RGEOISIE WILL BE ABLE TO ASSIMILATE G5U9ELY !SE NATURAL ORGANS ( CLASS RULE ) ! SPIRIT & HOME NE$S ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 & SO TURN !M 9TO FLEXIBLE1 ACCURATE1 & SUBTLE TOOLS ( ! ,POLI% RUL+ CLASSES4 ,NATIONAL AUTONOMY1 AS A P>T ( ALL-/ATE POLITICAL FRE$OM1 IS1 9 A WORD1 ! MO/ MATURE POLITICAL =M ( B\RGEOIS RULE 9 ,POL&4 

,H[EV]1 PRECISELY = ?IS REASON1 AUTONOMY IS AN 9DISP5SABLE CLASS NE$ ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT4 ,! RIP] ! B\RGEOIS 9/ITUTIONS GR[1 ! DEEP] !Y P5ETRATE ! SOCIAL FUNCTIONS1 ! MORE GR\ND !Y COV] )9 ! V>IEGAT$ 9TELLECTUAL & ES!TIC SPH]E1 ! BROAD] GR[S ! BATTLEFIELD & ! BIGG] ! NUMB] ( FIR+ L9ES :]EFROM ! PROLET>IAT CONDUCTS ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,! MORE UNRE/RICT$LY & EFFICI5TLY ! DEVELOPM5T ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY PROCE$S1 ! MORE C\RAGE\SLY & SURELY ADVANCES ! CONSCI\SNESS1 POLITICAL MATURITY1 & UNIFICATION ( ! PROLET>IAT AS A CLASS4 

,! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT NE$S = ITS CLASS /RUGGLE ALL ! COMPON5TS ( :I* A SPIRITUAL CULTURE IS MADE2 PRIM>ILY1 ITS 9T]E/S1 ESS5TIALLY BAS$ ON ! SOLID>ITY ( NATIONS & /RIV+ T[>D IT1 REQUIRE ! ELIM9ATION ( NATIONAL OPPRESSION1 & GU>ANTEES AGA9/ SU* OPPRESSION WORK$ \T 9 ! C\RSE ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,MOREOV]1 A NORMAL1 BROAD1 & UNRE/RICT$ CULTURAL LIFE ( ! C\NTRY IS JU/ AS 9DISP5SABLE = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT'S CLASS /RUGGLE AS = ! EXI/5CE ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY ITSELF4 

,NATIONAL AUTONOMY HAS ! SAME AIMS AS >E CONTA9$ 9 ! POLITICAL PROGRAM ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT3 ! OV]?R[ ( ABSOLUTISM & ! A*IEVEM5T ( POLITICAL FRE$OM 9 ! C\NTRY AT L>GE2 ?IS IS BUT A P>T ( ! PROGRAM RESULT+ BO? FROM ! PROGRESSIVE TR5DS ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T & FROM ! CLASS 9T]E/S (4 ! PROLET>IAT4 

  

,I,I 

,! NATIONAL SEP>AT5ESS ( A C]TA9 T]RITORY 9 A MOD]N /ATE IS NOT BY ITSELF A SUFFICI5T BASIS = AUTONOMY2 ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 NATIONALITY & POLITICAL LIFE IS PRECISELY :AT CALLS = CLOS] EXAM9ATION4 ,!ORETICIANS ( NATIONALISM USUALLY CONSID] NATIONALITY 9 G5]AL AS A NATURAL1 UN*ANGEABLE PH5OM5ON1 \TSIDE SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 A CONS]VATIVE PH5OM5ON RESI/+ ALL HI/ORICAL VICISSITUDES1 ,9 ACCORDANCE ) ?IS VIEW B\RGEOIS NATIONALISM F9DS ! MA9 S\RCES ( NATIONAL VITALITY & /R5G? NOT 9 ! MOD]N HI/ORICAL =MATION1 I4E41 URBAN1 B\RGEOIS CULTURE1 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 9 ! TRADITIONAL =MS ( LIFE ( ! RURAL POPULATION4 ,! PEASANT MASS ) ITS SOCIAL CONS]VATISM APPE>S TO ! ROMANTICS ( NATIONALISM AS ! ONLY G5U9E MA9/AY ( ! NATIONAL CULTURE1 AN UN%AKABLE =TRESS ( NATIONAL DI/9CTNESS1 ! /RON<OLD ( ! PROP] NATIONAL G5IUS & SPIRIT4 ,:51 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 !RE BEGAN TO FL\RI%1 9 CONNECTION ) ! NATIONALI/ TR5D 9 ! POLITICS ( ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE1 SO-CALL$ FOLKLORISM1 IT TURN$ ABOVE ALL TO ! TRADITIONAL =MS ( PEASANT CULTURE AS TO ! TREASURY 9 :I* EV]Y NATION DEPOSITS 0! ?READS ( ITS ?\<TS & ! FL[]S ( ITS FEEL+S40 ,9 ! SAME WAY AT PRES5T1 ! REC5TLY AWAK5$ ,LI?UANIAN1 ,BYELORUSSIAN1 & ,UKRA9IAN NATIONALISM BASES ITSELF 5TIRELY ON ! RURAL POPULATION & ITS CONS]VATIVE =MS ( EXI/5CE1 SIGNIFICANTLY />T+ ! CULTIVATION ( ?IS AGE-OLD & VIRG9 NATIONAL FIELD ) SPREAD+ PRIM]S & ! ,HOLY ,SCRIPTURE 9 ! NATIONAL LANGUAGE & NATIONAL OR?OGRAPHY4 ,ALREADY1 9 ! #a#h#hS1 :5 ! PSEUDO-SOCIALI/IC & PSEUDO-REVOLUTION>Y ,GLOS .<,VOICE.> WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,W>SAW1 ! ,POLI% ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY TOO1 FOLL[+ ITS 9FALLIBLE REACTION>Y 9/9CT1 TURN$ ITS PECULI> NATIONAL S5TIM5TS1 HAPPILY M>RI$ TO ! ANTI-,SEMITISM ( ! URBAN B\RGEOISIE1 T[>D ! RURAL POPULATION4 ,F9ALLY1 9 ! SAME WAY1 ! MO/ RE-C5T 0NATIONALI/0 CURR5T 9 ,RUSSIA1 ! P>TY ( ,MR4 ,KORFANTY & ,COMPANY1 IS BAS$ MA9LY ON ! CONS]VATISM ( ! RURAL POPULATION ( ,UPP] ,SILESIA1 EXPLOIT$ AS A F\NDATION = ECONOMIC & POLITICAL SUCCESS BY ! REACTION>Y ,POLI% PETITE B\RGEOISIE4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ! PROBLEM ( :I* SOCIAL /RATA CON/ITUTE ! PROP] GU>DIANS ( NATIONAL CULTURE HAS REC5TLY CAUS$ AN 9T]E/+ EX*ANGE ( VIEWS 9 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC CAMP4 

,9 ! /UDY ( ! 0NATIONALITY QUE/ION1 0 QUOT$ BY US SEV]AL TIMES1 ,K>L ,KAUTSKY1 CRITICIZ+ ! WORK ( ! ,AU/RIAN P>TY PUBLICI/ ,OTTO ,BAU] ON ! SAME SUBJECT1 SAYS3 

,CLASS DIFF]5CES LEAD ,BAU] TO ! P>ADOXICAL OP9ION ?AT ONLY ?OSE PORTIONS ( A NATION CON/ITUTE A NATION :I* P>TICIPATE 9 ! CULTURE3 CONSEQU5TLY1 UNTIL N[1 ONLY ! RUL+ & EXPLOIT+ CLASSES4 

0,9 ! P]IOD ( ! ,/AUF]S0 - WRITES ,BAU] - 0! NATION EXI/$ ONLY 9 ! CULTURAL COMMUNITY ( KNI<?OOD 444 ,A HOMOG5E\S NATIONAL *>ACT] PRODUC$ BY ! HOMOG5EITY ( CULTURAL 9FLU5CES1 WAS ONLY ! *>ACT] ( ONE CLASS ( ! NATION 444 ,! PEASANT DID NOT %>E 9 ANY?+ ?AT UNIT$ ! NATION4 ,!RE=E ! ,G]MAN PEASANTS DO NOT AT ALL CON/ITUTE ! NATION2 !Y >E ! ,H9T]SASS5 ( ! NATION4 ,9 A SOCIETY BAS$ ON ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ! RUL+ CLASSES CON/ITUTE ! NATION - =M]LY ! KNI<?OOD1 TODAY ! $UCAT$ PEOPLE1 AS A COMMUNITY ( PEOPLE 9 :OM UNI=M $UCATION DEVELOP$ BY ! NATION'S HI/ORY1 ) ! HELP ( A COMMON LANGUAGE & NATIONAL $UCATION1 DEVELOPS AN AFF9ITY ( *>ACT]S4 ,ON ! O!R H& ! BROAD POPUL> MASSES DO NOT CON/ITUTE ! NATION40.<#b.> 

,ACCORD+ TO ,BAU] ONLY ! SOCIALI/ SY/EM1 BY MAK+ ! MASSES ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE P>TICIPANTS 9 ! 5TIRETY ( ! CULTURE1 WILL TURN !SE MASSES 9TO A NATION4 ,KAUTSKY REPLIES TO !SE >GUM5TS AS FOLL[S3 

,?IS IS A V]Y SUBTLE ?\<T ) A V]Y RI<T CORE BUT 9 ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION IT LEADS TO A FALSE ROAD1 = IT TREATS ! CONCEPT ( NATION 9 SU* A WAY AS TO MAKE SIMPLY IMPOSSIBLE ! UND]/&+ ( ! =CE ( ! NATIONAL ?\<T 9 ALL CLASSES 9 ! PRES5T1 & ! BASES ( ! PRES5T NATIONAL CONTRADICTIONS ( 5TIRE NATIONS4 ,BAU] CONFLICTS H]E ) ! OBS]VATION MADE BY ,R5N].<#c.> ?AT IT IS PRECISELY ! PEASANT :O IS ! PRES]V] ( NATIONALITY4 ,R5N] DEMON/RATES ?AT 9 ,AU/RIA 79CLUD+ ,HUNG>Y71 DUR+ ! LA/ C5TURY1 A NUMB] ( CITIES *ANG$ !IR NATIONALITY1 BECOM+ ,HUNG>IAN OR ,CZE* RA!R ?AN ,G]MAN4 ,ON ! O!R H& ,G]MAN CITIES1 SPECIFICALLY ,VI5NA1 ABSORB$ AN IMM5SE 9FLUX ( =EIGN NATIONALITIES & ASSIMILAT$ !M TO ! ,G]MAN NATION4 ,H[EV]1 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE ! L+UI/IC B\ND>IES HAVE PRACTICALLY NOT %IFT$4 ,ACTUALLY1 9 ,AU/RIA'S MAJOR CITIES1 ! PROCESS ( ,G]MANIZATION HAS A*IEV$ ITS GOAL2 AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY !Y HAD ALL BE5 ,G]MAN CITIES1 ) ! EXCEPTION AT ! MO/ ( ,GALICIA1 ,CROATIA1 & ! ,ITALIAN T[NS4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! PEASANT POPULATION IS ! ONE ?AT REMA9$ NATIONAL2 ! T5D5CIES T[>D MAK+ ,AU/RIA A NATIONAL /ATE %ATT]$ AGA9/ ! PEASANTRY4 ,! PEASANT FIRMLY ADH]ES TO HIS NATIONALITY AS TO ANY TRADITION1 :ILE ! CITY DWELL]1 ESPECIALLY ! $UCAT$ ONE1 ASSIMILATES MU* MORE EASILY4.<#d.> 

,9 ! C\RSE ( HIS /UDY1 ,KAUTSKY IS =C$ TO CONSID]ABLY REVISE HIS REASON+4 ,EXAM9+ MORE CLOSELY ! F\NDATIONS ( MOD]N NATIONAL MOVEM5TS1 HE PO9TS \T ?AT PRECISELY ! B\RGEOIS DEVELOPM5T CALL+ 9TO EXI/5CE A NEW SOCIAL CLASS1 ! PR(ESSIONAL 9TELLIG5TSIA1 CREATES 9 ?IS =M ! MA9 FACT ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y NATIONAL IDEA & A PILL> ( NATIONAL LIFE4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! SAME DEVELOPM5T SIMULTANE\SLY LEADS ! SOCIAL & CULTURAL LIFE ( PRES5T-DAY NATIONALITIES1 & P>TICUL>LY ( ! 9TELLIG5TSIA TO 9T]NATIONAL PA?S1 & FROM ?IS /&PO9T ,KAUTSKY RI<TLY REV]SES ! P]SPECTIVE \TL9$ BY ,BAU]1 BY EXPLA9+ ?AT ! TASK ( ! GREAT SOCIALI/ RE=M 9 ! FUTURE WILL NOT BE ! NATIONALIZATION1 I4E41 ! NATIONAL SEP>ATION ( ! WORK+ MASSES1 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 BLAZ+ ! TRAIL = ONE UNIV]SAL1 9T]NATIONAL CULTURE 9 :I* DI/9CT NATIONALITIES WILL DISAPPE>4 ,H[EV]1 9 PRES5T-DAY CONDITIONS1 ! ROLE ( ! URBAN1 OR /RICTLY SPEAK+1 B\RGEOIS ELEM5T1 IS DECISIVE = ! FATE ( NATIONALITIES4 ,IF ,KAUTSKY 9 AGREEM5T ) ,R5N] PO9TS TO A :OLE S]IES ( ,SLAVIC CRITICS ,G]MANIZ$ AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY 9 ! ,HAPSBURG MON>*Y AS AN EXAMPLE ( ! NATIONAL NONRESI/ANCE ( ! URBAN ELEM5T1 !SE FACTS MAY ACTUALLY S]VE ONLY AS AN ILLU/RATION ( ! PETIT B\RGEOIS CONDITIONS ( ! PRE-CAPITALI/ ]A BY :I* D\BTLESS ! URBAN LIFE 9 ! ,SLAVIC L&S ( ,AU/RIA WAS *>ACT]IZ$ AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( EV5TS1 A DEF9ITE SW+ ( ! SAME TYPE ( CRITICS TO !IR [N NATIONALITY 9 ! LA/ FEW DECADES1 :I* IS CONFIRM$ BY ,KAUTSKY & ,R5N]1 IS1 ON ! O!R H&1 A /RIK+ EXAMPLE ( H[ F> ! RISE ( ITS [N B\RGEOIS DEVELOPM5T 9 A C\NTRY1 ITS [N 9DU/RY1 ITS [N BIG CITY LIFE1 ITS [N 0NATIONAL0 B\RGEOISIE & 9TELLIG5TSIA1 AS IT OCCURR$ = EXAMPLE 9 ,BOHEMIA1 CAN =M ! BASIS = A RESI/ANT NATIONAL POLICY & = AN ACTIVE POLITICAL LIFE CONNECT$ ) IT4 

,! EMPHASIS ON ! PEASANT ELEM5T 9 CONNECTION ) ! FATE ( NATIONALITY IS CORRECT SO F> AS ! QUITE PASSIVE PRES]VATION ( NATIONAL PECULI>ITIES 9 ! E?NIC GR\P IS CONC]N$3 SPEE*1 MORES1 DRESS1 & ALSO1 USUALLY 9 CLOSE CONNECTION ) ?IS1 A C]TA9 RELIGION4 ,! CONS]VATISM ( PEASANT LIFE MAKES POSSIBLE ! PRES]VATION ( NATIONALITY )9 !SE N>R[ B\NDS & EXPLA9S ! RESI/ANCE = C5TURIES TO ANY D5ATIONALIZATION POLICY1 REG>DLESS ( EI!R ! RU?LESSNESS ( ! ME?ODS OR ! CULTURAL SUP]IORITY ( ! AGGRESSIVE =EIGN NATIONALITY4 ,?IS IS PROV$ BY ! PRES]VATION ( SPEE* & NATIONAL TYPE AMONG ! ,S\? ,SLAVIC TRIBES ( ,TURKEY & ,HUNG>Y1 ! PRES]VATION ( ! PECULI>ITIES ( ! ,BYELORUSSIANS1 ,RU!NIANS1 ,LI?UANIANS 9 ! ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE1 ( ! ,MASURIANS & ,LI?UANIANS 9 ,EA/ ,PRUSSIA1 OR ! ,POLES 9 ,UPP] ,SILESIA1 ETC4 

,H[EV]1 A NATIONAL CULTURE PRES]V$ 9 ?IS TRADITIONAL-PEASANT MANN] IS 9CAPABLE ( PLAY+ ! ROLE ( AN ACTIVE ELEM5T 9 CONTEMPOR>Y POLITICAL-SOCIAL LIFE1 PRECISELY BECAUSE IT IS 5TIRELY A PRODUCT ( TRADITION1 IS ROOT$ 9 PA/ CONDITIONS1 BECAUSE - TO USE ! WORDS ( ,M>X - ! PEASANT CLASS /&S 9 TODAY'S B\RGEOIS SOCIETY \TSIDE ( CULTURE1 CON/ITUT+ RA!R A 0PIECE ( B>B>ISM0 SURVIV+ 9 ?AT CULTURE4 ,! PEASANT1 AS A NATIONAL 0\TPO/10 IS ALWAYS & A PRIORI A CULTURE ( SOCIAL B>B>ISM1 A BASIS ( POLITICAL REACTION1 DOOM$ BY HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION4 ,NO S]I\S POLITICAL-NATIONAL MOVEM5T 9 PRES5T-DAY CONDITIONS IS POSSIBLE SOLELY ON A NATIONAL PEASANT F\NDATION4 ,& ONLY :5 ! PRES5T URBAN CLASSES-B\RGEOISIE1 PETITE B\RGEOISIE1 & B\RGEOIS-9TELLIG5TSIA - BECOME ! PROMOT]S ( ! NATIONAL MOVEM5T1 WILL IT BE POSSIBLE TO DEVELOP1 9 C]TA9 DEF9$ CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! SEEM+ PH5OM5ON ( ! NATIONAL CONTRADICTIONS & NATIONAL ASPIRATIONS ( 05TIRE NATIONS10 REF]R$ TO BY ,KAUTSKY4 

,?US1 LOCAL AUTONOMY 9 ! S5SE ( ! SELF-GOV]NM5T ( A C]TA9 NATIONALITY T]RITORY IS ONLY POSSIBLE :]E ! RESPECTIVE NATIONALITY POSSESSES ITS [N B\RGEOIS DEVELOPM5T1 URBAN LIFE1 9TELLIG5TSIA1 ITS [N LIT]>Y & S*OL>LY LIFE4 ,! ,CONGRESS ,K+DOM DEMON/RATES ALL !SE CONDITIONS4 ,ITS POPULATION IS NATIONALLY HOMOG5E\S BECAUSE ! ,POLI% ELEM5T HAS A DECISIVE PREPOND]ANCE OV] O!R NATIONALITIES 9 ! C\NTRY'S :OLE >EA1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! ,SUWALKI GUB]NIA 9 :I* ! ,LI?UANIANS PREVAIL4 ,\T ( ! OV]ALL POPULATION ( #i1#d#b1#b#e#c ! ,POLES CON/ITUTE #f1#g#e#e1#e#c1 :ILE ( ! REMA9+ NATIONALITIES ! ,JEWS & ,G]MANS >E MA9LY CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! CITIES :]E1 H[EV]1 !Y DO NOT REPRES5T A =EIGN B\RGEOIS 9TELLIG5TSIA1 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 >E CONSID]ABLY ASSIMILAT$ BY ,POLI% CULTURAL LIFE1 :ILE ! ,RUSSIANS1 EXCEPT 9 ! ,LUBL9 & ,SI$LCE REGIONS1 REPRES5T MA9LY ! 9FLUX ( BUREAUCRATIC ELEM5TS ALI5 TO ,POLI% SOCIETY4 ,! P]C5TAGE ( TOTAL POPULATION ( !SE NATIONALITIES 9 ! RESPECTIVE PROV9CES1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ,SUWALKI1 APPE>S1 ACCORD+ TO ! C5SUS ( #a#h#i#g1 AS FOLL[S3 

,GUB]NIA 
,POLES 
    ,JEWS     
,G]MANS 
,RUSSIANS 
,KALISZ 
   #h#c4#i.0 
  #g4#f 
  #g4#c 
  #a4#a 
,KIELCE 
#h#g4#f 
#a4#i 
-- 
  #a4#b 
,LUBL9 
#f#a4#c 
#a#b4#g 
  4#b 
#b#a4 
,LOMZA 
#g#g4#d 
#a#e4#h 
  4#h 
  #e4#e 
,PIOTROK[ 
#g#a4#i 
#a#e4#b 
#a4#f 
  #a4#f 
,PLOCK 
#h4#d 
  #i4#f 
  #f4#g 
  #c4#c 
,RADOM 
#h#c4#h 
#a#c4#h 
  #a4#a 
  #a4#d 
,SI$LCE 
#f#f4#a 
#a#e4#e 
    #a4#d 
#a#f4#e 
,W>SAW 
#g#c4#f 
#a#f4#d 
  #d4 
  #e4#d 

,?US1 9 ALL ! GUB]NIAS EXCEPT TWO1 & 9 ! C\NTRY AS A :OLE1 ! ,POLI% ELEM5T CON/ITUTES MORE ?AN #g P]C5T ( ! POPULATION2 IT IS1 MOREOV]1 ! DECISIVE ELEM5T 9 ! SOCIO-CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! C\NTRY4 

,H[EV]1 ! SITUATION LOOKS DIFF]5T :5 WE TURN TO ! ,JEWI% NATIONALITY4 

,JEWI% NATIONAL AUTONOMY1 NOT 9 ! S5SE ( FRE$OM ( S*OOL1 RELIGION1 PLACE ( RESID5CE1 & EQUAL CIVIC RI<TS1 BUT 9 ! S5SE ( ! POLITICAL SELF-GOV]NM5T ( ! ,JEWI% POPULATION ) ITS [N LEGISLATION & ADM9I/RATION1 AS IT W]E P>ALLEL TO ! AUTONOMY ( ! ,CONGRESS ,K+DOM1 IS AN 5TIRELY UTOPIAN IDEA4 ,/RANGELY1 ?IS CONVICTION PREVAILS ALSO 9 ! CAMP ( EXTREME ,POLI% NATIONALI/S1 E4G41 9 ! SO-CALL$ 0,REVOLUTION>Y ,FACTION0 ( ! ,P,P,S1 :]E IT IS BAS$ ON ! SIMPLE CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT ! ,JEWI% NATIONALITY DOES NOT POSSESS A 0T]RITORY ( ITS [N0 )9 ! ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE4 ,BUT NATIONAL AUTONOMY CONCEIV$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ?AT GR\P'S [N /&PO9T1 I4E41 AS ! SUM ( FRE$OMS & RI<TS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION ( A C]TA9 GR\P ( PEOPLE L9K$ BY LANGUAGE1 TRADITION1 & PSY*OLOGY1 IS 9 ITSELF A CON/RUCTION LY+ BEYOND HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS1 FLUTT]+ 9 MID-AIR1 & !RE=E ONE ?AT CAN BE EASILY CONCEIV$1 AS IT W]E1 09 ! AIR10 I4E41 )\T ANY DEF9ITE T]RITORY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 AN AUTONOMY ?AT GR[S HI/ORICALLY TOGE!R ) LOCAL SELF-GOV]NM5T1 ON ! BASIS ( MOD]N B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPM5T1 IS ACTUALLY AS 9SEP>ABLE FROM A C]TA9 T]RITORY AS ! B\RGEOIS /ATE ITSELF1 & CANNOT BE IMAG9$ )\T IT TO ! SAME EXT5T AS 0NON-T]RITORIAL0 COMMUNAL OR URBAN SELF-GOV]NM5T4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! ,JEWI% POPULATION WAS COMPLETELY UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( MOD]N CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T 9 ! ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE & %>ES ! ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 & SPIRITUAL 9T]E/S ( P>TICUL> GR\PS 9 ?AT SOCIETY4 ,BUT ON ! ONE H&1 !SE 9T]E/S W]E NEV] T]RITORIALLY SEP>AT$ SO AS TO BECOME SPECIFICALLY ,JEWI% CAPITALI/ 9T]E/S2 RA!R1 !Y >E COMMON 9T]E/S ( ! ,JEWI% & O!R PEOPLE 9 ! C\NTRY AT L>GE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ?IS CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T DOES NOT LEAD TO A SEP>ATION ( B\RGEOIS ,JEWI% CULTURE1 BUT ACTS 9 AN EXACTLY OPPOSITE DIRECTION1 LEAD+ TO ! ASSIMILATION ( ! ,JEWI% B\RGEOIS1 URBAN 9TELLIG5TSIA1 TO !IR ABSORPTION BY ! ,POLI% OR ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE4 ,IF ! NATIONAL DI/9CTNESS ( ! ,LI?UANIANS OR ,BYELORUSSIANS IS BAS$ ON ! BACKW>D PEASANT PEOPLE1 ! ,JEWI% NATIONAL DI/9CTNESS 9 ,RUSSIA & ,POL& IS BAS$ ON ! SOCIALLY BACKW>D PETITE B\RGEOISIE1 ON SMALL PRODUCTION1 SMALL TRADE1 SMALL-T[N LIFE1 & - LET US ADD P>5!TICALLY - ON ! CLOSE RELATION ( ! NATIONALITY 9 QUE/ION TO RELIGION4 ,9 VIEW ( ! ABOVE1 ! NATIONAL DI/9CTNESS ( ! ,JEWS1 :I* IS SUPPOS$ TO BE ! BASIS ( NON-T]RITORIAL ,JEWI% AUTONOMY1 IS MANIFE/$ NOT 9 ! =M ( METROPOLITAN B\RGEOIS CULTURE1 BUT 9 ! =M ( SMALL-T[N LACK ( CULTURE4 ,OBVI\SLY ANY EF=TS T[>D 0DEVELOP+ ,JEWI% CULTURE0 AT ! 9ITIATIVE ( A H&FUL ( ,YIDDI% PUBLICI/S & TRANSLATORS CANNOT BE TAK5 S]I\SLY4 

,! ONLY MANIFE/ATION ( G5U9E MOD]N CULTURE 9 ! ,RUSSIAN FRAMEWORK IS ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT :I*1 BECAUSE ( ITS NATURE1 CAN BE/ REPLACE ! HI/ORICAL LACK ( B\RGEOIS NATIONAL CULTURE ( ! ,JEWS1 S9CE IT IS ITSELF A PHASE ( G5U9ELY 9T]NATIONAL & PROLET>IAN CULTURE4 

,DIFF]5T1 ?\< NO LESS COMPLICAT$1 IS ! QUE/ION ( AUTONOMY 9 ,LI?UANIA4 ,= NATIONALI/ UTOPIANS1 OBVI\SLY ! EXI/5CE ( A C]TA9 T]RITORY 9HABIT$ BY A POPULATION ( DI/9CT NATIONALITY IS A SUFFICI5T REASON TO DEM& = ! NATIONALITY 9 QUE/ION1 9 ! NAME ( ! RI<T ( ALL NATIONALITIES TO SELF-DET]M9ATION1 EI!R AN 9DEP5D5T REPUBLIC1 OR ONE F$]AT$ ) ,RUSSIA1 OR ! 0BROADE/ AUTONOMY40 ,EA* ( !SE PROGRAMS WAS ADVANC$ 9 TURN BY ! =M] 0,LI?UANIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY10 !N BY ! ,P,P,S 9 ITS F$]ATIVE PHASE1 & F9ALLY BY ! REC5TLY ORGANIZ$ 0,BYELORUSSIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,COMMUNE0 :I*1 AT ITS ,SECOND ,CONGRESS 9 #a#i#f1 ADOPT$ A SOME:AT VAGUE PROGRAM ( A 0F$]AL REPUBLIC 9 ,RUSSIA ) A T]RITORIAL-AUTONOM\S DIET 9 ,VILNA = ! T]RITORY ( ! ,WE/]N C\NTRY40.<#e.> ,:E!R ! 0,BYELORUSSIAN ,COMMUNE0 DEM&S ! PROCLAMATION ( ! 0,WE/]N C\NTRY0 AS ONE ( ! REPUBLICS 9TO :I* ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE IS TO BE SPLIT1 OR A 0T]RITORIAL AUTONOMY0 = ?AT 0,WE/]N C\NTRY0 IS DIFFICULT TO FIGURE \T2 S9CE AN 0AUTONOM\S0 DIET IS DEM&$ = ,VILNA1 IT W\LD SEEM ?AT ! LATT] V]SION IS 9T5D$1 OR ELSE1 :AT IS 9 COMPLETE H>MONY ) ! :OLE UTOPIAN-AB/RACT TREATM5T ( ! QUE/ION1 NO BASIC DI/9CTIONS >E MADE BETWE5 AN 9DEP5D5T REPUBLIC1 A F$]AL SY/EM1 & AUTONOMY1 BUT ONLY QUALITATIVE DI/9CTIONS4 ,LET US EXAM9E ! MATT] FROM ! /&PO9T ( T]RITORIAL AUTONOMY4 ,! 0,WE/]N C\NTRY10 ACCORD+ TO ! T]M9OLOGY 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ADM9I/RATIVE DIVISION1 IS A PREPOND]ANTLY AGR>IAN & SMALL-9DU/RY DI/RICT COMPRIS+ >EAS ) CONSID]ABLE V>IATIONS 9 CONDITIONS4 ,AP>T FROM ! LOCAL 9T]E/S ( ! RURAL1 MUNICIPAL1 & PROV9CIAL SELF-GOV]NM5TS1 ?IS T]RITORY IS MU* LESS ( AS DI/9CT PRODUCTION & TRAD+ DI/RICT1 ) A LESS DI/9CTIVE *>ACT] & A LESS DI/9CT GR\P+ ( 9T]E/S1 ?AN ! ,K+DOM ( ,POL& OR ! 9DU/RIAL ,MOSC[ DI/RICT4 ,ON ! O!R H& IT IS A DI/9CT NATIONALITY DI/RICT4 ,BUT IT IS PRECISELY ) REG>D TO ?IS QUE/ION ( NATIONALITY ?AT ! GREATE/ DIFFICULTIES >ISE FROM ! /&PO9T ( POT5TIAL AUTONOMY4 ,! 0,WE/]N C\NTRY10 I4E41 ! T]RITORY ( =M] ,LI?UANIA1 IS AN >EA OCCUPI$ BY SEV]AL DIFF]5T NATIONALITIES1 & ! FIR/ QUE/ION ?AT >ISES IS3 :I* NATIONALITY IS TO BE S]V$ BY ! T]RITORIAL-NATIONAL AUTONOMY ?AT IS AT /AKE1 :I* LANGUAGE1 :I* NATIONALITY IS TO BE DECISIVE 9 ! S*OOLS1 CULTURAL 9/ITUTIONS1 ! JUDICI>Y1 LEGISLATION1 & 9 FILL+ LOCAL (FICES8 ,! ,LI?UANIAN NATIONALI/S OBVI\SLY DEM& AUTONOMY = ! ,LI?UANIAN NATIONALITY4 ,LET US LOOK AT ! ACTUAL CONDITIONS ( ?AT NATIONALITY4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! C5SUS ( #ahig - ! LA/ ONE ?AT HAS TAK5 PLACE & :OSE RESULTS 9 ! >EA ( NATIONALITY RELATIONS HAVE BE5 AVAILABLE TO ! PUBLIC S9CE #aie - ! G5U9E ,LI?UANIAN NATIONALITY 9 ! ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE NUMB]S #a1#b#a1#e#a PEOPLE4 ,?IS POPULATION 9HABITS MA9LY ! ,VILNA1 ,KOVNO1 ,GRODNO1 & ,SUWALKI GUB]NIAS4 ,BESIDES1 !RE LIVE ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY 9 ! ,KOVNO GUB]NIA1 #d#d#h1 P]SONS ( ,SAMOGITIAN NATIONALITY1 :O BY NO MEANS ID5TIFY ) ! ,LI?UANIANS4 ,IF WE W]E TO \TL9E ! T]RITORY ?AT MI<T S]VE AS A BASIS = AN AUTONOM\S ,LI?UANIA1 WE W\LD HAVE TO ELIM9ATE P>T ( ! PRES5T 0,WE/]N C\NTRY10 & ON ! O!R H& GO BEYOND ITS BORD]S & 9CLUDE ! ,SUWALKI GUB]NIA :I* TODAY BELONGS TO ! ,CONGRESS ,K+DOM4 ,WE W\LD OBTA9 A T]RITORY APPROXIMATELY CORRESPOND+ TO ! VOYVOD%IP ( ,VILNA & ,TROKI :I*1 9 PRE-P>TITION ,POL&1 CON/ITUT$ 0,LI?UANIA PROP]40 ,! ,LI?UANIAN POPULATION IS DI/RIBUT$ 9 ?AT T]RITORY AS FOLL[S3 \T ( ! SUM TOTAL ( #a1#b1 ,LI?UANIANS ALMO/ HALF1 I4E41 #e#g#d1#h#e#c1 >E CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! ,KOVNO GUB]NIA4 ,! SECOND PLACE ) REG>D TO ! CONC5TRATION ( ,LI?UANIANS IS OCCUPI$ BY ! ,SUWALKI GUB]NIA1 :]E #c#e1#e#d#h LIVE2 SOME:AT FEW] >E TO BE F\ND 9 ! ,VILNA GUB]NIA1 VIZ41 #b#i#g1#g#b P]SONS2 F9ALLY1 AN 9SIGNIFICANT NUMB] ( ,LI?UANIANS1 AB\T #c1#e1 9HABIT ! NOR!RN PORTION ( ! ,GRODNO GUB]NIA4 ,ACTUALLY1 ! ,LI?UANIAN POPULATION IS D\BTLESS MORE NUM]\S1 BECAUSE 9 ! C5SUS ! LANGUAGE US$ BY ! RESPECTIVE POPULATIONS WAS ! MA9 PO9T TAK5 9TO CONSID]ATION1 :ILE A SIZABLE PROPORTION ( ,LI?UANIANS USE ! ,POLI% LANGUAGE 9 EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,H[EV]1 9 ! PRES5T CASE1 FROM ! /&PO9T ( NATIONALITY AS A BASIS ( NATIONAL AUTONOMY1 OBVI\SLY ONLY ! POPULATION :]E9 NATIONAL DI/9CTNESS IS EXPRESS$ 9 A DI/9CT NATIVE LANGUAGE CAN BE TAK5 9TO ACC\NT4 

,! DI/RIBUTION ( ! ,LI?UANIAN POPULATION BECOMES APP>5T ONLY :5 WE ASC]TA9 ITS NUM]ICAL RATIO TO ! REMA9+ POPULATION 9 ! SAME T]RITORY4 ,! OV]-ALL POPULATION FIGURE 9 ! GUB]NIAS M5TION$ 7ALWAYS ACCORD+ TO ! #ahig C5SUS7 IS AS FOLL[S3 

  
,P]C5T 

,LI?UANIANS 
,9 ! ,KOVNO GUB]NIA 
  
#a1#e#d#d1#e#f#i 
#c#g4 
,9 ! ,VILNA GUB]NIA 
#a1#e#i#a1#b#g 
#a#g4 
,9 ! ,GRODNO GUB]NIA 
#a1#f#c1#d#i 
  4#b 
,9 ! ,SUWALKI GUB]NIA 
   #e#h#b1#i#a#c 
#e#b4 

,\T ( A TOTAL POPULATION ( #e1#c#b#b1#i#c 9 ?AT T]RITORY1 ! ,LI?UANIANS CON/ITUTE LESS ?AN #bc P]C5T4 ,EV5 IF WE W]E TO 9CLUDE1 AS DO ! ,LI?UANIAN NATIONALI/S1 ! 5TIRE ,SAMOGITIAN POPULATION ) ! ,LI?UANIANS1 WE W\LD OBTA9 ! RATIO ( #ca P]C5T1 I4E41 LESS ?AN A ?IRD ( ! TOTAL POPULATION4 ,OBVI\SLY1 SETT+ UP ! =M] 0,LI?UANIA PROP]0 AS ! >EA ( ! ,LI?UANIAN NATIONALITY IS1 9 PRES5T-DAY CONDITIONS1 AN 5TIRELY >BITR>Y & >TIFICIAL CON/RUCTION4 

,! TOTAL POPULATION ( ! F\R 0NOR?-WE/]N0 GUB]NIAS 9CLUD$ BECAUSE ( ! ,BYELORUSSIAN NATIONALITY IS AS FOLL[S3 

,M9SK GUB]NIA 
  
#b1#a#d#g1#f#b#a 
,MOGILEV GUB]NIA 
#a1#f#h#f1#g#f#d 
,WITEBSK GUB]NIA 
#a1#d#h#i1#b#d#f 
,SMOL5SK GUB]NIA 
#a1#e#b#e1#b#g#i 

,TOGE!R ) ! POPULATION ( ! F\R GUB]NIAS 9HABIT$ BY ,LI?UANIANS1 ?IS ADDS UP TO ! CONSID]ABLE FIGURE ( #a#b1#a#g#a1#g4 ,H[EV]1 AMONG ?IS POPULATION1 ! ,BYELORUSSIANS CON/ITUTE LESS ?AN HALF1 I4E41 AB\T #e4#h#e MILLION 7#e1#h#e#e1#e#d#g74 ,EV5 CONSID]+ ONLY ! FIGURES1 ! IDEA ( FITT+ ,LI?UANIA'S AUTONOMY TO ! ,BYELORUSSIAN NATIONALITY SEEMS QUE/IONABLE4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS DIFFICULTY BECOMES MU* GREAT] IF WE TAKE 9TO CONSID]ATION ! SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ( ! RESPECTIVE NATIONALITIES4 

,9 ! T]RITORY 9HABIT$ BY !M ! ,BYELORUSSIANS CON/ITUTE AN EXCLUSIVELY RURAL1 AGR>IAN ELEM5T4 ,!IR CULTURAL LEVEL IS EXTREMELY L[4 ,ILLIT]ACY IS SO WIDESPREAD ?AT ! 0,BYELORUSSIAN ,COMMUNE0 WAS =C$ TO E/ABLI% AN 0,$UCATION ,DEP>TM5T0 TO SPREAD ELEM5T>Y $UCATION AMONG ! ,BYELORUSSIAN PEASANTS4 ,! COMPLETE LACK ( A ,BYELORUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE1 AN URBAN 9TELLIG5TSIA1 & AN 9DEP5D5T S*OL>LY & LIT]>Y LIFE 9 ! ,BYELORUSSIAN LANGUAGE1 R5D]S ! IDEA ( A NATIONAL ,BYELORUSSIAN AUTONOMY SIMPLY IMPRACTICAL4 

,! SOCIAL CONDITIONS AMONG ! ,LI?UANIAN NATIONALS >E SIMIL>4 ,TO A PREPOND]ANT DEGREE F>M+ IS ! OCCUPATION ( ! ,LI?UANIANS4 ,9 ! CULTURAL HE>T ( ,LI?UANIA1 ! ,VILNA GUB]NIA1 ! ,LI?UANIANS CON/ITUTE #a#i4#h P]C5T ( ! TOTAL POPULATION1 & #c4#a P]C5T ( ! URBAN POPULATION4 ,9 ! ,SUWALKI GUB]NIA1 ! NEXT ) REG>D TO ,LI?UANIAN CONC5TRATION1 ! ,LI?UANIANS CON/ITUTE AS MU* AS #e#b4#b P]C5T ( ! GUB]NIA POPULATION1 BUT ONLY #i4#b P]-C5T ( ! URBAN POPULATION4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! CULTURAL CONDITIONS AMONG ! ,LI?UANIANS >E QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE 9 ,BYELORUSSIA4 ,! $UCATION ( ! ,LI?UANIAN POPULATION IS ON A RELATIVELY HI< LEVEL1 & ! P]C5TAGE ( ILLIT]ATES IS ALMO/ ! L[E/ 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE4 ,BUT ! $UCATION ( ,LI?UANIANS IS PREPOND]ANTLY A ,POLI% $UCATION1 & ! ,POLI% LANGUAGE1 NOT ! ,LI?UANIAN1 IS H]E ! 9/RUM5T ( CULTURE1 :I* FACT IS CLOSELY CONNECT$ ) ! FACT ?AT ! POSSESS+ CLASSES1 ! RURAL L&$ G5TRY1 & ! URBAN 9TELLIG5TSIA >E G5U9ELY ,POLI% OR ,POLONIZ$ TO A HI< DEGREE4 ,! SAME SITUATION PREVAILS TO A CONSID]ABLE DEGREE 9 ,RU!NIA4 ,9DE$1 9 ,LI?UANIA & ,RU!NIA ! ONLY NATIONALITY CULTURALLY FIT TO MANAGE NATIONAL AUTONOMY IS ! ,POLI%1 ) ITS URBAN POPULATION & ITS 9TELLIG5TSIA4 ,!RE=E1 IF ! NATIONAL AUTONOMY ( ! 0,WE/]N C\NTRY0 W]E TO BE CONSID]$1 IT W\LD HAVE TO BE NEI!R A ,LI?UANIAN NOR A ,BYELORUSSIAN AUTONOMY1 BUT A ,POLI% ONE3 ! ,POLI% LANGUAGE1 ! ,POLI% S*OOL1 ,POLES 9 PUBLIC (FICES W\LD BE ! NATURAL EXPRESSION ( ! AUTONOM\S 9/ITUTIONS ( ! C\NTRY4 

,GIV5 ?IS SITUATION1 CULTURALLY & NATIONALLY1 ,LI?UANIA & ,RU!NIA W\LD CON/ITUTE ONLY AN EXT5SION ( ! ,K+DOM1 NOT A SEP>ATE AUTONOM\S REGION2 !Y W\LD =M1 ) ! ,K+DOM1 A NATURAL & HI/ORICAL REGION1 ) ,POLI% AUTONOMY OV] ! ,K+DOM PLUS ,LI?UANIA4 

,SU* A SOLUTION ( ! QUE/ION IS OPPOS$ BY SEV]AL DECISIVE CONSID]ATIONS4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 FROM ! PURELY NATIONAL PO9T ( VIEW1 ?IS W\LD BE ! RULE ( A SMALL ,POLI% M9ORITY OV] A MAJORITY ( ,LI?UANIANS1 ,BYELORUSSIANS1 ,JEWS1 & O!RS4 ,9 ,LI?UANIA & ,RU!NIA1 ! ,JEWS & ! ,POLES MAKE UP MO/ ( ! URBAN POPULATION2 TOGE!R !Y OCCUPY :AT W\LD BE ! NATURAL SOCIAL C5T]S ( AUTONOM\S 9/ITUTIONS4 ,BUT ! ,JEWI% POPULATION DECISIVELY \TNUMB]S ! ,POLI%1 :]EAS 9 ! ,CONGRESS ,K+DOM !RE >E #f1#h#h1 ,POLES 7ACCORD+ TO ! #ahig C5SUS7 & ONLY #a1#c1 ,JEWS4 ,! P]C5TAGE ( EA* 9 ! F\R GUB]NIAS ( ,LI?UANIA PROP] 9 T]MS ( ! OV]-ALL POPULATION IS AS FOLL[S3 

,GUB]NIA 
  
,POLES 
  
,JEWS 
,SUWALKI 
#b#b4#i#i 
#a4#a#d 
,KOVNO 
  #i4#d 
#a#c4#g#c 
,VILNA 
  #h4#a#g 
#a#b4#g#b 
,GRODNO 
#a4#h 
#a#g4#c#g 

,ONLY 9 ! ,SUWALKI GUB]NIA IS ! ,JEWI% POPULATION SMALL] ?AN ! ,POLI%1 BUT EV5 H]E ?IS RATIO IS QUITE DIFF]5T :5 WE TAKE ! T[NS 9TO CONSID]ATION3 !N ! ,POLES CON/ITUTE #bg P]C5T1 ! ,JEWS #d P]C5T ( ! URBAN POPULATION4 ,IT %\LD ALSO BE TAK5 9TO CONSID]ATION ?AT ,JEWS 9 ! ,K+DOM1 IF ASSIMILAT$ - MORE SO 9 ! URBAN >EAS - RE9=CE ! ,POLI% NATIONALITY2 :]EAS 9 ,LI?UANIA ! ASSIMILATION PROCESS1 :I* IS ANYWAY MU* SL[]1 OCCURS - :5 IT DOES AT ALL - AMONG ,JEWS :O BELONG TO ! ,RUSSIAN CULTURE2 9 BO? CASES CONFUSION AMONG NATIONALITIES GR[S & ! QUE/ION ( AUTONOMY BECOMES MORE & MORE 5TANGL$4 ,SUFFICE IT TO SAY ?AT 9 ! HE>T ( ,LI?UANIA & ! SEAT ( ! PLANN$ AUTONOM\S DIET1 ,VILNA1 \T ( ! #bbg S*OOLS C\NT$ 9 #a#i1 #ahb >E ,JEWI%6 

,ANO!R CONSID]ATION NO LESS IMPORTANT IS ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT ! ,POLI% NATIONALITY IS 9 ,LI?UANIA & ,RU!NIA PRECISELY ! NATIONALITY ( ! RUL+ /RATA3 ! G5TRY L&[N]S & ! B\RGEOISIE2 :ILE ! ,LI?UANIAN & P>TICUL>LY ! ,BYELORUSSIAN NATIONALITY IS REPRES5T$ MO/LY BY L&LESS PEASANTRY4 ,!RE=E1 ! NATIONALITY RELATION%IP IS H]E - G5]ALLY SPEAK+ - A RELATION%IP ( SOCIAL CLASSES4 ,H&+ OV] ! C\NTRY'S AUTONOM\S 9/ITUTIONS TO ! ,POLI% NATIONALITY W\LD H]E MEAN ! CREATION ( A NEW P[]FUL 9/RUM5T ( CLASS DOM9ATION )\T A CORRESPOND+ /R5G!N+ ( ! POSITION ( ! EXPLOIT$ CLASSES1 & W\LD CAUSE CONDITIONS ( ! K9D ?AT W\LD BE BR\<T AB\T BY ! PROPOS$ AUTONOMY ( ,GALICIA = ! ,RU!NIANS4 

,CONSEQU5TLY1 BO? = NATIONALITY & = SOCIAL REASONS ! JO9+ ( ,LI?UANIA TO ! AUTONOM\S T]RITORY ( ! ,K+DOM OR ! SEP>ATION ( ,LI?UANIA & ,RU!NIA 9TO AN AUTONOM\S REGION ) AN UNAVOIDABLE PREPOND]ANCE ( ! ,POLI% ELEM5T IS A PROJECT :I* ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY MU/ COMBAT 9 PR9CIPLE4 ,9 ?IS =M1 ! PROJECT ( ,LI?UANIA'S NATIONAL AUTONOMY ALTOGE!R FALLS ?R\< AS UTOPIAN1 9 VIEW ( ! NUM]ICAL & SOCIAL RELATIONS ( ! NATIONALITIES 9VOLV$4 

  

,I,I,I 

,ANO!R \T/&+ EXAMPLE ( ! DIFFICULTIES 5C\NT]$ BY ! PROBLEM ( NATIONALITY AUTONOMY 9 PRACTICE IS TO BE F\ND 9 ! ,CAUCASUS4 ,NO CORN] ( ! E>? PRES5TS SU* A PICTURE ( NATIONALITY 9T]MIXTURE 9 ONE T]RITORY AS ! ,CAUCASUS1 ! ANCI5T HI/ORICAL TRAIL ( ! GREAT MIGRATIONS ( PEOPLES BETWE5 ,ASIA & ,EUROPE1 /REWN ) FRAGM5TS & SPL9T]S ( ?OSE PEOPLES4 ,?AT T]RITORY'S POPULATION ( OV] N9E MILLION IS COMPOS$ 7ACCORD+ TO ! #ahig C5SUS7 ( ! FOLL[+ RACIAL & NATIONALITY GR\PS3 

  
,9 ,?\S&S 
,RUSSIANS 
  

#b1#a#i#b4#c 
,G]MANS 
     #b#a4#e 
,GREEKS 
     #e#g4#c 
,>M5IANS 
   #i#g#e4 
,OSSETIANS 
   #a#e#g4#a 
,KURDS 
   #a4 
,*E*5S 
   #b#d#c4#d 
,CIRCASSIANS 
   #a#a#a4#e 
,ABKHAZ 
     #g#b4#d 
,LEZG9S 
   #f#a#c4#h 
,GEORGIANS1 ,IM]ET9S1 

,M+RELS1 ETC4 
,K>TVELIAN 
#a1#b#a4#b 
,JEWS 

     #d#c4#d 
,TAT>S 
#a1#a#c#i4#f 
,KUMYKS 
   #a4#h 
,TURKS 
,TURCO-,TAT>S 
     #g4#b 
,NOGAYS 

     #e#e4#d 
,K>A*ES 
     #b#b4 
,KALMUKS 
     #a#a4#h 
,E/ONIANS 

,MORDV9IANS 
       #a4#d 

,! T]RITORIAL DI/RIBUTION ( ! L>GE/ NATIONALITIES 9VOLV$ IS AS FOLL[S3 ,! ,RUSSIANS1 :O CON/ITUTE ! MO/ NUM]\S GR\P 9 ! :OLE ,CAUCASUS1 >E CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! NOR?1 9 ! ,KUBAN & ,BLACK ,SEA DI/RICTS & 9 ! NOR?WE/ P>T ( ,T]SK4 ,MOV+ S\?W>D1 9 ! WE/]N P>T ( ! ,CAUCASUS ! ,K>TVELIANS >E LOCAT$2 !Y OCCUPY ! ,KUTAI & ! S\?-EA/]N P>T ( ! ,TIFLIS GUB]NIAS4 ,/ILL FUR!R S\?1 ! C5TRAL T]RITORY IS OCCUPI$ BY ! ,>M5IANS 9 ! S\!RN PORTION ( ! ,TIFLIS1 ! EA/]N PORTION ( ! ,K>S & ! NOR!RN PORTION ( ! ,]IVAN GUB]NIAS1 SQUEEZ$ BETWE5 ! ,GEORGIANS 9 ! NOR?1 ! ,TURKS 9 ! WE/ & ! ,TAT>S 9 ! EA/ & S\?1 9 ! ,BAKU1 ,ELIZABETPOL & ,]IVAN GUB]NIAS4 ,9 ! EA/ & 9 ! M\NTA9S >E LOCAT$ M\NTA9 TRIBES1 :ILE O!R M9OR GR\PS SU* AS ,JEWS & ,G]MANS LIVE1 9T]M+L$ ) ! AUTO*?ON\S POPULATION1 MA9LY 9 ! CITIES4 ,! COMPLEXITY ( ! NATIONALITY PROBLEM APPE>S P>TICUL>LY 9 ! L+UI/IC CONDITIONS BECAUSE 9 ! ,CAUCASUS !RE EXI/1 BESIDES ,RUSSIAN1 ,OSSETIAN1 & ,>M5IAN1 AB\T A HALF-DOZ5 LANGUAGES1 F\R ,LEZG9 DIALECTS1 SEV]AL ,*E*51 SEV]AL ,CIRCASSIAN1 ,M+REL1 ,GEORGIAN1 ,SUDANESE1 & A NUMB] ( O!RS4 ,& !SE >E BY NO MEANS DIALECTS1 BUT MO/LY 9DEP5D5T LANGUAGES 9COMPREH5SIBLE TO ! RE/ ( ! POPULATION4 

,FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! PROBLEM ( AUTONOMY1 OBVI\SLY ONLY ?REE NATIONALITIES 5T] 9TO CONSID]ATION3 ,GEORGIANS1 ,>M5IANS1 & ,TAT>S1 BECAUSE ! ,RUSSIANS 9HABIT+ ! NOR!RN P>T ( ! ,CAUCASUS CON/ITUTE1 ) REG>D TO NATIONALITY1 A CONT9UATION ( ! /ATE T]RITORY ( ! PURELY ,RUSSIAN POPULATION4 

,! RELATIVELY MO/ NUM]\S NATIONALITY GR\P BESIDES ! ,RUSSIANS >E ! ,GEORGIANS1 IF WE 9CLUDE AMONG !M ALL V>IETIES ( ,K>TVELIANS4 ,! HI/ORICAL T]RITORY ( ! ,GEORGIANS IS REPRES5T$ BY ! GUB]NIAS ( ,TIFLIS & ,KUTAI & ! DI/RICTS ( ,SUKHUM & ,SAKATALI1 ) A POPULATION ( #b1#a#a1#d#i4 ,H[EV]1 ! ,GEORGIAN NATIONALITY CON/ITUTES ONLY SLI<TLY MORE ?AN HALF ( ?AT NUMB]1 I4E41 #a1#b12 ! REMA9D] IS COMPOS$ ( ,>M5IANS TO ! NUMB] ( AB\T #b#b11 CONC5TRAT$ MA9LY 9 ! ,AKHALKALATS C\NTY ( ! ,TIFLIS GUB]NIA1 :]E !Y CON/ITUTE OV] #g P]C5T ( ! POPULATION2 ,TAT>S TO ! NUMB] ( #a12 ,OSSETIANS1 OV] #g12 ,LEZG9S REPRES5T HALF ( ! POPULATION 9 ! ,SAKATALI DI/RICT2 & ,ABKHAZES >E PREPOND]ANT 9 ! ,SUKHAM DI/RICT2 :ILE 9 ! ,BOR*AL9 C\NTY ( ! ,TIFLIS GUB]NIA A MIXTURE ( V>I\S NATIONALITIES HOLDS A MAJORITY OV] ! ,GEORGIAN POPULATION4 

,9 VIEW ( !SE FIGURES ! PROJECT ( ,GEORGIAN NATIONALITY AUTONOMY PRES5TS MANIFOLD DIFFICULTIES4 ,GEORGIA'S HI/ORICAL T]RITORY1 TAK5 AS A :OLE1 REPRES5TS SU* A NUM]ICALLY 9SIGNIFICANT POPULATION - SC>CELY #a1#b1 - ?AT IT SEEMS 9SUFFICI5T AS A BASIS ( 9DEP5D5T AUTONOM\S LIFE 9 ! MOD]N S5SE1 ) ITS CULTURAL NE$S & SOCIO-ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS4 ,9 AN AUTONOM\S ,GEORGIA1 ) ITS HI/ORICAL B\ND>IES1 A NATIONALITY ?AT COMPRISES ONLY SLI<TLY MORE ?AN HALF ( ! 5TIRE POPULATION W\LD BE CALL$ ON TO DOM9ATE 9 PUBLIC 9/ITUTIONS1 S*OOLS1 & POLITICAL LIFE4 ,! IMPOSSIBILITY ( ?IS SITUATION IS FELT SO WELL BY ! ,GEORGIAN NATIONALI/S ( REVOLUTION>Y HUE ?AT !Y1 A PRIORI1 REL9QUI% ! HI/ORICAL B\ND>IES & PLAN TO CURTAIL ! AUTONOM\S T]RITORY TO AN >EA CORRESPOND+ TO ! ACTUAL PREPOND]ANCE ( ! ,GEORGIAN NATIONALITY4 

,ACCORD+ TO ?AT PLAN1 ONLY SIXTE5 ( ,GEORGIA'S C\NTIES W\LD BE ! BASIS ( ! ,GEORGIAN AUTONOMY1 :ILE ! FATE ( ! F\R REMA9+ ONES ) A PREPOND]ANCE ( O!R NATIONALITIES W\LD BE DECID$ BY A 0PLEBISCITE0 ( ?OSE NATIONALITIES4 ,?IS PLAN LOOKS HI<LY DEMOCRATIC & REVOLUTION>Y2 BUT LIKE MO/ AN>*I/-9SPIR$ PLANS :I* SEEK TO SOLVE ALL HI/ORIC DIFFICULTIES BY MEANS ( ! 0WILL ( NATIONS0 IT HAS A DEFECT1 :I* IS ?AT 9 PRACTICE ! PLEBISCITE PLAN IS EV5 MORE DIFFICULT TO IMPLEM5T ?AN ! AUTONOMY ( HI/ORICAL ,GEORGIA4 ,! >EA SPECIFI$ 9 ! ,GEORGIAN PLAN W\LD 9CLUDE SC>CELY #a1#d1 PEOPLE1 I4E41 A FIGURE CORRESPOND+ TO ! POPULATION ( A BIG MOD]N CITY4 ,?IS >EA1 CUT \T QUITE >BITR>ILY FROM ,GEORGIA'S TRADITIONAL FRAMEWORK & PRES5T SOCIO-ECONOMIC /ATUS1 IS NOT ONLY AN EXTREMELY SMALL BASIS = AUTONOM\S LIFE BUT MOREOV] DOES NOT REPRES5T ANY ORGANIC 5TITY1 ANY SPH]E ( MAT]IAL LIFE & ECONOMIC & CULTURAL 9T]E/S1 BESIDES ! AB/RACT 9T]E/S ( ! ,GEORGIAN NATIONALITY4 

,H[EV]1 EV5 9 ?IS >EA1 ! ,GEORGIANS' NATIONALITY CLAIMS CANNOT BE 9T]PRET$ AS AN ACTIVE EXPRESSION ( AUTONOM\S LIFE1 9 VIEW ( ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT !IR NUM]ICAL PREPOND]ANCE IS L9K$ ) !IR PREEM95TLY AGR>IAN *>ACT]4 

,9 ! V]Y HE>T ( ,GEORGIA1 ! =M] CAPITAL1 ,TIFLIS1 & A NUMB] ( SMALL] CITIES HAVE AN EM95TLY 9T]NATIONAL *>ACT]1 ) ! ,>M5IANS1 :O REPRES5T ! B\RGEOIS /RATUM1 AS ! PREPOND]ANT ELEM5T4 ,\T ( ,TIFLIS'S POPULATION ( #a#f1 ! ,>M5IANS CON/ITUTE #e#e11 ! ,GEORGIANS & ,RUSSIANS #b1 EA*2 ! BALANCE IS COMPOS$ ( ,TAT>S1 ,P]SIANS1 ,JEWS1 ,GREEKS1 ETC4 ,! NATURAL C5T]S ( POLITICAL & ADM9I/RATIVE LIFE AS WELL AS ( $UCATION & SPIRITUAL CULTURE >E H]E1 AS 9 ,LI?UANIA1 SEATS ( =EIGN NATIONALITIES4 ,?IS CIRCUM/ANCE1 :I* MAKES ,GEORGIA'S NATIONALITY AUTONOMY AN 9SOLUBLE PROBLEM1 IMP+ES SIMULTANE\SLY ON ANO!R ,CAUCASIAN PROBLEM3 ! QUE/ION ( ! AUTONOMY ( ! ,>M5IANS4 

,! EXCLUSION ( ,TIFLIS & O!R CITIES FROM ! AUTONOM\S ,GEORGIAN T]RITORY IS AS IMPOSSIBLE FROM ! /&PO9T ( ,GEORGIA'S SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AS IS !IR 9CLUSION 9TO ?AT T]RITORY FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! ,>M5IAN NATIONALITY4 ,IF WE TOOK AS A BASIS ! NUM]ICAL PREPOND]ANCE ( ,>M5IANS 9 ! POPULATION1 WE W\LD OBTA9 A T]RITORY >TIFICIALLY PAT*$ TOGE!R FROM A FEW FRAGM5TS3 TWO S\!RN C\NTIES ( ,TIFLIS GUB]NIA1 ! NOR!RN P>T ( ,]IVAN GUB]NIA1 & ! NOR?-EA/]N P>T ( ,K>S GUB]NIA1 I4E41 A T]RITORY CUT (F FROM ! MA9 CITIES 9HABIT$ BY ! ,>M5IANS1 :I* IS S5SELESS BO? FROM ! HI/ORICAL /&PO9T & FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! PRES5T ECONOMIC CONDITIONS1 :ILE ! SIZE ( ! PUTATIVE AUTONOM\S >EA W\LD BE LIMIT$ TO SOME #h14 ,IF WE W5T BEYOND ! C\NTIES HAV+ A NUM]ICAL PREPOND]ANCE ( ,>M5IANS WE W\LD F9D ! ,>M5IANS 9EXTRICABLY MIX$ 9 ! NOR? ) ! ,GEORGIANS2 9 ! S\? - 9 ! ,BAKU & ,ELIZABETPOL GUB]NIAS - ) ! ,TAT>S2 & 9 ! WE/1 9 ! ,K>S GUB]NIA1 ) ! ,TURKS4 ,! ,>M5IANS PLAY1 9 RELATION TO ! MO/LY AGR>IAN ,TAT> POPULATION :I* LIVES 9 RA!R BACKW>D CONDITIONS1 P>TLY ! ROLE ( A B\RGEOIS ELEM5T4 

,?US1 ! DRAW+ ( A B\ND>Y BETWE5 ! MA9 NATIONALITIES ( ! ,CAUCASUS IS AN 9SOLUBLE TASK4 ,BUT EV5 MORE DIFFICULT IS ! PROBLEM ( AUTONOMY 9 RELATION TO ! REMA9+ MULTIPLE NATIONALITIES ( ! ,CAUCASIAN M\NTA9E]S4 ,BO? !IR T]RITORIAL 9T]M+L+ & ! SMALL NUM]ICAL SIZE ( ! RESPECTIVE NATIONALITIES1 & F9ALLY ! SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS :I* REMA9 MO/LY ON ! LEVEL ( L>GELY NOMADIC PA/ORALISM1 OR PRIMITIVE F>M+1 )\T AN URBAN LIFE ( !IR [N & ) NO 9TELLECTUAL CREATIVITY 9 !IR NATIVE LANGUAGE1 MAKE ! FUNCTION+ ( MOD]N AUTONOMY 5TIRELY 9APPLICABLE4 

,JU/ AS 9 ,LI?UANIA1 ! ONLY ME?OD ( SETTL+ ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION 9 ! ,CAUCASUS1 9 ! DEMOCRATIC SPIRIT1 SECUR+ TO ALL NATIONALITIES FRE$OM ( CULTURAL EXI/5CE )\T ANY AMONG !M DOM9AT+ ! REMA9+ ONES1 & AT ! SAME TIME MEET+ ! RECOGNIZ$ NE$ = MOD]N DEVELOPM5T1 IS TO DISREG>D E?NOGRAPHIC B\ND>IES1 & TO 9TRODUCE BROAD LOCAL SELF-GOV]NM5T - COMMUNAL1 URBAN1 DI/RICT1 & PROV9CIAL - )\T A DEF9ITE NATIONALITY *>ACT]1 ?AT IS1 GIV+ NO PRIVILEGES TO ANY NATIONALITY4 ,ONLY SU* A SELF-GOV]NM5T WILL MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO UNITE V>I\S NATIONALITIES TO JO9TLY TAKE C>E ( ! LOCAL ECONOMIC & SOCIAL 9T]E/S1 & ON ! O!R H&1 TO TAKE 9TO CONSID]ATION 9 A NATURAL WAY ! DIFF]5T PROPORTIONS ( ! NATIONALITIES 9 EA* C\NTY & EA* COMMUNE4 

,COMMUNAL1 DI/RICT1 PROV9CIAL SELF-GOV]NM5T WILL MAKE IT POSSIBLE = EA* NATIONALITY1 BY MEANS ( A MAJORITY DECISION 9 ! ORGANS ( LOCAL ADM9I/RATION1 TO E/ABLI% ITS S*OOLS & CULTURAL 9/ITUTIONS 9 ?OSE DI/RICTS OR COMMUNES :]E IT POSSESSES NUM]ICAL PREPOND]ANCE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME A SEP>ATE1 EMPIRE-WIDE1 L+UI/IC LAW GU>D+ ! 9T]E/S ( ! M9ORITY CAN E/ABLI% A NORM 9 VIRTUE ( :I* NATIONAL M9ORITIES1 BEG9N+ ) A C]TA9 NUM]ICAL M9IMUM1 CAN CON/ITUTE A BASIS = ! COMPULSORY F\ND+ ( S*OOLS 9 !IR NATIONAL LANGUAGES 9 ! COMMUNE1 DI/RICT1 OR PROV9CE2 & !IR LANGUAGE CAN BE E/ABLI%$ 9 LOCAL PUBLIC & ADM9I/RATIVE 9/ITUTIONS1 C\RTS1 ETC41 AT ! SIDE ( ! LANGUAGE ( ! PREPOND]ANT NATIONALITY 7! (FICIAL LANGUAGE74 ,SU* A SOLUTION W\LD BE WORKABLE1 IF 9DE$ ANY SOLUTION IS POSSIBLE )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( CAPITALISM1 & GIV5 ! HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS4 ,?IS SOLUTION W\LD COMB9E ! G5]AL PR9CIPLE ( LOCAL SELF-GOV]NM5T ) SPECIAL LEGISLATIVE MEASURES TO GU>ANTEE CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T & EQUALITY ( RI<TS ( ! NATIONALITIES ?R\< !IR CLOSE COOP]ATION1 & NOT !IR MUTUAL SEP>ATION BY B>RI]S ( NATIONAL AUTONOMY4 

  

,I,V 

,AN 9T]E/+ EXAMPLE ( A PURELY =MALI/IC SETTLEM5T ( ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION = ! 5TIRE ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE IS PROVID$ BY ! PROJECT ( A C]TA9 ,K4 ,=TUNATOV PUBLI%$ BY ! GR\P 0,TRUD I ,BORBA0 .<,WORK & ,/RUGGLE.>1 AN ATTEMPT AT A PRACTICAL SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEM 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! PR9CIPLES ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S4.<#f.> ,ON ! BASIS ( ! C5SUS1 ! AU?OR FIR/ >RANGES A MAP ( ! EMPIRE ACCORD+ TO NATIONALITIES1 TAK+ AS A BASIS ! NUM]ICAL PREPOND]ANCE ( EA* NATIONALITY 9 ! RESPECTIVE GUB]NIAS & C\NTIES4 ,! NUM]ICALLY /RONGE/ NATIONALITY IS ! ,GREAT ,RUSSIANS :O >E PREPOND]ANT 9 ?IRTY GUB]NIAS ( ,EUROPEAN ,RUSSIA4 ,!Y >E FOLL[$ BY ! ,LITTLE ,RUSSIANS :O HAVE A MAJORITY 9 ! ,UKRA9E 9 ! GUB]NIAS ( ,POLTAWA1 ,PODOLIA1 ,KH>KOV1 ,KIEV1 & ,VOLHYNIA1 & >E REPRES5T$ ALSO 9 ! GUB]NIAS ( ,EKAT]9OSLAV1 ,*]NIGOV1 ,KH]SON1 ,KUBAN1 & ,TAURIDA1 :ILE 9 ,BESS>ABIA ! ,MOLDAVIANS & 9 ! ,CRIMEA ! ,TAT>S >E PREPOND]ANT4 ,AP>T FROM ! ,POLES1 ! ?IRD NATIONALITY IS ! ,BYELORUSSIANS1 :O HAVE A MAJORITY 9 FIVE GUB]NIAS3 ,MOGILEV1 ,M9SK1 ,VILNA1 ,WITEBSK1 & ,GRODNO1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( EI<T C\NTIES 7,BIALY/OK1 9HABIT$ MA9LY BY ,POLES2 ,BIELSK1 ,BRZESC1 & ,KOBRYN1 9 :I* ! ,LITTLE ,RUSSIANS >E PREPOND]ANT2 ! ,DZW9SK1 ,REZYCA1 & ,LUC9 C\NTIES1 :]E ! ,LATVIANS >E 9 ! MAJORITY2 & F9ALLY ,TROKI1 9 :I* ! ,LI?UANIANS PREVAIL74 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,KRASNE C\NTY ( ,SMOL5SK GUB]NIA HAS TO BE 9CLUD$ 9 ,BYELORUSSIA BECAUSE ( ! PREPOND]ANCE ( ?AT NATIONALITY4 ,! ,LI?UANIANS & ,SAMOGITIANS PREVAIL 9 ! ,KOVNO & ,SUWALKI GUB]NIAS1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! ,SUWALKI & ,AUGU/[ C\NTIES 9 :I* ! ,POLES >E 9 ! MAJORITY4 ,! ,LATVIANS 9 ,C\RL& & ! ,E/ONIANS 9 ,E/ONIA HAVE A DECISIVE MAJORITY1 & BETWE5 !M !Y DIVIDE ,LIVONIA 9TO PRACTICALLY TWO EQUAL P>TS1 S\!RN & NOR!RN4 ,9CLUD+ ! ,CONGRESS ,K+DOM1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! ,SUWALKI GUB]NIA1 WE OBTA91 9 SIXTY-TWO GUB]NIAS ( ,EUROPEAN ,RUSSIA1 ! FOLL[+ PICTURE ( NATIONALITY RELATIONS3 

,GREAT ,RUSSIANS PREPOND]ANT 9 
#c GUB]NIAS 
,LITTLE ,RUSSIANS 
#a GUB]NIAS 
,BYELORUSSIANS 
  #e GUB]NIAS 
,POLES 
  #i GUB]NIAS 
,LI?UANIANS 
  #b GUB]NIAS 
,LATVIANS 
  #b GUB]NIAS 
,E/ONIANS 
  #a GUB]NIA 
,MOLDAVIANS 
  #a GUB]NIA 
,TAT>S 
  #b GUB]NIAS 

,HAV+ EXAM9$ ! T]RITORIAL DI/RIBUTION ( NATIONALITIES 9 ! ,CAUCASUS ACCORD+ TO GUB]NIAS & C\NTIES1 ! AU?OR 9 TURN MOVES TO ,ASIATIC ,RUSSIA4 ,9 ,SIB]IA1 ! ,RUSSIAN ELEM5T IS 9 A DECISIVE MAJORITY1 =M+ #h4#i P]C5T ( ! POPULATION BESIDES ! ,BURIATS1 #e P]C5T2 ,YAKUTS1 #d P]-C5T2 ,TAT>S1 #c4#f P]C5T2 O!R NATIONALITIES1 #f4#e P]C5T4 ,ONLY 9 ! ,YAKUT GUB]NIA DO ! ,RUSSIANS CON/ITUTE A M9ORITY ( #a#a4#e P]C5T :ILE ! ,YAKUTS =M #h#b4#b P]C5T ( ! :OLE4 ,9 ,C5TRAL ,ASIA1 ! MO/ NUM]\S NATIONALITIES >E ! ,KIRGIS1 :O >E 9 A MAJORITY 9 ALL GUB]NIAS ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! ?REE S\!RN ONES3 ,TRANS-,CASPIA1 9 :I* ! ,TURKOMANS NUMB] #fe P]C5T1 ,SAM>KANA1 9HABIT$ BY ! ,UZBEKHS 7#e#h4#h P]C5T7 & ,TADZIKHS 7#b#f4#i P]C5T71 & ! ,F]GAN ,VALLEY1 9 :I* ! ,S>TS =M HALF1 ! ,UZBEKHS #i4#g P]C5T1 ! ,KIRGIS #a#b4#h P]C5T ( ! POPULATION4 

,?US1 TAK+ AS A BASIS ! GUB]NIAS & C\NTIES ) A PREPOND]ANCE ( ONE NATIONALITY OR ANO!R1 ,MR4 ,=TUNATOV RANGES ! FOLL[+ S*EME ( NATIONALITY DI/RICTS 9 ! :OLE EMPIRE1 AS %[N 9 ! APP5DIX BEL[4 

,9 ?IS S*EME WE >E /RUCK BY GREAT NUM]ICAL DIFF]5CES1 E4G41 BETWE5 ! TREM5D\S ,GREAT ,RUSSIAN & ,LITTLE ,RUSSIAN DI/RICTS & SU* T9Y ONES AS ! ,LI?UANIAN1 ,E/ONIAN1 OR 9DIVIDUAL ,CAUCASIAN1 LET ALONE ! ,YAKUT4 ,?IS CIRCUM/ANCE APP>5TLY (F5DS ! S5SE ( SYMMETRY ( ! ADMIR]S ( ! PR9CIPLE ( 0,F$]ATION40 ,IT ALSO EVOKES 9 !M SOME D\BTS AS TO :E!R NATIONALITIES SO UNEQUAL 9 /R5G? & SIZE C\LD 5T] 9TO IDYLLIC COEXI/5CE AS AUTONOM\S DI/RICTS POSSESS+ EQUAL RI<TS4 ,!RE=E1 \R /ATI/ICIAN1 )\T MU* ?\<T1 OBVIATES ! EVIL ) SCISSORS & GLUE BY COMB9+ SEV]AL SMALL DI/RICTS 9TO ONE & SIMULTANE\SLY DISMEMB]+ TWO BIG ONES 9TO SMALL] ONES4 ,APP>5TLY TAK+ A POPULATION ( SIX TO N9E MILLION AS A NORMAL MEASURE ( A NATIONALITY DI/RICT - AL?\< IT IS UNKN[N ON :AT BASIS - HE CONSID]S ?AT IT IS 0EASY0 TO SPLIT ! ,LITTLE ,RUSSIAN DI/RICT 9TO ?REE & ! ,GREAT ,RUSSIAN 9TO SEV51 SEP>AT+ = 9/ANCE ! ,DON1 ,A/RAKHAZAN1 ,KUBAN1 ,/AVROPOL1 & ,BLACK ,SEA GUB]NIAS & TWO C\NTIES ( ,T]SK ) A POPULATION ( #f4#g MILLION AS A 0,COSSACK0 DI/RICT1 & ! ,KAZAN1 ,UFA1 ,OR5BURG1 ,SAM> GUB]NIAS & TWO C\NTIES ( ,SYMBIR GUB]NIA ) N9E MILLION POPULATION AS A ,TAT> ,BA%KIR DI/RICT1 F9ALLY SIMPLY DIVID+ ! REMA9+ T]RITORY ( TW5TY-FIVE GUB]NIAS ) =TY-TWO MILLION PEOPLE 9TO FIVE MORE OR LESS SYMMETRICAL P>TS ) EI<T MILLION PEOPLE1 ) NO REG>D TO ! NATIONALITY PR9CIPLE4 

,9 ?IS WAY WE OBTA9 ! PLAN ( ! DIVISION ( ! :OLE ( ,RUSSIA 9TO ! FOLL[+ SIXTE5 0/ATES0 OR AUTONOM\S DI/RICTS ON ! BASIS ( NATIONALITIES3 

#a ,POL& ) A POPULATION ( 
  #h1#f#i#f1 
#a ,BYELORUSSIA ) A POPULATION ( 
  #g1#c#b#h1 
#a ,BALTIC ) A POPULATION ( 
  #e1#d#f1 
#c ,LITTLE ,RUSSIA ) A POPULATION ( 
#b#g1#b#b#h1 
A4 ,S\?-WE/]N 7,PODOLIA1 ,VOLHYNIA & ,KIEV1 & #c C\NTIES ( ,GRODNO7 ) A POPULATION ( 
#a1#a#c#c1 
B4 ,LITTLE ,RUSSIA ,PROP] 7,POLTAWA1 ,KH>KOV1 ,*]NIGOV )\T ! NOR!RN C\NTIES AS WELL AS ! ,LITTLE ,RUSSIAN C\NTIES ( ,KURSK & ,VORONEZH GUB]NIA7 ) A POPULATION ( 
  #h1#d#e#a1 
C4 ,NEW ,RUSSIA 7,BESS>ABIA1 ,KH]SON1 ,TAURIDA1 ,EKAT]NOSLAV & ,TAGANROG C\NTY7 ) A POPULATION ( 
  #h1#f#d#d1 
L ,CAUCASUS 7)\T ! ,RUSSIAN C\NTIES7 
  #f1#a#e#g1 
#a ,KIRGIS 9 ,C5TRAL ,ASIA 7)\T #b C\NTIES ( ,AKMOL9 PROV9CE7 ) A POPULATION ( 
  #g1#d#i1 
#a ,SIB]IA 7) #b C\NTIES ( ,AKMOL9 PROV9CE7 ) A POPULATION ( 
  #f1#a#e1 
#g ,GREAT ,RUSSIA ) A POPULATION ( 
#e#g1#f#h1 

,9 SETT+ UP ! ABOVE S*EME ! AU?OR WAS OBVI\SLY NOT RE/RA9$ BY ANY HI/ORICAL OR ECONOMIC CONSID]ATIONS1 OR BY ! DIVISIONS ( PRODUCTION OR COMM]CIAL COMMUNICATION CREAT$ BY MOD]N DEVELOPM5T & NATURAL CONDITIONS4 ,IT IS WELL KN[N ?AT SU* P$E/RIAN CONSID]ATIONS CAN ONLY HAMP] ! POLITICAL CONCOCTIONS ( PEOPLE PR(ESS+ ! 0,M>XI/0 DOCTR9E & A MAT]IALI/IC WORLD VIEW4 ,!Y DO NOT EXI/ = ! !ORI/S & POLITICIANS ( 0TRULY REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM10 :O HAVE 9 M9D ONLY ! 0RI<TS0 ( NATIONS1 FRE$OM1 EQUALITY1 & O!R SU* L(TY MATT]S4 ,! SEP>ATION ( TWO ,LI?UANIAN GUB]NIAS - ,KOVNO & ,SUWALKI - ) ! EXCLUSION ( ! ,POLI% C\NTIES - FROM ! HI/ORICO-CULTURAL HE>T ( ,LI?UANIA1 ! ,VILNA GUB]NIA & O!R NEI<BOR+ REGIONS ) :I* ECONOMIC RELATIONS W]E ( LONG /&+1 & ON ! O!R H& ! JO9+ ( !SE TWO CURTAIL$ GUB]NIAS ) ,LIVONIA1 ,C\RL&1 & ,E/ONIA1 ) :I* ! HI/ORICAL L9KS1 AS WELL AS PRES5T-DAY ECONOMIC ONES1 >E QUITE LOOSE1 CLE>LY DEMON/RATES ?IS PO9T4 ,AL?\< ! CUTT+ UP ( ! ,UKRA9E = ! SAKE ( SYMMETRY 9TO V>I\S DIVISIONS1 DESPITE ! CONT9UITY ( ITS NATURAL & ECONOMIC *>ACT]1 & ON ! O!R H&1 COMB9+ 9TO ONE AUTONOM\S REGION ( ,SIB]IA A C\NTRY COMPRIS+ #a#b4#e MILLION SQU>E KILOMET]S1 I4E41 BY ONE-?IRD BIGG] ?AN ! :OLE ( ,EUROPE1 A C\NTRY REPRES5T+ ! GREATE/ NATURAL ECONOMIC & CULTURAL CONTRA/S1 IS A DEMON/RATION ?AT ?AT ME?OD IS FREE ( ANY 0DOGMAS40 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! NATIONALITY AUTONOMY 9 ?IS S*EME IS TREAT$ FREE ( ANY CONNECTION ) ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL /RUCTURE ( ! GIV5 NATIONALITY4 ,FROM ?IS /&PO9T O!R PEOPLES >E EQUALLY PREP>$ = REGIONAL AUTONOMY - ?AT IS1 !Y EV9CE A C]TA9 P]MAN5T T]RITORY & ADM9I/RATION1 LEGISLATION1 & CULTURAL LIFE C5TRALIZ$ 9 ?AT T]RITORY4 ,!RE >E1 ON ! ONE H&1 ! ,POLES1 & ON ! O!R ! ,KIRGIS1 ! ,YAKUTS1 & ! ,BURIATS1 :O >E /ILL P>TLY NOMADIC & >E /ILL LIV+ ACCORD+ TO ! TRADITIONS ( TRIBAL ORGANIZATION1 ?W>T+ TO ?IS V]Y DAY ! EF=TS ( ! T]RITORIAL ADM9I/RATION ( ,RUSSIAN ABSOLUTISM4 ,! AUTONOM\S REGIONAL CON/RUCTION1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! 0SOCIALI/-REVOLUTION>Y0 VIEWS1 IS ?US 5TIRELY 0FREE10 UNCONNECT$ ) ANY REAL BASES 9 TIME & SPACE1 & ALL ! EXI/+ HI/ORICAL1 ECONOMIC1 & CULTURAL CONDITIONS PLAY ONLY ! ROLE ( MAT]IAL \T ( :I*1 BY MEANS ( 0REVOLUTION>Y0 SCISSORS1 >TFUL NATIONALITY PLOTS >E TO BE CUT \T4 

,:AT IS ! RESULT ( ?IS SOLELY & EXCLUSIVELY E?NOGRAPHIC ME?OD ( ! POLITICAL DISMEMB]M5T ( ,RUSSIA8 ,MR4 ,=TUNATOV'S S*EME R$UCES ! PR9CIPLE ( NATIONALITY TO AN ABSURDITY4 ,AL?\< ! ,LI?UANIANS >E CUT (F FROM ! ,POLI% NATIONALITY ) :I* !Y COALESCE CULTURALLY1 /ILL !Y >E L9K$ ON ! BASIS ( E?NOGRAPHIC AFF9ITY 9TO ONE 0,BALTIC0 NATIONALITY ) ! ,LATVIANS & ! ,E/ONIANS ) :OM !Y ID5TIFY AS LITTLE AS ) ! ,POLES3 ?US !Y GRAVITATE T[>D ! COMPLETELY ,G]MANIZ$ CULTURAL C5T]S ( ,LIVONIA & ,E/ONIA4 ,COMB9+ ! ,GEORGIANS1 ,>M5IANS1 ,TAT>S1 & A FEW DOZ5 O!R TRIBES ( ! ,CAUCASUS 9TO ONE 0,CAUCASIAN0 NATIONALITY SMACKS ( A MALICI\S SATIRE AGA9/ NATIONAL AUTONOM\S ASPIRATIONS4 ,NO GREAT] REG>D = !SE ASPIRATIONS IS EVID5C$ BY ! 9CLUSION ( ! ,MOLDAVIANS1 SITUAT$ 9 ,BESS>ABIA1 9 ! ,LITTLE ,RUSSIAN NATIONALITY1 ( ! ,CRIMEAN ,TAT>S 9 ! V]Y SAME NATIONALITY1 & F9ALLY BY ! COMB9+ ( ,SAMOY$S1 ,O/IAKS1 ,TUNGUZ1 ,BURIATS1 ,YAKUTS1 ,*UCK*EES1 ,KAM*ADALS1 & MANY O!R TRIBES1 EA* LIV+ AN 5TIRELY SEP>ATE LIFE1 DIFF]+ AMONG !MSELVES 9 ! LEVEL ( CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T1 LANGUAGE1 RELIGION1 EV5 P>TLY RACE1 ) ! ,RUSSIAN POPULATION ( ,SIB]IA 9TO ONE MY/]I\S 0,SIB]IAN0 NATIONALITY ) COMMON LEGISLATIVE1 ADM9I/RATIVE1 & CULTURAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,=TUNATOV'S S*EME IS BASICALLY A SIMPLE NEGATION ( ! NATIONALITY PR9CIPLE4 ,IT IS ALSO 9T]E/+ AS AN EXAMPLE ( ! AN>*I/IC APPROA* TO NATIONALISM1 UNRE/RICT$ AS IT IS BY ANY CONSID]ATIONS ( OBJECTIVE SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,HAV+ ?R[N ITS WEI<T >\ND 9 ?AT VALLEY ( TE>S1 IT EV5TUALLY RETURNS TO ! RESULTS1 V]Y MU* RESEMBL+ ! SAME UGLY HI/ORY ( REALITY :I* IT HAD UND]TAK5 0TO CORRECT10 I4E41 ! SY/EMATIC VIOLATIONS ( ! 0NATIONALITY RI<TS0 & !IR EQUALITY4 ,! :OLE DIFF]5CE CONSI/S 9 ! FACT ?AT ! TRAMPL+ ( ! 0RI<TS0 ( NATIONALITIES IMAG9$ BY ! IDEOLOGY ( LIB]ALISM & AN>*ISM IS1 9 REALITY1 ! RESULT ( ! PROCESS ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T :I* HAS ITS 9N] S5SE & :AT IS MORE IMPORTANT - ITS REVOLUTION>Y DIALECTIC1 :ILE REVOLUTION>Y-NATIONALI/IC BUNGL+ T5DS1 9 ITS ZEAL\S CUTT+ UP ( :AT HAD GR[N TOGE!R SOCIALLY1 & 9 ITS GLU+ ( :AT SOCIALLY CANNOT BE GLU$ TOGE!R1 TO TRAMPLE EV5TUALLY ! NATIONALITY 0RI<TS0 CELEBRAT$ BY IT1 M]ELY = ! SAKE ( S*EMATIC P$ANTRY DEPRIV$ ( ANY S5SE & BL[N UP ) POLITICAL BUFFOON]Y4 

,NOTES BY ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

.<#a.> ,9CID5TALLY1 ?IS IS ! ONLY REASON :Y HI/ORIES ( PHILOSOPHY SU* AS ?OSE ( ,ZELL] OR ,KUNO ,FIS*] >E POSSIBLE1 9 :I* ! DEVELOPM5T ( 0IDEAS0 TAKES PLACE 9 A VOID1 ) NO RELATION TO ! PROSAIC HI/ORY ( SOCIETY4 ,ORIG9AL NOTE BY ,R4,L4 

.<#b.> ,OTTO ,BAU]1 ,DIE ,NATIONALITAT5FRAGE UND DIE ,SOZIALDEMOKRATIE 7,VI5NA #a#i#g71 PP4#d#i-#e1 #a#c#f4 ,ORIG9AL NOTE BY ,R4,L4 

.<#c.> ,ANO!R ,AU/RIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC PUBLICI/ :O1 UND] ! PSEUDONYM ,SPR+]1 WROTE A NUMB] ( WORKS ON ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION 9 ,AU/RIA3 ,D] ,KAMPF D] O/]REI*IS*5 ,NATION5 UM D5 ,/AAT 7#a#i#b72 ,GRUNDLAG5 UND ,5TWICKLUNGSZIELE D] O/]REI*IS*-UNG>IS*5 ,MON>*IE 7#a#i#f74 ,ORIG9AL NOTE BY ,R4,L4 

.<#d.> ,KAUTSKY1 ,NATIONALITAT & ,9T]NATIONALITAT1 PP4#c1 #d4 ,ORIG9AL NOTE BY ,R4,L4 

.<#e.>,PROCE$+S ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TIES 7,/4 ,PET]SBURG3 #a#i#h71 P4#i#b4 ,ORIG9AL NOTE BY ,R4,L4 

.<#f.> ,K4 ,=TUNATOV1 ,NATSONALNIIA ,OBLA/I ,ROSSII 7,/4 ,PET]SBURG3 ,KNIGOIZDATEL/VO ,TRUD I ,BORBA1 #a#i#f74 ,! AU?OR IS NOT ! WELL-KN[N /ATI/ICIAN1 ,PR(ESSOR ,A4 ,=TUNATOV1 AS WAS ]RONE\SLY SURMIS$ BY ! REVIEW] 9 ,HUMANITY1 NOS4#g#f & #g#g1 #a#i#g4 ,ORIG9AL NOTE BY ,R4,L4 

,APP5DIX 

,DI/RICTS 
,POPULATION ( GUB]NIA 

=M+ P>T ( DI/RICT 

) PREPOND]ANCE ( 

GIV5 NATIONALITY 

,POPULATION ( ALL 

C\NTIES ) A 

MAJORITY ( A 

GIV5 NATIONALITY 

,OV]ALL FIGURE ( 

P]SONS 9 A GIV5 

NATIONALITY 9 ! 

EMPIRE 

,9 ,?\S&S 
#a4 
,GREAT ,RUSSIAN 
  #e#g1#f#a#g 
  
  #e#g1#b#e 
  
  #e#e1#f#g#c 
#b4 
,LITTLE ,RUSSIAN 
  #b#e1#c#d#g 
  #b#f1#e#h#g 
  #b#b1#d#a#e 
#c4 
,BYELORUSSIAN 
    #h1#e#a#g 
    #g1#c#b#h 
    #e1#h#h#f 
#d4 
,POLI% 
    #h1#h#a#i 
    #h1#f#i#f 
    #g1#i#c#a 
#e4 
,LI?UANIAN-,LATVIAN 
    #d1#a#a 
    #d1#h#h 
    #c1#i#d 
#f4 
,E/ONIAN 
       #dac 
       #ieh 
    #a1#c 
#g4 
,MOLDAVIAN 
    #a1#i#c#e 
    #a1#c#e#b 
    #a1#a#b#b 
#h4 
,K>TVELIAN 

    #a1#e#c 
    #a1#c#e#b 
#i4 
,>M5IAN 

       #idf 
    #a1#a#g#c 
#a4 
,CAUCASIAN ,M\NTA9E]S 
    #f1#d#i#g 
    #a1#a#i 
    #a1#i#b 
#a#a4 
,CAUCASIAN ,TAT>S 

    #a1#i#h#b 
    #a1#e#c#c 
#a#b4 
,O!R ,CAUCASIANS 

       #ebg 

#a#c4 
,*UVA%ES1 ,BA%KIRS1 

,TAT>S1 ,MORDV9IANS 
  #d1#c#f#g 
    #c1#f#g#c 

#a#d4 
,KIRIS-,TURKOMAN 
    #e1#e#a#e 
    #e1#f#d#b 
    #d1#c#f#e 
#a#e4 
,S>TS1 ,UZBEKHS1 & 

,TAT*IKS 7,TADZIKHS7 
    #b1#b#c#b 
    #b1#b#c#b 
    #b1#d#f 
#a#f4 
,YAKUTS 
       #bg 
       #bcd 
       #bbg 
#a#g4 
,O!RS 

    #a1#a#g#c 

,TOTAL3 
#a#b#e1#f#d 
#a#b#e1#f#d 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #e1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #e -- ,ADD$4 

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