,*APT] #c ,F$]ATION1 ,C5TRALIZATION1 & ,P>TICUL>ISM ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG ,TEXT 3 ,WE MU/ TURN NEXT TO ANO!R PROPOS$ =M ( ! SOLUTION ( ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION1 I4E41 F$]ATION4 ,F$]ALISM HAS LONG BE5 ! FAVORITE IDEA ( REVOLUTION>IES ( AN>*IC HUE4 ,DUR+ ! #ahdh REVOLUTION ,BAKUN9 WROTE 9 HIS MANIFE/O3 0,! REVOLUTION PROCLAIM$ BY ITS [N P[] ! DISSOLUTION ( DESPOTIC /ATES1 ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,PRUSSIAN /ATE 444 ,AU/RIA 444 ,TURKEY 444 ! DISSOLUTION ( ! LA/ /RONTIES ( A MORE OR LESS UTOPIAN1 PETIT B\RGEOIS *>ACT]2 ?AT IS1 P>TIES :I* DO NOT1 LIKE ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 TAKE A HI/ORICAL APPROA* BUT :I* TRAFFIC 9 SUBJECTIVE 0IDEALS40 ,SU*1 = EXAMPLE1 IS ! P>TY ( ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,SU* WAS ! ,P,P,S 9 ITS TRANSITIONAL PHASE1 :5 IT HAD CEAS$ TO DEM& ! CREATION ( A NATIONAL /ATE & WAS ON ! WAY TO AB&ON+ ANY PHILOSOPHICAL APPROA*4 ,SU*1 F9ALLY1 >E A NUMB] ( SOCIALI/ GR\PS 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE1 ) :I* WE WILL BECOME ACQUA9T$ MORE CLOSELY AT ! 5D ( ! PRES5T *APT]4 ,IF WE ASK :Y ! SLOGAN ( F$]ATION 5JOYS SU* WIDE POPUL>ITY AMONG ALL REVOLUTION>IES ( AN>*I/IC COLOR+1 ! ANSW] IS NOT DIFFICULT TO F9D3 0,F$]ATION0 COMB9ES - AT LEA/ 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y IMAG9ATION ( !SE SOCIALI/S - 09DEP5D5CE0 & 0EQUALITY0 ( NATIONS ) 0FRAT]NITY40 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 !RE IS ALREADY A C]TA9 CONCESSION FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! LAW ( NATIONS & ! NATION-/ATE 9 FAVOR ( H>D REALITY1 IT IS A SUI G5]IS1 IDEOLOGICAL1 TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ! CIRCUM/ANCE1 :I* CANNOT BE OV]LOOK$ ?AT NATIONS CANNOT LIVE 9 ! VACUUM ( !IR 0RIATE & P]FECTLY SELF-SUFFICI5T 0NATION-/ATES10 BUT ?AT !RE EXI/ BETWE5 !M SOME L9KS4 ,HI/ORICALLY DEVELOP$ CONNECTIONS BETWE5 V>I\S NATIONALITIES1 ! MAT]IAL DEVELOPM5T :I* WELD$ :OLE >EAS1 IRRESPECTIVE ( NATIONAL DIFF]5CES1 ! C5TRALIZATION ( B\RGEOIS DEVELOPM5T - ALL ?IS IS REFLECT$ 9 ! HEADS ( ?OSE REVOLUTION>Y IMPROVIS]S2 9 PLACE ( 0BRUTE =CE0 !Y PLACE 0VOLUNT>ISM0 9 RELATIONS BETWE5 NATIONS4 ,& S9CE REPUBLICANISM IS SELF-EVID5T 9 ?IS BECAUSE ! V]Y SAME 0WILL ( ! PEOPLE0 :I* RE/ORES 9DEP5D5CE & EQUALITY TO ALL NATIONS OBVI\SLY HAS SO MU* GOOD TA/E AS TO ?R[ SIMULTANE\SLY ) CONTEMPT TO ! DUMP ( HI/ORY ALL REMNANTS ( MON>*ISM1 CONSEQU5TLY ! EXI/+ B\RGEOIS WORLD IS TRANS=M$ AT ONE /ROKE 9TO A VOLUNT>Y UNION ( 9DEP5D5T REPUBLICS1 I4E41 F$]ATION4 ,H]E WE HAVE A SAMPLE ( ! SAME 0REVOLUTION>Y0 HI/ORICAL C>ICATURE ( REALITY BY MEANS ( :I* ! APPETITE ( ,CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA = ! S\!RN ,SLAYS WAS TRANS=M$1 9 ,BAKUN9'S PHRASEOLOGY1 9TO ! PAN-,SLAVIC IDEAL ( AN>*ISM1 0A F$]ATION ( ,SLAVIC ,PEOPLES40 ,ON A SMALL] SCALE1 AN APPLICATION ( ?IS ME?OD ( 0REVOLUTION>Y0 ALT]ATIONS ( REALITY WAS ! PROGRAM ( ! ,P,P,S ADOPT$ AT ITS ,EIY P]IOD - WAS MA9TA9$ 9 ALL ITS PURITY & CONSI/5CY1 ! ,P,P,S RECOGNIZ$ ONLY ! PROGRAM ( NATION-/ATES1 & REJECT$ ) CONTEMPT & HATR$ ! IDEA ( F$]ATION (F]$1 = 9/ANCE1 BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES4 ,:5 ! \TBREAK ( REVOLUTION ALL AT ONCE DEMOLI%$ ITS PRESUPPOSITIONS1 & ! ,P,P,S SAW ITSELF =C$ TO FOLL[ ! ROAD ( CONCESSIONS 9 FAVOR ( REALITY :I* C\LD NO LONG] BE D5I$1 9 VIEW ( ! OBVI\S FACT ?AT ,POL& & ,RUSSIA =M ONE SOCIAL 5TITY1 A MANIFE/ATION ( :I* WAS PRECISELY ! COMMON REVOLUTION1 ! PROGRAM ( F$]ATION ( ,POL& ) ,RUSSIA1 PREVI\SLY HELD 9 CONTEMPT1 BECAME ! =M ( ?AT CONCESSION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! ,P,P,S1 AS IS USUAL ) 0REVOLUTION>IES0 ( ?IS TYPE1 DID NOT NOTICE ! FOLL[+ FACT3 :5 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY TOOK = ! HI/ORICAL BASIS ( ITS PROGRAM & TACTICS ! JO9T CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T ( ,POL& & ,RUSSIA1 IT M]ELY /AT$ AN OBJECTIVE1 HI/ORICAL FACT1 NOT DEP5D+ ON ! WILL ( ! SOCIALI/S4 ,FROM ?IS FACT1 ! REVOLUTION>Y CONCLUSION %\LD HAVE BE5 DRAWN 9 ! =M ( A UNIT$ CLASS /RUGGLE ( ! ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT4 ,! ,P,P,S1 H[EV]1 PUTT+ =W>D ! PROGRAM ( F$]ATION ( ,POL& ) ,RUSSIA1 W5T MU* FUR!R3 9 PLACE ( ! PASSIVE RECOGNITION ( HI/ORICAL FATE1 IT ITSELF ACTIVELY PROPOS$ A UNION ( ,POL& ) ,RUSSIA & ASSUM$ RESPONSIBILITY = ! UNION1 & 9 LIEU ( ! OBJECTIVE HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 IT PLAC$ ! SUBJECTIVE CONS5T ( SOCIALI/S 9 0REVOLUTION>Y0 =M4 ,BUT F$]ALISM AS A =M ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION HAS1 LIKE ! 0NATION-/ATE0 ITSELF1 ITS DEF9ITE HI/ORICAL CONT5T1 QUITE DIFF]5T FROM1 & 9DEP5D5T (1 ! SUBJECTIVE IDEOLOGY ATTA*$ TO ?AT =M4 ,!RE=E1 ! IDEA ( F$]ATION CAN BE EVALUAT$ FROM ! CLASS /&PO9T ( ! PROLET>IAT ONLY :5 WE EXAM9E ! FATE & ROLE ( ?AT IDEA 9 MOD]N SOCIALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,I,I ,AN \T/&+ T5D5CY ( CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T 9 ALL C\NTRIES IS 9DISPUTABLY AN 9T]NAL1 ECONOMIC1 & CAPITALI/ C5TRALIZATION1 I4E41 AN 5DEAVOR TO CONC5TRATE & WELD 9TO ONE 5TITY ! /ATE T]RITORY FROM ! ECONOMIC1 LEGISLATIVE1 ADM9I/RATIVE1 JUDICIAL1 MILIT>Y1 ETC4 VIEWPO9TS4 ,9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 :5 FEUDALISM PREVAIL$1 ! L9K BETWE5 ! P>TS & REGIONS ( ONE & ! SAME /ATE WAS EXTREMELY LOOSE4 ,?US1 EA* MAJOR CITY ) ITS 5VIRONS1 ITSELF PRODUC$ ! MAJORITY ( OBJECTS ( DAILY USE TO SATISFY ITS NE$S2 IT ALSO HAD ITS [N LEGISLATION1 ITS [N GOV]NM5T1 ITS >MY2 ! BIGG] & WEAL?I] CITIES 9 ! ,WE/ (T5 WAG$ W>S ON !IR [N & CONCLUD$ TREATIES ) =EIGN P[]S4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 BIGG] COMMUNITIES LIV$ !IR [N CLOS$ & ISOLAT$ LIFE1 & EA* >EA ( L& ( A FEUDAL LORD OR EV5 EA* >EA ( KNIACT]IZ$ BY A DIM9UTION & LOOS5+ ( ALL /ATE NORMS4 ,EA* T[N1 EA* VILLAGE1 EA* REGION HAD DIFF]5T LAWS1 DIFF]5T TAXES3 ONE & ! SAME /ATE WAS FILL$ ) LEGAL & CU/OMS B>RI]S SEP>AT+ ONE FRAGM5T ( A /ATE FROM ANO!R4 ,?IS DEC5TRALIZATION WAS A SPECIFIC FEATURE ( ! NATURAL ECONOMY & ! NASC5T >TISAN PRODUCTION ( ! TIME4 ,)9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! PULV]IZATION ( PUBLIC LIFE1 CONNECT$ ) ! NATURAL ECONOMY1 & ( ! WEAK COHESION BETWE5 ! P>TS ( ! /ATE ORGANISM1 T]RITORIES & :OLE C\NTRIES PASS$ 9CESSANTLY FROM H& TO H& 9 ,C5TRAL & ,WE/]N ,EUROPE ?R\<\T ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,WE NOTE ALSO ! PAT*+ TOGE!R ( /ATES BY WAY ( PUR*ASE1 EX*ANGE1 PAWN+S1 9H]ITANCE1 & M>RIAGE2 ! CLASSICAL EXAMPLE IS ! ,HAPSBURG MON>*Y4 ,! REVOLUTION 9 PRODUCTION & TRADE RELATIONS AT ! CLOSE ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 ! 9CREASE ( GOODS PRODUCTION & MONEY$ ECONOMY1 TOGE!R ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9T]NATIONAL TRADE & ! SIMULTANE\S REVOLUTION 9 ! MILIT>Y SY/EM1 ! DECL9E ( KNIMIES1 ALL !SE W]E FACTORS ?AT1 9 POLITICAL RELATIONS1 BR\*ICAL P[] & ! RISE ( ABSOLUTISM4 ,! MA9 T5D5CY ( ABSOLUTISM WAS ! CREATION ( A C5TRALIZ$ /ATE APP>ATUS4 ,! SIXTE5? & SEV5TE5? C5TURIES >E A P]IOD ( 9CESSANT /RUGGLE ( ! C5TRALI/ T5D5CY ( ABSOLUTISM AGA9/ ! REMNANTS ( FEUDALI/ P>TICUL>ISM4 ,ABSOLUTISM DEVELOP$ 9 TWO DIRECTIONS3 ABSORB+ ! FUNCTIONS & ATTRIBUTES ( ! DIETS & PROV9CIAL ASSEMBLIES AS WELL AS ( ! SELF-GOV]N+ MUNICI PALITIES1 & /&>DIZ+ ADM9I/RATION 9 ! :OLE >EA ( ! /ATE BY CREAT+ NEW C5TRAL AU?ORITIES 9 ! ADM9I/RATION & ! JUDICI>Y1 AS WELL AS A CIVIL1 P5AL1 & COMM]CIAL CODE4 ,9 ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 C5TRALISM TRIUMPH$ FULLY 9 ,EUROPE 9 ! =M ( SO-CALL$ 05LI AS1 AT ! CLOSE ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 IT COMBAT$ FEUDAL DISP]SION & P>TICUL>ISM1 WAS UND\BT$LY A MANIFE/ATION ( HI/ORICAL PROGRESS4 ,?IS WAS P]FECTLY WELL UND]/OOD BY ,/ASZIC1 :O PO9T$ \T ?AT ! .<,POLI%.> G5TRY COMMONWEAL? C\LD NOT SURVIVE 09 ! MID/ ( AUTOCRACIES40 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ABSOLUTISM ITSELF PLAY$ ONLY ! ROLE ( A 0/IRRUP DR9K0 .

T+ GOOD WI%ES.> ) REG>D TO ! MOD]N B\RGEOIS SOCIETY = :I*1 POLITICALLY & SOCIALLY1 IT PAV$ ! WAY BY TOPPL+ FEUDALISM & F\ND+ A MOD]N1 UNI=M1 GREAT /ATE ON ITS RU9S4 ,9DE$1 9DEP5D5T ( ABSOLUTISM1 & AFT] ITS HI/ORICAL DEMISE1 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY CONT9U$ TO C>RY ?R\< ) UNDIM9I%$ =CE & CONSI/5CY ! C5TRALI/ T5D5CY4 ,! PRES5T C5TRALISM ( ,FRANCE AS A POLITICAL >EA IS ! WORK ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION4 ,! V]Y NAME1 0,GREAT ,REVOLUTION10 EX]T$1 EV]Y:]E ITS 9FLU5CE REA*$ 9 ,EUROPE1 A C5TRALIZ+ 9FLU5CE4 ,SU* A PRODUCT ( ! ,REVOLUTION'S C5TRALISM WAS ! 0,REPUBLIQUE ,HELVETIQUE10 9 :I*1 9 #a#g#i#h1 SUDD5LY ! PREVI\SLY LOOSELY CONF$]AT$ ,SWISS CANTONS W]E COMPRESS$4 ,! FIR/ SPONTANE\S ACTION ( ! ,M>* .<#a#h#d#h.> REVOLUTION 9 ,G]MANY WAS ! DE/RUCTION BY ! POPUL> MASSES ( ! SO-CALL$ CU/OMS H\SES .<,MAU?AUS].>1 ! SYMBOLS ( M$IEVAL P>TICUL>ISM4 ,CAPITALISM1 ) ITS L>GE-SCALE MA*9E PRODUCTION1 :OSE VITAL PR9CIPLE IS CONC5TRATION1 SWEPT AWAY & CONT9UES TO SWEEP AWAY COMPLETELY ANY SURVIVALS ( M$IEVAL ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 & LEGAL DISCRIM9ATION4 ,BIG 9DU/RY NE$S M>KETS & FRE$OM ( UNTRAMMEL$ TRADE 9 BIG >EAS4 ,9DU/RY & TRADE1 GE>$ TO BIG >EAS1 REQUIRE UNI=M ADM9I/RATION1 UNI=M >RANGEM5T ( ROADS & COMMUNICATIONS1 UNI=M LEGISLATION & JUDICI>Y1 AS F> AS POSSIBLE 9 ! 5TIRE 9T]NATIONAL M>KET1 BUT ABOVE ALL 9 ! :OLE >EA 9SIDE EA* RESPECTIVE /ATE4 ,! ABOLITION ( ! CU/OMS1 & TAX AUTONOMY ( ! SEP>ATE MUNICIPALITIES & G5TRY HOLD+S1 AS WELL AS ( !IR AUTONOMY 9 ADM9I/]+ C\RTS & LAW1 W]E ! FIR/ A*IEVEM5TS ( ! MOD]N B\RGEOISIE4 ,TOGE!R ) ?IS W5T ! CREATION ( ONE BIG /ATE MA*9]Y ?AT W\LD COMB9E ALL FUNCTIONS3 ! ADM9I/RATION 9 ! H&S ( ONE C5TRAL GOV]NM5T2 LEGISLATION 9 ! H&S ( A LEGISLATIVE BODY - ! P>LIAM5T2 ! >M$ =CES 9 ! =M ( ONE C5TRALIZ$ >MY SUBJECT TO A C5TRAL GOV]NM5T2 CU/OMS >RANGEM5TS 9 ! =M ( ONE T>IFF 5COMPASS+ ! 5TIRE /ATE EXT]NALLY2 A UNI=M CURR5CY 9 ! :OLE /ATE1 ETC4 ,9 ACCORDANCE ) ?IS1 ! MOD]N /ATE ALSO 9TRODUC$ 9 ! >EA ( SPIRITUAL LIFE1 AS F> AS POSSIBLE1 A UNI=MITY 9 $UCATION & S*OOLS1 ECCLESIA/ICAL CONDITIONS1 ETC41 ORGANIZ$ ON ! SAME PR9CIPLES 9 ! 5TIRE /ATE4 ,9 A WORD1 AS COMPREH5SIVE A C5TRALIZATION AS POSSIBLE 9 ALL >EAS ( SOCIAL LIFE IS A PROM95T TR5D ( CAPITALISM4 ,AS CAPITALISM DEVELOPS1 C5TRALIZATION 9CREAS+LY PI]CES ALL OB/ACLES & LEADS TO A S]IES ( UNI=M 9/ITUTIONS1 NOT ONLY )9 EA* MAJOR /ATE1 BUT 9 ! 5TIRE CAPITALI/IC WORLD1 BY MEANS ( 9T]NATIONAL LEGISLATION4 ,PO/AL & TELEGRAPHIC S]VICES AS WELL AS RAILWAY COMMUNICATION HAVE BE5 = DECADES ! OBJECT ( 9T]NATIONAL CONV5TIONS4 ,?IS C5TRALI/ T5D5CY ( CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T IS ONE ( ! MA9 BASES ( ! FUTURE SOCIALI/ SY/EM1 BECAUSE ?R\< ! HI$ = A SOCIALIZ$ ECONOMY CONDUCT$ ON A WORLD-WIDE SCALE ACCORD+ TO A UNI=M PLAN4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ONLY ?R\< CONSOLIDAT+ & C5TRALIZ+ BO? ! /ATE P[] & ! WORK+ CLASS AS A MILITANT =CE DOES IT EV5TUALLY BECOME POSSIBLE = ! PROLET>IAT TO GRASP ! /ATE P[] 9 ORD] TO 9TRODUCE ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! PROP] POLITICAL FRAMEWORK 9 :I* ! MOD]N CLASS /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT OP]ATES & CAN CONQU] IS ! BIG CAPITALI/IC /ATE4 ,USUALLY1 9 ! SOCIALI/ RANKS1 ESPECIALLY ( ! UTOPIAN TR5D1 ATT5TION IS PAID ONLY TO ! ECONOMIC ASPECT ( CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T1 & ITS CATEGORIES - 9DU/RY1 EXPLOITATION1 ! PROLET>IAT1 DEPRESSIONS - >E REG>D$ AS 9DISP5SABLE PR]EQUISITES = SOCIALISM4 ,9 ! POLITICAL SPH]E1 USUALLY ONLY DEMOCRATIC /ATE 9/ITUTIONS1 P>LIAM5T>IANISM1 & V>I\S 0FRE$OMS0 >E REG>D$ AS 9DISP5SABLE CONDITIONS ( ?IS MOVEM5T4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS (T5 OV]LOOK$ ?AT ! MOD]N BIG /ATE IS ALSO AN 9DISP5SABLE PR]EQUISITE = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! MOD]N CLASS /RUGGLE & A GU>ANTEE ( ! VICTORY ( SOCIALISM4 ,! HI/ORICAL MISSION ( ! PROLET>IAT IS NOT 0SOCIALISM0 APPLICABLE ON EV]Y 9* ( GR\ND SEP>ATELY1 NOT DICTATOR%IP1 BUT WORLD REVOLUTION1 :OSE PO9T ( DEP>TURE IS BIG-/ATE DEVELOPM5T4 ,!RE=E1 ! MOD]N SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 LEGITIMATE *ILD ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 POSSESSES ! SAME EM95TLY C5TRALI/ *>ACT]I/IC AS ! B\RGEOIS SOCIETY & /ATE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY IS1 9 ALL C\NTRIES1 A DET]M9$ OPPON5T ( P>TICUL>ISM AS WELL AS ( F$]ALISM4 ,9 ,G]MANY1 ,BAV>IAN OR ,PRUSSIAN P>TICUL>ISM1 I4E41 A T5D5CY TO PRES]VE ,BAV>IA'S OR ,PRUSSIA'S POLITICAL DI/9CTIV5ESS1 !IR 9DEP5D5CE FROM ! ,REI* 9 ONE RESPECT OR ANO!R1 IS ALWAYS A SCRE5 = G5TRY OR PETIT B\RGEOIS REACTION4 ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ALSO COMBATS1 ) FULL 5]GIES1 ! EF=TS1 = 9/ANCE1 ( ,S\? ,G]MAN P>TICUL>I/S TO PRES]VE A SEP>ATE RAILROAD POLICY 9 ,BAV>IA1 ,BAD51 ,WURTTEMB]G2 IT ALSO 5]GETICALLY COMBATS P>TICUL>ISM 9 ! CONQU]$ PROV9CES ( ,ALSACE-,LORRA9E1 :]E ! PETITE B\RGEOISIE TRIES TO SEP>ATE ITSELF1 BY ITS ,FR5* NATIONALISM1 FROM POLITICAL & SPIRITUAL COMMUNITY ) ! 5TIRE ,G]MAN ,REI*4 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY 9 ,G]MANY IS ALSO A DECID$ OPPON5T ( ?OSE SURVIVALS ( ! F$]AL RELATION%IP AMONG ! ,G]MAN /ATES 9SIDE ! ,REI* :I* HAVE /ILL BE5 PRES]V$4 ,! G5]AL TR5D ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T T5DS NOT ONLY T[>D ! POLITICAL UNION ( ! SEP>ATE PROV9CES )9 EA* /ATE1 BUT ALSO T[>D ! ABOLITION ( ANY /ATE F$]ATIONS & ! WELD+ ( LOOSE /ATE COMB9ATIONS 9TO HOMOG5E\S1 UNI=M /ATES2 OR1 :]EV] ?IS IS IMPOSSIBLE1 TO !IR COMPLETE BREAKUP4 ,AN EXPRESSION ( ?IS IS ! MOD]N HI/ORY ( ! ,SWISS ,CONF$]ACY1 AS WELL AS ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,UNION2 ( ! ,G]MAN ,REI*1 AS WELL AS ( ,AU/RIA-,HUNG>Y4 ,I,I,I ,! FIR/ C5TRALI/ CON/ITUTION ( ! 9TEGRAT$ REPUBLIC ( ,SWITZ]L&1 CREAT$ BY ! GREAT REVOLUTION1 WAS OBLIT]AT$ )\T A TRACE BY ! TIME ( ! ,RE/ORATION1 & REACTION1 :I* TRIUMPH$ 9 ,SWITZ]L& UND] ! PROTECTION ( ! ,HOLY ,ALLIANCE1 QUICKLY RETURN$ TO ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! CANTONS1 TO P>TICUL>ISM & ONLY A LOOSE CONF$]ATION4 ,DOME/ICALLY1 ?IS IMPLEM5TATION ( ! IDEAL 0( VOLUNT>Y UNION ( 9DEP5D5T GR\PS & /ATE UNITS0 9 ! SPIRIT ( AN>*I/S & O!R WOR%IP]S ( 0F$]ATION40 9VOLV$ ! ADOPTION ( AN >I/OCRATIC CON/ITUTION 7) ! EXCLUSION ( ! BROAD WORK+ MASSES7 AS WELL AS ! RULE ( ,CA?OLIC CL]ICALISM4 ,A NEW OPPOSITION TR5D1 T[>D ! DEMOCRATIZATION & ! C5TRALIZATION ( ! ,SWISS F$]ATION1 WAS BORN 9 ! P]IOD ( REVOLUTION>Y SEE?+ BETWE5 ! ,JULY .<#a#h#c.> & ,M>* .<#a#h#d#h.> REVOLUTIONS1 :I* WAS MANIFE/$ 9 ,SWITZ]L& 9 ! =M ( A T5D5CY TO CREATE A CLOSE /ATE UNION 9 PLACE ( F$]ATION1 & TO ABOLI% ! POLITICAL RULE ( NOBLE FAMILIES & ( ! ,CA?OLIC CL]GY4 ,H]E1 C5TRALISM & DEMOCRACY 9ITIALLY W5T H& 9 H&1 & 5C\NT]$ ! OPPOSITION ( ! REACTION :I* F\TICUL>ISM4 ,! FIR/ CON/ITUTION ( ! PRES5T ,SWISS ,CONF$]ATION ( #ahdh WAS BORN \T ( A BITT] /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! SO-CALL$ 0,SOND]BUND10 I4E41 A F$]ATION ( SEV5 ,CA?OLIC CANTONS :I*1 9 #a#h#d#g1 UND]TOOK A REVOLT AGA9/ ! G5]AL CONF$]ATION 9 ! NAME ( SAV+ ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! CANTONS & !IR OLD >I/OCRATIC SY/EM1 & CL]ICALISM4 ,AL?\< ! REBELS PR\DLY WAV$ ! BANN] ( 0FRE$OM & 9DEP5D5CE0 ( ! CANTONS AGA9/ ! 0DESPOTISM0 ( ! ,CONF$]ACY1 9 P>TICUL> ( 0FRE$OM ( CONSCI5CE0 AGA9/ ,PROTE/ANT 9TOL]ANCE 7! O/5SIBLE CAUSE ( ! CONFLICT WAS ! CLOS+ ( ! CONV5TS BY ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,RADICAL P>TIES71 DEMOCRATIC & REVOLUTION>Y ,EUROPE1 UNDECEIV$ BY ?IS1 APPLAUD$ :OLEHE>T$LY :5 ! ,CONF$]ACY1 BY BRUTAL >M$ =CE1 I4E41 BY 0VIOL5CE10 =C$ ! ADVOCATES ( F$]ALISM TO B[ & SURR5D] TO ! ,CONF$]ATE AU?ORITY4 ,& :5 ,FREILIGRA?1 ! B>D ( ! ,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG1 TRIUMPHANTLY CELEBRAT$ ! VICTORY ( ! BAYONETS ( ,SWISS C5TRALISM AS A REVEILLE TO ! ,M>* REVOLUTION - 0,9 ! HISONS0 IT WAS ! ABSOLUTI/ GOV]NM5T ( ,G]MANY1 ! PILL> ( ,METT]NI*'S REACTION1 ?AT TOOK UP ! CAUSE ( ! F$]ALI/S & ! DEF5D]S ( ! OLD 9DEP5D5CE ( ! CANTONS4 ,! LAT] DEVELOPM5T ( ,SWITZ]L& UP UNTIL ! PRES5T HAS BE5 M>K$ BY CON/ANT1 PROGRESSIVE1 LEGAL & POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION UND] ! IMPACT ( ! GR[? ( BIG 9DU/RY & 9T]NATIONAL TRADE1 RAILROADS1 & ,EUROPEAN MILIT>ISM4 ,ALREADY ! SECOND ,CON/ITUTION ( #ahgd EXT5D$ CONSID]ABLY ! ATTRIBUTES ( ! C5TRAL LEGISLATION1 ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T AU?ORITY1 & P>TICUL>LY ( A C5TRALIZ$ JUDICI>Y 9 COMP>ISON ) ! ,CON/ITUTION ( #a#h#d#h4 ,S9CE ! ,CON/ITUTION WAS ?OR\TICLES1 5L>G+ ! COMPET5CE ( ! C5TRAL 9/ITUTIONS ( ! ,CONF$]ACY4 ,:ILE ! ACTUAL POLITICAL LIFE ( ,SWITZ]L&1 ) ITS DEVELOPM5T T[>D A MOD]N CAPITALI/ /ATE1 IS 9CREAS+LY CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! F$]AL 9/ITUTIONS1 ! AUTONOM\S LIFE ( ! CANTON DECL9ES & BECOMES 9CREAS+LY /]ILE4 ,MATT]S HAVE GONE EV5 FUR!R4 ,:5 ! F$]AL ORGANS ( LEGISLATION & UNI=M GOV]NM5T1 ORIG9AT+ FROM DIRECT ELECTIONS BY ! PEOPLE 7! SO-CALL$ ,NAZIONALRAT & ! SO-CALL$ ,BUNDESRAT71 ASSUME 9CREAS+LY MORE PRE/IGE & P[]1 ! ORGAN ( ! F$]AL REPRES5TATION1 I4E41 ( ! CANTONS 7! SO-CALL$ ,/&]AT71 BECOMES MORE & MORE A SURVIVAL1 A =M )\T CONT5T1 CONDEMN$ BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( LIFE TO SL[ DEA?4.<#a.> ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ?IS PROCESS ( C5TRALIZATION IS SUPPLEM5T$ BY ANO!R P>ALLEL PROCESS ( MAK+ ! CANTONAL CON/ITUTIONS UNI=M BY MEANS ( CON/ANT REVISIONS 9 ! LEGISLATURES ( ! RESPECTIVE CANTONS & ! MUTUAL IMITATION & BORR[+ AMONG !M4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! =M] V>IETY ( CANTONAL P>TICUL>ISMS RAPIDLY DISAPPE>S4 ,UNTIL N[1 ! MA9 SAFEGU>D ( ?IS POLITICAL SEP>AT5ESS & 9DEP5D5CE ( ! CANTONS WAS !IR LOCAL CIVIL & P5AL LAW :I* PRES]V$ ! 5TIRE M$LEY ( ITS HI/ORICAL ORIG91 TRADITION1 & CANTONAL P>TICUL>ISM4 ,AT PRES5T1 EV5 ?IS /UBBORNLY DEF5D$ =TRESS ( ! CANTONS' 9DEP5D5CE HAS HAD TO YIELD UND] ! PRESSURE ( ,SWITZ]L&'S CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T - 9DU/RY1 TRADE1 RAILROADS & TELEGRAPHS1 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS - :I* PASS$ LIKE A LEVEL+ WAVE OV] ! LEGAL CONDITIONS ( ! CANTONS4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! PROJECT ( ONE COMMON CIVIL & P5AL CODE = ! 5TIRE CONF$]ATION HAS BE5 ALREADY ELABORAT$1 :ILE PORTIONS ( ! CIVIL CODE HAVE ALREADY BE5 APPROV$ & IMPLEM5T$4 ,!SE P>ALLEL CURR5TS ( C5TRALIZATION & /&>DIZATION1 WORK+ FROM ABOVE & BEL[ & MUTUALLY SUPPLEM5T+ EA* O!R1 5C\NT]1 ALMO/ AT EV]Y /EP1 ! OPPOSITION ( ! SOCIALLY & ECONOMICALLY MO/ BACKW>D1 MO/ PETIT B\RGEOIS ,FR5* & ,ITALIAN CANTONS4 ,9 A SIGNIFICANT MANN]1 ! OPPOSITION ( ! ,SWISS DEC5TRALI/S & F$]ALI/S EV5 ASSUMES ! =MS & COLORS ( A NATIONALITY /RUGGLE = ! ,FR5* ,SWISS3 ! EXPANSION ( ! P[] ( ! ,CONF$]ACY AT ! EXP5SE ( CANTONAL P>TICUL>ISM IS TANTAM\NT TO ! 9CREASE ( ! PREPOND]ANCE ( ! ,G]MAN ELEM5T1 & AS SU* !Y1 ! ,FR5* ,SWISS1 OP5LY COMBAT IT4 ,NO LESS *>ACT]I/IC IS ANO!R CIRCUM/ANCE1 VIZ41 ! SAME ,FR5* CANTONS :I*1 9 ! NAME ( F$]ATION & 9DEP5D5CE1 COMBAT /ATE C5TRALISM1 HAVE 9T]NALLY ! LEA/ DEVELOP$ COMMUNAL SELF-GOV]NM5T1 :ILE ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC SELF-GOV]N+ 9/ITUTIONS1 A TRUE RULE ( ! PEOPLE1 PREVAIL 9 ?OSE COMMUNES ( ! ,G]MAN CANTONS :I* ADVOCATE C5TRALIZATION ( ! ,CONF$]ATION4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 BO? AT ! V]Y BOTTOM & AT ! TOP ( /ATE 9/ITUTIONS1 BO? 9 ! LATE/ RESULTS ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( PRES5T-DAY ,SWITZ]L& & AT ITS PO9T ( DEP>TURE1 C5TRALISM GOES H& 9 H& ) DEMOCRACY & PROGRESS1 :ILE F$]ALISM & P>TICUL>ISM >E L9K$ ) REACTION & BACKW>DNESS4 ,9 ANO!R =M ! SAME PH5OM5A >E REPEAT$ 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA4 ,! FIR/ NUCLEUS ( ! ,UNION ( ! ,5GLI% COLONIES 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 :I* UNTIL !N HAD BE5 9DEP5D5T1 :I* DIFF]$ GREATLY FROM ONE ANO!R SOCIALLY & POLITICALLY1 & :I* 9 MANY RESPECTS HAD DIV]G5T 9T]E/S1 WAS ALSO CREAT$ BY REVOLUTION4 ,! REVOLUTION WAS ! ADVOCATE & CREATOR ( ! PROCESS ( POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION :I* HAS NEV] /OPP$ UP TO ! PRES5T DAY4 ,ALSO1 H]E1 AS 9 ,SWITZ]L&1 ! 9ITIAL1 MO/ IMMATURE =M ( DEVELOPM5T1 WAS ! SAME 0VOLUNT>Y F$]ATION0 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ! CONSCI\S & UNCONSCI\S ADH]5TS ( AN>*I/IC IDEAS1 /&S AT ! APEX ( MOD]N SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T AS ! CR[N+ SUMMIT ( DEMOCRACY4 ,9 ! FIR/ ,CON/ITUTION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ELABORAT$ 9 ! P]IOD #a#g#g#g-#a#g#h#a1 !RE TRIUMPH$ COMPLETELY ! 0FRE$OM & 9DEP5D5CE ( ! SEV]AL COLONIES1 !IR COMPLETE RIY TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT IT PRACTICALLY DID NOT POSSESS ANY C5TRAL EXECUTIVE & MADE POSSIBLE1 ALMO/ ON ! MORR[ ( ITS E/ABLI%M5T1 A FRATRICIDAL CU/OMS W> AMONG ITS 0FREE & EQUAL0 MEMB]S1 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,NEW ,J]SEY1 ,VIRG9IA1 & ,M>YL&1 :ILE 9 ,MASSA*USETTS1 UND] ! BLESS+ ( COMPLETE 09DEP5D5CE0 & 0SELF-DET]M9ATION10 A CIVIL W>1 AN UPRIS+ ( DEBT-5CUMB]$ F>M]S BROKE \T1 :I* >\S$ 9 ! WEAL?Y B\RGEOISIE ( ! /ATES A VIVID YE>N+ = A /RONG C5TRAL AU?ORITY4 ,?IS B\RGEOISIE WAS =CIBLY REM9D$ ?AT 9 A B\RGEOIS SOCIETY ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL 0NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE0 HAS REAL SUB/ANCE & 0VALUE0 ONLY :5 IT S]VES ! 9DEP5D5T UTILIZATION ( ! FRUITS ( 09T]NAL ORD]10 I4E41 ! UNDI/URB$ RULE ( PRIVATE PROP]TY & EXPLOITATION4 ,! SECOND ,CON/ITUTION ( #aATI/ T5D5CIES ( ! /ATES RI ( SECESSION ,H]E WE ALSO SEE A /RIK+ REPETITION ( ! #ahdg ,SWISS SITUATION4 ,AS ADVOCATES ( C5TRALISM1 ! ,NOR!RN /ATES ACT$ REPRES5T+ ! MOD]N1 BIG-CAPITAL DEVELOPM5T1 MA*9E 9DU/RY1 P]SONAL FRE$OM & EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW1 ! TRUE COROLL>IES ( ! SY/EM ( HIR$ LABOR1 B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY1 & B\RGEOIS PROGRESS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! BANN] ( SEP>ATISM1 F$]ATION1 & P>TICUL>ISM1 ! BANN] ( EA* HAMLET'S 09DEP5D5CE0 & 0RIATI/ T5D5CIES ( F$]ALISM BY MEANS ( >M$ =CE & PHYSICAL CO]CION1 TO ! UNANIM\S ACCLAIM ( ALL PROGRESSIVE & DEMOCRATIC ELEM5TS ( ,EUROPE4 ,IT IS SIGNIFICANT ?AT ! LA/ MANIFE/ATION ( SLAV]Y 9 MOD]N SOCIETY TRI$ TO SAVE ITSELF1 AS REACTION ALWAYS DOES1 UND] ! BANN] ( P>TICUL>ISM1 & ! ABOLITION ( SLAV]Y WAS ! OBV]SE ( ! VICTORY ( C5TRALI/ CAPITALISM4 ,AFT] ! VICTORI\S W> AGA9/ ! SECESSIONI/S1 ! ,CON/ITUTION ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,UNION UND]W5T A NEW REVISION 9 ! DIRECTION ( C5TRALISM2 ! REMA9D] WAS1 FROM !N ON1 A*IEV$ BY BIG CAPITAL1 BIG P[]1 IMP]IALI/ DEVELOPM5T3 RAILROADS1 WORLD TRADE1 TRU/S1 F9ALLY1 9 REC5T TIMES1 CU/OMS PROTECTIONISM1 IMP]IALI/ W>S1 ! COLONIAL SY/EM1 & ! RESULT+ RE-ORGANIZATION ( ! MILIT>Y1 ( TAXATION1 & SO ON4 ,AT PRES5T1 ! C5TRAL EXECUTIVE 9 ! P]SON ( ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,UNION POSSESSES MORE EXT5SIVE P[]1 & ! ADM9I/RATION & JUDICI>Y >E MORE C5TRALIZ$ ?AN 9 ! MAJORITY ( ! MON>*IES ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,:ILE 9 ,SWITZ]L& ! GRADUAL EXPANSION ( ! C5TRAL FUNCTIONS AT ! EXP5SE ( F$]ALISM TAKES PLACE BY MEANS ( AM5DM5TS TO ! CON/ITUTION1 9 ,AM]ICA ?IS TAKES PLACE 9 A WAY ( ITS [N )\T ANY CON/ITUTIONAL *ANGES1 ?R\< A LIB]AL 9T]PRETATION ( ! CON/ITUTION BY ! JUDICIAL AU?ORITIES4 ,! HI/ORY ( MOD]N ,AU/RIA PRES5TS A PICTURE ( 9CESSANT /RUGGLE BETWE5 A C5TRALI/ & F$]ALI/ TR5D4 ,! />T+ PO9T ( ?IS HI/ORY1 ! #ahdh REVOLUTION1 %[S ! FOLL[+ DIVISION ( ROLES3 ! ADVOCATES ( C5TRALISM >E ! ,G]MAN LIB]ALS & DEMOCRATS1 ! !N LEAD]S ( ! REVOLUTION1 :ILE ! OB/RUCTION UND] ! BANN] ( F$]ALISM IS REPRES5T$ BY ! ,SLAVIC C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y P>TIES3 ! ,GALICIAN NOBILITY2 ! ,CZE*1 ,MORAVIAN & ,DALMATIAN DIETS2 ! PAN-,SLAVI/S &1 ! ADMIR]S ( ,BAKUN91 ?AT PROPHET & PHRASEMAK] ( ! AN>*I/ 0AUTONOMY ( FREE PEOPLES40 ,M>X *>ACT]IZ$ ! POLICY & ROLE ( ! ,CZE* F$]ALI/S 9 ! #ahdh REVOLUTION AS FOLL[S3 ,! ,CZE* & ,CROAT PAN-,SLAVI/S WORK$1 SOME DELIB]ATELY & SOME UNKN[+LY1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! CLE> 9T]E/S ( ,RUSSIA4 ,!Y BETRAY$ ! CAUSE ( REVOLUTION = ! %AD[ ( A NATIONALITY :I*1 9 ! BE/ CASE1 W\LD HAVE %>$ ! FATE ( ! ,POLI% ONE4 ,! ,CZE*1 ,MORAVIAN1 ,DALMATIAN1 & A P>T ( ! ,POLI% DELEGATES 7! >I/OCRACY7 CONDUCT$ A SY/EMATIC /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,G]MAN ELEM5T4 ,! ,G]MANS & A P>T ( ! ,POLES 7! IMPOV]I%$ G5TRY7 W]E ! MA9 ADH]5TS ( REVOLUTION>Y PROGRESS2 FIY T5D5CIES ( !IR 5TIRE MOVEM5T1 BUT EV5 DEBAS$ ITSELF BY S*EM+ & PLOTT+ ) ! V]Y SAME ,AU/RIAN GOV]NM5T :I* HAD DISP]S$ !IR ,PRAGUE CONGRESS4 ,!Y RECEIV$ A WELL-DES]V$ REW>D = !IR DISGRACEFUL BEHAVIOR4 ,!Y HAD SUPPORT$ ! GOV]NM5T DUR+ ! ,OCTOB] UPRIS+1 ! \TCOME ( :I* F9ALLY ASSUR$ A MAJORITY TO ! ,SLAVS4 ,?IS N[ ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY ,SLAVIC ASSEMBLY WAS DISP]S$ BY ! ,AU/RIAN SOLDI]Y EXACTLY AS ! ,PRAGUE CONGRESS HAD BE5 & ! PAN-,SLAVI/S W]E ?REAT5$ ) IMPRISONM5T IF !Y D>$ TO COMPLA94 ,!Y A*IEV$ ONLY ?IS3 ?AT ! ,SLAVIC NATIONALITY IS N[ EV]Y:]E ?REAT5$ BY ,AU/RIAN C5TRALISM4.<#b.> ,M>X WROTE ?IS 9 #aheb DUR+ ! REVIVAL ( ABSOLUTI/ RULE 9 ,AU/RIA AFT] ! F9AL COLLAPSE ( ! REVOLUTION & ( ! FIR/ ]A ( CON/ITUTIONALISM - 0A RESULT :I* !Y [E TO !IR [N FANATICISM & BL9DNESS40 ,SU* WAS ! FIR/ APPE>ANCE ( F$]ALISM 9 ! MOD]N HI/ORY ( ,AU/RIA4 ,9 NO /ATE DID ! SOCIO-HI/ORICAL CONT5T ( ! F$]ALI/ PROGRAM & ! FALLACY ( ! AN>*I/ FANTASIES CONC]N+ ! DEMOCRATIC OR EV5 REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] ( ?AT SLOGAN APPE> SO EMPHATICALLY ALSO 9 LAT] TIMES1 &1 SO TO SPEAK1 SYMBOLICALLY1 AS 9 ,AU/RIA4 ,! PROGRESS ( POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION CAN BE DIRECTLY MEASUR$ H]E BY ! PROGRAM ( ! RILIAM5T1 :I*1 PASS+ SUCCESSIVELY ?R\< F\R PHASES ( GRADUAL DEMOCRATIZATION1 WAS 9CREAS+LY BECOM+ ! MA9 CEM5T B9D+ TOGE!R ! /ATE /RUCTURE ( ! ,HAPSBURG MON>*Y4 ,! ,OCTOB] ,PAT5T ( #a#h#f1 :I* 9AUGURAT$ ! SECOND CON/ITUTIONAL ]A 9 ,AU/RIA1 HAD CREAT$ 9 ! SPIRIT ( F$]ALISM A WEAK C5TRAL LEGISLATIVE ORGAN1 & GIV5 ! RILIAM5T .<,REI*SRAT.> - AL?\< IT WAS A CLASS1 UNEQUAL1 & 9DIRECT VOT+ SY/EM4 ,SUBSEQU5TLY1 ! NATIONALITY /RUGGLE & ! DEC5TRALI/ OPPOSITION ( ! ,CZE*S1 :I* ?REAT5$ ! V]Y EXI/5CE & 9TEGRITY ( ! ,HAPSBURG MON>*Y1 =C$1 9 #a#h#i#f1 ! REPLACEM5T ( !IR CLASS VOT+ RIACT]I/IC 9 ?IS RESPECT IS ! ROLE ( ,GALICIA4 ,ALREADY FROM ! FIR/ SESSION ( ! ,VI5NESE ,REI*SRAT & ! ,GALICIAN ,DIET 9 ,APRIL #a#h#f#a1 ! ,GALICIAN NOBILITY CAME =W>D AS AN EXTREME OPPOSITION AGA9/ ! LIB]AL CAB9ET ( ,S*M]L+1 VIOL5TLY OPPOS+ ! LIB]AL RE=MS 9 ! NAME ( 0NATIONAL AUTONOMY0 & ! RITY1 ! P>TY ( SU* M5 AS ,T>N[SKI1 ,POPIEL1 ,WODZICKI1 & ,KOZMIAN1 & F\ND ITS EXPRESSION 9 ! NOTORI\S 0RESOLUTION0 ( ! ,GALICIAN ,DIET ( ,SEPTEMB] #b#h1 #a#h#f#h1 :I* IS A K9D ( ,MAGNA ,C>TA ( ! 0SEP>ATION ( ,GALICIA40 ,! RESOLUTION DEM&$ SU* A BROAD5+ ( ! COMPET5CE ( ! ,PROV9CIAL ,DIET ?AT = ! ,C5TRAL ,P>LIAM5T !RE REMA9$ ONLY ! MO/ IMPORTANT ALL-MON>*Y MATT]S2 IT COMPLETELY ABOLI%$ ! C5TRAL ADM9I/RATION1 H&+ IT OV] EXCLUSIVELY TO ! CR[N L& AU?ORITIES1 & 9 ! 5D COMPLETELY SEP>AT+ ALSO ! CR[N L& JUDICI>Y4 ,! /ATE CONNECTION ( ,GALICIA ) ,AU/RIA WAS R$UC$ H]E TO SU* A FLIMSY %AD[ ?AT SANGU9E M9DS1 :O DID NOT YET KN[ ! FLEXIBILITY ( ,POLI% NATIONALISM1 W\LD BE READY TO SEE 9 ?IS IDEAL PROGRAM ( F$]ALISM1 0ALMO/0 NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE OR AT LEA/ A BOLD /RIV+ T[>D IT4 ,H[EV]1 TO PREV5T ANY SU* ILLUSIONS1 ! ,/ANCZYK P>TY HAD ANN\NC$ ITS POLITICAL CR$O & BEGUN ITS PUBLIC C>E] 9 ,AU/RIA NOT ) ! ABOVE PROGRAM ( F$]ATION BUT ) ! NOTORI\S ADDRESS ( ! ,DIET ( ,DECEMB] #a1 #a#h#f#f1 9 :I* IT PROCLAIM$ ITS CLASSICAL =MULA3 0,)\T FE> ( DES]T+ ! NATIONAL IDEA & ) FAI? 9 ! MISSION ( ,AU/RIA WE DECL>E FROM ! BOTTOM ( \R HE>TS ?AT WE /& & WI% TO /& BY ,Y\R ,MAJE/Y40 ,?IS WAS ONLY A CONCISE APHORI/IC =MULATION ( ! SANGU9>Y CRUSADE :I* ! NOBILITY P>TY >\ND ,PRZEGLAD ,POLSKI 7,POLI% ,REVIEW7 WAG$1 AFT] ! ,JANU>Y UPRIS+1 AGA9/ ! 9SURRECTION & ! 9SURG5TS AGA9/ ! 0CONSPIRACY10 0ILLUSIONS10 0CRIM9AL ATTEMPTS01 0=EIGN REVOLUTION>Y 9FLU5CES10 0! EXCESSES ( SOCIAL AN>*Y10 LIQUIDAT+ ) CYNICAL HA/E ! LA/ P]IOD ( \R NATIONAL MOVEM5TS UND] ! SLOGAN ( 0ORGANIC WORK0 & PUBLIC R5UNCIATION ( ANY SOLID>ITY ) ,RUSSIAN-DOM9AT$ ,POL&4 ,F$]ALISM & POLITICAL SEP>ATISM W]E NOT 9 REALITY AN EXPRESSION ( NATIONAL ASPIRATIONS BUT W]E1 RA!R1 !IR SIMPLE NEGATION & !IR PUBLIC R5UNCIATION4 ,! O!R H>MONI\S COMPLEM5T ( ! ,/ANCZYK PROGRAM ( F$]ATION 7READ3 SEP>ATION7 WAS OPPOSITION & OB/RUCTION 9 COALITION ) ,CZE* & ,MORAVIAN F$]ALI/S & ! ,G]MAN CL]ICAL-REACTION>Y P>TY AGA9/ ANY LIB]AL RE=MS 9 ,AU/RIA3 AGA9/ ! LIB]AL COMMUNAL LAW1 AGA9/ ! LIB]AL LAW CONC]N+ ELEM5T>Y S*OOLS1 AGA9/ ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! LAW CONC]N+ DIRECT ELECTIONS BY ! PEOPLE TO ! ,C5TRAL ,P>LIAM5T2 ON ! O!R H& IT SUPPORT$ ! GOV]NM5T 9 ALL REACTION>Y PROJECTS1 E4G41 SUPPORT ( ! MILIT>Y LAWS />T+ ) ,TAAFFE'S ,LAW1 ETC4 ,?IS DEVELOPM5T HAS BE5 C\PL$ ) EXTREME REACTION ALSO 9 PROV9CIAL POLICIES1 ! MO/ GL>+ EXPRESSION ( :I* IS ! ADAMANT OPPOSITION AGA9/ ! RE=M ( ELECTIONS TO ! ,PROV9CIAL ,DIET4 ,F9ALLY1 ! ?IRD COMPON5T ( ,GALICIAN F$]ALISM IS ! POLICY ( ! ,POLI% NOBILITY T[>D ! ,RU!NIANS4 ,QUITE ANALOG\S TO ! ,FR5* F$]ALI/S ( ,SWITZ]L&1 ! ,GALICIAN ADVOCATES ( A POT5TIAL DEC5TRALIZATION ( ! ,AU/RIAN /ATE HAVE BE5 /RICT C5TRALI/S 9T]NALLY 9 RELATION TO ! ,RU!NIAN POPULATION4 ,! ,GALICIAN NOBILITY HAS FROM ! BEG9N+ /UBBORNLY COMBAT$ ! DEM& ( AUTONOMY = ! ,RU!NIANS1 ! ADM9I/RATIVE DIVISION ( ,GALICIA 9TO ,EA/]N & ,WE/]N1 & ! GRANT+ ( EQUAL /ATUS TO ! ,RU!NIAN LANGUAGE & SCRIPT ALONG ) ! ,POLI% LANGUAGE4 ,! PROGRAM ( 0SEP>ATION0 & F$]ALISM SUFF]$ A DECISIVE DEFEAT 9 ,AU/RIA AS E>LY AS #a#h#g#c1 :5 DIRECT ELECTIONS TO ! ,C5TRAL ,P>LIAM5T W]E 9TRODUC$1 & FROM !N ON ! ,/ANCZYK P>TY1 9 KEEP+ ) ITS OPPORTUNI/IC PR9CIPLES1 AB&ON$ ! POLICY ( OB/RUCTION & ACQUIESC$ 9 ,AU/RIAN C5TRALISM4 ,H[EV]1 ,GALICIAN F$]ALISM FROM !N ON APPE>S ON ! /AGE IF NOT AS A PROGRAM ( REALI/IC POLITICS !N AS A MEANS ( P>LIAM5T>Y MANEUV]S EA* TIME ?AT S]I\S DEMOCRATIC RE=MS >E CONSID]$4 ,! LA/ MEMORABLE APPE>ANCE ( ! PROGRAM ( 0SEP>AT+0 ,GALICIA 9 ! PUBLIC >5A IS CONNECT$ ) ! /RUGGLE ( ! ,GALICIAN NOBILITY AGA9/ ! MO/ REC5T ELECTORAL RE=M1 AGA9/ ! 9TRODUCTION ( UNIV]SAL & EQUAL VOT+ RILIAM5T4 ,& AS IF TO PUT /RONG] EMPHASIS ON ! REACTION>Y CONT5T ( ! F$]ALI/ PROGRAM1 ! DEPUTIES ( ,AU/RIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 9 ,APRIL #a#i#f1 VOT$ UNANIM\SLY AGA9/ ! MOTION CONC]N+ ! SEP>ATION ( ,GALICIA4 ,AT !IR HEAD 9 HIS *>ACT] AS REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,AU/RIAN ,WORK]S' ,P>TY1 A REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ALL-MON>*Y PROLET>IAN POLICY SPOKE & VOT$ AGA9/ ! SEP>ATION ( ,GALICIA3 ?IS WAS ,MR4 ,IGNACY ,DASZYNSKI1 :O1 AS A LEAD] 9 ! ?REE P>TS ( ! PATRIOTIC ,P,P,S1 CONSID]S ! SEP>ATION ( ! ,K+DOM ( ,POL& FROM ,RUSSIA AS HIS POLITICAL PROGRAM4 ,! ,AU/RIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY IS A DET]M9$ & OP5 ADVOCATE ( C5TRALISM1 A CONSCI\S ADH]5T ( ! /ATE CONSOLIDATION ( ,AU/RIA & CONSEQU5TLY A CONSCI\S OPPON5T ( ANY SEP>ATI/ T5D5CIES4 0,! FUTURE ( ! ,AU/RIAN /ATE0 SAYS ,KAUTSKY - 0DEP5DS ON ! /R5G? & 9FLU5CE ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 ,PRECISELY BECAUSE IT IS REVOLUTION>Y1 IT IS 9 ?IS CASE A P>TY UPHOLD+ ! /ATE .TEI.> 9 ?IS S5SE2 AL?\< ?IS S\NDS /RANGE1 ONE MAY APPLY TO ! ,R$ REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ! WORDS :I* HALF A C5TURY AGO ,GRILLP>Z] ADDRESS$ TO ! H]O ( ! ,R$ ,YELL[ REACTION1 ,G5]AL ,RADETZKY3 ',9 Y\R CAMP IS ,AU/RIA4'0 .<0,9 DE95 ,LAG] I/ ,O/]REI*0.>.<#c.> IS JU/ AS 9 ! MATT] ( ! 0SEP>ATION0 ( ,GALICIA ,AU/RIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY DECISIVELY REJECTS ! PROGRAM ( ! ,CZE* ,F$]ALI/S1 ?AT IS1 ! SEP>ATION ( ,BOHEMIA4 ,KAUTSKY WRITES3 ,! GR[? ( ! IDEA ( AUTONOMY = ,BOHEMIA IS ONLY A P>TIAL ,MANIFE/ATION ( ! G5]AL GR[? ( REACTION 9 ALL BIG /ATES ( ! ,CONT95T4 ,! PROGRAM ( 0AUTONOMY0 W\LD NOT YET MAKE ,BOHEMIA AN AUTONOM\S /ATE4 ,IT W\LD /ILL REMA9 A P>T ( ,AU/RIA4 ,! ,C5TRAL ,P>LIAM5T W\LD NOT BE ABOLI%$ BY ?IS4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT MATT]S 7MILIT>Y AFFAIRS1 CU/OMS1 ETC47 W\LD REMA9 9 ITS COMPET5CE4 ,H[EV]1 ! SEP>ATION ( ,BOHEMIA W\LD BREAK ! P[] ( ! ,C5TRAL ,P>LIAM5T1 :I* TODAY IS V]Y WEAK4 ,IT W\LD BREAK IT NOT ONLY 9 RELATION TO ! DIETS ( ! SEV]AL NATIONS BUT ALSO 9 RELATION TO ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 ON ! MODEL ( ! DELEGATIONS4 .<,! REF]5CE H]E IS TO DELEGATIONS ( ,AU/RIA & ,HUNG>Y :I* W]E ELECT$ BY ! ,VI5NA & ,BUDAPE/ P>LIAM5T & HAD AS !IR TASK ! >RANGEM5T ( ! SO-CALL$ ,AU/RO-,HUNG>IAN COMPROMISE1 ?AT IS1 ! MUTUAL RELATION%IP OR PROPORTION CONTRIBUT$ BY BO? C\NTRIES = ! COMMON EXP5SES ( ! /ATE & ! SETTLEM5T ( C]TA9 MATT]S AFFECT+ BO?4.> ,! /ATE C\NCIL1 ?AT IS1 ! ,C5TRAL ,P>LIAM5T ( ,AU/RIA1 W\LD HAVE TO BE R$UC$ TO A MIS]ABLE IDOL NODD+ ITS HEAD TO EV]Y?+4 ,! P[] ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T 9 MILIT>Y & CU/OMS AFFAIRS1 AS WELL AS =EIGN POLICY1 W\LD !N BECOME UNRE/RICT$4 ,! SEP>ATION ( ,BOHEMIA W\LD SIGNIFY ! /R5G!N+ ( ! RULE ( B\RGEOIS PEASANT CL]ICALISM 9 ! ,ALP9E L&S ( ! NOBILITY & 9 ,GALICIA2 ALSO ?AT ( ! CAPITALI/ MAGNATES 9 ,BOHEMIA4 ,AS LONG AS !SE ?REE /RATA MU/ EX]CISE !IR AU?ORITY 9 ! ,C5TRAL ,P>LIAM5T JO9TLY1 !Y CANNOT DEVELOP ALL !IR P[] BECAUSE !IR 9T]E/S >E NOT ID5TICAL2 HOLD+ !M TOGE!R IS NO EASY MATT]4 ,!IR /R5G? WILL BE 9CREAS$ IF EA* ( !SE /RATA CAN CONC5TRATE ON A C]TA9 DEF9$ >EA4 ,! CL]ICALS 9 ,9NSBRUCK & ,L9Z1 ! ,GALICIAN NOBILITY 9 ,CRAC[ & ,LEMB]G1 ! ,BOHEMIAN ,TORIES 9 ,PRAGUE >E MORE P[]FUL SEP>ATELY ?AN ALL TOGE!R 9 ,VI5NA4 ,JU/ AS 9 ,G]MANY1 ! REACTION DRAWS ITS /R5G? FROM ! P>TICUL>ISM & WEAKNESS ( ! ,C5TRAL ,P>LIAM5T2 H]E1 JU/ AS !RE1 GIV+ ONE'S MORAL SUPPORT TO P>TICUL>ISM MEANS WORK+ 9 FAVOR ( REACTION4 ,H]E1 JU/ AS !RE1 WE >E OBLIGAT$ TO RESI/ /RONGLY ! PRES5T CURR5T T5D+ TO ! WEAK5+ ( ! ,C5TRAL ,P>LIAM5T4 .<,KAUTSKY 5DS ) !SE WORDS3.> ,WE MU/ COMBAT ,BOHEMIAN /ATES' RIAT+ (F ,BOHEMIA.> AS A PRODUCT ( REACTION & A MEANS ( ITS SUPPORT4 ,WE MU/ COMBAT IT S9CE IT MEANS SPLITT+ ! PROLET>IAT ( ,AU/RIA4 ,! ROAD FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM DOES NOT LEAD ?R\< FEUDALISM4 ,! PROGRAM ( SEP>AT+ (F ,BOHEMIA IS JU/ AS LITTLE A PRELIM9>Y TO ! AUTONOMY ( PEOPLES AS ANTI-,SEMITISM 7?AT IS1 A UNILAT]AL /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,JEWI% CAPITAL7 IS A PRELIM9>Y TO ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4.<#d.> ,:]E ! REMNANTS ( FEUDALISM HAVE BE5 PRES]V$ TO ?IS DAY 9 ,EUROPE1 !Y >E EV]Y:]E A PROTECTION ( MON>*Y4 ,9 ,G]MANY1 A /RIK+ MANIFE/ATION ( ?IS IS ! FACT ?AT ! UNITY ( ! ,REI* IS BAS$ ON A UNIV]SAL EQUAL VOT+ RILIAM5T1 :ILE ALL ,G]MAN /ATES TAK5 9DIVIDUALLY HAVE MU* MORE REACTION>Y /ATE CON/ITUTIONS1 FROM ,PRUSSIA1 ) ITS 7AS ,BISM>CK EXPRESS$ IT7 0MO/ MON/R\S0 TRI-CLASS ELECTORAL LAW1 UP TO ,MECKL5BURG1 :I* IS /ILL 9 G5]AL A M$IEVAL /ATE ) A PURELY CLASS CON/ITUTION4 ,! CITY ( ,HAMBURG ITSELF IS AN EV5 MORE /RIK+ EXAMPLE IF WE BELIEVE ?AT PROGRESS & DEMOCRACY >E CONNECT$ ) C5TRALISM1 & REACTION ) P>TICUL>ISM & F$]ALISM4 ,! CITY ( ,HAMBURG1 :I* =MS ?REE ELECTORAL DI/RICTS ( ! ,G]MAN ,REI*1 IS REPRES5T$ 9 ,P>LIAM5T ON ! BASIS ( A UNIV]SAL VOT+ RITY IS1 !RE=E1 9 ,HAMBURG1 ! UNIQUE RUL+ P>TY4 ,BUT ! V]Y SAME CITY ( ,HAMBURG1 AS A SEP>ATE LITTLE /ATE1 ON ! BASIS ( ITS DI/9CTION1 SEP>AT5ESS1 9TRODUC$ = ITSELF A NEW ELECTORAL LAW EV5 MORE REACTION>Y ?AN ! ONE 9 =CE UNTIL N[1 :I* MAKES IT ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE TO ELECT ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS TO ! ,HAMBURG ,DIET4 ,9 ,AU/RIA-,HUNG>Y WE SEE ! SAME4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 A F$]AL RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,HUNG>Y & ,AU/RIA IS AN EXPRESSION NOT ( FRE$OM & PROGRESS BUT ( MON>*ICAL REACTION BECAUSE IT IS KN[N ?AT ! ,AU/RO-,HUNG>IAN DUALISM IS MA9TA9$ ONLY BY ! DYNA/IC 9T]E/ ( ! ,HAPSBURGS1 & ,AU/RIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY CLE>LY DECL>$ ITSELF 9 FAVOR ( ! COMPLETE DISSOLUTION ( ?AT F$]ATION & ! COMPLETE SEP>ATION ( ,HUNG>Y FROM ,AU/RIA4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS POSITION RESULT$ BY NO MEANS FROM ! 9CL9ATIONS ( ,AU/RIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY = DEC5TRALIZATION 9 G5]AL1 BUT JU/ ! REV]SE3 IT RESULT$ FROM ! FACT ?AT A F$]AL CONNECTION BETWE5 ,HUNG>Y & ,AU/RIA IS AN OB/ACLE TO AN EV5 GREAT] POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION 9SIDE ,AU/RIA = ! PURPOSE ( RE/OR+ & CONSOLIDAT+ ! LATT]1 & H]E ! V]Y SAME ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY IS AN ADVOCATE ( AS CLOSE A UNION ( ! CR[NL&S AS POSSIBLE1 & AN OPPON5T ( ANY T5D5CIES TO ! SEP>ATION ( ,GALICIA1 ,BOHEMIA1 ,TRIE/E1 ! ,TR5T9O1 & SO ON4 ,9 FACT1 ! ONLY C5T] ( POLITICAL & DEMOCRATIC PROGRESS 9 ,AU/RIA IS H] C5TRAL POLICY1 A ,C5TRAL ,P>LIAM5T 9 ,VI5NA :I*1 9 ITS DEVELOPM5T1 REA*$ A UNIV]SAL EQUAL-VOT+ RIE /RONT ( ! NOBILITY OR B\RGEOISIE4 ,F9ALLY1 ! LA/ EV5T 9 ! HI/ORY ( F$]AL RELATION%IPS1 ! SEP>ATION ( ,NORWAY FROM ,SW$51 TAK5 UP 9 ITS TIME EAG]LY BY ! ,POLI% SOCIAL-PATRIOTIC P>TIES 7SEE ! ,CRAC[ ,NAPRZOD .<,=W>D.>7 AS A JOY\S MANIFE/ATION ( /R5G? & ! PROGRESSIV5ESS ( SEP>ATI/ T5D5CIES1 SOON *ANG$ 9TO A NEW /RIK+ PRO( ?AT F$]ALISM & /ATE SEP>ATIONS RESULT+ FROM IT >E BY NO MEANS AN EXPRESSION ( PROGRESS OR DEMOCRACY4 ,AFT] ! SO-CALL$ ,NORWEGIAN 0REVOLUTIONS10 :I* CONSI/$ 9 ! DE?RONEM5T & ! EXPULSION FROM ,NORWAY ( ! ,K+ ( ,SW$51 ! ,NORWEGIANS QUIETLY ELECT$ ANO!R K+ = !MSELVES1 HAV+ EV5 =MALLY1 9 A POPUL> BALLOT1 REJECT$ ! PROJECT ( 9TRODUC+ A REPUBLIC4 ,?AT :I* SUP]FICIAL ADMIR]S ( ALL NATIONAL MOVEM5TS & ALL SEMBLANCES ( 9DEP5D5CE PROCLAIM$ AS A 0REVOLUTION0 WAS A SIMPLE MANIFE/ATION ( PEASANT & B\RGEOIS P>TICUL>ISM1 A DESIRE TO POSSESS = !IR [N MONEY A 0K+ ( !IR [N0 9/EAD ( ONE IMPOS$ BY ! ,SW$I% >I/OCRACY1 &1 !RE=E1 A MOVEM5T :I* HAD NO?+ 9 COMMON :ATEV] ) A REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! HI/ORY ( ! DIS9TEGRATION ( ! ,SW$I%-,NORWEGIAN UNION AGA9 PROV$ H[ F>1 EV5 H]E1 ! F$]ATION HAD BE5 AN EXPRESSION ( PURELY DYNA/IC 9T]E/S1 ?AT IS1 A =M ( MON>*ISM & REACTION4 ,I,V ,! IDEA ( F$]ALISM AS A SOLUTION ( ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION1 & 9 G5]AL1 AN 0IDEAL0 ( ! POLITICAL SY/EM 9 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS1 RAIS$ SIXTY YE>S AGO BY ,BAKUN9 & O!R AN>*I/S1 F9DS AT PRES5T REFUGE ) A NUMB] ( SOCIALI/ GR\PS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,A /RIK+ ILLU/RATION ( ?AT IDEA1 AS WELL AS ( ITS RELATION TO ! CLASS /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT AT ! PRES5T TIME1 IS GIV5 BY ! CONGRESS ( ?OSE F$]ALI/ GR\PS ( ALL ,RUSSIA HELD DUR+ ! REC5T .<#a#i#e.> REVOLUTION & :OSE DELIB]ATIONS HAVE BE5 PUBLI%$ 9 A DETAIL$ REPORT4 .<,SEE ! ,PROCE$+S ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TIES1 ,APRIL #a#f-#b1 #a#i#g1 ,KNIGOI ,IZDATIEL/VO1 ,SEJM 7,/4 ,PET]SBURG3 #a#i#h74.> ,FIR/ ( ALL1 A *>ACT]IZATION ( ! POLITICAL COMPLEXION & ( ! 0SOCIALISM0 ( !SE GR\PS IS 9T]E/+4 ,9 ! ,CONGRESS1 !RE P>TICIPAT$ ,GEORGIAN1 ,>M5IAN1 ,BYELO-,RUSSIAN1 ,JEWI%1 ,POLI%1 & ,RUSSIAN F$]ALI/S4 ,! ,GEORGIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,F$]ALI/ ,P>TY OP]ATES MA9LY - ACCORD+ TO ITS [N REPORT - NOT AMONG ! URBAN POPULATION BUT 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 BECAUSE ONLY !RE DOES !RE EXI/ 9 A COMPACT MASS ! NATIONAL ,GEORGIAN ELEM5T2 !SE NUMB] AB\T #a4#b MILLION & >E CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! GUB]NIAS ( ,TIFLIS1 ,KUTAI1 & P>TIALLY1 ,BATUM4 ,?IS P>TY IS ALMO/ COMPLETELY RECRUIT$ FROM PEASANTS & PETTY G5TRY4 0,9 ITS /RIV+ = AN 9DEP5D5T REGULATION ( ITS LIFE0 - DECL>ES ! DELEGATE ( ! ,GEORGIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,F$]ALI/ ,P>TY - 0)\T C\NT+ ON ! C5TRALI/ BUREAUCRACY1 :E!R ?IS BE ABSOLUTI/IC OR CON/ITUTIONAL OR EV5 SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC 7671 ! ,GEORGIAN PEASANTRY WILL PROBABLY F9D SYMPA?Y & HELP ON ! P>T ( ?AT PETTY ,GEORGIAN G5TRY :I* LIVES ON ! L& & BY ! SIZE ( ITS POSSESSIONS & ALSO ITS WAY ( LIFE DIFF]S LITTLE FROM ! PEASANTRY40 ,!RE=E1 ! P>TY CONSID]S ?AT 0EV5 9DEP5D5TLY ( CONSID]ATIONS ( A BASIC 767 NATURE1 M]ELY ! PRACTICAL CONDITIONS ( ,GEORGIAN AGRICULTURE DEM& ! TREATM5T ( ! AGR>IAN QUE/ION AS A CLASS QUE/ION1 PEASANT OR G5TRY ONLY AS AN OV]-ALL NATIONAL QUE/ION1 AS A SOCIAL 767 PROBLEM1 AS A PROBLEM ( WORK76740 ,/>T+ ) !SE ASSUMPTIONS1 ! ,GEORGIAN ,F$]ALI/S1 9 H>MONY ) ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES1 /RIVE = ! 0SOCIALIZATION ( L& :I* IS TO BE A*IEV$ UND] ! RULE ( ! CAPITALI/IC OR B\RGEOIS SY/EM40 ,A BEAUTIFUL ADDITION TO ?IS PROGRAM IS ! RES]VATION ?AT 0SOCIALIZATION0 CANNOT BE EXT5D$ TO OR*>DS1 V9EY>DS & O!R 0SPECIAL CULTIVATIONS10 OR TO F>MS1 BECAUSE !SE >E >EAS 0DEM&+ A C]TA9 CONTRIBUTION ( WORK & MAT]IAL MEANS :I* CANNOT BE RETURN$ 9 ONE YE> OR 9 SEV]AL YE>S0 & :I* W\LD BE DIFFICULT = A ,GEORGIAN PEASANT TO R5\NCE40 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 !RE REMA9S PRIVATE PROP]TY = 0CULTIVATIONS0 & 0SOCIALISM0 = GRA9-PLANT+ - ( :I* !RE IS LITTLE 9 ! ,CAUCASUS - AS WELL AS = DUNES1 M>G9AL L&S1 BOGS1 & =E/S4 ,! MA9 ?+ ON :I* ! ,SOCIALI/ ,F$]ALI/S PUT EMPHASIS IS ! RES]VATION ?AT ! AGRICULTURAL QUE/ION 9 ,GEORGIA %\LD BE DECID$ NOT 9 A CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY NOR 9 A C5TRAL P>LIAM5T1 BUT ONLY 9 AUTONOM\S NATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS1 BECAUSE 0H[EV] LIFE WILL DECIDE ?IS QUE/ION1 9 PR9CIPLE1 ONLY ?IS IS UNQUE/IONABLE1 ?AT ! L& 9 A ,GEORGIAN T]RITORY %\LD BELONG FIR/ ( ALL TO ! ,GEORGIAN PEOPLE40 ,! QUE/ION1 H[ IT HAPP5S ?AT ! 0SOCIALI/0 P>TY IS JO9$1 5 MASSE1 BY ! PETTY G5TRY & B\RGEOISIE1 ! DELEGATES ( ! ,GEORGIAN ,F$]ALI/S EXPLA9$ BY SAY+ ?AT ?IS HAPP5S ONLY BECAUSE 0!RE IS NO O!R P>TY :I* W\LD =MULATE ! DEM&S ( !SE /RATA40 ,! ,>M5IAN ,REVOLUTION>Y ,F$]ATION1 ?AT IS1 ,DA%NAKTSUTYUN1 F\ND$ AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! #a#h#iS = ! PURPOSE ( LIB]AT+ ! ,>M5IANS FROM ,TURKEY1 WAS EXCLUSIVELY CONC]N$ ) 0MILIT>IZ+ ! PEOPLE10 I4E41 ! PREP>ATION ( FIM$ EXP$ITIONS 9TO ,TURKEY1 ! IMPORT ( WEAPONS1 ! DIRECTION ( ATTACKS ON ,TURKI% TROOPS1 ETC4 ,ONLY REC5TLY1 AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! CURR5T C5TURY1 ! ,>M5IAN ,REVOLUTION>Y ,F$]ATION EXP&$ ITS ACTIVITY 9TO ! ,CAUCASUS & ASSUM$ AT ! SAME TIME A SOCIAL ASPECT4 ,! CAUSE = ! REVOLUTION>Y \TBUR/ ( ! MOVEM5T & ! T]RORI/IC ACTION 9 ! ,CAUCASUS WAS ! CONFISCATION ( ! E/ATES ( ! ,>M5IAN CL]GY = ! .I/.> TREASURY 9 #a#i#c4 ,BESIDES ITS MA9 COMBAT0 ACTION1 ! P>TY BEGAN1 AGA9/ ! BACKGR\ND ( ?OSE EV5TS1 A PROPAG&A AMONG ! RURAL POPULATION 9 ! ,CAUCASUS AS WELL AS A /RUGGLE AGA9/ CZ>DOM4 ,! AGR>IAN PROGRAM ( ,DA%NAKTSUTYUN DEM&S ! EXPROPRIATION ( G5TRY E/ATES )\T COMP5SATION1 & SURR5D]+ !RE TO ! COMMUNES = EQUAL DI/RIBUTION4 ,?IS RE=M IS TO BE BAS$ ON ! /ILL RA!R G5]AL COMMUNAL PROP]TY 9 ! C5TRAL P>T ( ! ,TRANSCAUCASUS4 ,REC5TLY1 !RE >OSE A 0Y\NG0 TR5D AMONG ! ,>M5IAN ,F$]ALI/S MA9TA9+ ?AT ! ,DA%NAKTSUTYUN P>TY IS SIMPLY A B\RGEOIS1 NATIONALI/IC ORGANIZATION ( A RA!R D\BTFUL SOCIALI/IC ASPECT - AN ORGANIZATION L9K+ )9 ITSELF COMPLETELY HET]OG5E\S SOCIAL ELEM5TS1 & 9 ITS ACTIVITY & ACTION ON COMPLETELY HET]OG5E\S SOCIO-POLITICAL T]RITORY1 SU* AS ,TURKEY ON ! ONE SIDE & ! ,CAUCASUS ON ! O!R4 ,?IS P>TY RECOGNIZES1 ACCORD+ TO ITS [N REPORT1 ! PR9CIPLE ( F$]ALISM BO? AS A BASIS ( NATION-WIDE RELATIONS & ! BASIS ON :I* %\LD BE ?OR\TY4 ,A ,BYELORUSSIAN ORGANIZATION WAS =M$ 9 #aic UND] ! NAME ( ! ,BYELORUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION>Y ,HROMADA4 ,ITS C>D9AL PROGRAMMATIC DEM& WAS SEP>ATION FROM ,RUSSIA1 & 9 ! SPH]E ( ECONOMICS1 ! NATIONALIZATION ( ! L&4 ,9 #a#i#f1 ?IS PROGRAM UND]W5T A REVISION & FROM !N ON ! P>TY HAS BE5 DEM&+ A F$]AL REPUBLIC 9 ,RUSSIA1 ) T]RITORIAL AUTONOMY = ,LI?UANIA & A DIET 9 ,VILNA1 AS WELL AS A NON-T]RITORIAL NATIONAL CULTURAL AUTONOMY = ! REMA9+ NATIONALITIES 9HABIT+ ,LI?UANIA1 :ILE ON ! AGR>IAN QUE/ION ! FOLL[+ DEM&S W]E ADOPT$3 L&S HELD BY ! TREASURY1 BY ! *UR*1 & BY ! MONA/]IES1 AS WELL AS BIG L&$ PROP]TY ABOVE EIE TO BE CONFISCAT$ & TURN$ 9TO A L& FUND \T ( :I*1 FIR/ ( ALL1 ! L&LESS & SMALL PEASANTS %\LD BE SUPPLI$ ON ! BASIS ( H]$IT>Y PROP]TY1 ) ! AIM ( ELIM9AT+ PAUP]ISM AS WELL AS DEVELOP+ ! PRODUCTIVE =CES ( ! C\NTRY4 ,! SOCIALIZATION ( L& CANNOT YET BE M5TION$ BECAUSE ( ! L[ 9TELLECTUAL LEVEL ( ! ,BYELORUSSIAN PEASANT4 ,?US1 ! TASK ( ! P>TY IS ! CREATION & MA9T5ANCE ( A PEASANT F>M 9 A NORMAL SIZE ( EIE TO BE NATIONALIZ$4 ,HRONMADA C>RIES ON ITS ACTIVITY AMONG ! ,BYELORUSSIAN PEASANTS :O 9HABIT1 TO ! NUMB] ( AB\T SEV5 MILLIONS1 ! GUB]NIAS ( ,VILNA1 ,M9SK1 ,GRODNO1 & P>T ( ,WITEBSK4 ,! ,JEWI% ,F$]ALI/ GR\P1 0,SI]P0 .<0,! ,SICKLE0.>1 ORGANIZ$ ONLY A FEW YE>S AGO BY ,JEWI% DISSID5TS FROM ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY1 DEM&S NON-T]RITORIAL AUTONOMY = ALL NATIONALITIES 9 ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE2 \T ( !M W\LD BE CREAT$ VOLUNT>Y /ATE POLITICAL ASSOCIATIONS COMB9+ TOGE!R 9TO A /ATE F$]ATION1 9 ORD] TO /RIVE 9 ?AT WAY = ITS ULTIMATE GOAL1 T]RITORIAL 767 AUTONOMY = ! ,JEWS4 ,IT DIRECTS ITS ACTIVITY MA9LY TO ! ORGANIZ+ ( ,JEWI% WORK]S 9 ,WITEBSK1 ,EKAT]9OSLAV1 ,KIEV1 ETC41 & IT EXPECTS ! IMPLEM5TATION ( ITS PROGRAM TO >ISE FROM ! VICTORY ( ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES 9 ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE4 ,IT IS SUP]FLU\S TO *>ACT]IZE ! REMA9+ TWO ORGANIZATIONS1 ! ,P,P,S 0REVOLUTION>Y FACTION10 & ! ,RUSSIAN ,P>TY ( ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES1 S9CE !Y >E SUFFICI5TLY KN[N BY ORIG9 & *>ACT]4 ,?US APPE>S ?AT ,DIET ( ,F$]ALI/S CULTIVAT+ AT PRES5T ?AT ANTIQUAT$ IDEA ( F$]ATION REJECT$ BY ! CLASS MOVEM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IT IS A COLLECTION ( ONLY PETIT B\RGEOIS P>TIES = :OM ! NATIONALI/ PROGRAM IS ! MA9 CONC]N & ! SOCIALI/ PROGRAM AN ADDITION2 IT IS A COLLECTION ( P>TIES MA9LY REPRES5T+ - ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y FRACTION ( ! ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & ! ,JEWI% ,F$]ALI/S - ! *AOTIC ASPIRATIONS ( A PEASANTRY 9 OPPOSITION1 & ! RESPECTIVE CLASS PROLET>IAN P>TIES ?AT CAME 9TO BE+ ) ! REVOLUTION>Y /ORM1 9 CLE> OPPOSITION TO ! B\RGEOIS P>TIES4 ,9 ?IS COLLECTION ( PETIT B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS1 ! P>TY ( ! ,RUSSIAN T]RORI/S IS A TR5D1 NOT ONLY ! OLDE/ ONE1 BUT ALSO ! ONE FUR!/ LEFT4 ,! O!RS MANIFE/1 MU* MORE CLE>LY1 ?AT !Y HAVE 9 COMMON ) ! CLASS /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! ONLY COMMON GR\ND :I* L9KS ?IS V>IEGAT$ COLLECTION ( NATIONALI/S HAS BE5 ! IDEA ( F$]ATION1 :I* ALL ( !M RECOGNIZE AS A BASIS ( /ATE & POLITICAL1 AS WELL AS P>TY1 RELATIONS4 ,H[EV]1 \T ( ?IS /RANGE H>MONY1 ANTAGONISM >ISES IMM$IATELY FROM ALL SIDES ! MOM5T ! QUE/ION TURNS TO PRACTICAL PROJECTS ( REALIZ+ ?AT COMMON IDEAL4 ,! ,JEWI% ,F$]ALI/S BITT]LY COMPLA9 ( ! 0HAUTICUL>LY ! EGOISM ( ! ,POLI% ,SOCIAL ,PATRIOTS1 :O PRES5T$ ! GREATE/ OPPOSITION TO ! PROJECT ( NON-T]RITORIAL AUTONOMY2 AT ! V]Y SAME TIME1 !SE ,JEWI% NATIONALI/S QUE/ION$ 9 A MELAN*OLY WAY :E!R ! ,GEORGIAN ,F$]ALI/S W\LD ADMIT ANY O!R NATIONALITY TO !IR T]RITORY1 :I* !Y CLAIM$ AS ! EXCLUSIVE POSSESSION ( ! ,GEORGIAN NATIONALITY4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,F$]ALI/S1 ON ! O!R H&1 ACCUSE ! ,JEWI% ONES1 SAY+ ?AT1 FROM ! /&PO9T ( !IR EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION1 !Y WANT TO IMPOSE ON ALL NATIONALITIES A NON-T]RITORIAL AUTONOMY4 ,! ,CAUCASIAN1 ,>M5IAN1 & ,GEORGIAN ,F$]ALI/S CANNOT AGREE CONC]N+ ! RELATION%IP ( ! NATIONALITIES 9 A FUTURE F$]AL SY/EM1 SPECIFICALLY ON ! QUE/ION ( :E!R O!R NATIONALITIES >E TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! ,GEORGIAN T]RITORIAL AUTONOMY1 0OR :E!R SU* C\NTIES AS ,AKHALKALAK1 9HABIT$ MA9LY BY ,>M5IANS1 OR ,B>*AB91 ) A MIXTURE ( POPULATION1 WILL =M 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOM\S T]RITORIES1 OR WILL CREATE AN AUTONOMY = !MSELVES ACCORD+ TO ! COMPOSITION ( !IR POPULATION40 ,! ,>M5IAN ,F$]ALI/S1 ON !IR P>T1 DEM& ! EXCLUSION ( ! CITY ( ,TIFLIS FROM ! AUTONOM\S ,GEORGIAN T]RITORY1 9ASMU* AS IT IS A C5T] PRIM>ILY 9HABIT$ BY ,>M5IANS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ALL ! ,GEORGIAN & ,>M5IAN ,F$]ALI/S RECOGNIZE ?AT AT PRES5T1 S9CE ! ,TAT>-,>M5IAN SLAUS MU/ BE EXCLUD$ FROM ! F$]ATION ( AUTONOM\S ,CAUCASIAN PEOPLES AS 0A NATIONALITY IMMATURE FROM ! CULTURAL PO9T ( VIEW06 ,?US1 ! CONGLOM]ATION ( NATIONALI/S AGREE+ UNANIM\SLY TO ! IDEA ( F$]ATION *ANGES 9TO AS MANY CONTRADICTORY 9T]E/S & T5D5CIES2 & ! 0IDEAL0 ( F$]ALISM1 :I* CON/ITUTES 9 ! !ORETICAL & SUP]-HI/ORICAL AB/RACTION ( AN>*ISM1 ! MO/ P]FECT SOLUTION ( ALL NATIONALITY DIFFICULTIES1 ON ! FIR/ ATTEMPT AT ITS IMPLEM5TATION APPE>S AS A S\RCE ( NEW CONTRADICTIONS & ANTAGONISMS4 ,H]E IT IS /RIK+LY PROV$ ?AT ! IDEA ( F$]ALISM ALLEG$LY RECONCIL+ ALL NATIONALITIES IS ONLY AN EMPTY PHRASE1 & ?AT1 AMONG ! V>I\S NATIONAL GR\PS1 JU/ BECAUSE !Y DON'T /& ON A HI/ORICAL BASIS1 !RE IS NO ESS5TIALLY UNIFY+ IDEA :I* W\LD CREATE A COMMON GR\ND = ! SETTLEM5T ( CONTRADICTORY 9T]E/S4 ,BUT ! SAME F$]ALISM SEP>AT$ FROM ! HI/ORICAL BACKGR\ND DEMON/RATES ITS ABSOLUTE WEAKNESS & HELPLESSNESS NOT ONLY 9 VIEW ( ! NATIONALITY ANTAGONISMS 9 PRACTICE BUT ALSO 9 VIEW ( ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION 9 G5]AL4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS HAD AS ITS MA9 !ME AN EVALUATION & ELUCIDATION ( ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION & UND]TOOK IT UNRE/RICT$ BY ANY 0DOGMAS0 OR =MULAS ( ! 0N>R[ DOCTR9E ( ,M>XISM40 ,:AT ELUCIDATION DID IT GIVE TO ONE ( ! MO/ BURN+ QUE/IONS ( PRES5T POLITICAL LIFE8 0,OV] ! :OLE HI/ORY ( MANK9D BE=E ! APPE>ANCE ( SOCIALISM0 - PROCLAIM$ ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY 9 HIS SPEE* AT ! OP5+ ( ! ,CONGRESS - 0ONE MAY PLACE AS A MOTTO ! FOLL[+ WORDS FROM ! ,HOLY ,SCRIPTURE3 ',& !Y ORD]$ HIM TO SAY 0%IBBOLE?0 & HE SAID 0SIBBOLE?0 & !Y MASSACR$ HIM AT ! =D ( ! RIV]4' ,9DE$1 ! GREATE/ AM\NT ( BLOOD SPILL$ 9 9T]NATIONAL /RUGGLE WAS SPILL$ BECAUSE ( ! FACT ?AT ONE NATION PRON\NC$ '%IBBOLE?' & ! O!R 'SIBBOLE?4'0 ,AFT] ?IS PR(\ND 9TRODUCTION FROM ! PHILOSOPHY ( HI/ORY1 !RE FOLL[$ A S]IES ( SPEE*ES MA9TA9$ AT ! SAME LEVEL1 & ! DEBATES AB\T ! NATIONALITY QUE/IONS CULM9AT$ 9 ! MEMOR&UM ( ! ,GEORGIAN ,F$]ALI/S :I* PROCLAIM$3 09 PRIMITIVE TIMES1 :5 ! MA9 TASK ( PEOPLE WAS HUNT+ WILD ANIMALS AS WELL AS CREATURES LIKE !MSELVES !RE W]E NEI!R MA/]S NOR SLAVES4 ,EQUALITY 9 SOCIAL RELATIONS WAS NOT VIOLAT$2 BUT LAT]1 :5 PEOPLE CAME TO KN[ ! CULTIVATION ( ! SOIL1 RA!R ?AN KILL+ & EAT+ !IR CAPTIVES !Y BEGAN TO KEEP !M 9 CAPTIVITY4 ,:AT1 !RE=E1 WAS ! REASON \T ( :I* SLAV]Y >OSE8 ,OBVI\SLY NOT ONLY MAT]IAL 9T]E/S AS SU*1 BUT ALSO ?IS CIRCUM/ANCE3 ?AT MAN WAS BY HIS PHYSICAL NATURE A HUNT] & A W>RIOR7674 ,& DESPITE ! FACT ?AT MAN HAS ALREADY LONG S9CE BECOME AN 9DU/RIAL ANIMAL1 HE IS TO ?IS V]Y DAY A PR$ATOR1 CAPABLE ( TE>+ AP>T HIS NEIS & ! DOM9ATION ( CLASSES4 ,NATURALLY ! ORIG9 ( CLASS DOM9ATION WAS 9FLU5C$ ALSO BY O!R CAUSES1 = 9/ANCE1 MAN'S ABILITY TO BECOME ACCU/OM$ TO DEP5D5CE4 ,BUT UND\BT$LY IF MAN W]E NOT A W>RIOR1 !RE W\LD BE NO SLAV]Y40 ,!RE FOLL[S A BLOODY PICTURE ( ! FATE ( ! NATIONALITIES SUBJECT TO CZ>DOM & !N AGA9 A !ORETICAL ELUCIDATION3 0,SOMEBODY MAY TELL US ?AT BUREAUCRATIC RULE RAGES NOT ONLY 9 ! BORD]L&S BUT 9 ,RUSSIA ITSELF4 ,FROM \R PO9T ( VIEW ?IS IS COMPLETELY UND]/&ABLE4 ,A NATION SUBJUGAT+ O!R NATIONS EV5TUALLY FALLS 9TO SLAV]Y ITSELF4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ! MORE ,ROME EXP&$ ITS DOM9ATION1 ! MORE ! PLEBEIANS W]E LOS+ !IR FRE$OM4 ,ANO!R EXAMPLE3 DUR+ ! GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ! MILIT>Y VICTORIES ( ! ,REPUBLICAN ,>MY ANNIHILAT$ ! FRUIT ( ! REVOLUTION - ! ,REPUBLIC 7674 ,! ,RUSSIANS !MSELVES 5JOY$ 9COMP>ABLY GREAT] FRE$OM BE=E !Y UNIT$ 9 ONE P[]FUL /ATE1 ?AT IS1 AT ! TIME ( ! RULE ( DIE SEP>ATE PR9CES40 ,?US1 ! MEMOR&UM 5DS ITS HI/ORIO-PHILOSOPHICAL LECTURE2 FRE$OM DOES NOT AGREE ) ! CLATT] ( >MS4 ,CONQUE/ WAS ! MA9 CAUSE :I* BR\E ABLE TO SAY AB\T ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION4 ,IT IS LIT]ALLY ! SAME PHRASEOLOGY FROM ! /&PO9T ( 0JU/ICE01 0FRAT]NITY01 0MORALITY0 & SIMIL> BEAUTIFUL ?+S :I* ALREADY1 SIXTY YE>S AGO1 WAS PROCLAIM$ BY ,BAKUN94 ,& JU/ AS ! FA!R ( AN>*ISM WAS BL9D TO ! ,REVOLUTION ( #a#h#d#h1 ITS 9N] SPR+S1 ITS HI/ORICAL TASKS1 ! PRES5T LA/ ( ! ,MOHICANS ( F$]ALISM 9 ,RUSSIA /& HELPLESS & P[]LESS BE=E ! REVOLUTION 9 ! CZ>I/ SY/EM4 ,! IDEA ( F$]ATION1 BY ITS NATURE & HI/ORICAL SUB/ANCE REACTION>Y1 IS TODAY A PSEUDO-REVOLUTION>Y SIGN ( PETIT B\RGEOIS NATIONALISM1 :I* CON/ITUTES A REACTION AGA9/ ! UNIT$ REVOLUTION>Y CLASS /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ! 5TIRE ,EMPIRE4 .<#a.> ,*>ACT]I/IC IS ! ANTIPA?Y1 G5]AL AMONG ! ,SWISS POPULATION1 AGA9/ ! ,/&]AT AS A 0DO-NO?+0 9/ITUTION4 ,?IS IS ONLY A SUBJECTIVE EXPRESSION ( ! FACT ?AT ?IS ORGAN ( F$]ALISM HAS BE5 DEPRIV$ ( ITS FUNCTIONS BY ! OBJECTIVE C\RSE ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,ORIG9AL NOTE BY ,R4,L4 .<#b.> ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS & ,K>L ,M>X1 ,REVOLUTION & ,KONT]REVOLUTION 9 ,DEUTS*L& 7,WEIM>3 #a#i#d#i71 PP4#g#g1 #g#h-#g#i4 .<#c.>,DIE ,NEUE ,ZEIT1 #a#h#i#g-#a#h#i#h1 ,VOL4#a1 P4#e#f#d4 .<#d.>,DIE ,NEUE ,ZEIT1 #a#h#i#h-#a#h#i#i1 PP4#b#i#c1 #b#i#f1 #b#i#g1 #c#a4 ,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,M>* #e1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/