,*APT] #b 
,! ,NATION-,/ATE & ! ,PROLET>IAT 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,! QUE/ION ( NATIONALITY CANNOT BE SOLV$ M]ELY BY PRESUM+ ?AT SOCIALI/S MU/ APPROA* IT FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! CLASS 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! 9FLU5CE ( !ORETICAL SOCIALISM HAS BE5 FELT 9DIRECTLY BY ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T AS A :OLE1 TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT AT PRES5T !RE IS NOT A SOCIALI/ OR WORK]S' P>TY :I* DOES NOT USE AT LEA/ ! ,M>XI/ T]M9OLOGY1 IF NOT ! 5TIRE ,M>XI/ WAY ( ?9K+4 ,A FAM\S EXAMPLE ( ?IS IS ! PRES5T ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY ( ,RUSSIA1 9 :OSE !ORY - AS F> AS ONE CAN SPEAK ( SU* - !RE >E AT LEA/ AS MANY ELEM5TS BORR[$ FROM ! ,M>XI/ ,S*OOL AS !RE >E ELEM5TS 9H]IT$ FROM ! ,N>ODNIKI & ! ,PEOPLE'S ,WILL4 ,9 LIKE MANN]1 ALL SOCIALI/ GR\PS ( ! PETIT B\RGEOIS & NATIONALI/IC TYPE 9 ,RUSSIA HAVE !IR [N FANCIES :I* >E SOLELY 09 ! 9T]E/ ( ! PROLET>IAT & SOCIALISM40 ,! ,POLI% ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 N[ 9 DECL9E1 HAD ESPECIALLY DI/+UI%$ ITSELF 9 COMP>ISON ) ! NAIVE1 PATRI>*AL - LET US SAY - NATIONAL SOCIALISM ( ,MR4 ,LIMAN[SKI1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ?AT ! 0GOOD-HE>T$0 ,MR4 ,LIMAN[SKI NEV] EV5 US$ ! NAME ( ,K>L ,M>X1 :ILE SOCIAL PATRIOTISM1 FROM ! BEG9N+1 S\<T TO LEGITIMIZE ITS PROGRAM ) ,M>XI/ T]M9OLOGY AS A 0CLASS 9T]E/ ( ! PROLET>IAT40 

,BUT IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ! CLASS *>ACT] ( ANY P>TICUL> DEM& IS NOT E/ABLI%$ BY M]ELY 9CORPORAT+ IT ME*ANICALLY 9TO ! PROGRAM ( A SOCIALI/ P>TY4 ,:AT ?IS OR ANY O!R P>TY CONSID]S A 0CLASS 9T]E/0 ( ! PROLET>IAT CAN ONLY BE AN IMPUT$ 9T]E/1 CONCOCT$ BY SUBJECTIVE REASON+4 ,IT IS V]Y EASY1 = 9/ANCE1 TO /ATE ?AT ! WORK]S' CLASS 9T]E/ DEM&S ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A M9IMUM-WAGE LAW4 ,SU* A LAW W\LD PROTECT ! WORK]S AGA9/ ! PRESSURES ( COMPETITION1 :I* MI<T COME FROM A LESS DEVELOP$ LOCALITY4 ,IT W\LD ASSURE !M ( A C]TA9 M9IMUM /&>D ( LIV+1 ETC4 ,SU* DEM&S HAVE BE5 PRES5T$ REPEAT$LY BY SOCIALI/ CIRCLES2 H[EV]1 ! PR9CIPLE HAS NOT YET BE5 ACCEPT$ BY ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES 9 G5]AL1 = ! VALID REASON ?AT ! UNIV]SAL REGULATION ( WAGES BY MEANS ( LEGISLATION IS BUT A UTOPIAN DREAM UND] TODAY'S AN>*I/IC CONDITIONS ( PRIVATE ECONOMY4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE WORK]S' WAGES1 LIKE ! PRICES ( ANY K9D ( COMMODITY1 >E SET UP 9 ! CAPITALI/IC SY/EM UND] ! OP]ATION ( 0FREE COMPETITION0 & ! SPONTANE\S MOVEM5T ( CAPITAL4 ,!RE=E1 ! LEGAL REGULATION ( WAGES CAN BE A*IEV$ ONLY 9 EXCEPTIONAL1 CLE>LY DEF9$ >EAS1 E4G41 9 SMALL COMMUNITIES4 ,& S9CE ! G5]AL E/ABLI%M5T ( A M9IMUM-WAGE LAW CLA%ES ) ! CURR5T CONDITIONS ( CAPITALISM1 WE MU/ ADMIT ?AT IT IS NOT A TRUE PROLET>IAN 9T]E/1 BUT RA!R A FABRICAT$ OR IMPUT$ ONE1 9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT IT CAN BE SUPPORT$ BY A COMPLETELY LOGICAL >GUM5T4 

,LIKEWISE1 ONE CAN1 9 A PURELY AB/RACT WAY1 FIGURE \T V>I\S 0CLASS 9T]E/S0 = ! PROLET>IAT1 :I*1 H[EV]1 W\LD HAVE TO REMA9 AS M]E CLI*ES 9 ! SOCIALI/ PROGRAM4 ,?IS IS ESPECIALLY SO1 AS1 ! MORE ?AT O!R SOCIAL ELEM5TS ATTA* !MSELVES TO ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 ! /RONG] IS ! T5D5CY TO SUGGE/ V>I\S S9C]E BUT UNREALI/IC DEM&S ( !SE =EIGN ELEM5TS AS CLASS 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! O!R SOCIAL ELEM5TS REF]R$ TO H]E 9CLUDE ?OSE MEMB]S ( SOCIETY :O HAVE BE5 DEPRIV$ ( POLITICAL %ELT] BY ! FAILURE ( ! B\RGEOIS P>TIES2 9 ?IS CATEGORY >E ! B\RGEOIS & PETIT B\RGEOIS 9TELLIG5TSIA4 ,IF ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES HAD NO OBJECTIVE CRIT]ION BY :I* TO E/ABLI% JU/ :AT FITS ! CLASS 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT1 BUT W]E ONLY DIRECT$ BY :AT C]TA9 PEOPLE MI<T ?9K W\LD BE GOOD OR USEFUL = ! WORK]S1 !N SOCIALI/ PROGRAMS W\LD BE A MOTLEY COLLECTION ( SUBJECTIVE1 & (T5 COMPLETELY UTOPIAN1 DESIRES4 

,BAS+ ITSELF ON HI/ORICAL F\NDATIONS - ON ! F\NDATIONS ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY - TODAY'S ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY D]IVES ITS IMM$IATE 9T]E/S 7! DEM&S ( TODAY'S PROLET>IAT7 AS WELL AS ITS LONG-RANGE GOALS1 NOT M]ELY FROM SUBJECTIVE REASON+ AB\T :AT W\LD BE 0GOOD0 OR 0USEFUL0 = ! PROLET>IAT1 BUT FROM EXAM9+ ! OBJECTIVE DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY = A V]IFICATION ( ITS ACTUAL 9T]E/S1 AS WELL AS = MAT]IAL MEANS = !IR REALIZATION4 ,IT IS FROM ?IS /&PO9T ?AT ! MA9 ALT]NATIVES = A PRACTICAL SOLUTION TO ! QUE/ION ( NATIONALITY %\LD BE EXAM9$ - ?OSE :I* >E SUGGE/$ BY HI/ORICAL EXAMPLES AS WELL AS ?OSE :I* CORRESPOND TO ! SLOGANS POPUL> 9 SOCIALI/ CIRCLES4 

,WE %\LD FIR/ CONSID] ! IDEA ( A NATION-/ATE4 ,9 ORD] TO EVALUATE ?IS CONCEPT ACCURATELY1 IT IS FIR/ NECESS>Y TO SE>* = HI/ORICAL SUB/ANCE 9 ! IDEA1 TO SEE :AT IS ACTUALLY HID+ BEH9D ! MASK4 

,9 HIS >TICLE ON ! /RUGGLES ( NATIONALITIES & ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC PROGRAM 9 ,AU/RIA1 PUBLI%$ OV] T5 YE>S AGO1 ,KAUTSKY 5UM]ATES ?REE FACTORS1 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO HIM1 MAKE UP ! 0ROOTS ( ! MOD]N NATIONAL IDEA10 AS F\ND 9 ! RISE ( ! MOD]N /ATE 9 ALL ( ,EUROPE4 ,!SE FACTORS >E3 ! DESIRE ( ! B\RGEOISIE TO ASSURE = ITSELF AN 9T]NAL OR DOME/IC M>KET = ITS [N COMMODITY PRODUCTION2 SECOND1 ! DESIRE = POLITICAL FRE$OM - DEMOCRACY2 & F9ALLY1 EXPANSION ( ! NATIONAL LIT]ATURE & CULTURE TO ! POPULACE4.<#a.> 

,9 ,KAUTSKY'S !ORY ONE CAN SEE1 ABOVE ALL1 HIS BASIC POSITION1 HIS [N VIEW ( NATIONALITY AS A HI/ORICAL CATEGORY4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIS REASON+1 ! IDEA ( ! NATION IS 9TIMATELY CONNECT$ ) A DEF9ITE ]A ( MOD]N DEVELOPM5T4 ,! M>KET 9T]E/S ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 DEMOCRATIC CURR5TS1 CULTURE ( ! PEOPLE - !SE >E TYPICAL ASPECTS ( A B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 

,NATURALLY1 WE >E NOT SPEAK+ H]E ( A NATIONALITY AS A SPECIFIC E?NIC OR CULTURAL GR\P4 ,SU* NATIONALITY IS1 ( C\RSE1 SEP>ATE & DI/9CT FROM ! B\RGEOIS ASPECT2 NATIONAL PECULI>ITIES HAD ALREADY EXI/$ = C5TURIES4 ,BUT H]E WE >E CONC]N$ ) NATIONAL MOVEM5TS AS AN ELEM5T ( POLITICAL LIFE1 ) ! ASPIRATIONS ( E/ABLI%+ A SO-CALL$ NATION-/ATE2 !N ! CONNECTION BETWE5 ?OSE MOVEM5TS & ! B\RGEOIS ]A IS UNQUE/IONABLE4 ,! HI/ORY ( ! NATIONAL UNIFICATION ( ,G]MANY IS A TYPICAL EXAMPLE ( ?IS CONNECTION1 AS ! NUCLEUS >\ND :I* ! LAT] ,G]MAN ,REI* CRY/ALLIZ$ WAS ! ,G]MAN ,ZOLLV]E9 & ,ZOLLP>LAM5T4 ,!IR SPONSOR1 ,FRI$RI* ,LI/1 ) HIS TRIVIAL !ORY ( 0NATIONAL ECONOMY10 CAN BE MORE JU/IFIABLY CONSID]$ ! REAL MESSIAH ( ! NATIONAL UNITY ( ,G]MANY ?AN ! IDEALI/ ,FI*TE1 M5TION$ USUALLY AS ! FIR/ APO/LE ( ,G]MAN NATIONAL REBIR?4 ,?IS 0NATIONAL0 MOVEM5T1 :I* CAPTUR$ ! IMAG9ATION ( ! ,G]MAN 0PEOPLE & PR9CES0 DUR+ ,FI*TE'S TIME1 & :I* ! PSEUDO-REVOLUTION>Y ,BURS*5S*AFT5 L\DLY U%]$ 9 79 SPITE ( ,FI*TE'S >D5T SYMPA?Y = ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION71 BASICALLY REPRES5T$ ONLY A M$IEVAL REACTION AGA9/ ! SE$S ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 :I* W]E BR\<T TO ,G]MANY BY ,NAPOLEON1 & AGA9/ ! ELEM5TS ( ! MOD]N B\RGEOIS SY/EM4 ,! SULTRY1 ROMANTIC W9D ( 0NATIONAL REBIR?0 F9ALLY DI$ \T AFT] ! VICTORI\S RETURN ( ,G]MANY TO FEUDAL SUBDIVISION & TO PRE-,M>* REACTION4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! GOSPEL ( ?AT VULG> AG5T ( ,G]MAN 9DU/RY1 ,LI/1 9 ! ?IRTIES & =TIES BAS$ ! 0NATIONAL REBIR?0 ON ! ELEM5TS ( B\RGEOIS DEVELOPM5T1 ON 9DU/RY & TRADE1 ON ! !ORY ( ! 0DOME/IC M>KET40 ,! MAT]IAL BASIS = ?IS PATRIOTIC MOVEM5T1 :I* 9 ! ?IRTIES & =TIES ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY >\S$ SU* /RONG POLITICAL1 $UCATIONAL1 PHILOSOPHICAL1 & LIT]>Y CURR5TS 9 ,G]MANY1 WAS ABOVE ALL1 ! NE$ TO UNIFY ALL ! ,G]MAN T]RITORIES 7:I* W]E DIVID$ 9TO SEV]AL DOZ5 FEUDAL /ATELETS & W]E CRISS-CROSS$ BY CU/OMS & TAX B>RI]S7 9TO ONE GREAT1 9TEGRAT$1 CAPITALI/IC 0FA!RL&10 E/ABLI%+ A BROAD F\NDATION = ME*ANIZ$ MANUFACTUR+ & BIG 9DU/RY4 

,! HI/ORY ( ! 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL UNIFICATION ( ,G]MANY IS SO COMPLETELY 9T]TW9$ ) ! FATE ( ,G]MANY'S POLITICAL UNIFICATION1 ?AT ! HI/ORY ( ! ,CU/OMS ,UNION .<,ZOLLV]E9.>1 :I* REFLECT$ ALL ! POLITICAL DEVELOPM5TS & HAPP5+S 9 ,G]MANY1 PASSES OV]1 ) P]FECT CONT9UITY1 9TO ! HI/ORY ( ! BIR? ( ! PRES5T ,G]MAN ,REI*4 ,9 #a#h#c#d1 ! ,CU/OMS ,UNION WAS BORN1 GR\P+ SEV5TE5 M9OR /ATES >\ND ,PRUSSIA2 & GRADUALLY1 ONE AFT] ANO!R1 ! REMA9+ /ATES ALSO JO9$ ?IS ,UNION4 ,H[EV]1 ,AU/RIA REMA9$ ALTOGE!R SEP>ATE FROM ! ,UNION1 & ! ,S*LESWIG-,HOL/E9 ,W> F9ALLY DECID$ ! MATT] 9 FAVOR ( ,PRUSSIA4 ,9 #a#h#f#g1 ! LA/ R5EWAL ( ! ,CU/OMS ,UNION BECAME SUP]FLU\S 9 ! PRES5CE ( ! NEW NATIONAL UNION2 & ! ,NOR? ,G]MAN ,UNION1 AFT] ! ,FRANCO-,PRUSSIAN ,W>1 TRANSF]R$ ITS CU/OMS RI<TS & DUTIES BY 9H]ITANCE TO ! NEWLY =M$ ,REI*4 ,9 ! PLACE ( ! ,ZOLLBUNDESRAT & ! ,ZOLLP>LAM5T !RE W]E N[ ! ,BUNDESRAT & ,REI*/AG4 ,9 ?IS EXAMPLE FROM MOD]N HI/ORY1 ,G]MANY EXCELL5TLY DEMON/RATES ! TRUE ECONOMIC F\NDATION ( MOD]N NATION-/ATES4 

,AL?\< ! B\RGEOIS APPETITE = M>KETS = 0ITS [N0 COMMODITIES IS SO ELA/IC & EXT5SIVE ?AT IT ALWAYS HAS ! NATURAL T5D5CY TO 9CLUDE ! 5TIRE GLOBE1 ! V]Y ESS5CE ( ! MOD]N B\RGEOIS 0NATIONAL IDEA0 IS BAS$ ON ! PREMISE ?AT 9 ! EYES ( ! B\RGEOISIE ( EV]Y C\NTRY1 ITS [N NATION - !IR 0FA!RL&0 - IS CALL$ & DE/9$ BY NATURE TO S]VE IT .<! B\RGEOISIE.> AS A FIELD = ! SALE ( PRODUCTS4 ,IT IS AS IF ?IS W]E AN EXCLUSIVE PATRIMONY DET]M9$ BY ! GOD ,M]CURY4 ,AT LEA/ ?IS IS H[ ! NATIONAL QUE/ION APPE>S :]E ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM TAKES PLACE 0NORMALLY10 )\T ABRUPT FLUCTUATIONS1 I4E41 :]E PRODUCTION = ! DOME/IC M>KET EXCE$S PRODUCTION = EXPORT4 ,?IS IS EXACTLY :AT HAPP5$ 9 ,G]MANY & 9 ,ITALY4 

,H[EV]1 IT W\LD BE WRONG TO TAKE ,KAUTSKY'S =MULATION LIT]ALLY2 WE CANNOT ASSUME ?AT ! MAT]IAL F\NDATION ( MOD]N NATIONAL MOVEM5TS IS ONLY ! VAGUELY UND]/OOD APPETITE ( ! 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE = A 0NATIVE0 M>KET = ITS COMMODITIES4 ,MOREOV]1 A CAPITALI/IC B\RGEOISIE NE$S MANY O!R CONDITIONS = ITS PROP] DEVELOPM5T3 A /RONG MILIT>Y1 AS A GU>ANTEE ( ! 9VIOLABILITY ( ?IS 0FA!RL&10 AS WELL AS A TOOL TO CLE> A PA? = ITSELF 9 ! WORLD M>KET2 FUR!RMORE1 IT NE$S A SUITABLE CU/OMS POLICY1 SUITABLE =MS ( ADM9I/RATION 9 REG>D TO COMMUNICATIONS1 JURISDICTION1 S*OOL SY/EMS1 & F9ANCIAL POLICY4 ,9 A WORD1 CAPITALISM DEM&S = ITS PROP] DEVELOPM5T NOT ONLY M>KETS1 BUT ALSO ! :OLE APP>ATUS ( A MOD]N CAPITALI/IC /ATE4 ,! B\RGEOISIE NE$S = ITS NORMAL EXI/5CE NOT ONLY /RICTLY ECONOMIC CONDITIONS = PRODUCTION1 BUT ALSO1 9 EQUAL MEASURE1 POLITICAL CONDITIONS = ITS CLASS RULE4 

,FROM ALL ?IS IT FOLL[S ?AT ! SPECIFIC =M ( NATIONAL ASPIRATIONS1 ! TRUE CLASS 9T]E/ ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 IS /ATE 9DEP5D5CE4 ,! NATION-/ATE IS ALSO SIMULTANE\SLY ?AT 9DISP5SABLE HI/ORICAL =M 9 :I* ! B\RGEOISIE PASSES OV] FROM ! NATIONAL DEF5SIVE TO AN (F5SIVE POSITION1 FROM PROTECTION & CONC5TRATION ( ITS [N NATIONALITY TO POLITICAL CONQUE/ & DOM9ATION OV] O!R NATIONALITIES4 ,)\T EXCEPTION1 ALL ( TODAY'S 0NATION-/ATES0 FIT ?IS DESCRIPTION1 ANNEX+ NEI<BORS OR COLONIES1 & COMPLETELY OPPRESS+ ! CONQU]$ NATIONALITIES4 

,?IS PH5OM5ON BECOMES UND]/&ABLE ONLY :5 ONE TAKES 9TO CONSID]ATION ! FACT ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO ! B\RGEOIS WAY ( ?9K+1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO HAVE A NATIONAL MOVEM5T = UNIFICATION & DEF5SE ( ONE'S [N NATIONALITY1 & AT ! SAME TIME1 TO OPPRESS ANO!R NATIONALITY 7:I* IS1 ( C\RSE1 CONTR>Y TO ! V]Y IDEOLOGY ( ! 0NATION-/ATE074 ,! ,G]MAN B\RGEOISIE 9 #ahdh PRES5TS A /RIK+ EXAMPLE ( ?IS PH5OM5ON 9 ITS ATTITUDE T[>D ! ,POLI% QUE/ION4 ,AS IS KN[N1 DUR+ ! REVOLUTION .<( #a#h#d#h.>1 :5 ,G]MAN NATIONAL PATRIOTISM WAS MO/ EVID5T1 ,K>L ,M>X & HIS CIRCLE ADVOCAT$ ,POLI% 9DEP5D5CE2 H[EV]1 HE PROV$ TO BE BUT A PROPHET CRY+ 9 ! WILD]NESS4 ,! ,G]MAN 0NATION-/ATE10 FROM ITS FIR/ /AGES ( DEVELOPM5T1 DID NOT CON=M AT ALL ) ! ACCEPT$ UND]/&+ ( A NATION-/ATE 9 REG>D TO NATIONALITIES4 ,! BORD]S ( ! ,REI* ACTUALLY SPLIT ! ,G]MAN NATION1 DIVID+ IT BETWE5 ,AU/RIA & ! NEW 0NATIONAL0 /ATE ( ,G]MANY1 & PUTT+ TOGE!R ! ,G]MANS & ! RACIALLY DI/9CT PEOPLES 9 T]RITORIES ANNEX$ FROM ,POL&1 ,D5M>K1 & ,FRANCE4 

,AN EV5 MORE /RIK+ EXAMPLE IS ,HUNG>Y1 :OSE /RUGGLE = NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE WAS SO MU* ADMIR$ 9 ITS TIME4 ,EV5 \R [N ,POLI% REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]S - ,BEM1 ,WYSOCKI1 & ,DEMBICKI - HAD 0TILT$ !IR LANCES0 TO ASSI/ !M4 ,BUT :5 EXAM9$ FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( NATIONALITY1 ?IS /RUGGLE WAS NO?+ MORE ?AN AN ATTEMPT TO ASSURE CLASS RULE ( ! ,MAGY> M9ORITY OV] A C\NTRY ( N9E NATIONALITIES1 ) ! ,MAGY>S OPPRESS+ ! O!R NATIONALITIES4 ,! NATIONAL 09DEP5D5CE0 ( ! ,HUNG>IANS WAS B\<T BY SEV]+ ! ,C>PA?IAN ,SLOVAKS FROM !IR BRO!RS1 ! ,SUDET5 ,CZE*S2 SEP>AT+ ! ,G]MANS ( ,BRATISLAVA1 ,TEMESV>1 & ,TRANSYLVANIA FROM ! ,AU/RIAN ,G]MANS2 & ! ,CROATS & ,DALMATIAN ,S]BS FROM ,CROATIA & ! ,SLOV5IANS4.<#b.> 

,! ASPIRATIONS ( ! ,CZE*S >E *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! SAME DI*OTOMY4 ,!SE ASPIRATIONS >\SE DI/RU/ AMONG ! ,G]MANS BECAUSE1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 !Y >E DIRECT$ CLE>LY AT SEP>AT+ ! ,G]MAN POPULATION ( ,SUDET5L& FROM ! ,G]MANS ( ! ,ALP9E C\NTRIES4 ,! PRIM>Y OBJECTIVE ( ! ,CZE*S WAS TO =CE ! ,G]MANS1 AS M9ORITY GR\P UND] ! CR[N ( ,W5CESLAUS 7,VACLAV71 9TO COMPLETE DEP5D5CE ON ! ,CZE*S 9 MATT]S ( CULTURE & ADM9I/RATION4 ,AS IF ?IS W]E NOT 5\<1 ! DIVISION ( ! ,CZE* L&S CREAT$ A NATIONALITY DIVISION = ! ,CZE*S !MSELVES BY UNIT+ FIVE & ONE-?IRD MILLION ,CZE*S ) ?REE MILLION ,G]MANS & NE>LY TWO HUNDR$ ?\S& ,POLES4 ,/ILL SEP>AT$ FROM ?IS 0NATIONAL0 ,CZE* /ATE W]E TWO MILLION ,C>PA?IAN ,SLOVAKS1 A GR\P CLOSELY RELAT$ TO ! ,CZE*S & LEFT AT ! M]CY ( ! ,MAGY>S4 ,!RE=E1 !SE ,SLOVAKS >E ALSO L\DLY ADVOCAT+ !IR CAUSE1 :I* HAS BE5 COMPLETELY NEGLECT$ BY ! ,CZE* NATIONALI/S4.<#c.> 

,F9ALLY1 & WE DO NOT HAVE TO GO F> = AN EXAMPLE1 ,POLI% B\RGEOIS NATIONALISM IS DIRECT$ AS MU* AGA9/ ! ,RU!NIANS AS AGA9/ ! ,LI?UANIANS4 ,! V]Y NATIONALITY :I* HAD TO 5DURE ! BITT] POLICY ( EXT]M9ATION BY ! P>TITION+ P[]S - ,PRUSSIA & ,RUSSIA - N[ REFUSES ! RI<T ( 9DEP5D5T EXI/5CE TO O!R NATIONALITIES4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,/ANCZYK.<#d.> POLICY 9 ,GALICIA1 ! ,POLES OPPRESS$ ! ,RU!NIANS1 :OSE /RUGGLE = NATIONALITY RUNS LIKE A R$ ?READ ?R\< ! POLITICAL HI/ORY ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,GALICIA 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! LA/ C5TURY4 ,! REC5T MOVEM5T = NATIONAL REBIR? ( ! ,LI?UANIANS WAS MET ) SIMIL> HO/ILITY 9 ,POLI% NATIONALI/IC CIRCLES4.<#e.> 

,?IS /RANGE D\BLE-$G$ *>ACT] ( B\RGEOIS PATRIOTISM1 :I* IS ESS5TIALLY BAS$ ON ! CONFLICT+ 9T]E/S ( V>I\S NATIONALITIES RA!R ?AN ON H>MONY BECOMES UND]/&ABLE ONLY :5 ONE TAKES 9TO CONSID]ATION ! FACT ?AT ! HI/ORICAL BASIS ( ! MOD]N NATIONAL MOVEM5TS ( ! B\RGEOISIE IS NO?+ MORE ?AN ITS ASPIRATIONS TO CLASS RULE1 & A SPECIFIC SOCIAL =M 9 :OSE ASPIRATIONS ?IS EXPRESSION IS F\ND3 ! MOD]N CAPITALI/IC /ATE - 0NATIONAL10 9 ! S5SE ( ! DOM9ANCE ( ! B\RGEOISIE ( A C]TA9 NATIONALITY OV] ! 5TIRE MIX$ POPULATION ( ! /ATE4 ,A DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATION1 TOGE!R ) G5]AL $UCATION ( ! PEOPLE - !SE DI/9CTLY IDEOLOGICAL ELEM5TS ( ! NATION M5TION$ BY ,KAUTSKY - >E M]ELY DETAILS ( A MOD]N B\RGEOIS /ATE1 EASILY ATTA9ABLE BY ! B\RGEOISIE )9 ! FRAMEWORK & SPIRIT ( ! /ATE4 ,!RE=E1 9DEP5D5CE & /ATE UNIFICATION CON/ITUTE ! REAL AXIS >\ND :I* ! NATIONAL MOVEM5TS ( ! B\RGEOISIE ROTATE4.<#f.> 

,?IS MATT] APPE>S QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! CONTEMPOR>Y PROLET>IAT1 AS A SOCIAL CLASS1 IS ! (FSPR+ ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY & ! B\RGEOIS /ATE4 ,! CAPITALI/ SOCIETY & B\RGEOIS /ATE - TAK+ !M NOT AS AN AB/RACT IDEA1 BUT 9 TANGIBLE =M AS HI/ORY HAS CREAT$ !M 9 EA* C\NTRY - W]E ALREADY1 FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+1 A FRAME ( ACTIVITY = ! PROLET>IAT4 ,A B\RGEOIS /ATE - NATIONAL OR NOT NATIONAL - IS JU/ ?AT F\NDATION1 TOGE!R ) CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION AS ! RUL+ =M ( SOCIAL ECONOMY1 ON :I* ! WORK+ CLASS GR[S & ?RIVES4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 !RE IS A BASIC HI/ORICAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! B\RGEOISIE & ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! B\RGEOISIE DEVELOPS & IS C>RI$ 9 ! WOMB ( ! FEUDAL CLASS SY/EM4 ,ASPIR+ TO ASSURE TRIUMPH = CAPITALISM AS ! =M ( PRODUCTION1 & = ITSELF AS ! RUL+ CLASS1 ! B\RGEOISIE CREATES ! MOD]N /ATE ON ! RU9S ( ! FEUDAL SY/EM4 ,)9 ! B\NDS ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM & ! RULE ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! PROLET>IAT IS NEXT TO MAKE ITSELF HE>D POLITICALLY - /ILL AS P>T ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE4 ,BUT ! /ATE WAS ALREADY FROM ! BEG9N+ ITS NATURAL WOMB1 JU/ AS ! %ELL ( AN EGG IS = ! *ICK54 ,!RE=E1 HI/ORICALLY SPEAK+1 ! IDEA ?AT ! MOD]N PROLET>IAT C\LD DO NO?+ AS A SEP>ATE & CONSCI\S CLASS )\T FIR/ CREAT+ A NEW NATION-/ATE1 IS ! SAME AS SAY+ ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ANY C\NTRY %\LD FIR/ ( ALL E/ABLI% A FEUDAL SY/EM1 IF BY SOME *ANCE IT DID NOT COME AB\T NORMALLY BY ITSELF1 OR HAD TAK5 ON P>TICUL> =MS1 AS = 9/ANCE 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! HI/ORICAL MISSION ( ! B\RGEOISIE IS ! CREATION ( A MOD]N 0NATIONAL0 /ATE2 BUT ! HI/ORICAL TASK ( ! PROLET>IAT IS ! ABOLITION ( ?IS /ATE AS A POLITICAL =M ( CAPITALISM1 9 :I* !Y !MSELVES1 AS A CONSCI\S CLASS1 COME 9TO EXI/5CE TO E/ABLI% ! SOCIALI/ SY/EM4 ,! PROLET>IAT1 AS P>T ( ! :OLE SOCIETY1 CAN TAKE P>T 9 NATIONAL MOVEM5TS ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 :]E ! B\RGEOIS DEVELOPM5T DEM&S ! CREATION ( A 0NATION-/ATE10 AS WAS ! CASE1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ,G]MANY4 ,BUT !N IT FOLL[S ! LEAD ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 & DOES NOT ACT AS AN 9DEP5D5T CLASS ) A SEP>ATE POLITICAL PROGRAM4 ,! NATIONAL PROGRAM ( ! ,G]MAN SOCIALI/S 9 ! =TIES ADVANC$ TWO IDEAS1 DIRECTLY OPPOS+ ! NATIONAL PROGRAM ( ! B\RGEOISIE3 UNIFICATION ) BORD]S :I* W\LD BE BAS$ /RICTLY ON DIVISIONS ( NATIONALITIES1 & A REPUBLICAN =M ( GOV]NM5T4 

,! 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT ON ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION >E JU/ ! OPPOSITE ( ?OSE ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! CONC]N AB\T GU>ANTEE+ AN 9T]NAL M>KET = ! 9DU/RIALI/S ( ! 0FA!RL&10 & ( ACQUIR+ NEW M>KETS BY MEANS ( CONQUE/1 BY COLONIAL OR MILIT>Y POLICIES-ALL !SE1 :I* >E ! 9T5TIONS ( ! B\RGEOISIE 9 CREAT+ A 0NATIONAL0 /ATE1 CANNOT BE ! AIMS ( A CONSCI\S PROLET>IAT4 

,! PROLET>IAT1 AS A LEGITIMATE *ILD ( CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T1 TAKES ?IS DEVELOPM5T 9TO ACC\NT AS A NECESS>Y HI/ORICAL BACKGR\ND ( ITS [N GR[? & POLITICAL MATURATION4 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ITSELF REFLECTS ONLY ! EVOLUTION>Y SIDE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 :]EAS ! RUL+ B\RGEOISIE LOOKS AFT] ?IS DEVELOPM5T ON BEHALF ( REACTION4 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY NO:]E CONSID]S ITS TASK TO BE ! ACTIVE SUPPORT ( 9DU/RY OR TRADE2 RA!R IT /RUGGLES AGA9/ MILIT>Y1 COLONIAL1 & CU/OMS PROTECTION1 JU/ AS IT COMBATS ! :OLE BASIC APP>ATUS ( ! EXI/+ CLASS /ATE--ITS ADM9I/RATION1 LEGISLATURE1 S*OOL SY/EMS1 ETC4.<#g.> 

,! NATIONAL POLICY ( ! PROLET>IAT1 !RE=E1 BASICALLY CLA%ES ) ! B\RGEOIS POLICY TO ! EXT5T ?AT 9 ITS ESS5CE IT IS ONLY DEF5SIVE1 NEV] (F5SIVE2 IT DEP5DS ON ! H>MONY ( 9T]E/S ( ALL NATIONALITIES1 NOT ON CONQUE/ & SUBJUGATION ( ONE BY ANO!R4 ,! CONSCI\S PROLET>IAT ( EV]Y C\NTRY NE$S = ITS PROP] DEVELOPM5T PEACEFUL EXI/5CE & CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T ( ITS [N NATIONALITY1 BUT BY NO MEANS DOES IT NE$ ! DOM9ANCE ( ITS NATIONALITY OV] O!RS4 ,!RE=E1 CONSID]+ ! MATT] FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 ! 0NATION0-/ATE1 AS AN APP>ATUS ( ! DOM9ATION & CONQUE/ ( =EIGN NATIONALITIES1 :ILE IT IS 9DISP5SABLE = ! B\RGEOISIE1 HAS NO MEAN+ = ! CLASS 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,!RE=E1 ( !SE 0?REE ROOTS ( ! MOD]N NATIONAL IDEA10 :I* ,KAUTSKY 5UM]AT$1 = ! PROLET>IAT AS A CLASS ONLY ! LA/ TWO >E IMPORTANT3 DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATION1 & $UCATION ( ! POPULACE4 ,VITAL = ! WORK+ CLASS AS CONDITIONS ( ITS POLITICAL & SPIRITUAL MATURITY1 >E ! FRE$OM ( US+ ITS [N NATIVE LANGUAGE1 & ! UN*ECK$ & UNW>P$ DEVELOPM5T ( NATIONAL CULTURE 7LE>N+1 LIT]ATURE1 ! >TS7 & NORMAL $UCATION ( ! MASSES1 UNIMPAIR$ BY ! PRESSURES ( ! NATIONALI/S - SO F> AS !SE CAN BE 0NORMAL0 9 ! B\RGEOIS SY/EM4 ,IT IS 9DISP5SABLE = ! WORK+ CLASS TO HAVE ! SAME EQUAL NATIONAL RI<TS AS O!R NATIONALITIES 9 ! /ATE 5JOY4.<#h.> ,POLITICAL DISCRIM9ATION AGA9/ A P>TICUL> NATIONALITY IS ! /RONGE/ TOOL 9 ! H&S ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 :I* IS EAG] TO MASK CLASS CONFLICTS & MY/IFY ITS [N PROLET>IAT4 

,! ADVOCATES ,POLI% NATIONALI/S#a ( ! 0V]Y BE/0 SOCIAL CONDITION /ATE AT ?IS PO9T ?AT1 :ATEV] ! SITUATION4 ! SURE/ GU>ANTEE ( CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T & ( ! RI<TS ( EV]Y NATIONALITY IS PRECISELY ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! /ATE1 !IR [N NATION-/ATE1 & ?AT !RE=E ! NATION-/ATE IS F9ALLY ALSO AN 9DISP5SABLE CLASS 9T]E/ ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,WE >E H>DLY CONC]N$ ) DET]M9+ :AT IS OR W\LD BE 0! BE/0 = ! PROLET>IAT4 ,SU* OBS]VATIONS HAVE NO PRACTICAL VALUE4 ,MOREOV]1 ONCE ! SUBJECT ( 0:AT W\LD BE ! BE/0 FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! PROLET>IAT IS APPROA*$ 9 AN AB/RACT WAY1 WE W\LD HAVE TO CONCLUDE ?AT 0! BE/0 CURE = NATIONAL PRESSURE1 AS WELL AS = ALL TYPES ( DISORD]S ( A SOCIAL NATURE1 IS UND\BT$LY ! SOCIALI/ SY/EM4 ,A UTOPIAN >GUM5T MU/ ALWAYS LEAD TO A UTOPIAN SOLUTION1 IF ONLY BY LEAP+ TO ! 0/ATE ( ! FUTURE10 :]EAS ACTUALLY ! PROBLEM %\LD BE SOLV$ )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( EXI/+ B\RGEOIS REALITY4 

,MOREOV]1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ME?ODS1 ! ABOVE REASON+ CONTA9S /ILL ANO!R HI/ORICAL MISUND]/&+4 ,! >GUM5T ?AT AN 9DEP5D5T NATION-/ATE IS1 AFT] ALL 0! BE/0 GU>ANTEE ( NATIONAL EXI/5CE & DEVELOPM5T 9VOLVES OP]AT+ ) A CONCEPTION ( A NATION-/ATE AS A COMPLETELY AB/RACT ?+4 ,! NATION-/ATE AS SE5 ONLY FROM A NATIONAL PO9T ( VIEW1 ONLY AS A PL$GE & EMBODIM5T ( FRE$OM & 9DEP5D5CE1 IS SIMPLY A REMNANT ( ! DECAY+ IDEOLOGY ( ! PETITE B\RGEOISIE ( ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY1 ,HUNG>Y - ALL ( ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE 9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,IT IS A PHRASE FROM ! TREASURY ( DIS9TEGRAT$ B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM4 ,S9CE !N1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! B\RGEOISIE HAS PROV$ UNEQUIVOCALLY ?AT A MOD]N NATION-/ATE IS MORE REAL & TANGIBLE ?AN ! VAGUE IDEA ( 0FRE$OM0 OR NATIONAL 09DEP5D5CE02 ?AT IT IS 9DE$ A DEF9ITE HI/ORICAL REALITY1 NEI!R V]Y ALLUR+ NOR V]Y PURE4 ,! SUB/ANCE & ESS5CE ( ! MOD]N /ATE COMPRISE NOT FRE$OM & 9DEP5D5CE ( ! 0NATION10 BUT ONLY ! CLASS DOM9ANCE ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 PROTECTIONI/ POLICY1 9DIRECT TAXATION1 MILIT>ISM1 W>1 & CONQUE/4 ,! B\RGEOISIE US$ TO USE ! OBVI\S TE*NIQUE ( TRY+ TO COV] UP ?IS BRUTAL HI/ORICAL TRU? ) A LI<T IDEOLOGICAL GAUZE1 BY (F]+ ! PURELY NEGATIVE HAPP9ESS ( 09DEP5D5CE & NATIONAL FRE$OM40 ,= A TIME ?IS TE*NIQUE PAID (F4 ,BUT TODAY IT IS ONLY NECESS>Y TO RECALL ! CIRCUM/ANCES UND] :I* ?IS CONT5TION WAS ADVANC$1 TO UND]/& ?AT IT IS SIMPLY OPPOS$ TO :AT CAN & %\LD BE ! CLASS POSITION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,9 ?IS CASE1 AS 9 MANY O!RS1 AN>*ISM1 ! SUPPOS$ ANTAGONI/ ( B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM1 PROV$ TO BE ITS WOR?Y *ILD4 ,AN>*ISM1 ) *>ACT]I/IC 0REVOLUTION>Y0 S]I\SNESS1 ACCEPT$ AT FACE VALUE ! PHRASEOLOGY ( ! LIB]AL IDEOLOGY &1 LIKE ! LATT]1 %[$ ONLY CONTEMPT = ! HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL CONT5T ( ! NATION-/ATE1 :I* IT SET D[N AS NO?+ ELSE ?AN AN EMBODIM5T ( 0FRE$OM10 ( ! 0WILL ( ! PEOPLE10 & ( SIMIL> EMPTY WORDS4 ,BAKUN91 = EXAMPLE1 WROTE 9 #ahdi AB\T ! NATIONAL MOVEM5TS ( ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE3 

,! FIR/ SIGN ( LIFE 9 ! ,REVOLUTION .<( #a#h#d#h.> WAS ! CRY ( HATR$ T[>D ! OLD OPPRESSION1 A CRY ( SYMPA?Y & LOVE = ALL OPPRESS$ NATIONALITIES 444 0,AWAY ) ! OPPRESSORS60 REV]B]AT$ AS IF FROM ONE BREA/2 0,SALVATION = ! OPPRESS$ ,POLES1 ,ITALIANS1 & ALL6 ,NO MORE W>S ( CONQUE/2 JU/ ONE MORE W> %\LD BE C>RI$ ?R\< TO ITS 5D - A GLORI\S REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE ) ! PURPOSE ( EV5TUAL LIB]ATION = ALL PEOPLES6 ,D[N ) ! >TIFICIAL B\ND>IES :I* HAVE BE5 =CIBLY ]ECT$ BY DESPOTIC CONGRESSES ACCORD+ TO SO-CALL$ HI/ORICAL1 GEOGRAPHICAL1 /RATEGIC NECESSITIES6 ,!RE %\LD NO LONG] BE ANY O!R B>RI]S BETWE5 ! NATIONS BUT ?OSE CORRESPOND+ TO NATURE1 TO JU/ICE1 & ?OSE DRAWN 9 A DEMOCRATIC S5SE :I* ! SOV]EIGN WILL ( ! PEOPLE !MSELVES TRACES ON ! BASIS ( !IR NATIONAL *>ACT]I/ICS60 ,SU* WAS ! CRY :I* RANG \T AMONG ALL ! PEOPLES4.<#i.> 

,TO !SE DI?YRAMBICS ON ! SUBJECT ( NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE & 0! WILL ( ! PEOPLE0 ,M>X ANSW]$3 

,H]E !RE IS NO M5TION ( REALITY1 OR 9S(> AS IT IS CONSID]$ AT ALL1 IT IS REPRES5T$ AS SOME?+ FALSELY1 >TIFICIALLY E/ABLI%$ BY 0DESPOTS0 & 0DIPLOMATS40 ,AGA9/ ?IS WICK$ REALITY IS PITT$ ! ALLEG$ WILL ( ! PEOPLE ) ITS CATEGORICAL IMP]ATIVE ( AN ABSOLUTE DEM& = 0FRE$OM10 0JU/ICE10 & 0HUMANITY40 444 ,!Y CAN DEM& 0FRE$OM0 ( ?IS OR ?AT A ?\S& TIMES2 IF ! ?+ IS IMPOSSIBLE1 IT WILL NOT TAKE PLACE1 & 9 SPITE ( EV]Y?+ IT WILL REMA9 AN 0EMPTY DREAM40 444 ,JU/ A WORD AB\T ! 0UNIV]SAL BRO!RHOOD ( PEOPLES0 & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( B\ND>IES :I* >E TRAC$ BY 0! SOV]EIGN WILL ( ! PEOPLE !MSELVES ON ! BASIS ( !IR NATIONAL *>ACT]I/ICS40 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,MEXICO >E TWO REPUBLICS2 9 BO? ( !M ! PEOPLE >E SOV]EIGN4 ,!N H[ DID IT HAPP5 ?AT BETWE5 !SE REPUBLICS1 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ! MORALI/IC !ORY %\LD BE 0BRO!RLY0 & 0F$]AT$10 A W> BROKE \T OV] ,TEXAS3 ?AT ! 0SOV]EIGN WILL0 ( ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE1 SUPPORT$ BY ! BRAV]Y ( ,AM]ICAN VOLUNTE]S1 MOV$ ! ,AM]ICAN BORD]S 7E/ABLI%$ BY NATURE ITSELF7 A FEW HUNDR$ MILES FUR!R S\?1 CLAIM+ ?IS ACTION TO BE FROM 0GEOGRAPHIC1 COMM]CIAL1 & /RATEGIC NECESSITIES08.<#a.> 

,M>X'S ANSW] TO ?IS IRONIC QUE/ION IS CLE>4 0,NATION-/ATES10 EV5 9 ! =M ( REPUBLICS1 >E NOT PRODUCTS OR EXPRESSIONS ( ! 0WILL ( ! PEOPLE10 AS ! LIB]AL PHRASEOLOGY GOES & ! AN>*I/ REPEATS4 0,NATION-/ATES0 >E TODAY ! V]Y SAME TOOLS & =MS ( CLASS RULE ( ! B\RGEOISIE AS ! E>LI]1 NON-NATIONAL /ATES1 & LIKE !M !Y >E B5T ON CONQUE/4 ,! NATION-/ATES HAVE ! SAME T5D5CIES T[>D CONQUE/1 W>1 & OPPRESSION - 9 O!R WORDS1 ! T5D5CIES TO BECOME 0NOT-NATIONAL40 ,!RE=E1 AMONG ! 0NATIONAL0 /ATES !RE DEVELOP CON/ANT SCUFFLES & CONFLICTS ( 9T]E/S1 & EV5 IF TODAY1 BY SOME MIRACLE1 ALL /ATES %\LD BE TRANS=M$ TO 0NATIONAL10 !N ! NEXT DAY !Y W\LD ALREADY PRES5T ! SAME COMMON PICTURE ( W>1 CONQUE/1 & OPPRESSION4 ,! EXAMPLE GIV5 BY ,M>X IS TYPICAL 9 ?IS REG>D4 ,:Y & OV] :AT DID ! W> BETWE5 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,MEXICO >ISE8.<#a#a.> ,CALI=NIA WAS 9DISP5SABLE = ! CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 FIR/1 AS A GOLD TREASURY 9 ! LIT]AL S5SE1 SECOND1 AS A GATEWAY TO ! ,PACIFIC ,OCEAN4 ,ONLY BY ! ACQUISITION ( ?IS L& C\LD ! CAPITALISM ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES EXT5D FROM OCEAN TO OCEAN1 5TR5*+ ITSELF & OP5+ = ITSELF AN \TLET TO ! ,WE/ AS WELL AS TO ! ,EA/4 ,= ! BACKW>D ,MEXICANS1 ,CALI=NIA WAS JU/ A SIMPLE T]RITORIAL POSSESSION4 ,! 9T]E/S ( ! B\RGEOISIE W]E DECISIVE4 ,! 0NATION-/ATE10 WOR%IP$ & IDEALIZ$ BY ! AN>*I/S AS ! 0WILL ( ! PEOPLE10 S]V$ AS AN EFFICI5T TOOL ( CONQUE/ 9 ! 9T]E/S ( CAPITALISM4 

,BUT EV5 MORE /RIK+ EXAMPLES ( ?IS K9D >E PRODUC$ BY ! HI/ORY ( MOD]N ,S\? ,AM]ICA4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY M5TION$ ! D\BLE-$G$ *>ACT] ( ! 0NATIONAL0 LIB]ATION ( ! ,SPANI% & ,PORTUGUESE COLONIES AT ! DAWN ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,H]E !IR FUR!R POLITICAL HI/ORY1 ALREADY AS 9DEP5D5T 0NATION-/ATES10 9T]E/S US AS A COLORFUL ILLU/RATION ( AN>*I/IC PHRASES ( 0NATIONAL FRE$OM0 & ! 0WILL ( ! PEOPLE40 

,BRAZIL GA9$ H] FRE$OM FROM ,PORTUGAL AFT] A H>D /RUGGLE 9 #a#h#b#e4 ,9 ?AT SAME YE> A W> BROKE \T BETWE5 ,BRAZIL & ,>G5T9A 7:I* HAD JU/ BE5 LIB]AT$ FROM UND] ! SCEPT] ( ,SPA97 OV] ! PROV9CE ( ,B&A ,ORI5TAL4 ,BO? ( !SE NEW 0NATION0-/ATES WANT$ TO SCOOP UP ?IS PROV9CE1 :I* F9ALLY WON 9DEP5D5CE ITSELF AS ! ,REPUBLIC ( ,URUGUAY1 BUT ?ANKS ONLY TO ! >M$ 9T]V5TION ( ,EUROPEAN /ATES :I* HAD COLONIAL 9T]E/S 9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA4 ,FRANCE & O!R ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES ISSU$ AN ULTIMATUM TO ,>G5T9A1 :I* OB/9ATELY REFUS$ TO RECOGNIZE ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ,URUGUAY & ,P>AGUAY4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 9 #ahde ANO!R W> BROKE \T ) ! P>TICIPATION ( ,P>AGUAY1 ,URUGUAY1 & ,BRAZIL4 ,9 #a#h#e1 AGA9 A W> WAS UNLEA%$ BETWE5 ,BRAZIL & ,>G5T9A1 9 :I* ,BRAZIL1 ) ! HELP ( ,P>AGUAY & ,URUGUAY1 FIR/ DEFEAT$ ,>G5T9A & !N ACTUALLY CONQU]$ ,URUGUAY4 ,9 #a#h#f#d1 %E =MALLY =C$ ?IS 09DEP5D5T0 ,URUGUAY TO SUBMISSION BY >M$ ACTION4 ,P>AGUAY ROSE UP AGA9/ ?IS ACTION & DECL>$ W> ON ,BRAZIL1 :I* WAS JO9$ BY ,>G5T9A & ,URUGUAY4 ,?IS W>1 LA/+ FROM #ahfe TO #a#h#g1 F9ALLY ASSUR$ ,BRAZIL1 :]E !RE RUL$ NOT SO MU* 0! WILL ( ! PEOPLE0 AS ! WILL & 9T]E/S ( ! C(FEE PLANTATION [N]S1 ! POSITION ( A DOM9ANT ,GREAT ,P[] 9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA4 ,HI/ORY DOES NOT T\* UPON ! RULE ( ! :ITES 9 ,BRAZIL 7:O MAKE UP LESS ?AN ONE-?IRD ( ! POPULATION7 OV] ! ,NEGROES & ! MIX$ POPULATION1 ,ONLY AFT] 9T]NAL /RUGGLES WAS ! EMANCIPATION ( ! SLAVES ANN\NC$ 9 #a#h#g#a1 BUT ) COMP5SATION TO BE PAID TO !IR [N]S FROM /ATE FUNDS4 ,P>LIAM5T1 H[EV]1 BE+ ! 9/RUM5T ( ! PLANTATION [N]S1 DID NOT VOTE !SE FUNDS & SLAV]Y WAS /ILL PRACTIC$4 ,9 #ahhf ! FREE+ ( SLAVES OV] SEV5TY YE>S ( AGE WAS DECL>$2 ! RE/ W]E SUPPOS$ TO WAIT ANO!R SEV5TE5 YE>S = FRE$OM4 ,BUT 9 #ahhh ! DYNA/IC P>TY1 /RUGGL+ TO HOLD ! ?RONE1 =C$ ?R\< P>LIAM5T ! G5]AL ABOLITION ( SLAV]Y )\T COMP5SATION1 & ?IS WAS DECISIVE = ! FUTURE ( ! REPUBLICAN MOVEM5T4 ,! PLANTATION [N]S /OOD BEH9D ! REPUBLICAN BANN] 5 MASSE1 & 9 ! MILIT>Y C\P ( #a#h#h#i1 ,BRAZIL WAS DECL>$ A REPUBLIC4.<#a#b.> 

,?IS IS H[ IDYLLIC ! 9T]NAL CONDITIONS & EV5TS 9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA LOOK S9CE ! TIME ( ! RIS+ ( ! 0NATION-/ATES0 & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! 0WILL ( ! PEOPLE40 ,A BEAUTIFUL COMPLEM5T TO ?IS PICTURE IS (F]$ BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AU/RALIA4 ,H>DLY HAD !SE /ATES EM]G$ FROM ! POSITION ( ,5GLI% COLONIES & GA9$ !IR FRE$OM - ! REPUBLICAN =M ( GOV]NM5T OR ! F$]AL SY/EM1 ! V]Y IDEAL ( ,BAKUN9I/ PHRASEOLOGY - :5 !Y BEGAN AN (F5SIVE POLICY 9 REG>D TO ,NEW ,HEBRIDES1 NEXT DOOR TO ,NEW ,GU9EA1 & 9 SKILLFUL IMITATION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA1 DECL>$ !IR [N P>TICUL> NATIONAL DOCTR9E3 ?AT 0,AU/RALIA %\LD BELONG TO ! ,AU/RALIANS40 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! GR[+ NAVY ( ! ,AU/RALIAN ,UNION IS AN EMPHATIC COMM5T>Y ON ?IS DOCTR9E4 

,IF1 ON ! ONE H&1 POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE1 I4E41 ! NATION-/ATE1 IS NECESS>Y = CAPITALISM & ! CLASS 9T]E/ ( ! B\RGEOISIE JU/ BECAUSE A NATION-/ATE IS A TOOL ( DOM9ATION 7OR CONTROL7 & CONQUE/1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! WORK+ CLASS IS 9T]E/$ 9 ! CULTURAL & DEMOCRATIC CONT5T ( NATIONALISM1 :I* IS TO SAY ?AT ! WORK]S >E 9T]E/$ 9 SU* POLITICAL SY/EMS AS ASSURE A FREE DEVELOPM5T ( CULTURE & DEMOCRACY 9 NATIONAL LIFE BY MEANS ( DEF5SE1 NOT CONQUE/1 & 9 ! SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY & COOP]ATION ( V>I\S NATIONALITIES :I* BELONG HI/ORICALLY 9 ! SAME B\RGEOIS /ATE4 ,EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW = NATIONALITIES & POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS1 & ! ASSURANCE ( NATIONAL CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T - SU* >E ! G5]AL =MS ( ! PROGRAM ( ! PROLET>IAT1 A NATURAL PROGRAM RESULT+ FROM ITS CLASS POSITION1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! NATIONALISM ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 

  

,I,I 

,! CLASSICAL CONFIRMATION & PRO( ( !SE G5]AL PR9CIPLES IS ! MO/ FAM\S NATIONALITY PROBLEM )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE - ! ,POLI% QUE/ION4 

,9 ,POL&1 ! NATIONAL MOVEM5T1 RI<T FROM ! BEG9N+1 TOOK ON A COMPLETELY DIFF]5T *>ACT] FROM ?AT ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,?OSE :O SE>* = A HI/ORICAL ANALOGY = ! ,POLI% NATIONAL IDEA 9 ! HI/ORY ( TODAY'S ,G]MANY & ,ITALY1 BETRAY !IR [N MISUND]/&+ ( ! TRUE HI/ORICAL SUB/ANCE ( ! NATIONAL MOVEM5TS 9 ,G]MANY & ,ITALY AS WELL AS 9 ,POL&4 ,) US ,POLES ! NATIONAL IDEA WAS A CLASS IDEA ( ! NOBILITY1 NEV] ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! MAT]IAL BASE ( ,POLI% NATIONAL ASPIRATIONS WAS DET]M9$ NOT AS 9 ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 BY MOD]N CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 BY ! NOBILITY'S IDEA ( ITS SOCIAL /&+1 ROOT$ 9 ! NATURAL-FEUDAL ECONOMY4 

,! NATIONAL MOVEM5TS ( ,POL& VANI%$ TOGE!R ) !SE FEUDAL RELATIONS2 :]EAS ! B\RGEOISIE1 AS ! HI/ORICAL SPOKESMAN ( CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T1 WAS ) US1 FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+1 A CLE>LY ANTI-NATIONAL FACTOR4 ,?IS WAS DUE NOT ONLY TO ! SPECIFIC ORIG9 ( ! N9ETE5?-C5TURY B\RGEOISIE1 ALI5 & HET]OG5E\S1 A PRODUCT ( COLONIZATION1 AN ALI5 BODY TRANSPLANT$ 9TO ! ,POLI% SOIL4 ,ALSO DECISIVE WAS ! FACT ?AT ,POLI% 9DU/RY FROM ITS BEG9N+1 ALREADY 9 ! #a#h#bS & #a#h#cS1 WAS AN EXPORT 9DU/RY1 EV5 BE=E IT MANAG$ TO CONTROL OR EV5 TO CREATE A DOME/IC M>KET )9 ,POL&4 ,WE WILL NOT QUOTE H]E ALL ! /ATI/ICS ( ! 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T ( \R C\NTRY1 BUT RA!R REF] ! READ] TO \R TREATISE1 ,DIE ,9DU/RIELLE ,5TWICKLUNG ,POL5S .<,! ,9DU/RIAL ,DEVELOPM5T ( ,POL&.> 7PUBLI%$ ALSO 9 ,RUSSIAN71 AS WELL AS TO ! WORK ,KWE/JA POLSKA A RU* SOCJALI/YCZNY .<,! ,POLI% ,QUE/ION & ! ,SOCIALI/ ,MOVEM5T.>1 ,CRAC[ #a#i#e4 ,H]E WE %ALL RECALL ONLY ! MO/ IMPORTANT \TL9ES ( ?IS DEVELOPM5T4 

,EXPORT TO ,RUSSIA1 ESPECIALLY ( ! BASIC BRAN*ES ( CAPITALI/ 9DU/RY1 I4E41 ! PRODUCTION ( TEXTILES1 BECAME ! BASIS = ! EXI/5CE & DEVELOPM5T ( ,POLI% CAPITALISM FROM ITS BEG9N+S1 & FUR!RMORE1 ALSO ! BASIS ( ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 \R B\RGEOISIE FROM ! FIR/ %[$ POLITICAL LEAN+S1 NOT T[>D ! WE/1 TO ! NATIONAL UNIFICATION ( ,GALICIA ) ! ,CR[N1 BUT T[>D ! EA/3 T[>D ,RUSSIA4 ,!SE LEAN+S1 AFT] ! )DRAWAL ( ! CU/OMS B>RI] BETWE5 ! ,EMPIRE & ! ,POLI% ,K+DOM1 9CREAS$ ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( BIG 9DU/RY4 ,H[EV]1 ! REAL RULE ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS 9 SOCIETY BEGAN AFT] ! ABORTIVE ,JANU>Y ,9SURRECTION .<#a#h#f#c.>4 ,! NEW RULE WAS 9AUGURAT$ BY ! 0PROGRAM ( ORGANIC WORK0.<#a#c.> :I* MEANT A R5UNCIATION ( NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE4 ,MOREOV]1 ! CLASS RULE ( ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ,POL& NOT ONLY DID NOT DEM& ! CREATION ( A UNIT$ NATION-/ATE1 AS 9 ,G]MANY & ,ITALY1 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT >OSE ON ! F\NDATIONS ( ! CONQUE/ & DIVISION ( ,POL&4 ,! IDEA ( UNIFICATION & NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE DID NOT DRAW ITS VITAL JUICES FROM CAPITALISM2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 AS CAPITALISM DEVELOP$1 ?IS IDEA BECAME HI/ORICALLY \TLIV$4 ,& ?AT V]Y CIRCUM/ANCE1 ?AT P>TICUL> HI/ORICAL RELATION%IP ( ! CAPITALI/IC B\RGEOISIE TO ! NATIONAL IDEA 9 \R C\NTRY1 BECAME DECISIVE ALSO = ! FATE ( ?AT IDEA & DEF9$ ITS SOCIAL *>ACT]4 ,9 ,G]MANY1 9 ,ITALY1 AS ONE HALF-C5TURY BE=E 9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 ! 0NATIONAL REBIR?0 C>RI$ ) IT ALL ! TRAITS ( A REVOLUTION>Y1 PROGRESSIVE SPIRIT4 ,CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T EMBRAC$ ?IS NATIONAL IDEA1 & HI/ORICALLY SPEAK+1 ELEVAT$ IT ) ! POLITICAL IDEALS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y B\RGEOISIE3 DEMOCRACY & LIB]ALISM4 ,EXACTLY 9 ?IS HI/ORICAL S5SE1 ! NATIONAL IDEA WAS ONLY A DETAIL ( ! G5]AL CLASS PROGRAM ( ! B\RGEOISIE - ( ! MOD]N B\RGEOIS /ATE4 ,9 ,POL& !RE >OSE AN OPPOSITION BETWE5 ! NATIONAL IDEA & ! B\RGEOIS DEVELOPM5T1 :I* GAVE ! =M] NOT ONLY A UTOPIAN BUT ALSO A REACTION>Y *>ACT]4 ,?IS OPPOSITION IS REFLECT$ 9 ! ?REE PHASES ( ! HI/ORY ( ! IDEA ( ,POLI% NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE4 

,! FIR/ IS ! FAILURE ( ! >M$ /RUGGLE ( ! ,POLI% NOBILITY4 ,NOT EV5 ! MO/ >D5T ADVOCATES ( ! !ORY ( 0VIOL5CE & =CE0 9 ! PHILOSOPHY ( HI/ORY WILL EXPLA9 ! DEFEAT ( ,POLI% 9SURRECTIONI/ MOVEM5TS AS M]E SUP]IORITY ( ! ,RUSSIAN BAYONETS4 ,:OEV] KN[S ANY?+ AB\T ! MOD]N ECONOMIC & SOCIAL HI/ORY ( ,POL& KN[S ?AT ! DEFEAT ( ! MILIT>Y 9SURECTIONI/S WAS PREP>$ BY ! SAME CAPITALI/IC M>KET 9T]E/ :I* ELSE:]E1 9 ! WORDS ( ,KAUTSKY1 COMPRIS$ ONE ( ! MA9 ELEM5TS ( ! MOD]N NATIONAL IDEA4 ,! 5DEAVORS ( ! B\RGEOISIE TO SECURE = !MSELVES CONDITIONS ( L>GE-SCALE CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION DID NOT 9VOLVE ! DEM& = A NATION-/ATE2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! B\RGEOISIE S\<T TO EXPLOIT ! ANNEXATION1 & TO P>ALYZE ! NATIONAL MOVEM5T ( ! NOBILITY4 ,?US .<9 ,POL&.>1 ! IDEA ( A NATION-/ATE1 AN IDEA ESS5TIALLY B\RGEOIS1 WAS SABOTAG$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE1 & MET DEFEAT 9 ! ,JANU>Y .<#a#h#f#c.> UPRIS+4 

,! SECOND PHASE WAS ! 9H]ITANCE ( ! ,POLI% NATIONAL IDEA BY ! PETITE B\RGEOISIE4 ,9 ?IS 9C>NATION1 ! NATIONAL IDEA *ANG$ FROM AN >M$ /RUGGLE TO A POLICY ( NEUTRALITY1 & AT ! SAME TIME1 BEGAN TO %[ ITS WEAKNESS4 ,AFT] VEGETAT+ = TW5TY YE>S AWAY FROM SOCIETY - 9 ! EI<TIES & N9ETIES PETIT B\RGEOIS NATIONALISM L+]$ 9 EMIGRATION 9 ! =M ( A HALF-DOZ5 0ALL-,POLI% PATRIOTS0 - F9ALLY1 ) ! OP5+ ( ! PRES5T REVOLUTION>Y ]A1 IT HAS EM]G$ AS AN ACTIVE P>TY ON ! POLITICAL SC5E4 

,! ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY PROCLAIM$ ITS 5TRANCE 9TO A POLITICALLY ACTIVE PHASE ) A PUBLIC R5UNCIATION ( ! PROGRAM ( NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE AS AN UNREALIZABLE UTOPIA1 & ) WRIT+ 9TO ITS PROGRAM 9/EAD ! D\BLE SLOGAN ( AUTONOMY ( ! C\NTRY & C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,N[1 AFT] ?R[+ (F ! BALLA/ ( ! TRADITIONAL NATIONAL PROGRAM1 0,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY0 QUICKLY BECOMES ! TRUE POLITICAL =CE 9 ! SOCIETY4 ,HAV+ FAIL$ 9 ITS SECOND PETIT B\RGEOIS =M1 ! PROGRAM ( ! NATION-/ATE IS REPLAC$ BY A PROGRAM :I* IS PRACTICAL & REALIZABLE ON ! BASIS ( A B\RGEOIS ,POL& - A PROGRAM ( AUTONOMY4 

,F9ALLY1 ! ?IRD & LA/ PHASE 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,POLI% NATIONAL IDEA IS ITS ATTEMPT TO JO9 ! CLASS MOVEM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! TW5TY-YE>1 SOCIAL-PATRIOTIC EXP]IM5T ( ! ,P,P,S WAS ! ONLY CASE 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK]S' MOVEM5T :]E ! SLOGAN ( ! NATION-/ATE WAS MADE P>T ( A SOCIALI/ PROGRAM4 ,& ?IS S+UL> EXP]IM5T 5D$ AFT] TW5TY YE>S 9 EXACTLY ! SAME K9D ( CRISIS & 9 ! SAME MANN] AS ! PETIT B\RGEOIS EXP]IM5T4 ,AT ! TIME ( ! \TBREAK ( ! ,WORK]S' ,REVOLUTION .<#a#i#e.> 9 ,RUSSIA1 ! ,P,P,S1 SO AS TO SECURE = ITSELF A P>T 9 ACTIVE POLITICS & 9 ! LIFE ( ! SOCIETY1 PUBLICLY R5\NC$ ! PROGRAM ( REBUILD+ ,POL&4 ,! ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY R5\NC$ ?IS PROGRAM SO AS TO TAKE AN ACTIVE P>T 9 ! MIDDLE-CLASS C\NT]-REVOLUTION2 ! ,P,P,S DID SO TO EX]T PRESSURE = ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 

,! CRISIS1 DECL9E1 & FALL ( ! ,P,P,S1 BR\<T ON BY ?IS R5UNCIATION1 CON/ITUT$ ! ?IRD & LA/ BANKRUPTCY ( ! IDEA ( ! ,POLI% NATION-/ATE - ?IS TIME WE>+ ! MANTLE ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! CURR5T REVOLUTION1 ?AT MI<TIE/ SOCIAL UPHEAVAL ( MOD]N TIMES1 :I* IS CALL+ ALL EMBRYOS ( LIFE TO GR[? & MATURITY1 & SIMULTANE\SLY TE>+ UP ! 5TIRE F\NDATION ( SOCIETY ) A GIANT PL[1 REJECT$ ! LA/ TRACE ( ! IDEA ( ! ,POLI% NATION-/ATE1 AS IF IT W]E AN EMPTY %ELL FROM :I* HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T HAD REMOV$ ALL CONT5T1 & :I* C\LD ONLY ROLL AB\T AMONG ! RUBBLE ( SOCIAL TRADITIONS DUR+ ! TR\BLES ( A P]IOD ( REACTION4 

,! HI/ORICAL C>E] ( ,POLI% NATIONALISM1 H[EV]1 HAS NOT YET COME TO AN 5D4 ,9DE$1 IT HAS 5D$ ITS LIFE AS ! IDEA ( ! NATION-/ATE1 BUT IT HAS SIMULTANE\SLY TRANS=M$ ITSELF FROM A UTOPIAN SPECT] TO A REALI/IC FACTOR ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,! ,POLI% B\RGEOIS-CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T FETT]$ ,POL& TO ,RUSSIA & CONDEMN$ ! IDEA ( NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE TO UTOPIANISM & TO DEFEAT4 ,BUT ! O!R SIDE ( ?IS B\RGEOIS PROCESS IS ! REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T ( ,POLI% SOCIETY4 ,ALL ! MANIFE/ATIONS & FACTORS ( SOCIAL PROGRESS 9 ,POL&1 ABOVE ALL ITS PR9CIPAL FACTOR1 ! ,POLI% POSITION PROLET>IAT & ITS P>T 9 ! G5]AL REVOLUTION 9 ! ,CZ>I/ ,EMPIRE1 HAVE GR[N \T ( ! F\NDATIONS ( ?IS SAME B\RGEOIS-CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T4 ,! SOCIAL PROGRESS & DEVELOPM5T ( ,POL& >E 9 ?IS WAY UNIT$ ) ! CAPITALI/IC PROCESS BY UNBREAKABLE HI/ORICAL TIES1 :I* UNIT$ ,POL& & ,RUSSIA1 & :I* BURI$ ! ,POLI% NATIONAL IDEA4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ALL SEP>ATI/ ASPIRATIONS DIRECT$ AT RAIS+ AN >TIFICIAL B>RI] BETWE5 ,POL& & ,RUSSIA1 >E BY NATURE DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! 9T]E/S ( SOCIAL PROGRESS & REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T2 OR 9 O!R WORDS1 !Y >E MANIFE/ATIONS ( REACTION4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 ! NATIONAL IDEA1 AFT] ! F9AL FAILURE ( ! PROGRAM ( ! NATION-/ATE & NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE1 WAS R$UC$ TO A G5]AL & UNDEF9$ IDEA ( NATIONAL SEP>ATION1 &1 AS SU*1 ,POLI% NATIONALISM BECAME A =M ( SOCIAL REACTION BLESS$ BY TRADITION4 ,! NATIONAL IDEA BECAME A COLLECTIVE IDEOLOGICAL %IELD = ! REACTION>Y ASPIRATIONS ( ! :OLE CAMP ( B\RGEOIS CLASSES1 NOBILITY1 MIDDLE CLASS1 & PETITE B\RGEOISIE4 ,HI/ORICAL DIALECTICS ALSO PROV$ TO BE F> MORE IMAG9ATIVE1 SUPPLE1 & 9CL9$ TO V>IETY ?AN ! M9DS ( ! POLITICIANS1 CAU<T 9 ! GRIP ( /]EOTYPES1 & SPECULAT+ 9 ! AB/RACT WILD]NESS ( ! 0RI<TS ( NATIONS40 ,SO MANY ,RUSSIAN1 ,G]MAN1 & O!R REVOLUTION>IES W]E1 & /ILL >E1 9CL9$ TO REG>D 0NATIONAL TRADITION0 AS A HI/ORIC VESSEL1 DE/9$ BY NATURE = ALL TIMES1 TO ABSORB & C>RY ALL SORTS ( REVOLUTION>Y CURR5TS1 AS A SEA CON*1 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO LEG5D1 :5 C>RI$ A%ORE & LIFELESS1 WILL ALWAYS REPEAT ! DI/ANT RO> ( ! SEA WAVES :5 PLAC$ CLOSE TO ! E>4 ,?IS 0NATIONAL TRADITION10 9 !SE CONCRETE HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL CONDITIONS :I* CREAT$ TODAY'S ,POL&1 BECOMES JU/ ! OPPOSITE3 A VESSEL = ALL TYPES ( REACTION1 A NATURAL %IELD = C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,UND] ! SLOGAN ( 0NATIONAL TRADITION0 !RE TOOK PLACE ! ELECTIONS ( ! ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY TO ! FIR/ ,DUMA1 PROTECT$ BY ! ,COSSACKS FROM ! CRITICISMS & PROTE/S ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT4 ,9 ! NAME ( ! 0NATIONAL IDEA0 ! ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRATS US$ BULLETS TO *ASE AWAY ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC WORK]S FROM ! PRE-ELECTION MEET+S1 & EV5 KILL$ SEV]AL DOZ5 WORK]S 9 ,W>SAW1 ,LODZ1 & ,PABIANICE4.<#a#d.> ,UND] ! NATIONAL SLOGAN1 WORK]S' 0NATIONAL UNIONS0 W]E ORGANIZ$ BY ! ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY = C\NT]ACTION AGA9/ ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE & ! REVOLUTION>Y ACTION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,UND] ! NATIONAL SLOGAN1 ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRATIC RAILROAD WORK]S BROKE ! RAILROAD /RIKE1 :I* HAD BE5 />T$ 9 ,DECEMB] #aie 9 ,POL&1 =C+ ! /RIK+ WORK]S TO RETURN TO WORK AT GUN PO9T4 ,UND] ! NATIONAL SLOGAN4 ! ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY BEGAN A CRUSADE AGA9/ ! G5]AL /RIKE & O!R =MS ( /RIKES1 CLAIM+ !Y W]E RU9+ ! 0C\NTRY'S 9DU/RY & ! NATIONAL WEAL?40 ,UND] ! NATIONAL SLOGAN1 ! ,POLI% ,CIRCLE 9 ! ,DUMA R5\NC$ P>TICIPATION 9 ! ,VYBORG ,MANIFE/O DELIB]ATIONS1 & 9 ! DECL>ATION ( ! ,VYBORG ,MANIFE/O ITSELF1 AFT] ! DISP]SION ( ! ,DUMA4 

,UND] ! NATIONAL SLOGAN1 ! ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY ORGANIZ$ SO-CALL$ 0,POLI% ,FALCONS10.<#a#e.> OR1 RA!R1 >M$ FI<T+ SQUADS DE/9$ = MURD]+ SOCIALI/S1 MAK+ /RIKES IMPOSSIBLE1 & SO ON4 ,MR4 ,DM[SKI1 ! LEAD] ( ! ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY1 DECL>$ 9 ITS (FICIAL ORGAN ?AT 0SOCIALI/S >E \TSID]S0 & >E ?US 0=EIGN 5EMIES10 !REBY JU/IFY+ 9 ADVANCE ! 0NATIONAL0 MURD]S ( ! SOCIALI/S4 ,& F9ALLY1 9 ! NAME ( ! NATIONAL IDEA1 ! FUTURE ( ! NATION1 & NATIONAL DEF5SE1 ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE1 ) ! ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY AT ! HEAD1 PUBLICLY /OOD BEH9D ! BANN] ( 0NEO-PAN-,SLAVISM10 9 ! RANKS ( ! HIREL+S ( ABSOLUTISM & ! ,RUSSIAN 0NATIONAL IDEA10 0) NO RES]VATIONS40 ,! LA/ VE/IGE ( ! POLITICAL 0NATIONAL0 PROGRAM - ,POL&'S AUTONOMY - WAS ?US GIV5 UP ON ! ALT> ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,MI/REAT$ BY HI/ORY1 ! ,POLI% NATIONAL IDEA MOV$ ?R\< ALL /AGES ( DECL9E & FALL4 ,HAV+ />T$ ITS POLITICAL C>E] AS A ROMANTIC1 NOBLE 9SURG5T1 GLORIFI$ BY 9T]NATIONAL REVOLUTION1 IT N[ 5DS AS A NATIONAL HOOLIGAN - A VOLUNTE] ( ! ,BLACK ,HUNDR$S ( ,RUSSIAN ABSOLUTISM & IMP]IALISM4 

,NOTES 

.<#a.>,DIE ,NEUE ,ZEIT1 #a#h#i#g-#a#h#i#h1 ,VOL4 ,I1 P4#e#a#g4 

.<#b.> ,! NUM]ICAL RELATION%IP ( NATIONALITIES 9 ,HUNG>Y AT ?AT TIME WAS MORE OR LESS AS FOLL[S3 

,HUNG>IANS 
  
#e11 
,RUMANIANS 
#b1#c1 
,G]MANS 
#a1#e1 
,CROATS 
   #i1 
,S]BS 
   #h#c1 
,RU!NIANS 
   #d#d#c1 

.<#c.>,AT A PRESS CONV5TION ( ,SLAVIC J\RNALI/S 9 ,JUNE #a#h#i#h1 ! ,SLOVAK DELEGATE1 ,K>OL ,SALVA1 FROM ,LIPTOV1 CALL$ TO ! ,CZE*S3 0,IF H>MONY IS TO EXI/ BETWE5 US1 !N NOT ONLY DO WE HAVE TO BE/IR \RSELVES1 BUT Y\ ALSO6 ,I KN[ ! REASON = Y\R LACK ( 9T]E/ 9 US1 UP TO ?IS TIME4 ,! REGION ( ! ,SLOVAKS HAS BE5 UP TO N[ 7) A FEW GLORI\S EXCEPTIONS7 REG>D$ AS A =EIGN C\NTRY BY ! ,CZE* PEOPLE60 ,ORIG9AL NOTE BY ,R-,L4 

.<#d.> ,/ANCZYK WAS A NICKNAME = CONS]VATIVES 9 ,GALICIA4 

.<#e.> ,= EXAMPLE1 PROMPT$ BY SU* AN 9NOC5T UND]TAK+ AS ! E/ABLI%M5T ( AN ASSOCIATION = ! RE/ORATION ( ! RI<T TO USE ! ,LI?UANIAN LANGUAGE 9 ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* 9 ,LI?UANIA1 ! ,VILNA ,LI?UANIAN ,C\RI] WROTE 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#f3 

,H[ MANY TIMES ALREADY HAVE ! GR\NDLESS ACCUSATIONS AGA9/ ! ,POLES ( =C$ ,POLONIZATION ( ,LI?UANIAN L&S BE5 REFUT$6 ,H[ MANY TIMES W]E CLAIMS ( ,LI?UANIANS AGA9/ ,POLES PROV5 TO HAVE NO S\ND BASIS - CLAIMS ?AT HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5TS HAPP5$ TO TAKE ONE C\RSE & NOT ANO!R6 ,! ,POLES >E NOT TO BE ACCUS$ ( ,POLONIZATION T5D5CIES1 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! ,LI?UANIANS %\LD BE ACCUS$ ( ATTEMPTS AT ,LI?UANIZATION4 ,IF ! P]SPECTIVES1 REA*$ BY WAY ( MUTUAL CONCESSIONS & PEACEFUL CONV5TIONS1 ( LIV+ SIDE BY SIDE PEACEFULLY DO NOT PLEASE ! ,LI?UANIANS1 IF !Y 9SI/ ON TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( EV]Y MEANS ( H>ASS+ & ANNIHILAT+ ! ,POLES1 !N LET !M REMEMB] ?AT !Y W]E ! FIR/ TO CA/ D[N ! GANTLET BE=E ! ,POLES & ?AT ON !M WILL FALL ! RESPONSIBILITY = ?IS4 

,?IS REF]5CE TO ! 0HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T10 :I* 9SUR$ ! SUP]IORITY ( ONE NATIONALITY OV] ANO!R 7ACCUS+ ( *AUV9ISM ?OSE :O >E FI<T+ = ! EXI/5CE ( !IR [N NATIONALITY71 ALONG ) ! OBSCURE ?REATS AGA9/ ! O!R1 CALL TO M9D ! ,PRUSSIAN ,H,K,T :I* DEF5D$ ! ?REAT5$ ,G]MANS AGA9/ ! 0ATTEMPTS ( ,POLONIZATION10 ( ,C\NT ,/ANISLAW ,T>N[SKI1 :O D]ID$ ! ,RU!NES AS BE+ CONC]N$ PRIM>ILY ) ! MALICI\S 0H>ASSM5T0 ( ,POLES4 ,ORIG9AL NOTE BY ,R4,L4 

,! ,H,K,T1 OR ,HAKATA1 W]E ,G]MAN *AUV9I/S1 ORGANIZ$ 9 #ahid = ! PURPOSE ( ]ADICAT+ ! ,POLI% ELEM5TS 9 ,POZNAN PROV9CE4 ,! LEAD]S ( ! GR\P W]E ,HAHNEMANN1 ,K5NEMANN1 & ,TI$EMANN4 - ,$4 

.<#f.> ,! MAJORITY ( ! B\RGEOIS LEGAL !ORI/S1 !RE=E1 RECOGNIZE ! 9DEP5D5T EXI/5CE ( A /ATE AS AN 9DISP5SABLE ATTRIBUTE ( ! 0NATIONAL IDEA40 ,MESSRS4 ,BLUNTS*LI & ,CO41 ! IDEOLOGI/S ( !IR [N CLASS1 A*IEVE NO?+ ELSE BY US+ AB/RACT DEF9ITIONS & SUB-DIVISIONS1 ?AN :AT HAS BE5 ALREADY A*IEV$ BY ! P[]-HUNGRY B\RGEOISIE 9 ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY4 ,ORIG9AL NOTE BY ,R4,L4 

.<#g.> 0,IT IS CORRECT10 SAYS ,KAUTSKY1 0?AT ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY IS ! P>TY ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T2 ITS AIM IS ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY BEYOND ! CAPITALI/ /AGE4 ,EVOLUTION1 AS IS KN[N1 DOES NOT EXCLUDE REVOLUTION1 :I* IS BUT AN EPISODE ( EVOLUTION4 ,! ULTIMATE GOAL ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY IS ! DE/RUCTION ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 SU* A WAY ?AT ! PROLET>IAT WILL TAKE OV] & CONTROL SOCIAL PRODUCTION1 AS A RESULT ( :I* ! WORK]S WILL CEASE BE+ PROLET>IANS & CON/ITUT+ A SEP>ATE CLASS ( SOCIETY4 ,?IS \TCOME DEP5DS ON C]TA9 ECONOMIC & POLITICAL PRECONDITIONS4 ,IT PRESUPPOSES A C]TA9 LEVEL ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,!RE=E1 ! PROLET>IAT HAS = ITS TASK ! SUPPORT ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T2 BUT ITS TASK IS H>DLY TO ACTIVELY SUPPORT ! EXPANSION ( CAPITALISM - 9 O!R WORDS1 IT IS NOT TO SUPPORT ! GR[? ( CAPITALI/ PR(ITS4 ,?IS LATT] IS ! HI/ORIC TASK ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 TO :I* IT IS LOYALLY ATT5D+4 ,WE HAVE NO NE$ TO HELP !M 9 ?IS & WE CAN HELP !M ! LESS1 ! MORE WE FI<T AGA9/ CAPITALI/ ME?ODS ( DEVELOPM5T 444 ,WE DO NOT NE$ TO TAKE A POSITION 9 FAVOR ( REPLACEM5T ( WORK]S BY MA*9ES1 NOR ( ! EXPROPRIATION ( H&WORK]S BY FACTORIES1 ETC4 ,\R TASK 9 ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T IS ORGANIZATION & SUPPORT ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ITS CLASS /RUGGLE40 - ,DIE ,NEUE ,ZEIT1 #a#h#i#h-#a#h#i#i1 ,VOL4,I1 PP4#b#i#b-#i#c4 

,& ?IS SAME >GUM5T1 ,KAUTSKY ADDS1 APPLIES 9 AN EV5 GREAT ] DEGREE TO ! FIELD ( POLITICAL RELATIONS4 ,ORIG9AL NOTE BY ,R4,L4 

.<#h.> ,! WORK+ CLASS 9 ,POL& WAS COMPOS$ ( V>I\S NATIONALITIES 9T]M+L$ ) EA* O!R1 :]EAS ! RUL+ CLASS WAS QUITE SOLIDLY ,POLI% 7OR ,G]MAN74 ,! AU?OR IS ADVOCAT+ = ! WORK+ CLASS - PRESUMABLY = EA* ( ITS NATIONALITIES - ! SAME RI<TS AS NATIONALITIES ?AT W]E 5JOY$ BY ! 0O!R0 NATIONALITIES1 ( ! RUL+ CLASS1 ?AT IS4 

.<#i.> ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN91 ,AUFRUF AN DIE ,SLAW51 ,KO!N1 #a#h#d#h1 9 ,ZWEI ,S*RIFT5 AUS D5 #d] ,JAHR5 DES ,X,I,X4 ,JAHRHUND]TS1 ,9T]NATIONALE ,BIBLIO!K FUR ,PHILOSOPHIE1 ,BD4,I,I1 NOS4#a#a-#a#b 7,PRAGUE3 #a#i#c#f71 P4#b#g4 

.<#a.> ,IT WAS ,5GELS1 NOT ,M>X1 :O P5N$ ?IS ANSW]1 9 ! ,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG1 ,FEBRU>Y #a#e1 #a#h#d#i1 NO4#b#b#b4 ,SEE ,M>X-,5GELS1 ,W]KE1 ,V,I1 #b#g#a4 

.<#a#a.> ,9 ! ORIG9AL ! AU?OR HAS PUT 0,TEXAS0 = 0,MEXICO10 :I* IS OBVI\SLY A SLIP4 

.<#a#b.> ,! EXT5T ( ! 9FLU5CE ( ! 0C(FEE0 9T]E/S ON ! 0NATIONAL WILL0 9 ?IS 0NATIONAL0 REPUBLIC1 EV5 AFT] ! =MAL ABOLITION ( SLAV]Y 7:I* IS1 MOREOV]1 /ILL PRACTIC$ TO ?IS V]Y DAY71 IS PROV$ BY ?IS NEXT 9CID5T4 ,:5 ! C(FEE PLANTATIONS CAUS$ A GREAT CRISIS LA/ YE> .<#a#i#g.> BY RELEAS+ UNLIMIT$ AM\NTS ( C(FEE ON ! 9T]NATIONAL C(FEE M>KET1 !REBY CAUS+ A DRA/IC FALL 9 PRICES1 ! ,BRAZILIAN PLANTATION [N]S =C$ ! GOV]NM5T TO PUR*ASE ! 5TIRE SURPLUS ( C(FEE ) /ATE FUNDS4 ,NATURALLY1 A VIOL5T %AKEUP ( ! F9ANCES & 5TIRE MAT]IAL EXI/5CE ( ! :OLE POPULATION HAS RESULT$ FROM ?IS ORIG9AL EXP]IM5T4 

.<#a#c.> 0,RETURN TO ORGANIC WORK0 - A SLOGAN CO9$ 9 ! #a#h#fS 7AFT] ! ABORTIVE #a#h#f#c-#f#d ,JANU>Y ,9SURRECTION7 BY ! SO-CALL$ POSITIVI/S 9 ! ,K+DOM ( ,POL&1 & ! ,GALICIA CONS]VATIVES4 ,REJECT+ ROMANTICISM & ITS L(TY NOTIONS ( 9SURG5CY & CONSPIRACY1 IT CALL$ = A SCI5TIFIC APPROA* 9 $UCATION1 9DU/RY1 TRADE1 & AGRICULTURE AS ! ONLY MEANS = ,POL&'S SURVIVAL4 

.<#a#d.> ,PABIANICE - AN 9DU/RIAL CITY AB\T #a MILES S\?-WE/ ( ,LODZ4 

.<#a#e.> ,! ,FALCONS 7,SOKOL7 W]E A Y\? ASSOCIATION 9 ,GALICIA1 F\ND$ 9 #ahfg UND] ! POLITICAL GUIDANCE ( ! ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #e1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #b -- ,ADD$4 

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