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,! ,RI<T ( ,NATIONS TO ,SELF-,DET]M9ATION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 ,9 A S]IES ( >TICLES ON ,! NATIONAL QUE/ION & AUTONOMY :I* APPE>$ 9 ,LUXEMBURG'S ,CRAC[ MAGAZ9E1 ,PRZEGLAD SOCIALDEMOKRATYCZNY1 #a#i#h-#a#i#i4 
,S\RCE3 ,! ,NATIONAL ,QUE/ION - ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S BY ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 $IT$ & 9TRODUC$ BY ! LATE ,HORACE ,B4 ,DAVIS1 ,MON?LY ,REVIEW ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#f4 
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,RECOMM5D$ ,PR]EQUISITES3 ,! ,POLI% ,QUE/ION & ! ,SOCIALI/ ,MOVEM5T2 ,! ,POLI% ,QUE/ION AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONGRESS 9 ,LONDON 
,RECOMM5D$ ,FOLL[-UP3 ,!SES ( ! ,$ITORS ( ,GAZETA ,ROBOTNICZA3 ,IMP]IALISM & ,NATIONAL ,OPPRESSION2 ,I,I ,! ,SO-,CALL$ ,RI<T ( ,SELF-,DET]M9ATION ( ,NATIONS2 ,I,I,I4 ,! ,POLI% ,QUE/ION & ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY 

,AMONG O!R PROBLEMS1 ! #aie ,REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA HAS BR\<T 9TO FOCUS ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION4 ,UNTIL N[1 ?IS PROBLEM HAS BE5 URG5T ONLY 9 ,AU/RIA-,HUNG>Y4 ,AT PRES5T1 H[EV]1 IT HAS BECOME CRUCIAL ALSO 9 ,RUSSIA1 BECAUSE ! REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T MADE ALL CLASSES & ALL POLITICAL P>TIES ACUTELY AW>E ( ! NE$ TO SOLVE ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION AS A MATT] ( PRACTICAL POLITICS4 ,ALL ! NEWLY =M$ OR =M+ P>TIES 9 ,RUSSIA1 BE !Y RADICAL1 LIB]AL OR REACTION>Y1 HAVE BE5 =C$ TO 9CLUDE 9 !IR PROGRAMS SOME SORT ( A POSITION ON ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION1 :I* IS CLOSELY CONNECT$ ) ! 5TIRE COMPLEX ( ! /ATE'S 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL POLICIES4 ,= A WORK]S' P>TY1 NATIONALITY IS A QUE/ION BO? ( PROGRAM & ( CLASS ORGANIZATION4 ,! POSITION A WORK]S' P>TY ASSUMES ON ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION1 AS ON EV]Y O!R QUE/ION1 MU/ DIFF] 9 ME?OD & BASIC APPROA* FROM ! POSITIONS ( EV5 ! MO/ RADICAL B\RGEOIS P>TIES1 & FROM ! POSITIONS ( ! ,PSEUDO-SOCIALI/IC1 PETIT B\RGEOIS P>TIES4 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 :OSE POLITICAL PROGRAM IS BAS$ ON ! SCI5TIFIC ME?OD ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM & ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 CANNOT MAKE AN EXCEPTION ) RESPECT TO ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION4 ,MOREOV]1 IT IS ONLY BY APPROA*+ ! PROBLEM FROM ! /&PO9T ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM ?AT ! POLITICS ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY WILL (F] A SOLUTION :I* IS ESS5TIALLY UNI=M1 EV5 ?\< ! PROGRAM MU/ TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! WIDE V>IETY ( =MS ( ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION >IS+ FROM ! SOCIAL1 HI/ORICAL1 & E?NIC DIV]SITY ( ! ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE4 

,9 ! PROGRAM ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,LABOR ,P>TY 7,R,S,D,L,P7 ( ,RUSSIA1 SU* A =MULA1 CONTA9+ A G5]AL SOLUTION ( ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION 9 ALL ITS P>TICUL> MANIFE/ATIONS1 IS PROVID$ BY ! N9? PO9T2 ?IS SAYS ?AT ! P>TY DEM&S A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC :OSE CON/ITUTION W\LD 9SURE1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 0?AT ALL NATIONALITIES =M+ ! /ATE HAVE ! RI<T TO SELF-DET]M9ATION40 

,?IS PROGRAM 9CLUDES TWO MORE EXTREMELY IMPORTANT PROPOSITIONS ON ! SAME MATT]4 ,!SE >E ! SEV5? PO9T1 :I* DEM&S ! ABOLITION ( CLASSES & ! FULL LEGAL EQUALITY ( ALL CITIZ5S )\T DI/9CTION ( SEX1 RELIGION1 RACE OR NATIONALITY1 & ! EI<? PO9T1 :I* SAYS ?AT ! SEV]AL E?NIC GR\PS ( ! /ATE %\LD HAVE ! RI<T TO S*OOLS CONDUCT$ 9 !IR RESPECTIVE NATIONAL LANGUAGES AT /ATE EXP5SE1 & ! RI<T TO USE !IR LANGUAGES AT ASSEMBLIES & ON AN EQUAL LEVEL ) ! /ATE LANGUAGE 9 ALL /ATE & PUBLIC FUNCTIONS4 ,CLOSELY CONNECT$ TO ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION IS ! ?IRD PO9T ( ! PROGRAM1 :I* =MULATES ! DEM& = WIDE SELF-GOV]NM5T ON ! LOCAL & PROV9CIAL LEVEL 9 >EAS :I* >E *>ACT]IZ$ BY SPECIAL LIV+ CONDITIONS & BY ! SPECIAL COMPOSITION ( !IR POPULATIONS4 ,OBVI\SLY1 H[EV]1 ! AU?ORS ( ! PROGRAM FELT ?AT ! EQUALITY ( ALL CITIZ5S BE=E ! LAW1 L+UI/IC RI<TS1 & LOCAL SELF-GOV]NM5T W]E NOT 5\< TO SOLVE ! NATIONALITY PROBLEM1 S9CE !Y F\ND IT NECESS>Y TO ADD A SPECIAL P>AGRAPH GRANT+ EA* NATIONALITY ! 0RI<T TO SELF-DET]M9ATION40 

,:AT IS ESPECIALLY /RIK+ AB\T ?IS =MULA IS ! FACT ?AT IT DOESN'T REPRES5T ANY?+ SPECIFICALLY CONNECT$ ) SOCIALISM NOR ) ! POLITICS ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 0,! RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION0 IS AT FIR/ GLANCE A P>APHRASE ( ! OLD SLOGAN ( B\RGEOIS NATIONALISM PUT =? 9 ALL C\NTRIES AT ALL TIMES3 0! RI<T ( NATIONS TO FRE$OM & 9DEP5D5CE40 ,9 ,POL&1 ! 09NATE RI<T ( NATIONS0 TO FRE$OM HAS BE5 ! CLASSIC =MULA ( NATIONALI/S FROM ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,SOCIETY TO ,LIMAN[SKI'S ,POBUDKA1 & FROM ! NATIONAL SOCIALI/ ,POBUDKA TO ! ANTI-SOCIALI/ ,NATIONAL ,LEAGUE0 BE=E IT R5\NC$ ITS PROGRAM ( 9DEP5D5CE4.<#b.> ,SIMIL>LY1 A RESOLUTION ON ! 0EQUAL RI<TS ( ALL NATIONS0 TO FRE$OM WAS ! ONLY TANGIBLE RESULT ( ! FAM\S PAN-,SLAV CONGRESS HELD 9 ,PRAGUE1 :I* WAS BROK5 UP 9 #ahdh BY ! PAN-,SLAVIC BAYONETS ( ,W9DIS*GRAETZ4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ITS G5]ALITY & WIDE SCOPE1 DESPITE ! PR9CIPLE ( 0! RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION0 :I* OBVI\SLY CAN BE APPLI$ NOT ONLY TO ! PEOPLES LIV+ 9 ,RUSSIA BUT ALSO TO ! NATIONALITIES LIV+ 9 ,G]MANY & ,AU/RIA1 ,SWITZ]L& & ,SW$51 ,AM]ICA - /RANGELY 5\< IS NOT TO BE F\ND 9 ANY ( ! PROGRAMS ( TODAY'S SOCIALI/ P>TIES4 ,?IS PR9CIPLE IS NOT EV5 9CLUD$ 9 ! PROGRAM ( ,AU/RIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 :I* EXI/S 9 A /ATE ) AN EXTREMELY MIX$ POPULATION1 :]E ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION IS ( CRUCIAL IMPORTANCE4 

,! ,AU/RIAN P>TY W\LD SOLVE ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION NOT BY A METAPHYSICAL =MULA :I* LEAVES ! DET]M9ATION ( ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION UP TO EA* ( ! NATIONALITIES ACCORD+ TO !IR :IMS1 BUT ONLY BY MEANS ( A WELL-DEF9$ PLAN4 ,AU/RIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY DEM&S ! ELIM9ATION ( ! EXI/+ /ATE /RUCTURE ( ,AU/RIA1 :I* IS A COLLECTION ( 0K+DOMS & PR9CELY /ATES0 PAT*$ TOGE!R DUR+ ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES BY ! DYNA/IC POLITICS ( ! ,HAPSBURGS1 & 9CLUDES V>I\S NATIONALITIES MIX$ TOGE!R T]RITORIALLY 9 A HODGEPODGE MANN]4 ,! P>TY RA!R DEM&S ?AT !SE K+DOMS & /ATES %\LD BE DIVID$ 9TO T]RITORIES ON ! BASIS ( NATIONALITY1 & ?AT !SE NATIONAL T]RITORIES BE JO9$ 9TO A /ATE UNION4 ,BUT BECAUSE ! NATIONALITIES >E TO SOME EXT5T JUMBL$ TOGE!R ?R\< ALMO/ ! 5TIRE >EA ( ,AU/RIA1 ! PROGRAM ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY MAKES PROVISION = A SPECIAL LAW TO PROTECT ! SMALL] M9ORITIES 9 ! NEWLY CREAT$ NATIONAL T]RITORIES4 

,EV]YONE IS FREE TO HAVE A DIFF]5T OP9ION ON ?IS PLAN4 ,K>L ,KAUTSKY1 ONE ( ! MO/ KN[L$GEABLE EXP]TS ON ,AU/RIAN CONDITIONS & ONE ( ! SPIRITUAL FA!RS ( ,AU/RIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 %[S 9 HIS LATE/ PAMPHLET1 ,NATIONALITY & ,9T]NATIONALISM1 ?AT SU* A PLAN1 EV5 IF IT C\LD BE PUT 9TO EFFECT1 W\LD BY NO MEANS COMPLETELY ELIM9ATE ! CONFLICTS & DIFFICULTIES AMONG ! NATIONALITIES4 ,NONE!LESS1 IT DOES REPRES5T AN ATTEMPT TO PROVIDE A PRACTICAL SOLUTION ( !SE DIFFICULTIES BY ! P>TY ( ! PROLET>IAT1 & BECAUSE ( ! IMPORTANCE ( ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION 9 ,AU/RIA1 WE %ALL QUOTE IT 9 FULL4 

,! NATIONALITY PROGRAM ( ! ,AU/RIAN P>TY1 ADOPT$ AT ! ,BRUNN ,CONGRESS 9 #a#h#i#i1 SAYS3 

,BECAUSE NATIONAL CONFLICTS 9 ,AU/RIA >E OB/RUCT+ ALL POLITICAL PROGRESS & ! CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! NATIONALITIES1 BECAUSE !SE CONFLICTS RESULT PRIM>ILY FROM ! BACKW>DNESS ( \R PUBLIC 9/ITUTIONS & BECAUSE ! PROLONGATION ( !SE CONFLICTS IS ONE ( ! ME?ODS BY :I* ! RUL+ CLASSES 9SURE !IR DOM9ATION & PREV5T MEASURES 9 ! TRUE 9T]E/S ( ! PEOPLE1 ! CONGRESS DECL>ES ?AT3 

,! F9AL SETTLEM5T ( ! NATIONALITY & LANGUAGE QUE/ION 9 ,AU/RIA 9 ! SPIRIT ( EQUALITY & REASON IS PRIM>ILY A CULTURAL DEM&1 & !RE=E IS ONE ( ! VITAL 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,?IS IS POSSIBLE ONLY UND] A TRULY DEMOCRATIC REGIME BAS$ ON UNIV]SAL1 EQUAL1 & DIRECT ELECTIONS1 A REGIME 9 :I* ALL FEUDAL PRIVILEGES 9 ! /ATE & ! PR9CIPALITIES WILL HAVE BE5 ABROGAT$4 ,ONLY UND] SU* A REGIME WILL ! WORK+ CLASSES1 ! ELEM5TS :I* REALLY SUPPORT ! /ATE & SOCIETY1 BE ABLE TO EXPRESS !IR DEM&S4 

,! NURTUR+ & DEVELOPM5T ( ! NATIONAL PECULI>ITIES ( ALL PEOPLES 9 ,AU/RIA >E POSSIBLE ONLY ON ! BASIS ( EQUAL RI<TS & ! REMOVAL ( OPPRESSION4 ,!RE=E1 /ATE-BUREAUCRATIC C5TRALISM & ! FEUDAL PRIVILEGES ( ! PR9CIPALITIES MU/ BE OPPOS$4 

,ONLY UND] SU* CONDITIONS WILL IT BE POSSIBLE TO CREATE H>MONY AMONG ! NATIONALITIES 9 ,AU/RIA 9 PLACE ( ! QU>REL+ ?AT TAKES PLACE N[1 NAMELY1 ?R\< ! RECOGNITION ( ! FOLL[+ GUID+ PR9CIPLES3 

,AU/RIA IS TO BE TRANS=M$ 9TO A DEMOCRATIC F$]ATION ( NATIONALITIES 7,NATIONALITAT5BUNDES/AAT74 

,! HI/ORIC ,CR[N L&S >E TO BE REPLAC$ BY NATIONALLY HOMOG5E\S SELF-RUL+ BODIES1 :OSE LEGISLATION & ADM9I/RATION %ALL BE 9 ! H&S ( NATIONAL *AMB]S1 ELECT$ ON ! BASIS ( UNIV]SAL1 EQUAL1 & DIRECT FRAN*ISE4 

,ALL SELF-GOV]N+ REGIONS ( ONE & ! SAME NATION >E TO =M TOGE!R A NATIONALLY DI/9CT UNION1 :I* %ALL TAKE C>E ( ?IS UNION'S AFFAIRS AUTONOM\SLY4 .<,?AT IS1 L+UI/IC & CULTURAL1 ACCORD+ TO ! EXPLANATION GIV5 9 ! DRAFT BY ! P>TY'S LEAD]%IP4.> 

,A SPECIAL LAW %\LD BE ADOPT$ BY ! P>LIAM5T TO SAFEGU>D ! RI<TS ( NATIONAL M9ORITIES4 

,WE DO NOT RECOGNIZE ANY NATIONAL PRIVILEGE2 !RE=E WE REJECT ! DEM& = A /ATE LANGUAGE4 ,:E!R A COMMON LANGUAGE IS NE$$1 A F$]AL P>LIAM5T CAN DECIDE4 

,! P>TY CONGRESS1 AS ! ORGAN ( 9T]NATIONAL SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 9 ,AU/RIA1 EXPRESSES ITS CONVICTION ?AT ON ! BASIS ( !SE GUID+ PR9CIPLES1 UND]/&+ AMONG PEOPLES IS POSSIBLE4 

,IT SOLEMNLY DECL>ES ?AT IT RECOGNIZES ! RI<T ( EA* NATIONALITY TO NATIONAL EXI/5CE & NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,PEOPLES CAN ADVANCE !IR CULTURE ONLY 9 CLOSE SOLID>ITY ) ONE ANO!R1 NOT 9 PETTY QU>RELS2 P>TICUL>LY ! WORK+ CLASS ( ALL NATIONS MU/1 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! 9DIVIDUAL NATIONALITIES & 9 ! G5]AL 9T]E/1 MA9TA9 9T]NATIONAL COOP]ATION & FRAT]NITY 9 ITS /RUGGLE & MU/ CONDUCT ITS POLITICAL & ECONOMIC /RUGGLE 9 CLOSELY UNIT$ RANKS4 

,9 ! RANKS ( 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,WORK]S' ,P>TY IS ! ONLY ONE :OSE PROGRAM 9CLUDES ! DEM& ?AT 0NATIONALITIES BE GRANT$ ! RI<T TO SELF-DET]M9ATION40 

,AP>T FROM ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 WE F9D ?IS =MULA ONLY 9 ! PROGRAM ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES1 :]E IT GOES H& 9 H& ) ! PR9CIPLE ( /ATE F$]ALISM4 ,! RELEVANT SECTION ( ! POLITICAL DECL>ATION ( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY /ATES ?AT 0! WIDE APPLICATION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( F$]ALISM 9 ! RELATIONS BETWE5 9DIVIDUAL NATIONALITIES IS POSSIBLE10 & /RESSES ! 0RECOGNITION ( !IR UNLIMIT$ RI<T TO SELF-DET]M9ATION40 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! ABOVE =MULA EXI/S 9 ANO!R CONNECTION ) 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM3 NAMELY1 IT IS A P>APHRASE ( ONE SECTION ( ! RESOLUTION ON ! NATIONALITY PROBLEM ADOPT$ 9 #ahif BY ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,CONGRESS 9 ,LONDON4 ,H[EV]1 ! CIRCUM/ANCES :I* L$ TO ! ADOPTION ( ?AT RESOLUTION1 & ! WAY 9 :I* ! RESOLUTION WAS =MULAT$1 %[ CLE>LY ?AT IF ! N9? P>AGRAPH 9 ! PROGRAM ( ! ,RUSSIAN P>TY IS TAK5 AS AN APPLICATION ( ! ,LONDON ,RESOLUTION1 IT IS BAS$ ON A MISUND]/&+4 

,! ,LONDON RESOLUTION WAS NOT AT ALL ! RESULT ( ! 9T5TION OR NE$ TO MAKE A /ATEM5T AT AN 9T]NATIONAL CONGRESS ON ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION 9 G5]AL1 NOR WAS IT PRES5T$ OR ADOPT$ BY ! ,CONGRESS AS A =MULA = ! PRACTICAL RESOLUTION ( ?AT QUE/ION BY ! WORK]S' P>TIES ( ! V>I\S C\NTRIES4 ,9DE$1 JU/ ! OPPOSITE WAS TRUE4 ,! ,LONDON ,RESOLUTION WAS ADOPT$ ON ! BASIS ( A MOTION PRES5T$ TO ! ,CONGRESS BY ! SOCIAL-PATRIOTIC FACTION ( ! ,POLI% MOVEM5T1 OR ! ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 7,P,P,S71 A MOTION :I* DEM&$ ?AT ! RECON/RUCTION ( AN 9DEP5D5T ,POL& BE RECOGNIZ$ AS ONE ( ! MO/ URG5T DEM&S ( 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM4.<#c.> ,9FLU5C$ BY ! CRITICISM RAIS$ AT ! ,CONGRESS BY ,POLI% ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY & ! DISCUSSION CONC]N+ ?IS 9 ! SOCIALI/ PRESS1 AS WELL AS BY ! FIR/ MASS DEMON/RATION ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T 9 ,RUSSIA ! MEMORABLE /RIKE ( =TY ?\S& TEXTILE WORK]S 9 ,PET]SBURG 9 ,MAY #ahif ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONGRESS DID NOT CONSID] ! ,POLI% MOTION1 :I* WAS DIRECT$ 9 ITS >GUM5TS & 9 ITS 5TIRE *>ACT] AGA9/ ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,9/EAD1 IT ADOPT$ ! ,LONDON ,RESOLUTION ALREADY M5TION$1 :I* SIGNIFI$ A REJECTION ( ! MOTION = ! RECON/RUCTION ( ,POL&4 

,! ,CONGRESS - ! RESOLUTION /ATES - DECL>ES ITSELF 9 FAVOR ( ! COMPLETE RI<T ( ALL NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION1 & EXPRESSES ITS SYMPA?Y = ! WORK]S ( EV]Y C\NTRY N[ SUFF]+ UND] ! YOKE ( MILIT>Y1 NATIONAL1 OR O!R DESPOTISM2 ! ,CONGRESS CALLS ON ! WORK]S ( ALL !SE C\NTRIES TO JO9 ! RANKS ( ! CLASS-CONSCI\S WORK]S ( ! :OLE WORLD 9 ORD] TO FI<T TOGE!R ) !M = ! DEFEAT ( 9T]NATIONAL CAPITALISM & = ! A*IEVEM5T ( ! AIMS ( 9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 

,AS WE CAN SEE1 9 ITS CONT5T1 ! ,LONDON ,RESOLUTION REPLACES ! EXCLUSIVE CONSID]ATION ( ! ,POLI% QUE/ION BY ! G5]ALIZATION ( ! QUE/ION ( ALL SUPPRESS$ NATIONALITIES1 TRANSF]R+ ! QUE/ION FROM A NATIONAL BASIS ONTO AN 9T]-NATIONAL ONE1 & 9/EAD ( A DEF9ITE1 COMPLETELY CONCRETE DEM& ( PRACTICAL POLITICS1 :I* ! MOTION ( ! ,P,P,S DEM&$ ! RECON/RUCTION ( 9DEP5D5T ,POL&-! RESOLUTION EXPRESSES A G5]AL SOCIALI/ PR9CIPLE3 SYMPA?Y = ! PROLET>IAT ( ALL SUPPRESS$ NATIONALITIES & ! RECOGNITION ( !IR RI<T TO SELF-DET]M9ATION4 ,!RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT ?IS PR9CIPLE WAS NOT =MULAT$ BY ! ,CONGRESS 9 ORD] TO GIVE ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK]S' MOVEM5T A PRACTICAL SOLUTION TO ! NATIONALITY PROBLEM4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 A PRACTICAL GUIDEL9E = SOCIALI/ POLITICS IS CONTA9$ NOT 9 ! FIR/ P>T ( ! ,LONDON ,RESOLUTION QUOT$ ABOVE1 BUT 9 ! SECOND P>T1 :I* 0CALLS UPON ! WORK]S ( ALL C\NTRIES SUFF]+ NATIONAL OPPRESSION TO 5T] ! RANKS ( 9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY & TO WORK = ! REALIZATION ( ITS PR9CIPLES & GOALS40 ,IT IS AN UNAMBIGU\S WAY ( EMPHASIZ+ ?AT ! PR9CIPLE =MULAT$ 9 ! FIR/ P>T - ! RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION CAN BE PUT 9TO EFFECT ONLY 9 ONE WAY3 VIZ41 BY FIR/ REALIZ+ ! PR9CIPLES ( 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM & BY ATTA9+ ITS ULTIMATE GOALS4 

,9DE$1 NONE ( ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES TOOK ! ,LONDON ,RESOLUTION TO BE A PRACTICAL SOLUTION ( ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION1 & !Y DID NOT 9CLUDE IT 9 !IR PROGRAMS4 ,EV5 ,AU/RIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 = :I* ! SOLUTION ( ! NATIONALITY PROBLEM WAS A QUE/ION 9VOLV+ ITS V]Y EXI/5CE1 DID NOT DO ?IS2 9/EAD1 9 #a#h#i#i1 IT CREAT$ = ITSELF 9DEP5D5TLY ! PRACTICAL 0NATIONALITY PROGRAM0 QUOT$ ABOVE4 ,:AT IS MO/ *>ACT]I/IC1 EV5 ! ,P,P,S DID NOT DO ?IS1 BECAUSE1 DESPITE ITS EF=TS TO SPREAD ! TALE ?AT ! ,LONDON ,RESOLUTION WAS A =MULA 9 0! SPIRIT0 ( SOCIALISM1 IT WAS OBVI\S ?AT ?IS ,RESOLUTION MEANT RA!R A REJECTION ( ITS MOTION = ! RECON/RUCTION ( ,POL&1 OR AT ! V]Y LEA/1 A DILUTION ( IT 9TO A G5]AL =MULA )\T ANY PRACTICAL *>ACT]4.<#d.> ,9 PO9T ( FACT1 ! POLITICAL PROGRAMS ( ! MOD]N WORK]S' P>TIES DO NOT AIM AT /AT+ AB/RACT PR9CIPLES ( A SOCIAL IDEAL1 BUT ONLY AT ! =MULATION ( ?OSE PRACTICAL SOCIAL & POLITICAL RE=MS :I* ! CLASS-CONSCI\S PROLET>IAT NE$S & DEM&S 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY TO FACILITATE ! CLASS /RUGGLE & !IR ULTIMATE VICTORY4 ,! ELEM5TS ( A POLITICAL PROGRAM >E =MULAT$ ) DEF9ITE AIMS 9 M9D3 TO PROVIDE A DIRECT1 PRACTICAL1 & FEASIBLE SOLUTION TO ! CRUCIAL PROBLEMS ( POLITICAL & SOCIAL LIFE1 :I* >E 9 ! >EA ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT2 TO S]VE AS A GUIDEL9E = EV]YDAY POLITICS & ITS NE$S2 TO 9ITIATE ! POLITICAL ACTION ( ! WORK]S' P>TY & TO LEAD IT 9 ! RI<T DIRECTION2 & F9ALLY1 TO SEP>ATE ! REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS ( ! PROLET>IAT FROM ! POLITICS ( ! B\RGEOIS & PETIT B\RGEOIS P>TIES4 

,! =MULA1 0! RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION10 ( C\RSE DOESN'T HAVE SU* A *>ACT] AT ALL4 ,IT GIVES NO PRACTICAL GUIDEL9ES = ! DAY TO DAY POLITICS ( ! PROLET>IAT1 NOR ANY PRACTICAL SOLUTION ( NATIONALITY PROBLEMS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ?IS =MULA DOES NOT 9DICATE TO ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT 9 :AT WAY IT %\LD DEM& A SOLUTION ( ! ,POLI% NATIONAL PROBLEM1 ! ,F9NI% QUE/ION1 ! ,CAUCASIAN QUE/ION1 ! ,JEWI%1 ETC4 ,IT (F]S 9/EAD ONLY AN UNLIMIT$ AU?ORIZATION TO ALL 9T]E/$ 0NATIONS0 TO SETTLE !IR NATIONAL PROBLEMS 9 ANY WAY !Y LIKE4 ,! ONLY PRACTICAL CONCLUSION = ! DAY TO DAY POLITICS ( ! WORK+ CLASS :I* CAN BE DRAWN FROM ! ABOVE =MULA IS ! GUIDEL9E ?AT IT IS ! DUTY ( ?AT CLASS TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ ALL MANIFE/ATIONS ( NATIONAL OPPRESSION4 ,IF WE RECOGNIZE ! RI<T ( EA* NATION TO SELF-DET]M9ATION1 IT IS OBVI\SLY A LOGICAL CONCLUSION ?AT WE MU/ CONDEMN EV]Y ATTEMPT TO PLACE ONE NATION OV] ANO!R1 OR = ONE NATION TO =CE UPON ANO!R ANY =M ( NATIONAL EXI/5CE4 ,H[EV]1 ! DUTY ( ! CLASS P>TY ( ! PROLET>IAT TO PROTE/ & RESI/ NATIONAL OPPRESSION >ISES NOT FROM ANY SPECIAL 0RI<T ( NATIONS10 JU/ AS1 = EXAMPLE1 ITS /RIV+ = ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL EQUALITY ( SEXES DOES NOT AT ALL RESULT FROM ANY SPECIAL 0RI<TS ( WOM50 :I* ! MOVEM5T ( B\RGEOIS EMANCIPATIONI/S REF]S TO4 ,?IS DUTY >ISES SOLELY FROM ! G5]AL OPPOSITION TO ! CLASS REGIME & TO EV]Y =M ( SOCIAL 9EQUALITY & SOCIAL DOM9ATION1 9 A WORD1 FROM ! BASIC POSITION ( SOCIALISM4 ,BUT LEAV+ ?IS PO9T ASIDE1 ! ONLY GUIDEL9E GIV5 = PRACTICAL POLITICS IS ( A PURELY NEGATIVE *>ACT]4 ,! DUTY TO RESI/ ALL =MS ( NATIONAL OPPRESSION DOES NOT 9CLUDE ANY EXPLANATION ( :AT CONDITIONS & POLITICAL =MS ! CLASS-CONSCI\S PROLET>IAT 9 ,RUSSIA AT ! PRES5T TIME %\LD RECOMM5 D AS A SOLUTION = ! NATIONALITY PROBLEMS ( ,POL&1 ,LATVIA1 ! ,JEWS1 ETC41 OR :AT PROGRAM IT %\LD PRES5T TO MAT* ! V>I\S PROGRAMS ( ! B\RGEOIS1 NATIONALI/1 & PSEUDO-SOCIALI/ P>TIES 9 ! PRES5T CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,9 A WORD1 ! =MULA1 0! RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION10 IS ESS5TIALLY NOT A POLITICAL & PROBLEMATIC GUIDEL9E 9 ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION1 BUT ONLY A MEANS ( AVOID+ ?AT QUE/ION4 

  

,I,I 

,! G5]AL & CLI*E-LIKE *>ACT] ( ! N9? PO9T 9 ! PROGRAM ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,LABOR ,P>TY ( ,RUSSIA %[S ?AT ?IS WAY ( SOLV+ ! QUE/ION IS =EIGN TO ! POSITION ( ,M>XIAN SOCIALISM4 ,A 0RI<T ( NATIONS0 :I* IS VALID = ALL C\NTRIES & ALL TIMES IS NO?+ MORE ?AN A METAPHYSICAL CLI*E ( ! TYPE ( 0RI<TS ( MAN0 & 0RI<TS ( ! CITIZ540 ,DIALECTIC MAT]IALISM1 :I* IS ! BASIS ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM1 HAS BROK5 ONCE & = ALL ) ?IS TYPE ( 0ET]NAL0 =MULA4 ,= ! HI/ORICAL DIALECTIC HAS %[N ?AT !RE >E NO 0ET]NAL0 TRU?S & ?AT !RE >E NO 0RI<TS40 444 ,9 ! WORDS ( ,5GELS1 0,:AT IS GOOD 9 ! H]E & N[1 IS AN EVIL SOME:]E ELSE1 & VICE V]SA0 - OR1 :AT IS RI<T & REASONABLE UND] SOME CIRCUM/ANCES BECOMES NONS5SE & ABSURDITY UND] O!RS4 ,HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM HAS TAU<T US ?AT ! REAL CONT5T ( !SE 0ET]NAL0 TRU?S1 RI<TS1 & =MULAS IS DET]M9$ ONLY BY ! MAT]IAL SOCIAL CONDITIONS ( ! 5VIRONM5T 9 A GIV5 HI/ORICAL EPO*4 

,ON ?IS BASIS1 SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM HAS REVIS$ ! 5TIRE /ORE ( DEMOCRATIC CLI*ES & IDEOLOGICAL METAPHYSICS 9H]IT$ FROM ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,PRES5T-DAY ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY LONG S9CE /OPP$ REG>D+ SU* PHRASES AS 0DEMOCRACY10 0NATIONAL FRE$OM10 0EQUALITY10 & O!R SU* BEAUTIFUL ?+S AS ET]NAL TRU?S & LAWS TRANSC5D+ P>TICUL> NATIONS & TIMES4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ,M>XISM REG>DS & TREATS !M ONLY AS EXPRESSIONS ( C]TA9 DEF9ITE HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS1 AS CATEGORIES :I*1 9 T]MS ( !IR MAT]IAL CONT5T & !RE=E !IR POLITICAL VALUE1 >E SUBJECT TO CON/ANT *ANGE1 :I* IS ! ONLY 0ET]NAL0 TRU?4 

,:5 ,NAPOLEON OR ANY O!R DESPOT ( HIS ILK USES A PLEBISCITE1 ! EXTREME =M ( POLITICAL DEMOCRACY1 = ! GOALS ( ,CAES>ISM1 TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! POLITICAL IGNORANCE & ECONOMIC SUBJECTION ( ! MASSES1 WE DO NOT HESITATE = A MOM5T TO COME \T :OLEHE>T$LY AGA9/ ?AT 0DEMOCRACY10 & >E NOT PUT (F = A MOM5T BY ! MAJE/Y OR ! OMNIPOT5CE ( ! PEOPLE1 :I*1 = ! METAPHYSICIANS ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY1 IS SOME?+ LIKE A SACROSANCT IDOL4 

,:5 A ,G]MAN LIKE ,TASS5DORF OR A CZ>I/ G5D>ME1 OR A 0TRULY ,POLI%0 ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRAT DEF5DS ! 0P]SONAL FRE$OM0 ( /RIKEBREAK]S1 PROTECT+ !M AGA9/ ! MORAL & MAT]IAL PRESSURE ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR1 WE DON'T HESITATE A M9UTE TO SUPPORT ! LATT]1 GRANT+ !M ! FULLE/ MORAL & HI/ORICAL RI<T TO =CE ! UN5LI<T5$ RIVALS 9TO SOLID>ITY1 AL?\< FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( =MAL LIB]ALISM1 ?OSE 0WILL+ TO WORK0 HAVE ON !IR SIDE ! RI<T ( 0A FREE 9DIVIDUAL0 TO DO :AT REASON1 OR UNREASON1 TELLS !M4 

,:51 F9ALLY1 LIB]ALS ( ! ,MAN*E/] ,S*OOL DEM& ?AT ! WAGE WORK] BE LEFT COMPLETELY TO HIS FATE 9 ! /RUGGLE ) CAPITAL 9 ! NAME ( 0! EQUALITY ( CITIZ5S10 WE UNMASK ?AT METAPHYSICAL CLI*E :I* CONCEALS ! MO/ GL>+ ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY1 & WE DEM&1 PO9T-BLANK1 ! LEGAL PROTECTION ( ! CLASS ( WAGE WORK]S1 !REBY CLE>LY BREAK+ ) =MAL 0EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW40 

,! NATIONALITY QUE/ION CANNOT BE AN EXCEPTION AMONG ALL ! POLITICAL1 SOCIAL1 & MORAL QUE/IONS EXAM9$ 9 ?IS WAY BY MOD]N SOCIALISM4 ,IT CANNOT BE SETTL$ BY ! USE ( SOME VAGUE CLI*E1 EV5 SU* A F9E-S\ND+ =MULA AS 0! RI<T ( ALL NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION40 ,= SU* A =MULA EXPRESSES EI!R ABSOLUTELY NO?+1 SO ?AT IT IS AN EMPTY1 NONCOMMITTAL PHRASE1 OR ELSE IT EXPRESSES ! UNCONDITIONAL DUTY ( SOCIALI/S TO SUPPORT ALL NATIONAL ASPIRATIONS1 9 :I* CASE IT IS SIMPLY FALSE4 

,ON ! BASIS ( ! G5]AL ASSUMPTIONS ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM1 ! POSITION ( SOCIALI/S ) RESPECT TO NATIONALITY PROBLEMS DEP5DS PRIM>ILY ON ! CONCRETE CIRCUM/ANCES ( EA* CASE1 :I* DIFF] SIGNIFICANTLY AMONG C\NTRIES1 & ALSO *ANGE 9 ! C\RSE ( TIME 9 EA* C\NTRY4 ,EV5 A SUP]FICIAL KN[L$GE ( ! FACTS 5ABLES ONE TO SEE ?AT ! QUE/ION ( ! NATIONALITY /RUGGLES UND] ! ,OTTOMAN ,PORTE 9 ! ,BALKANS HAS A COMPLETELY DIFF]5T ASPECT1 A DIFF]5T ECONOMIC & HI/ORICAL BASIS1 A DIFF]5T DEGREE ( 9T]NATIONAL IMPORTANCE1 & DIFF]5T PROSPECTS = ! FUTURE1 FROM ! QUE/ION ( ! /RUGGLE ( ! ,IRI% AGA9/ ! DOM9ATION ( ,5GL&4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! COMPLICATIONS 9 ! RELATIONS AMONG ! NATIONALITIES :I* MAKE UP ,AU/RIA >E COMPLETELY DIFF]5T FROM ! CONDITIONS :I* 9FLU5CE ! ,POLI% QUE/ION4 ,MOREOV]1 ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION 9 EA* C\NTRY *ANGES ITS *>ACT] ) TIME1 & ?IS MEANS ?AT NEW & DIFF]5T EVALUATIONS MU/ BE MADE AB\T IT4 ,EV5 \R ?REE NATIONAL MOVEM5TS BEG9N+ FROM ! TIME ( ! ,KOSCIUSZKO ,9SURRECTION C\LD BE SE5 AS A TRIPLE1 /]EOTYP$ REPETITION ( ! SAME HI/ORICAL PLAY 7?AT IS1 0! /RUGGLE ( A SUBJUGAT$ NATIONALITY = 9DEP5D5CE07 ONLY 9 ! EYES ( EI!R A METAPHYSICIAN ( ! UPP]-CLASS ,CA?OLIC IDEOLOGY SU* AS ,SZUJSKI1 :O BELIEV$ ?AT ,POL& HAD HI/ORICAL MISSION TO BE ! 0,*RI/ ( NATIONS10 OR 9 ! EYES ( AN IGNORAMUS ( ! PRES5T-DAY SOCIAL-PATRIOTIC 0S*OOL40 ,:OEV] CUTS DEEP] ) ! SCALPEL ( ! RESE>*] MORE PRECISELY1 ( ! HI/ORICAL-MAT]IALI/ RESE>*] - WILL SEE B5EA? ! SURFACE ( \R ?REE NATIONAL UPRIS+S ?REE COMPLETELY DIFF]5T SOCIO-POLITICAL MOVEM5TS1 :I* TOOK ON AN ID5TICAL =M ( /RUGGLE ) ! 9VAD] 9 EA* CASE ONLY BECAUSE ( EXT]NAL CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,TO MEASURE ! ,KOSCIUSZKO ,9SURRECTION & ! ,NOVEMB] & ,JANU>Y 9SURRECTIONS BY ONE & ! SAME Y>D/ICK - BY ! SACR$ LAWS ( ! 0SUBJUGAT$ NATION0 - ACTUALLY REVEALS A LACK ( ALL JUDGM5T & ! COMPLETE ABS5CE ( ANY HI/ORICAL & POLITICAL DISCRIM9ATION4.<#f.> 

,A GL>+ EXAMPLE ( H[ ! *ANGE ( HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS 9FLU5CES ! EVALUATION & ! POSITION ( SOCIALI/S ) RESPECT TO ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION IS ! SO-CALL$ ,EA/]N QUE/ION4 ,DUR+ ! ,CRIMEAN W> 9 #a#h#e#e1 ! SYMPA?IES ( ALL DEMOCRATIC & SOCIALI/ ,EUROPE W]E ON ! SIDE ( ! ,TURKS & AGA9/ ! ,S\? ,SLAVS :O W]E SEEK+ !IR LIB]TY4 ,! 0RI<T0 ( ALL NATIONS TO FRE$OM DID NOT PREV5T ,M>X1 ,5GELS1 & ,LIEBKNE*T FROM SPEAK+ AGA9/ ! ,BALKAN ,SLAVS & FROM RESOLUTELY SUPPORT+ ! 9TEGRITY ( ! ,TURKS4 ,= !Y JUDG$ ! NATIONAL MOVEM5TS ( ! ,SLAVIC PEOPLES 9 ! ,TURKI% EMPIRE NOT FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! 0ET]NAL0 S5TIM5TAL =MULAS ( LIB]ALISM1 BUT FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS :I* DET]M9$ ! CONT5T ( !SE NATIONAL MOVEM5TS1 ACCORD+ TO !IR VIEWS ( ! TIME4 ,M>X & ,5GELS SAW 9 ! FRE$OM MOVEM5T ( ! SOCIALLY BACKW>D ,S\? ,SLAVS ONLY ! MA*9ATIONS ( ,RUSSIAN CZ>DOM TRY+ TO IRRITATE ! ,TURKS1 & ?US1 )\T ANY SECOND ?\<TS1 !Y SUBORD9AT$ ! QUE/ION ( ! NATIONAL FRE$OM ( ! ,SLAVS TO ! 9T]E/S ( ,EUROPEAN DEMOCRACY1 9SI/+ ON ! 9TEGRITY ( ,TURKEY AS A BULW>K ( DEF5SE AGA9/ ,RUSSIAN REACTION4 ,?IS POLITICAL POSITION WAS MA9TA9$ 9 ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY AS LATE AS ! SECOND HALF ( ! #a#h#iS1 :5 ! GRAY-HAIR$ ,WILHELM ,LIEBKNE*T1 ON ! OCCASION ( ! /RUGGLE ( ! ,ORMIAN ,TURKS1 /ILL SPOKE 9 ?AT SPIRIT4 ,BUT BY ?IS TIME ! POSITION ( ,G]MAN & 9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ON ! ,EA/]N QUE/ION HAD *ANG$4 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY BEGAN TO SUPPORT OP5LY ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! SUPPRESS$ NATIONALITIES 9 ,TURKEY TO A SEP>ATE CULTURAL EXI/5CE1 & AB&ON$ ALL CONC]N = ! >TIFICIAL PRES]VATION ( ,TURKEY AS A :OLE4 ,& AT ?IS TIME IT WAS GUID$ NOT BY A FEEL+ ( DUTY T[>D ! ,ORMIANS OR ! ,MAC$ONIANS AS SUBJUGAT$ NATIONALITIES1 BUT BY ! ANALYSIS ( ! MAT]IAL BASE ( CONDITIONS 9 ! ,EA/ 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! LA/ C5TURY4 ,BY ?IS ANALYSIS1 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS BECAME CONV9C$ ?AT ! POLITICAL DIS9TEGRATION ( ,TURKEY W\LD RESULT FROM ITS ECONOMIC-POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 & ?AT ! TEMPOR>Y PRES]VATION ( ,TURKEY W\LD S]VE ! 9T]E/S ( ! REACTION>Y DIPLOMACY ( ,RUSSIAN ABSOLUTISM4 ,H]E1 AS 9 ALL O!R QUE/IONS1 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY WAS NOT CONTR>Y TO ! CURR5T ( OBJECTIVE DEVELOPM5T1 BUT ) IT1 &1 PR(IT+ FROM ITS CONCLUSIONS1 IT DEF5D$ ! 9T]E/S ( ,EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION BY SUPPORT+ ! NATIONAL MOVEM5TS )9 ,TURKEY4 ,IT ALSO SUPPORT$ ALL ATTEMPTS TO R5EW & RE=M ,TURKEY FROM )91 H[EV] WEAK ! SOCIAL BASIS = SU* A MOVEM5T MAY HAVE BE54 

,A SECOND EXAMPLE ( ! SAME ?+ IS PROVID$ BY ! DIAMETRICALLY OPPOSITE ATTITUDES ( ,M>X & ,5GELS DUR+ ! REVOLUTION ( #ahdh ) RESPECT TO ! NATIONAL ASPIRATIONS ( ! ,CZE*S & ! ,POLES4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! 0RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION0 ! ,CZE*S DES]V$ ! SUPPORT ( ! ,EUROPEAN SOCIALI/S & DEMOCRATS NO LESS ?AN ! ,POLES4 ,M>X1 H[EV]1 DID NOT PAY ANY ATT5TION TO ?AT AB/RACT =MULA1 & HURL$ ?UND]BOLTS AT ! HEADS ( ! ,CZE*S & !IR ASPIRATIONS = FRE$OM1 ASPIRATIONS :I* HE REG>D$ AS A H>MFUL COMPLICATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION1 ALL ! MORE DES]V+ ( SEV]E CONDEMNATION1 S9CE1 TO ,M>X1 ! ,CZE*S W]E A DY+ NATIONALITY1 DOOM$ TO DISAPPE> SOON4 ,! CREATORS ( ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O PUT =? !SE VIEWS AT ! SAME TIME ?AT !Y W]E DEF5D+ ! NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T ( ! ,POLES ) ALL !IR /R5G?1 CALL+ UPON ALL REVOLUTION>Y & PROGRESSIVE =CES TO HELP \R PATRIOTS4 

,! SOB] REALISM1 ALI5 TO ALL S5TIM5TALISM1 ) :I* ,M>X EXAM9$ ! NATIONAL PROBLEMS DUR+ ! REVOLUTION ITSELF1 IS %[N BY ! WAY HE TREAT$ ! ,POLI% & ,CZE* QUE/IONS3 

0,! ,REVOLUTION ( #a#h#d#h10 WROTE ,M>X 9 HIS >TICLES ON ! REVOLUTION :I* APPE>$ 9 ,FEBRU>Y #aheb 9 ! ,AM]ICAN PAP]1 ,DAILY ,TRIBUNE1 

CALL+ =? AT ONCE ! CLAIM ( ALL OPPRESS$ NATIONS TO AN 9DEP5D5T EXI/5CE1 & TO ! RI<T TO SETTLE !IR [N AFFAIRS = !MSELVES1 IT WAS QUITE NATURAL ?AT ! ,POLES %\LD AT ONCE DEM& ! RE/ORATION ( !IR C\NTRY )9 ! FRONTI]S ( ! OLD ,POLI% ,REPUBLIC BE=E #a#g#g#b4 ,IT IS TRUE1 ?IS FRONTI]1 EV5 AT ?AT TIME1 HAD BECOME OBSOLETE1 IF TAK5 AS ! DELIMITATION ( ,G]MAN & ,POLI% NATIONALITY2 IT HAD BECOME MORE SO EV]Y YE> S9CE BY ! PROGRESS ( ,G]MANIZATION2 BUT !N1 ! ,G]MANS HAD PROCLAIM$ SU* AN 5?USIASM = ! RE/ORATION ( ,POL&1 ?AT !Y MU/ EXPECT TO BE ASK$1 AS A FIR/ PRO( ( ! REALITY ( !IR SYMPA?IES1 TO GIVE UP !IR %>E ( ! PLUND]4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 %\LD :OLE TRACTS ( L&1 9HABIT$ *IEFLY BY ,G]MANS1 %\LD L>GE T[NS1 5TIRELY ,G]MAN1 BE GIV5 UP TO A PEOPLE ?AT AS YET HAD NEV] GIV5 ANY PRO(S ( ITS CAPABILITY ( PROGRESS+ BEYOND A /ATE ( FEUDALISM BAS$ UPON AGRICULTURAL S]FDOM8 ,! QUE/ION WAS 9TRICATE 5\<4 ,! ONLY POSSIBLE SOLUTION WAS 9 A W> ) ,RUSSIA4 ,! QUE/ION ( DELIMITATION BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T REVOLUTIONIZ$ NATIONS W\LD HAVE BE5 MADE A SECOND>Y ONE TO ?AT ( FIR/ E/ABLI%+ A SAFE FRONTI] AGA9/ ! COMMON 5EMY4 ,! ,POLES1 BY RECEIV+ EXT5D$ T]RITORIES 9 ! EA/1 W\LD HAVE BECOME MORE TRACTABLE & REASONABLE 9 ! WE/2 & ,RIGA & ,MILAN W\LD HAVE BE5 DEEM$1 AFT] ALL1 QUITE AS IMPORTANT TO !M AS ,DANZIG & ,ELB+4 ,?US ! ADVANC$ P>TY 9 ,G]MANY1 DEEM+ A W> ) ,RUSSIA NECESS>Y TO KEEP UP ! ,CONT95TAL MOVEM5T1 & CONSID]+ ?AT ! NATIONAL REE/ABLI%M5T EV5 ( A P>T ( ,POL& W\LD 9EVITABLY LEAD TO SU* A W>1 SUPPORT$ ! ,POLES2 :ILE ! REIGN+1 MIDDLE-CLASS P>TY CLE>LY =ESAW ITS D[NFALL FROM ANY NATIONAL W> AGA9/ ,RUSSIA1 :I* W\LD HAVE CALL$ MORE ACTIVE & 5]GETIC M5 TO ! HELM1 &1 !RE=E1 ) A FEIGN$ 5?USIASM = ! EXT5SION ( ,G]MAN NATIONALITY1 !Y DECL>$ ,PRUSSIAN ,POL&1 ! *IEF SEAT ( ,POLI% REVOLUTION>Y AGITATION1 TO BE P>T & P>CEL ( ! ,G]MAN ,EMPIRE ?AT WAS TO BE4.<#g.> 

,M>X TREAT$ ! ,CZE* QUE/ION ) NO LESS POLITICAL REALISM3 

,! QUE/ION ( NATIONALITY GAVE RISE TO ANO!R /RUGGLE 9 ,BOHEMIA4 ,?IS C\NTRY1 9HABIT$ BY TWO MILLIONS ( ,G]MANS1 & ?REE MILLIONS ( ,SLAVONIANS ( ! ,CZE*IAN TONGUE1 HAD GREAT HI/ORICAL RECOLLECTIONS1 ALMO/ ALL CONNECT$ ) ! =M] SUPREMACY ( ! ,CZE*S4 ,BUT !N ! =CE ( ?IS BRAN* ( ! ,SLAVONIC FAMILY HAD BE5 BROK5 EV] S9CE ! W>S ( ! ,HUSSITES 9 ! FIFTE5? C5TURY4 ,! PROV9CE SPEAK+ ! ,CZE*IAN TONGUE WAS DIVID$1 ONE P>T =M+ ! K+DOM ( ,BOHEMIA1 ANO!R ! PR9CIPALITY ( ,MORAVIA1 A ?IRD ! ,C>PA?IAN HILL C\NTRY ( ! ,SLOVAKS1 BE+ P>T ( ,HUNG>Y4 ,! ,MORAVIANS & ,SLOVAKS HAD LONG S9CE LO/ EV]Y VE/IGE ( NATIONAL FEEL+1 & VITALITY1 AL?\< MO/LY PRES]V+ !IR LANGUAGE4 ,BOHEMIA WAS SURR\ND$ BY ?OR\<LY ,G]MAN C\NTRIES ON ?REE SIDES \T ( F\R4 ,! ,G]MAN ELEM5T HAD MADE GREAT PROGRESS ON H] [N T]RITORY2 EV5 9 ! CAPITAL1 9 ,PRAGUE1 ! TWO NATIONALITIES W]E PRETTY EQUALLY MAT*$2 & EV]Y:]E CAPITAL1 TRADE1 9DU/RY1 & M5TAL CULTURE W]E 9 ! H&S ( ! ,G]MANS4 ,! *IEF *AMPION ( ! ,CZE*IAN NATIONALITY1 ,PR(ESSOR ,PALACKY1 IS HIMSELF NO?+ BUT A LE>N$ ,G]MAN RUN MAD1 :O EV5 N[ CANNOT SPEAK ! ,CZE*IAN LANGUAGE CORRECTLY & )\T =EIGN ACC5T4 ,BUT1 AS IT (T5 HAPP5S1 DY+ ,CZE*IAN NATIONALITY1 DY+ ACCORD+ TO EV]Y FACT KN[N 9 HI/ORY = ! LA/ F\R HUNDR$ YE>S1 MADE 9 #ahdh A LA/ EF=T TO REGA9 ITS =M] VITALITY AN EF=T :OSE FAILURE1 9DEP5D5TLY ( ALL REVOLUTION>Y CONSID]ATIONS1 WAS TO PROVE ?AT ,BOHEMIA C\LD ONLY EXI/1 H5CE=?1 AS A PORTION ( ,G]MANY1 AL?\< P>T ( H] 9HABITANTS MI<T YET1 = SOME C5TURIES1 CONT9UE TO SPEAK A NON-,G]MAN LANGUAGE4 .<,REVOLUTION & ,KONT]REVOLUTION 9 ,DEUTS*L&1 PP4#e#g-#f#b.> 

,WE QUOTE ! ABOVE PASSAGES 9 ORD] TO /RESS ! ME?ODS :I* ,M>X & ,5GELS US$ ) RESPECT TO ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION1 ME?ODS NOT DEAL+ 9 AB/RACT =MULAS1 BUT ONLY 9 ! REAL ISSUES ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL CASE4 ,?AT ME?OD DID NOT1 ?\<1 KEEP !M FROM MAK+ A FAULTY EVALUATION ( ! SITUATION1 OR FROM TAK+ A WRONG1 POSITION 9 C]TA9 CASES4 ,! PRES5T /ATE ( AFFAIRS %[S H[ DEEPLY ,M>X WAS 9 ]ROR 9 PR$ICT+1 SIXTY YE>S AGO1 ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! ,CZE* NATIONALITY1 :OSE VITALITY ! ,AU/RIANS TODAY F9D SO TR\BLESOME4 ,CONV]SELY1 HE OV]E/IMAT$ ! 9T]NATIONAL IMPORTANCE ( ,POLI% NATIONALISM3 ?IS WAS DOOM$ TO DECAY BY ! 9T]NAL DEVELOPM5T ( ,POL&1 A DECAY :I* HAD ALREADY SET 9 AT ?AT TIME4 ,BUT !SE HI/ORICAL ]RORS DO NOT DETRACT AN \NCE FROM ! VALUE ( ,M>X'S ME?OD1 = !RE >E 9 G5]AL NO ME?ODS ( RESE>* :I* >E1 A PRIORI1 PROTECT$ AGA9/ A WRONG APPLICATION 9 9DIVIDUAL CASES4 ,M>X NEV] CLAIM$ TO BE 9FALLIBLE1 & NO?+1 9 ! LA/ RESORT1 IS SO CONTR>Y TO ! SPIRIT ( HIS SCI5CE AS 09FALLIBLE0 HI/ORICAL JUDGM5TS4 ,IT WAS POSSIBLE = ,M>X TO BE MI/AK5 9 HIS POSITION ) RESPECT TO C]TA9 NATIONAL MOVEM5TS1 & ! AU?OR ( ! PRES5T WORK TRI$ TO %[ 9 #ahif & #ahig ?AT ,M>X'S VIEWS ON ! ,POLI% QUE/ION1 AS ON ! ,EA/]N QUE/ION1 W]E \TDAT$ & MI/AK54 ,BUT IT IS ?IS =M] POSITION ( ,M>X & ,5GELS ON ! QUE/ION ( ,TURKEY & ! ,S\? ,SLAVS1 AS WELL AS ON ! NATIONAL MOVEM5T ( ! ,CZE*S & ,POLES1 ?AT %[S EMPHATICALLY H[ F> ! F\ND]S ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM W]E FROM SOLV+ ALL NATIONALITY QUE/IONS 9 ONE MANN] ONLY1 ON ! BASIS ( ONE SLOGAN ADOPT$ A PRIORI4 ,IT ALSO %[S H[ LITTLE !Y W]E CONC]N$ ) ! 0METAPHYSICAL0 RI<TS ( NATIONS :5 IT WAS A MATT] ( ! TANGIBLE MAT]IAL PROBLEMS ( ,EUROPEAN DEVELOPM5T4 

,F9ALLY1 AN EV5 MORE /RIK+ EXAMPLE ( H[ ! CREATORS ( MOD]N SOCIALI/ POLITICS TREAT$ ! NATIONAL QUE/ION IS !IR EVALUATION ( ! FRE$OM MOVEM5T ( ! ,SWISS 9 ! F\RTE5? C5TURY4 ,?IS IS P>T ( HI/ORY1 !RE=E FREE FROM ! 9FLU5CE ( ALL ! EXPECTATIONS & PASSIONS ( DAY TO DAY POLITICS4 ,! UPRIS+ ( ! ,SWISS CANTONS AGA9/ ! BLOODY OPPRESSION ( ! ,HAPSBURG DESPOTISM 7:I*1 9 ! =M ( ! HI/ORICAL MY? ( ,WILLIAM ,TELL1 IS ! OBJECT ( ABSOLUTE WOR%IP BY ! LIB]AL-B\RGEOIS ROMANTIC IDEALI/7 WAS APPRAIS$ BY ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS 9 #ahdg 9 ! FOLL[+ WAY3 

,! /RUGGLE ( ! E>LY ,SWISS AGA9/ ,AU/RIA1 ! FAM\S OA? AT ,RYTLI1 ! H]OIC %OT ( ,TELL1 ! IMMORTAL VICTORY AT ,MORG>T5 - ALL ?IS REPRES5T$ ! /RUGGLE ( RE/LESS %EPH]DS AGA9/ ! ?RU/ ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 A /RUGGLE ( HIDEB\ND1 CONS]VATIVE1 LOCAL 9T]E/S AGA9/ ! 9T]E/S ( ! 5TIRE NATION1 A /RUGGLE ( PRIMITIVISM AGA9/ 5LI<T5M5T1 B>B>ISM AGA9/ CIVILIZATION4 ,!Y WON !IR VICTORY OV] ! CIVILIZATION ( ?AT P]IOD1 BUT AS PUNI%M5T !Y W]E CUT (F FROM ! :OLE LAT] PROGRESS ( CIVILIZATION4.<#h.> 

,TO ?IS EVALUATION ,KAUTSKY ADDS ! FOLL[+ COMM5T>Y3 

,A QUE/ION M>K C\LD BE ADD$ TO ! ABOVE CONC]N+ ! CIVILIZ+ MISSION :I* ! ,HAPSBURGS W]E C>RY+ \T 9 ,SWITZ]L& 9 ! F\RTE5? C5TURY4 ,ON ! O!R H& IT IS CORRECT ?AT ! PRES]VATION ( ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! CANTONS WAS AN EV5T :I* WAS CONS]VATIVE TO ! N? DEGREE1 & 9 NO WAY REVOLUTION>Y1 & ?AT !NCE=? ! FRE$OM ( ?OSE CANTONS S]V$ AS A MEANS ( PRES]V+ AN ELEM5T ( BLACKE/ REACTION 9 ! C5T] ( ,EUROPE4 ,IT WAS ?OSE =E/ CANTONS :I* DEFEAT$ ,ZW+LI & HIS >MY 9 #aeca AT ! BATTLE ( ,KAPPEL1 & !REBY PUT A /OP TO ! SPREAD ( ,PROTE/ANTISM 9 ,SWITZ]L&4 ,!Y PROVID$ >MIES TO ALL ! DESPOTS ( ,EUROPE1 & IT WAS ! ,SWISS ( ! =E/ CANTONS :O W]E ! /AUN*E/ SUPPORT]S ( ,L\IS ,X,VL AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION4 ,= ?IS ! REPUBLIC RAIS$ A MAGNIFIC5T MONUM5T TO !M 9 ,LUC]NE4 .<,DIE ,NEUE ,ZEIT1 #a#i#d-#a#i#e1 ,VOL4,I,I1 P4#a#d#f4.> 

,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! 0RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION10 ! ,SWISS UPRIS+ OBVI\SLY DES]VES ! SYMPA?Y ( SOCIALI/S ON ALL SCORES4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! ,SWISS TO FREE !MSELVES FROM ! ,HAPSBURG YOKE W]E AN ESS5TIAL EXPRESSION ( ! WILL ( ! 0PEOPLE0 OR A HUGE MAJORITY ( !M4 ,! NATIONAL MOVEM5T ( ! ,SWISS HAD A PURELY DEF5SIVE *>ACT]1 & WAS NOT 9=M$ BY ! DESIRE TO OPPRESS O!R NATIONALITIES4 ,IT WAS 9T5D$ ONLY TO ?R[ (F ! OPPRESSION ( A =EIGN & PURELY DYNA/IC 9VAD]4 ,F9ALLY1 ?IS NATIONAL MOVEM5T =MALLY BORE ALL ! EXT]NAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( DEMOCRATISM1 & EV5 REVOLUTIONISM1 S9CE ! PEOPLE W]E REBELL+ AGA9/ ABSOLUTE RULE UND] ! SLOGAN ( A POPUL> REPUBLIC4 

,9 COMPLETE CONTRA/ TO ?IS MOVEM5T IS ! NATIONAL UPRIS+ 9 ,HUNG>Y 9 #a#h#d#h4 ,IT IS EASY TO SEE :AT W\LD HAVE BE5 ! HI/ORICAL \TCOME ( ! VICTORY ( ! ,HUNG>IANS BECAUSE ! SOCIAL & NATIONAL CONDITIONS ( ?AT C\NTRY 9SUR$ ! ABSOLUTE DOM9ATION ( ! ,MAGY> M9ORITY OV] ! MIX$ MAJORITY ( ! O!R1 SUBJUGAT$ NATIONALITIES4 ,A COMP>ISON ( !SE TWO /RUGGLES = NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE - ! ,HUNG>IAN 9 #ahdh & ! ,SWISS FIVE C5TURIES E>LI] - IS ALL ! MORE SIGNIFICANT S9CE BO? W]E DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! SAME 5EMY3 ! ABSOLUTISM ( ! ,AU/RIAN ,HAPSBURGS4 ,! ME?OD & ! VIEWPO9T ON NATIONAL POLITICS ( ,M>X & ,5GELS >E BR\<T 9TO HI< RELIEF BY ?IS COMP>ISON4 ,DESPITE ALL ! EXT]NAL EVID5CES ( REVOLUTIONISM 9 ! ,SWISS MOVEM5T1 & DESPITE ! 9DISPUTABLE TWO-$G$ *>ACT] ( ! ,MAGY> MOVEM5T1 OBVI\S 9 ! FLUNKEYISM ) :I* ! ,HUNG>IAN REVOLUTION>IES HELP$ ! ,VI5NA GOV]NM5T TO SUPPRESS ! ,ITALIAN REVOLUTION1 ! CREATORS ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM %>PLY CRITICIZ$ ! ,SWISS UPRIS+ AS A REACTION>Y EV5T1 :ILE !Y SUPPORT$ F]V5TLY ! ,HUNG>IAN UPRIS+ 9 #a#h#d#h4 ,9 BO? CASES !Y W]E GUID$ NOT BY ! =MULA ( 0! RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION10 :I* OBVI\SLY WAS MU* MORE APPLICABLE TO ! ,SWISS ?AN TO ! ,MAGY>S1 BUT ONLY BY A REALI/IC ANALYSIS ( ! MOVEM5TS FROM A HI/ORICAL & POLITICAL /&PO9T4 ,! UPRIS+ ( ! FRAGM5T$ PEASANT CANTONS1 ) !IR REGIONALISM AGA9/ ! C5TRALI/ P[] ( ! ,HAPSBURGS1 WAS1 9 ! EYES ( ,5GELS1 A SIGN ( HI/ORICAL REACTION1 JU/ AS ! ABSOLUTISM ( ! PR9CELY P[]1 MOV+ T[>D C5TRALISM1 WAS AT ?AT TIME AN ELEM5T ( HI/ORICAL PROGRESS4 ,FROM A SIMIL> /&PO9T1 WE NOTE 9 PASS+1 ,LASSALLE REG>D$ ! PEASANT W>S1 & ! P>ALLEL REBELLION ( ! M9OR KNI<TS ( ! NOBILITY 9 ,G]MANY 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY AGA9/ ! RIS+ PR9CELY P[]1 AS SIGNS ( REACTION4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 9 #a#h#d#h1 ,HAPSBURG ABSOLUTISM WAS ALREADY A REACTION>Y RELIC ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 & ! NATIONAL UPRIS+ ( ! ,HUNG>IANS - A NATURAL ALLY ( ! 9T]NAL ,G]MAN REVOLUTION - DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! ,HAPSBURGS NATURALLY HAD TO BE REG>D$ AS AN ELEM5T ( HI/ORICAL PROGRESS4 

  

,I,I,I 

,:AT IS MORE1 9 TAK+ SU* A /& ,M>X & ,5GELS W]E NOT AT ALL 9DULG+ 9 P>TY OR CLASS EGOISM1 & W]E NOT SACRIFIC+ 5TIRE NATIONS TO ! NE$S & P]SPECTIVES ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN DEMOCRACY1 AS IT MI<T HAVE APPE>$4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT IT S\NDS MU* MORE G5]\S1 & IS MORE FLATT]+ TO ! OV]ACTIVE IMAG9ATION ( ! Y\NG 09TELLECTUAL10 :5 ! SOCIALI/S ANN\NCE A G5]AL & UNIV]SAL 9TRODUCTION ( FRE$OM = ALL EXI/+ SUPPRESS$ NATIONS4 ,BUT ! T5D5CY TO GRANT ALL PEOPLES1 C\NTRIES1 GR\PS1 & ALL HUMAN CREATURES ! RI<T TO FRE$OM1 EQUALITY1 & O!R SU* JOYS BY ONE SWEEP+ /ROKE ( ! P51 IS *>ACT]I/IC ONLY ( ! Y\?FUL P]IOD ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 & MO/ ( ALL ( ! PHRASEOLOGICAL BRAVADO ( AN>*ISM4 

,! SOCIALISM ( ! MOD]N WORK+ CLASS1 ?AT IS1 SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM1 TAKES NO DELI<T 9 ! RADICAL & WOND]FUL-S\ND+ SOLUTIONS ( SOCIAL & NATIONAL QUE/IONS1 BUT EXAM9ES PRIM>ILY ! REAL ISSUES 9VOLV$ 9 !SE PROBLEMS1 

,! SOLUTIONS ( ! PROBLEMS ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY >E NOT 9 G5]AL *>ACT]IZ$ BY 0MAGNANIMITY10 & 9 ?IS RESPECT !Y >E ALWAYS \TDONE BY SOCIALI/ P>TIES :I* >E NOT HAMP]$ BY SCI5TIFIC 0DOCTR9ES10 & :I* !RE=E ALWAYS HAVE !IR POCKETS FULL ( ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL GIFTS = EV]YONE4 ,?US1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ,RUSSIA1 ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY LEAVES ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY F> BEH9D 9 ! AGRICULTURAL QUE/ION2 IT HAS = ! PEASANTS A RECIPE = ! IMM$IATE P>TIAL 9TRODUCTION ( SOCIALISM 9 ! VILLAGE1 )\T ! NE$ ( A BOR+ P]IOD ( WAIT+ = ! CONDITIONS ( SU* A TRANS=MATION 9 ! SPH]E ( 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 COMP>ISON ) SU* P>TIES1 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY IS & ALWAYS WILL BE A POOR P>TY1 JU/ AS ,M>X 9 HIS TIME WAS POOR 9 COMP>ISON ) ! EXPANSIVE & MAGNANIM\S ,BAKUN91 JU/ AS ,M>X & ,5GELS W]E BO? POOR 9 COMP>ISON ) ! REPRES5TATIVES ( 0REAL0 OR RA!R 0PHILOSOPHICAL0 SOCIALISM4 ,BUT ! SECRET ( ! MAGNANIMITY ( ALL SOCIALI/S ) AN AN>*I/ COLORATION & ( ! POV]TY ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 IS ?AT AN>*I/IC REVOLUTIONISM MEASURES 0/R5G? BY 9T5TIONS1 NOT 9T5TIONS ACCORD+ TO /R5G?02 ?AT IS1 IT MEASURES ITS ASPIRATIONS ONLY BY :AT ITS SPECULATIVE REASON1 FUMBL+ ) AN EMPTY UTOPIA1 REG>DS AS GOOD0 & 0NECESS>Y0 = ! SALVATION ( HUMANITY4 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 ON ! O!R H&1 /&S FIRMLY ON HI/ORICAL GR\ND 9 ITS ASPIRATIONS1 & !RE=E RECKONS ) HI/ORICAL POSSIBILITIES4 ,M>XIAN SOCIALISM DIFF]S FROM ALL ! O!R BR&S ( SOCIALISM BECAUSE1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 IT HAS NO PRET5SIONS TO KEEP+ PAT*ES 9 ITS POCKET TO M5D ALL ! HOLES MADE BY HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,ACTUALLY1 EV5 IF AS SOCIALI/S WE RECOGNIZ$ ! IMM$IATE RI<T ( ALL NATIONS TO 9DEP5D5CE1 ! FATES ( NATIONS W\LD NOT *ANGE AN IOTA BECAUSE ( ?IS4 ,! 0RI<T0 ( A NATION TO FRE$OM AS WELL AS ! 0RI<T0 ( ! WORK] TO ECONOMIC 9DEP5D5CE >E1 UND] EXI/+ SOCIAL CONDITIONS1 ONLY WOR? AS MU* AS ! 0RI<T0 ( EA* MAN TO EAT (F GOLD PLATES1 :I*1 AS ,NICOLAUS ,*]NY%EVSKI WROTE1 HE W\LD BE READY TO SELL AT ANY MOM5T = A RUBLE4 ,9 ! #a#h#dS ! 0RI<T TO WORK0 WAS A FAVORITE PO/ULATE ( ! ,UTOPIAN ,SOCIALI/S 9 ,FRANCE1 & APPE>$ AS AN IMM$IATE & RADICAL WAY ( SOLV+ ! SOCIAL QUE/ION4 ,H[EV]1 9 ! ,REVOLUTION ( #ahdh ?AT 0RI<T0 5D$1 AFT] A V]Y %ORT ATTEMPT TO PUT IT 9TO EFFECT1 9 A T]RIBLE FIASCO1 :I* C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 AVOID$ EV5 IF ! FAM\S 0NATIONAL WORK-%OPS0 HAD BE5 ORGANIZ$ DIFF]5TLY4 ,AN ANALYSIS ( ! REAL CONDITIONS ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y ECONOMY1 AS GIV5 BY ,M>X 9 HIS ,CAPITAL1 MU/ LEAD TO ! CONVICTION ?AT EV5 IF PRES5T-DAY GOV]NM5TS W]E =C$ TO DECL>E A UNIV]SAL 0RI<T TO WORK10 IT W\LD REMA9 ONLY A F9E-S\ND+ PHRASE1 & NOT ONE MEMB] ( ! RANK & FILE ( ! RES]VE >MY ( LABOR WAIT+ ON ! SIDEWALK W\LD BE ABLE TO MAKE A B[L ( S\P = HIS HUNGRY *ILDR5 FROM ?AT RI<T4 

,TODAY1 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY UND]/&S ?AT ! 0RI<T TO WORK0 WILL /OP BE+ AN EMPTY S\ND ONLY :5 ! CAPITALI/ REGIME IS ABOLI%$1 = 9 ?AT REGIME ! *RONIC UNEMPLOYM5T ( A C]TA9 P>T ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT IS A NECESS>Y CONDITION ( PRODUCTION4 ,?US1 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY DOES NOT DEM& A DECL>ATION ( ?AT IMAG9>Y 0RI<T0 ON ! BASIS ( ! EXI/+ SY/EM1 BUT RA!R /RIVES = ! ABOLITION ( ! SY/EM ITSELF BY ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 REG>D+ LABOR ORGANIZATIONS1 UNEMPLOYM5T 9SURANCE1 ETC41 ONLY AS TEMPOR>Y MEANS ( HELP4 

,9 ! SAME WAY1 HOPES ( SOLV+ ALL NATIONALITY QUE/IONS )9 ! CAPITALI/ FRAMEWORK BY 9SUR+ TO ALL NATIONS1 RACES1 & E?NIC GR\PS ! POSSIBILITY ( 0SELF-DET]M9ATION0 IS A COMPLETE UTOPIA4 ,& IT IS A UTOPIA FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ?AT ! OBJECTIVE SY/EM ( POLITICAL & CLASS =CES CONDEMNS MANY A DEM& 9 ! POLITICAL PROGRAM ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY TO BE UNFEASIBLE 9 PRACTICE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IMPORTANT VOICES 9 ! RANKS ( ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK]S' MOVEM5T HAVE EXPRESS$ ! CONVICTION ?AT A DEM& = ! UNIV]SAL 9TRODUCTION ( ! EI<T-H\R DAY BY LEGAL 5ACTM5T HAS NO *ANCE ( BE+ REALIZ$ 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY BECAUSE ( ! GR[+ SOCIAL REACTION ( ! RUL+ CLASSES1 ! G5]AL /AGNATION ( SOCIAL RE=MS1 ! RISE ( P[]FUL ORGANIZATIONS ( BUS9ESSM51 ETC4 ,NONE!LESS1 NO ONE W\LD D>E CALL ! DEM& = ! EI<T-H\R DAY A UTOPIA1 BECAUSE IT IS 9 COMPLETE ACCORDANCE ) ! PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPM5T ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 

,H[EV]1 TO RESUME3 ! ACTUAL POSSIBILITY ( 0SELF-DET]M9ATION0 = ALL E?NIC GR\PS OR O!RWISE DEF9$ NATIONALITIES IS A UTOPIA PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ! TR5D ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETIES4 ,)\T EXAM9+ ?OSE DI/ANT TIMES AT ! DAWN ( HI/ORY :5 ! NATIONALITIES ( MOD]N /ATES W]E CON/ANTLY MOV+ AB\T GEOGRAPHICALLY1 :5 !Y W]E JO9+1 M]G+1 FRAGM5T+1 & TRAMPL+ ONE ANO!R1 ! FACT IS ?AT ALL ! ANCI5T /ATES )\T EXCEPTION >E1 AS A RESULT ( ?AT LONG HI/ORY ( POLITICAL & E?NIC UPHEAVALS1 EXTREMELY MIX$ ) RESPECT TO NATIONALITIES4 ,TODAY1 9 EA* /ATE1 E?NIC RELICS BE> WITNESS TO ! UPHEAVALS & 9T]MIXTURES :I* *>ACT]IZ$ ! M>* ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ! PA/4 ,EV5 9 HIS TIME1 ,M>X MA9TA9$ ?AT !SE NATIONAL SURVIVALS HAD NO O!R FUNCTION BUT TO S]VE AS BA/IONS ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 UNTIL !Y %\LD BE COMPLETELY SWEPT FROM ! FACE ( ! E>? BY ! GREAT HURRICANE ( REVOLUTION OR WORLD W>4 0,!RE IS NO C\NTRY 9 ,EUROPE10 HE WROTE 9 ! ,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG3 

:I* DOESN'T HAVE 9 SOME CORN] ONE OR MORE ( !SE RU9S ( NATIONS1 ! REMA9S ( AN ANCI5T PEOPLE DISPLAC$ & CONQU]$ BY A NATION :I* LAT] BECAME A /&>D-BE>] ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,!SE REMA9S ( NATIONALITIES1 M]CILESSLY TRAMPL$ ON BY HI/ORY - AS ,HEGEL SAYS - !SE NATIONAL LEFT-OV]S WILL ALL BECOME & WILL REMA9 UNTIL !IR F9AL EXT]M9ATION OR D5ATIONALIZATION FANATIC P>TIZANS ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 S9CE !IR 5TIRE EXI/5CE IS 9 G5]AL A PROTE/ AGA9/ ! GREAT HI/ORICAL REVOLUTION4 ,= EX-AMPLE1 9 ,SCOTL& ! ,GAELS W]E ! MA9/AYS ( ! ,/U>TS FROM #afd TO #a#g#d#e2 9 ,FRANCE1 IT WAS ! ,BRETONS :O W]E ! MA9/AYS ( ! ,B\RBONS FROM #agib TO #a#h2 :ILE 9 ,SPA91 ! ,BASQUES W]E ! SUPPORT]S ( ,DON ,C>LOS4 ,9 ,AU/RIA1 TO TAKE ANO!R EXAMPLE1 ! PAN-,SLAVIC ,S\? ,SLAVS >E NO?+ MORE ?AN ! NATIONAL LEFT-OV]S ( A HI<LY CONFUS$ ?\S&-YE>-LONG DEVELOPM5T4 .<,AUS DEM LIT]>IS*5 ,NA*LASS VON ,K>L ,M>X1 ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS UND ,F]D9& ,LASALLE1 ,VOL4,I,I,I1 P4#b#d#a.> 

,9 ANO!R >TICLE1 TREAT+ ! PAN-,SLAVS' /RIV+S = ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ALL ,SLAVIC NATIONS1 ,M>X WRITES1 

,! ,G]MANS & ,HUNG>IANS1 DUR+ ! TIMES :5 GREAT MON>*IES W]E A HI/ORICAL NECESSITY 9 ,EUROPE1 =G$ ALL ?OSE PETTY1 CRIPPL$1 P[]LESS LITTLE NATIONS 9TO ONE BIG /ATE1 !REBY ALL[+ !M TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( HI/ORY :I*1 IF LEFT TO !MSELVES1 !Y W\LD HAVE COMPLETELY MISS$4 ,TODAY1 BECAUSE ( ! HUGE PROGRESS ( 9DU/RY1 TRADE1 & COMMUNICATIONS1 POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION HAS BECOME AN EV5 MORE PRESS+ NE$ ?AN IT WAS 9 ! FIFTE5? & SIXTE5? C5TURIES4 ,:AT IS NOT YET C5TRALIZ$ IS BE+ C5TRALIZ$4 .<,IBID41 P4#b#e#e4.> 

,WE AB&ON$ ,M>X'S VIEWS ON ! ,S\? ,SLAVS A LONG TIME AGO3 BUT ! G5]AL FACT IS ?AT HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 ESPECIALLY ! MOD]N DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM1 DOES NOT T5D TO RETURN TO EA* NATIONALITY ITS 9DEP5D5T EXI/5CE1 BUT MOVES RA!R 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION1 & ?IS IS AS WELL KN[N TODAY AS DUR+ ! TIME ( ! ,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG4 

,9 HIS MO/ REC5T PAP]1 ,NATIONALITY & ,9T]NATIONALISM1 ,K>L ,KAUTSKY MAKES ! FOLL[+ SKET* ( ! HI/ORICAL FATES ( NATIONALITIES3 

,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT LANGUAGE IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT MEANS ( SOCIAL 9T]C\RSE4 ,AS ?AT 9T]C\RSE GR[S ) ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 SO ! CIRCLE ( PEOPLE US+ ! SAME LANGUAGE MU/ GR[ AS WELL4 ,FROM ?IS >ISES ! T5D5CY ( UNIFI$ NATIONS TO EXP&1 TO SWALL[ UP O!R NATIONS1 :I* LOSE !IR LANGUAGE & ADOPT ! LANGUAGE ( ! DOM9ANT NATION OR A MIXTURE4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,KAUTSKY1 ?REE GREAT CULTURAL COMMUNITIES ( HUMANITY DEVELOP$ SIMULTANE\SLY3 ! ,*RI/IAN1 ! ,MUSLIM1 & ! ,BUDDHI/4 

,EA* ( !SE ?REE CULTURAL GR\P+S 9CLUDES ! MO/ V>IEGAT$ LANGUAGES & NATIONALITIES4 ,)9 EA* ONE MO/ ( ! CULTURE IS NOT NATIONAL BUT 9T]NATIONAL4 ,BUT UNIV]SAL COMMUNICATION HAS FUR!R EFFECTS4 ,IT EXP&S EV5 MORE & EV]Y:]E E/ABLI%ES ! DOM9ATION ( ! SAME CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION 444 ,:5EV] A CLOSELY KNIT COMMUNITY ( COMMUNICATION & CULTURE EXI/S = A FAIRLY LONG TIME AMONG A L>GE NUMB] ( NATIONS1 !N ONE OR A FEW NATIONS GA9 ASC5DANCY OV] ! GOV]NM5T1 ! MILIT>Y1 ! SCI5TIFIC & >TI/IC HEI<TS4 ,!IR LANGUAGE BECOMES 9DISP5SABLE = EV]Y M]*ANT & $UCAT$ MAN 9 ?AT 9T]NATIONAL CULTURAL COMMUNITY4 ,!IR CULTURE - 9 ECONOMY1 >T1 & LIT]ATURE - L5DS ITS *>ACT] TO ! :OLE CIVILIZATION4 ,SU* A ROLE WAS PLAY$ 9 ! ,M$IT]RANEAN BAS9 UNTIL ! 5D ( ANCI5T TIMES BY ,GREEK & ,LAT94 ,9 ! ,MOHAMM$AN WORLD IT IS PLAY$ BY ,>ABIC2 9 ! ,*RI/IAN1 9CLUD+ ,JEWS & A!I/S1 ,G]MAN1 ,5GLI%1 & ,FR5* HAVE BECOME UNIV]SAL LANGUAGES 444 ,P]HAPS ECONOMIC & POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T WILL ADD ,RUSSIAN TO !SE ?REE LANGUAGES4 ,BUT IT IS EQUALLY POSSIBLE ?AT ONE ( !M1 ,5GLI%1 WILL BECOME ! ONLY COMMON LANGUAGE 444 ,! JO9+ ( NATIONS TO ! 9T]NATIONAL CULTURAL COMMUNITY WILL BE REFLECT$ 9 ! GR[? ( UNIV]SAL LANGUAGES AMONG M]*ANTS & $UCAT$ PEOPLE4 ,& ?IS UNION WAS NEV] AS CLOSELY KNIT AS IT IS N[2 NEV] WAS A PURELY NATIONAL CULTURE LESS POSSIBLE4 ,!RE=E IT /RIKES US AS V]Y /RANGE :5 PEOPLE TALK ALWAYS ( ONLY A NATIONAL CULTURE & :5 A GOAL ( SOCIALISM IS CONSID]$ TO BE ! 5D[+ ( ! MASSES ) A NATIONAL CULTURE 444 ,:5 SOCIALI/ SOCIETY PROVIDES ! MASSES ) AN $UCATION1 IT ALSO GIVES !M ! ABILITY TO SPEAK SEV]AL LANGUAGES1 ! UNIV]SAL LANGUAGES1 & !RE=E TO TAKE P>T 9 ! 5TIRE 9T]NATIONAL CIVILIZATION & NOT ONLY 9 ! SEP>ATE CULTURE ( A C]TA9 L+UI/IC COMMUNITY4 ,:5 WE HAVE GOT TO ! PO9T :]E ! MASSES 9 \R CIVILIZ$ /ATES CAN MA/] ONE OR MORE ( ! UNIV]SAL LANGUAGES BESIDES !IR NATIVE LANGUAGE1 ?IS WILL BE A BASIS = ! GRADUAL )DRAWAL & ULTIMATELY ! COMPLETE DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! LANGUAGES ( ! SMALL] NATIONS1 & = ! UNION ( ALL CIVILIZ$ HUMANITY 9TO ONE LANGUAGE & ONE NATIONALITY1 JU/ AS ! PEOPLES 9 ! EA/]N BAS9 ( ! ,M$IT]RANEAN W]E UNIT$ 9 ,HELL5ISM AFT] ,ALEX&] ! ,GREAT1 & ! PEOPLES ( ! WE/]N >EA LAT] M]G$ 9TO ! ,ROMAN NATIONALITY4 

,! V>IETY ( LANGUAGES )9 \R CIRCLE ( CIVILIZATION MAKES UND]/&+ AMONG MEMB]S ( ! V>I\S NATIONS DIFFICULT & IS AN OB/ACLE TO !IR CIVILIZ$ PROGRESS4 .<,EMPHASIS 9 ! FOLL[+ P>AGRAPH IS ,R4,L4S.> ,BUT ONLY SOCIALISM WILL OV]COME ?AT OB/ACLE1 & MU* WORK WILL BE NE$$ BE=E IT CAN SUCCE$ 9 $UCAT+ 5TIRE MASSES ( PEOPLE TO OBTA9 VISIBLE RESULTS4 ,& WE MU/ KEEP 9 M9D ALREADY TODAY ?AT \R 9T]NATIONALISM IS NOT A SPECIAL TYPE ( NATIONALISM DIFF]S FROM B\RGEOIS NATIONALISM ONLY 9 ?AT IT DOES NOT BEHAVE AGGRESSIVELY - ?AT IT LEAVES TO EA* NATION ! SAME RI<T :I* IT DEM&S = ITS [N NATION1 & !REBY RECOGNIZES ! COMPLETE SOV]EIGNTY 7,SOV]ANITAT7 ( EA* NATION4 ,SU* A VIEW1 :I* TRANS=MS ! POSITION ( AN>*ISM CONC]N+ 9DIVIDUALS ONTO NATIONS1 DOES NOT CORRESPOND TO ! CLOSE CULTURAL COMMUNITY EXI/+ BETWE5 NATIONS ( CONTEMPOR>Y CIVILIZATION4 

,!SE LA/1 9 FACT1 9 REG>D TO ECONOMY & CIVILIZATION1 =M ONE S+LE SOCIAL BODY :OSE WELF>E DEP5DS ON ! H>MONY ( ! COOP]ATION ( ! P>TS1 POSSIBLE ONLY BY ! SUBORD9ATION ( ALL ! P>TS TO ! :OLE4 ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,9T]NATIONAL IS NOT A CONGLOM]ATE ( AUTOCRATIC NATIONS1 EA* DO+ :AT IT LIKES1 AS LONG AS IT DOES NOT 9T]F]E ) ! EQUALITY ( RI<TS ( ! O!RS2 BUT RA!R AN ORGANISM :]E9 ! BETT] IT WORKS1 ! EASI] IT IS = ITS P>TS TO COME TO AGREEM5T & ! MORE !Y WORK TOGE!R ACCORD+ TO A COMMON PLAN4 

,SU* IS ! HI/ORICAL S*EME AS DESCRIB$ BY ,KAUTSKY4 ,TO BE SURE1 HE PRES5TS ! MATT] FROM A DIFF]5T PO9T ( VIEW ?AN ,M>X DOES1 EMPHASIZ+ MA9LY ! SIDE ( CULTURAL1 PEACEFUL DEVELOPM5T1 :]EAS ,M>X ACC5TS ITS POLITICAL SIDE1 AN EXT]NAL >M$ CONQUE/4 ,BO?1 H[EV]1 *>ACT]IZE ! FATE ( NATIONALITIES 9 ! C\RSE ( EV5TS1 NOT AS T5D+ TO SEP>ATE !MSELVES & BECOME 9DEP5D5T1 BUT COMPLETELY VICE-V]SA4 ,KAUTSKY =MULATES - AS F> AS WE KN[1 = ! FIR/ TIME 9 SOCIALI/IC LIT]ATURE ( REC5T TIMES - ! HI/ORICAL T5D5CY TO REMOVE COMPLETELY ALL NATIONAL DI/9CTIONS )9 ! SOCIALI/ SY/EM & TO FUZE ALL ( CIVILIZ$ HUMANITY 9TO ONE NATIONALITY4 .<,K4 ,KAUTSKY1 ,NATIONALITAT UND ,9T]NATIONALIAT1 PP4#a#b-#a#g @& P4#b#c4.> 

,H[EV] - ?AT !ORETICIAN BELIEVES - AT ! PRES5T TIME CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T GIVES RISE TO PH5OM5A :I* SEEM TO WORK 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION3 ! AWAK5+ & 9T5SIFICATION ( NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS AS WELL AS ! NE$ = A NATIONAL /ATE :I* IS ! /ATE =M 0BE/ CORRESPOND+ TO MOD]N CONDITIONS1 ! =M 9 :I* IT CAN MO/ EASILY FULFILL ITS TASKS40 .<IBID4.> 

,! 0BE/ NATIONAL /ATE IS ONLY AN AB/RACTION :I* CAN BE EASILY DESCRIB$ & DEF9$ !ORETICALLY1 BUT :I* DOESN'T CORRESPOND TO REALITY4 ,HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T T[>D A UNIV]SAL COMMUNITY ( CIVILIZATION WILL1 LIKE ALL SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 TAKE PLACE 9 ! MID/ ( A CONTRADICTION1 BUT ?IS CONTRADICTION1 ) RESPECT TO ! CONSOLIDAT+ GR[? ( 9T]NATIONAL CIVILIZATION1 LIES 9 ANO!R >EA ?AN :]E ,KAUTSKY SEEKS IT1 NOT 9 ! T5D5CY T[>D ! IDEA ( A 0NATIONAL /ATE10 BUT RA!R :]E ,M>X 9DICATES IT TO BE1 9 ! DEADLY /RUGGLE AMONG NATIONS1 9 ! T5D5CY TO CREATE - ALONGSIDE ! GREAT >EAS ( CIVILIZATION & DESPITE !M - GREAT CAPITALI/ /ATES4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( WORLD P[]S1 A *>ACT]I/IC FEATURE ( \R TIMES GR[+ 9 IMPORTANCE ALONG ) ! PROGRESS ( CAPITALISM1 FROM ! V]Y \TSET CONDEMNS ALL SMALL NATIONS TO POLITICAL IMPOT5CE4 ,AP>T FROM A FEW ( ! MO/ P[]FUL NATIONS1 ! LEAD]S 9 CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 :I* POSSESS ! SPIRITUAL & MAT]IAL RES\RCES NECESS>Y TO MA9TA9 !IR POLITICAL & ECONOMIC 9DEP5D5CE1 0SELF-DET]M9ATION10 ! 9DEP5D5T EXI/5CE ( SMALL] & PETTY NATIONS1 IS AN ILLUSION1 & WILL BECOME EV5 MORE SO4 ,! RETURN ( ALL1 OR EV5 ! MAJORITY ( ! NATIONS :I* >E TODAY OPPRESS$1 TO 9DEP5D5CE W\LD ONLY BE POSSIBLE IF ! EXI/5CE ( SMALL /ATES 9 ! ]A ( CAPITALISM HAD ANY *ANCES OR HOPES = ! FUTURE4 ,BESIDES1 ! BIG-P[] ECONOMY & POLITICS - A CONDITION ( SURVIVAL = ! CAPITALI/ /ATES - TURN ! POLITICALLY 9DEP5D5T1 =MALLY EQUAL1 SMALL ,EUROPEAN /ATES 9TO MUTES ON ! ,EUROPEAN /AGE & MORE (T5 9TO SCAPEGOATS4 ,CAN ONE SPEAK ) ANY S]I\SNESS ( ! 0SELF-DET]M9ATION0 ( PEOPLES :I* >E =MALLY 9DEP5D5T1 SU* AS ,MONT5EGR9S1 ,BULG>IANS1 ,RUMANIANS1 ! ,S]BS1 ! ,GREEKS1 &1 AS F> AS ?AT GOES1 EV5 ! ,SWISS1 :OSE V]Y 9DEP5D5CE IS ! PRODUCT ( ! POLITICAL /RUGGLES & DIPLOMATIC GAME ( ! 0,CONC]T ( ,EUROPE08 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 ! IDEA ( 9SUR+ ALL 0NATIONS0 ! POSSIBILITY ( SELF-DET]M9ATION IS EQUIVAL5T TO REV]T+ FROM ,GREAT-,CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T TO ! SMALL M$IEVAL /ATES1 F> E>LI] ?AN ! FIFTE5? & SIXTE5? C5TURIES4 

,! O!R PR9CIPAL FEATURE ( MOD]N DEVELOPM5T1 :I* /AMPS SU* AN IDEA AS UTOPIAN1 IS CAPITALI/ IMP]IALISM4 ,! EXAMPLE ( ,5GL& & ,HOLL& 9DICATES ?AT UND] C]TA9 CONDITIONS A CAPITALI/ C\NTRY CAN EV5 COMPLETELY SKIP ! TRANSITION PHASE ( 0NATIONAL /ATE0 & CREATE AT ONCE1 9 ITS MANUFACTUR+ PHASE1 A COLONY-HOLD+ /ATE4 ,! EXAMPLE ( ,5GL& & ,HOLL&1 :I*1 AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 HAD BEGUN TO ACQUIRE COLONIES1 WAS FOLL[$ 9 ! EI<TE5? & N9ETE5? C5TURIES BY ALL ! GREAT CAPITALI/ /ATES4 ,! FRUIT ( ?AT TR5D IS ! CONT9U\S DE/RUCTION ( ! 9DEP5D5CE ( MORE & MORE NEW C\NTRIES & PEOPLES1 ( 5TIRE CONT95TS4 

,! V]Y DEVELOPM5T ( 9T]NATIONAL TRADE 9 ! CAPITALI/ P]IOD BR+S ) IT ! 9EVITABLE1 ?\< AT TIMES SL[ RU9 ( ALL ! MORE PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES1 DE/ROYS !IR HI/ORICALLY EXI/+ MEANS ( 0SELF-DET]M9ATION10 & MAKES !M DEP5D5T ON ! CRU%+ :EEL ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T & WORLD POLITICS4 ,ONLY COMPLETE =MALI/ BL9DNESS C\LD LEAD ONE TO MA9TA9 ?AT1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,*9ESE NATION 7:E!R WE REG>D ! PEOPLE ( ?AT /ATE AS ONE OR SEV]AL NATIONS7 IS TODAY REALLY 0DET]M9+ ITSELF40 ,! DE/RUCTIVE ACTION ( WORLD TRADE IS FOLL[$ BY \TRI<T P>TITION OR BY ! POLITICAL DEP5D5CE ( COLONIAL C\NTRIES 9 V>I\S DEGREES & =MS4 ,& IF ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY /RUGGLES ) ALL ITS /R5G? AGA9/ COLONIAL POLICY 9 ALL ITS MANIFE/ATIONS1 TRY+ TO H9D] ITS PROGRESS1 !N IT WILL AT ! SAME TIME REALIZE ?AT ?IS DEVELOPM5T1 AS WELL AS ! ROOTS ( COLONIAL POLITICS1 LIES AT ! V]Y F\NDATIONS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 ?AT COLONIALISM WILL 9EVITABLY ACCOMPANY ! FUTURE PROGRESS ( CAPITALISM1 & ?AT ONLY ! 9NOCU\S B\RGEOIS APO/LES ( 0PEACE0 CAN BELIEVE 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( TODAY'S /ATES AVOID+ ?AT PA?4 ,! /RUGGLE TO /AY 9 ! WORLD M>KET1 TO PLAY 9T]NATIONAL POLITICS1 & TO HAVE OV]SEAS T]RITORIES IS BO? A NECESSITY & A CONDITION ( DEVELOPM5T = CAPITALI/ WORLD P[]S4 ,! =M ?AT BE/ S]VES ! 9T]E/S ( EXPLOITATION 9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y WORLD IS NOT ! 0NATIONAL0 /ATE1 AS ,KAUTSKY ?9KS1 BUT A /ATE B5T ON CONQUE/4 ,:5 WE COMP>E ! DIFF]5T /ATES FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! DEGREE TO :I* !Y APPROA* ?IS IDEAL1 WE SEE ?AT IT IS NOT ! ,FR5* /ATE :I* BE/ FITS ! MODEL1 AT LEA/ NOT 9 ITS ,EUROPEAN P>T :I* IS HOMOG5E\S ) RESPECT TO NATIONALITY4 ,/ILL LESS DOES ! ,SPANI% /ATE FIT ! MODEL2 S9CE IT LO/ ITS COLONIES1 IT HAS %$ ITS IMP]IALI/ *>ACT] & IS PURELY 0NATIONAL0 9 COMPOSITION4 ,RA!R DO WE LOOK TO ! ,BRITI% & ,G]MAN /ATES AS MODELS1 = !Y >E BAS$ ON NATIONAL OPPRESSION 9 ,EUROPE & ! WORLD AT L>GE - & TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA1 A /ATE :I* KEEPS 9 ITS BOSOM LIKE A GAP+ W\ND ! OPPRESSION ( ! ,NEGRO PEOPLE1 & SEEKS TO CONQU] ! ,ASIATIC PEOPLES4 

,! FOLL[+ TABLE ILLU/RATES ! IMP]IALI/ T5D5CY ( NATIONAL CONQUE/4 ,! FIGURES REF] TO ! NUMB] ( OPPRESS$ PEOPLE 9 COLONIES BELONG+ TO EA* C\NTRY4 

,! HUGE FIGURES QUOT$1 :I* 9CLUDE >\ND FIVE HUNDR$ MILLION PEOPLE1 %\LD BE 9CREAS$ BY ! COLOSSAL ADDITION ( ! C\NTRIES :I* DO NOT FIGURE AS COLONIES1 BUT >E ACTUALLY COMPLETELY DEP5D5T ON ,EUROPEAN /ATES1 & !N WE %\LD BREAK !SE TOTALS D[N 9TO C\NTLESS NATIONALITIES & E?NIC GR\PS TO CONVEY AN IDEA ( ! EFFECTS TO DATE ( CAPITALI/ IMP]IALISM ON ! FATES ( NATIONS & !IR ABILITY TO 0DET]M9E !MSELVES40 

  
,9 ,ASIA 
  
,9 ,AFRICA 
  
,9 ,AM]ICA 
  
,9 ,AU/RALASIA 
,GREAT ,BRITA9 
#c#f#a1#d#d#e1 
#d1#b#h1 
#g1#e#e#g1#c 
#e1#h#a#a1 
,FRANCE 
  #a#h1#g#c1 
#c#a1#e1 
   #d#b#h1#h#a#i 
     #h#i1 
,G]MANY 
       #a#b1#d#a 
#a#a1#d#d#g1 
-- 
   #d#d#h1 
,HOLL& 
  #c#g1#g#c#d1 
-- 
   #a#d#b1 
-- 
,BELGIUM 
-- 
#a#i11 
-- 
-- 
,D5M>K 
-- 
-- 
     #d#b1#d#b#b 
-- 
,SPA9 
-- 
     #b#i#a1 
-- 
-- 
,PORTUGAL 
       #h#a1 
  #f1#d#f1 
-- 
-- 
,U,S,A 
    #g1#f#c#e1#d#b#f 
-- 
   #i#e#c1#b#d#c 
     #a#c1 

,( C\RSE1 ! HI/ORY ( ! COLONIAL EXPANSION ( CAPITALISM DISPLAYS TO SOME EXT5T ! CONTRADICTORY T5D5CY ( ! LEGAL1 & !N POLITICAL GA9+ ( 9DEP5D5CE ( ! COLONIAL C\NTRIES4 ,! HI/ORY ( ! BREAK+ AWAY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES FROM ,5GL& AT ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 ( ! C\NTRIES ( ,S\? ,AM]ICA FROM ,SPA9 & ,PORTUGAL 9 ! TW5TIES & ?IRTIES ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 AS WELL AS ! W9N+ ( AUTONOMY BY ! ,AU/RALIAN /ATES FROM ,5GL&1 >E ! MO/ OBVI\S ILLU/RATIONS ( ?IS T5D5CY4 ,H[EV]1 A MORE C>EFUL EXAM9ATION ( !SE EV5TS WILL PO9T AT ONCE TO ! SPECIAL CONDITIONS ( !IR ORIG9S4 ,BO? ,S\? & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 UNTIL ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 W]E ! VICTIMS ( A /ILL PRIMITIVE SY/EM ( COLONIAL ADM9I/RATION1 BAS$ MORE ON ! PLUND]+ ( ! C\NTRY & ITS NATURAL RES\RCES = ! B5EFIT ( ! TREASURES ( ,EUROPEAN /ATES ?AN ON A RATIONAL EXPLOITATION = ! B5EFIT ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,9 !SE CASES1 IT WAS A MATT] ( AN 5TIRE C\NTRY1 :I* POSSESS$ ALL ! CONDITIONS = ! 9DEP5D5T DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM1 MAK+ ITS [N WAY BY BREAK+ ! ROTT+ FETT]S ( POLITICAL DEP5D5CE4 ,! =CE ( ?AT CAPITALI/ ?RU/ WAS /RONG] 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 :I* WAS DEP5D5T ON ,5GL&1 :ILE ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 UNTIL !N PR$OM9ANTLY AGRICULTURAL1 MET A MU* WEAK] RESI/ANCE FROM ,SPA9 & ,PORTUGAL1 :I* W]E ECONOMICALLY BACKW>D4 ,OBVI\SLY1 SU* AN EXCEPTIONAL WEAL? ( NATURAL RES\RCES IS NOT ! RULE 9 ALL COLONIES4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! CONTEMPOR>Y SY/EM ( COLONIZATION HAS CREAT$ A DEP5D5CE :I* IS MU* LESS SUP]FICIAL ?AN ! PREVI\S ONE4 ,BUT ! W9N+ ( 9DEP5D5CE BY ! ,AM]ICAN COLONIES DID NOT REMOVE NATIONAL DEP5D5CE1 IT ONLY TRANSF]R$ IT TO ANO!R NATIONALITY - ONLY *ANG$ ITS ROLE4 ,TAKE FIR/ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES3 ! ELEM5T FREE+ ITSELF FROM ! SCEPT] ( ,5GL& WAS NOT A =EIGN NATION BUT ONLY ! SAME ,5GLI% EMIGRANTS :O HAD SETTL$ 9 ,AM]ICA ON ! RU9S & CORPSES ( ! R$SK9 NATIVES - :I* IS TRUE ALSO ( ! ,AU/RALIAN COLONIES ( ,5GL&1 9 :I* ! ,5GLI% CON/ITUTE #i P]C5T ( ! POPULATION4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS TODAY 9 ! VANGU>D ( ?OSE NATIONS PRACTIC+ IMP]IALI/ CONQUE/4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 ,BRAZIL1 ,>G5T9A1 & ! O!R =M] COLONIES :OSE LEAD+ ELEM5T IS IMMIGRANTS - ,PORTUGUESE & ,SPANI% - WON 9DEP5D5CE FROM ! ,EUROPEAN /ATES PRIM>ILY 9 ORD] TO EX]CISE CONTROL OV] ! TRADE 9 ,NEGROES & !IR USE ON ! PLANTATIONS1 & TO ANNEX ALL ! WEAK] COLONIES 9 ! >EA4 ,MO/ LIKELY ! SAME CONDITIONS PREVAIL 9 ,9DIA1 :]E LATELY !RE HAS APPE>$ A RA!R S]I\S 0NATIONAL0 MOVEM5T AGA9/ ,5GL&4 ,! V]Y EXI/5CE 9 ,9DIA ( A HUGE NUMB] ( NATIONALITIES AT DIFF]5T DEGREES ( SOCIAL & CIVILIZ$ DEVELOPM5T1 AS WELL AS !IR MUTUAL DEP5D5CE1 %\LD W>N AGA9/ TOO HA/Y EVALUATION ( ! ,9DIAN MOVEM5T UND] ! SIMPLE HEAD+ ( 0! RI<TS ( ! NATION40 

,APP>5T EXCEPTIONS ONLY CONFIRM ON CLOS] ANALYSIS ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! MOD]N DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM CANNOT RECONCIL$ ) ! TRUE 9DEP5D5CE ( ALL NATIONALITIES4 

,IT IS TRUE ! PROBLEM APPE>S MU* SIMPL] IF1 :5 DISCUSS+ NATIONALITY1 WE EXCLUDE ! QUE/ION ( COLONIAL P>TITIONS4 ,SU* A TE*NIQUE IS (T5 APPLI$1 CONSCI\SLY OR UNCONSCI\SLY1 BY ! DEF5D]S ( ! 0RI<TS ( NATIONS02 IT ALSO CORRESPONDS TO ! POSITION ) RESPECT TO COLONIAL POLITICS TAK51 = EXAMPLE1 BY ,$U>D ,DAVID 9 ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY OR VAN ,KOL 9 ! ,DUT*4 ,?IS PO9T ( VIEW CONSID]S COLONIALISM 9 G5]AL AS ! EXPRESSION ( ! CIVILIZ+ MISSION ( ,EUROPEAN PEOPLES1 9EVITABLE EV5 9 A SOCIALI/ REGIME4 ,?IS VIEW CAN BE BRIEFLY DESCRIB$ AS ! 0,EUROPEAN0 APPLICATION ( ! PHILOSOPHICAL PR9CIPLE ( ,FI*TE 9 ! WELL KN[N P>APHRASE ( ,LUDWIG ,BRONE3 0,I* B9 I* - WAS AUSS] MIR I/ ,LEB5SMITTEL0 70,I AM MYSELF - :AT IS \TSIDE ( ME IS ! MEANS ( LIFE074 ,IF ONLY ! ,EUROPEAN PEOPLES >E REG>D$ AS NATIONS PROP]1 :ILE COLONIAL PEOPLES >E LOOK$ ON AS 0SUPPLY DEPOTS10 !N WE MAY USE ! T]M 0NATION-/ATE0 9 ,EUROPE = C\NTRIES LIKE ,FRANCE1 ,D5M>K1 OR ,ITALY1 & ! PROBLEM ( NATIONALITY CAN BE LIMIT$ TO 9TRA-,EUROPEAN DIM5SIONS4 ,BUT 9 ?IS CASE1 0! RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION0 BECOMES A !ORY ( ! RUL+ RACES & BETRAYS CLE>LY ITS ORIG9 9 ! IDEOLOGIES ( B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM TOGE!R ) ITS 0,EUROPEAN0 CRET9ISM4 ,9 ! APPROA* ( SOCIALI/S1 SU* A RI<T MU/1 BY ! NATURE ( ?+S1 HAVE A UNIV]SAL *>ACT]4 ,! AW>5ESS ( ?IS NECESSITY IS 5\< TO 9DICATE ?AT ! HOPE ( REALIZ+ ?IS 0RI<T0 ON ! BASIS ( ! EXI/+ SETUP IS A UTOPIA2 IT IS 9 DIRECT CONTRADICTION TO ! T5D5CY ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ON :I* ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY HAS BAS$ ITS EXI/5CE4 ,A G5]AL ATTEMPT TO DIVIDE ALL EXI/+ /ATES 9TO NATIONAL UNITS & TO RE-TAILOR !M ON ! MODEL ( NATIONAL /ATES & /ATELETS IS A COMPLETELY HOPELESS1 & HI/ORICALLY SPEAK+1 REACTION>Y UND]TAK+4.<#i.> 

  

,I,V 

,! =MULA ( ! 0RI<T ( NATIONS0 IS 9ADEQUATE TO JU/IFY ! POSITION ( SOCIALI/S ON ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE IT FAILS TO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! WIDE RANGE ( HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS 7PLACE & TIME7 EXI/+ 9 EA* GIV5 CASE & DOES NOT RECKON ) ! G5]AL CURR5T ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( GLOBAL CONDITIONS1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE IT IGNORES COMPLETELY ! FUNDAM5TAL !ORY ( MOD]N SOCIALI/S - ! !ORY ( SOCIAL CLASSES4 

,:5 WE SPEAK ( ! 0RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION1 0 WE >E US+ ! CONCEPT ( ! 0NATION0 AS A HOMOG5E\S SOCIAL & POLITICAL 5TITY4 ,BUT ACTUALLY1 SU* A CONCEPT ( ! 0NATION0 IS ONE ( ?OSE CATEGORIES ( B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY :I* ,M>XI/ !ORY SUBMITT$ TO A RADICAL RE-VISION1 %[+ H[ ?AT MI/Y VEIL1 LIKE ! CONCEPTS ( ! 0FRE$OM ( CITIZ5S10 0EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW10 ETC41 CONCEALS 9 EV]Y CASE A DEF9ITE HI/ORICAL CONT5T4 

,9 A CLASS SOCIETY1 0! NATION0 AS A HOMOG5E\S SOCIO-POLITICAL 5TITY DOES NOT EXI/4 ,RA!R1 !RE EXI/ )9 EA* NATION1 CLASSES ) ANTAGONI/IC 9T]E/S & 0RI<TS40 ,!RE LIT]ALLY IS NOT ONE SOCIAL >EA1 FROM ! CO>SE/ MAT]IAL RELATION%IPS TO ! MO/ SUBTLE MORAL ONES1 9 :I* ! POSSESS+ CLASS & ! CLASS-CONSCI\S PROLET>IAT HOLD ! SAME ATTITUDE1 & 9 :I* !Y APPE> AS A CONSOLIDAT$ 0NATIONAL0 5TITY4 ,9 ! SPH]E ( ECONOMIC RELATIONS1 ! B\RGEOIS CLASSES REPRES5T ! 9T]E/S ( EXPLOITATION - ! PROLET>IAT ! 9T]E/S ( WORK4 ,9 ! SPH]E ( LEGAL RELATIONS1 ! CORN]/ONE ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY IS PRIVATE PROP]TY2 ! 9T]E/ ( ! PROLET>IAT DEM&S ! EMANCIPATION ( ! PROP]TYLESS MAN FROM ! DOM9ATION ( PROP]TY4 ,9 ! >EA ( ! JUDICI>Y1 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY REPRES5TS CLASS 0JU/ICE10 ! JU/ICE ( ! WELL-F$ & ! RUL]S2 ! PROLET>IAT DEF5DS ! PR9CIPLE ( TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT SOCIAL 9FLU5CES ON ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ( HUMAN5ESS4 ,9 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS1 ! B\RGEOISIE REPRES5T ! POLITICS ( W> & P>TITION1 & AT ! PRES5T /AGE1 A SY/EM ( TRADE W>2 ! PROLET>IAT DEM&S A POLITICS ( UNIV]SAL PEACE & FREE TRADE4 ,9 ! SPH]E ( ! SOCIAL SCI5CES & PHILOSOPHY1 B\RGEOIS S*OOLS ( ?\<T & ! S*OOL REPRES5T+ ! PROLET>IAT /& 9 DIAMETRIC OPPOSITION TO EA* O!R4 ,! POSSESS+ CLASSES HAVE !IR WORLD VIEW2 IT IS REPRES5T$ BY IDEALISM1 METAPHYSICS1 MY/ICISM1 ECLECTICISM2 ! MOD]N PROLET>IAT HAS ITS !ORY - DIALECTIC MAT]IALISM4 ,EV5 9 ! SPH]E ( SO-CALL$ 0UNIV]SAL0 CONDITIONS - 9 E?ICS1 VIEWS ON >T1 ON BEHAVIOR - ! 9T]E/S1 WORLD VIEW1 & IDEALS ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ?OSE ( ! 5LI<T5$ PROLET>IAT REPRES5T TWO CAMPS1 SEP>AT$ FROM EA* O!R BY AN ABYSS4 ,& :5EV] ! =MAL /RIV+S & ! 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT & ?OSE ( ! B\RGEOISIE 7AS A :OLE OR 9 ITS MO/ PROGRESSIVE P>T7 SEEM ID5TICAL - = EXAMPLE1 9 ! FIELD ( DEMOCRATIC ASPIRATIONS - !RE1 UND] ! ID5TITY ( =MS & SLOGANS1 IS HIDD5 ! MO/ COMPLETE DIV]G5CE ( CONT5TS & ESS5TIAL POLITICS4 

,!RE CAN BE NO TALK ( A COLLECTIVE & UNI=M WILL1 ( ! SELF-DET]M9ATION ( ! 0NATION0 9 A SOCIETY =M$ 9 SU* A MANN]4 ,IF WE F9D 9 ! HI/ORY ( MOD]N SOCIETIES 0NATIONAL0 MOVEM5TS1 & /RUGGLES = 0NATIONAL 9T]E/S10 !SE >E USUALLY CLASS MOVEM5TS ( ! RUL+ /RATA ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 :I* CAN 9 ANY GIV5 CASE REPRES5T ! 9T]E/ ( ! O!R /RATA ( ! POPULATION ONLY 9S(> AS UND] ! =M ( 0NATIONAL 9T]E/S0 IT DEF5DS PROGRESSIVE =MS ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 & 9S(> AS ! WORK+ CLASS HAS NOT YET DI/+UI%$ ITSELF FROM ! MASS ( ! 0NATION0 7L$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE7 9TO AN 9DEP5D5T1 5LI<T5$ POLITICAL CLASS4 

,9 ?IS S5SE1 ! ,FR5* B\RGEOISIE HAD ! RI<T TO COME =? AS ! ?IRD E/ATE 9 ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION 9 ! NAME ( ! ,FR5* PEOPLE1 & EV5 ! ,G]MAN B\RGEOISIE 9 #ahdh C\LD /ILL REG>D !MSELVES1 TO A C]TA9 DEGREE1 AS ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,G]MAN 0NATION0 - AL?\< ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O &1 9 P>T1 ! ,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG W]E ALREADY ! 9DICATORS ( A DI/9CT CLASS POLITICS ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ,G]MANY4 ,9 BO? CASES ?IS MEANT ONLY ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y CLASS CONC]N ( ! B\RGEOISIE WAS1 AT ?AT /AGE ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 ! CONC]N ( ! CLASS ( PEOPLE :O /ILL =M$1 ) ! B\RGEOISIE1 A POLITICALLY UNI=M MASS 9 RELATION TO REIGN+ FEUDALISM4 

,?IS CIRCUM/ANCE %[S ?AT ! 0RI<TS ( NATIONS0 CANNOT BE A Y>D/ICK = ! POSITION ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ON ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION4 ,! V]Y EXI/5CE ( SU* A P>TY IS PRO( ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE HAS /OPP$ BE+ ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ! 5TIRE MASS ( ! PEOPLE1 ?AT ! CLASS ( ! PROLET>IAT IS NO LONG] HIDD5 9 ! SKIRTS ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 BUT HAS SEP>AT$ ITSELF (F AS AN 9DEP5D5T CLASS ) ITS [N SOCIAL & POLITICAL ASPIRATIONS4 ,BECAUSE ! CONCEPTS ( 0NATIONS10 ( 0RI<TS10 & ! 0WILL ( ! PEOPLE0 AS A UNI=M :OLE >E1 AS WE HAVE SAID1 REMNANTS FROM ! TIMES ( IMMATURE & UNCONSCI\S ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ! PROLET>IAT & ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! APPLICATION ( ?AT IDEA BY ! CLASS-CONSCI\S & 9DEP5D5TLY ORGANIZ$ PROLET>IAT W\LD BE A /RIK+ CONTRADICTION - NOT A CONTRADICTION AGA9/ ACADEMIC LOGIC1 BUT A HI/ORICAL CONTRADICTION4 

,) RESPECT TO ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION 9 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY1 A SOCIALI/ P>TY MU/ TAKE CLASS ANTAGONISM 9TO ACC\NT4 ,! ,CZE* NATIONALITY QUE/ION HAS ONE =M = ! Y\NG ,CZE* PETITE B\RGEOISIE & ANO!R = ! ,CZE* PROLET>IAT4 ,NOR CAN WE SEEK A S+LE SOLUTION ( ! ,POLI% NATIONAL QUE/ION = ,KOSCIELSKI & HIS /ABLE BOY 9 ,MIROSLAWIE1 = ! ,W>SAW & ,LODZ B\RGEOISIE & = CLASS-CONSCI\S ,POLI% WORK]S ALL AT ! SAME TIME2 :ILE ! ,JEWI% QUE/ION IS =MULAT$ 9 ONE WAY 9 ! M9DS ( ! ,JEWI% B\RGEOISIE1 & 9 ANO!R = ! 5LI<T5$ ,JEWI% PROLET>IAT4 ,= ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION IS1 LIKE ALL O!R SOCIAL & POLITICAL QUE/IONS1 PRIM>ILY A QUE/ION ( CLASS 9T]E/S4 

,9 ! ,G]MANY ( ! #a#h#dS !RE EXI/$ A K9D ( MY/ICAL-S5TIM5TAL SOCIALISM1 ?AT ( ! 0TRUE SOCIALI/S0 ,K>L ,GRUN & ,MOSES ,HESS2 ?IS K9D ( SOCIALISM WAS REPRES5T$ LAT] 9 ,POL& BY ,LIMAN[SKI4 ,AFT] ! #a#h#dS !RE APPE>$ 9 ,POL& A ,SP>TAN $ITION ( ! SAME - SEE ! ,LUD ,POLSKI .<,POLI% ,PEOPLE.> 9 ! E>LY #a#h#gS & ,POBUDKA .<,REVEILLE.> AT ! 5D ( ?AT DECADE4 ,?IS SOCIALISM /ROVE = EV]Y?+ GOOD & BEAUTIFUL4 ,& ON ?AT BASIS1 ,LIMAN[SKI1 LAT] ! LEAD] ( ! ,P,P,S1 TRI$ TO WELD TOGE!R ,POLI% SOCIALISM & ! TASK ( RECON/RUCT+ ,POL&1 ) ! OBS]VATION ?AT SOCIALISM IS AN IDEA ?AT IS OBVI\SLY BEAUTIFUL1 & PATRIOTISM IS A NO LESS BEAUTIFUL IDEA1 & SO 0,:Y %\LDN'T TWO SU* BEAUTIFUL IDEAS BE JO9$ TOGE!R80 

,! ONLY HEAL?Y ?+ 9 ?IS S5TIM5TAL SOCIALISM IS ?AT IT IS A UTOPIAN P>ODY ( ! CORRECT IDEA ?AT A SOCIALI/ REGIME HAS1 AS ! F9AL GOAL ( ! PROLET>IAT'S ASPIRATIONS1 TAK5 ! PL$GE ?AT BY ABOLI%+ ! DOM9ATION ( CLASSES1 = ! FIR/ TIME 9 HI/ORY IT WILL GU>ANTEE ! REALIZATION ( ! HI<E/ IDEALS ( HUMANITY4 

,& ?IS IS REALLY ! CONT5T & ! ESS5TIAL MEAN+ ( ! PR9CIPLE PRES5T$ TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONGRESS AT ,LONDON .<9 #a#h#i#f.> 9 ! RESOLUTION QUOT$4 0,! RI<T ( ,NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION0 /OPS BE+ A CLI*E ONLY 9 A SOCIAL REGIME :]E ! 0RI<T TO WORK0 HAS /OPP$ BE+ AN EMPTY PHRASE4 ,A SOCIALI/ REGIME1 :I* ELIM9ATES NOT ONLY ! DOM9ATION ( ONE CLASS OV] ANO!R1 BUT ALSO ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( SOCIAL CLASSES & !IR OPPOSITION1 ! V]Y DIVISION ( SOCIETY 9TO CLASSES ) DIFF]5T 9T]E/S & DESIRES1 WILL BR+ AB\T A SOCIETY :I* IS ! SUM TOTAL 9DIVIDUALS TI$ TOGE!R BY ! H>MONY & SOLID>ITY !IR 9T]E/S1 A UNI=M :OLE ) A COMMON1 ORGANIZ$ WILL & ! ABILITY TO SATISFY IT4 ,! SOCIALI/ REGIME WILL REALIZE DIRECTLY ! 0NATION0 AS A UNI=M WILL - 9S(> AS ! NATIONS )9 ?AT REGIME 9 G5]AL WILL CON/ITUTE SEP>ATE SOCIAL ORGANISMS OR1 AS ,KAUTSKY /ATES1 WILL JO9 9TO ONE - & ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS = ITS FREE SELF-DET]M9ATION4 ,9 A WORD1 SOCIETY WILL W9 ! ABILITY TO FREELY DET]M9E ITS NATIONAL EXI/5CE :5 IT HAS ! ABILITY TO DET]M9E ITS POLITICAL BE+ & ! CONDITIONS ( ITS CREATION4 0,NATIONS0 WILL CONTROL !IR HI/ORICAL EXI/5CE :5 HUMAN SOCIETY CONTROLS ITS SOCIAL PROCESSES4 

,!RE=E1 ! ANALOGY :I* IS DRAWN BY P>TIZANS ( ! 0RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION0 BETWE5 ?AT 0RI<T0 & ALL DEMOCRATIC DEM&S1 LIKE ! RI<T ( FREE SPEE*1 FREE PRESS1 FRE$OM ( ASSOCIATION & ( ASSEMBLY1 IS COMPLETELY 9CONGRU\S4 ,!SE PEOPLE PO9T \T ?AT WE SUPPORT ! FRE$OM ( ASSOCIATION BECAUSE WE >E ! P>TY ( POLITICAL FRE$OM2 BUT WE /ILL FI<T AGA9/ HO/ILE B\RGEOIS P>TIES4 ,SIMIL>LY1 !Y SAY1 WE HAVE ! DEMOCRATIC DUTY TO SUPPORT ! SELF-DET]M9ATION ( NATIONS1 BUT ?IS FACT DOES NOT COMMIT US TO SUPPORT EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL TACTIC ( ?OSE :O FI<T = SELF-DET]M9ATION4 

,! ABOVE VIEW COMPLETELY OV]LOOKS ! FACT ?AT !SE 0RI<TS10 :I* HAVE A C]TA9 SUP]FICIAL SIMIL>ITY1 LIE ON COMPLETELY DIFF]5T HI/ORICAL LEVELS4 ,! RI<TS ( ASSOCIATION & ASSEMBLY1 FREE SPEE*1 ! FREE PRESS4 ETC41 >E ! LEGAL =MS ( EXI/5CE ( A MATURE B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,BUT 0! RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION0 IS ONLY A METAPHYSICAL =MULATION ( AN IDEA :I* 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY IS COMPLETELY NON-EXI/5T & CAN BE REALIZ$ ONLY ON ! BASIS ( A SOCIALI/ REGIME4 

,H[EV]1 AS IT IS PRACTIC$ TODAY1 SOCIALISM IS NOT AT ALL A COLLECTION ( ALL !SE MY/ICAL 0NOBLE0 & 0BEAUTIFUL0 DESIRES1 BUT ONLY A POLITICAL EXPRESSION ( WELL-DEF9$ CONDITIONS1 ?AT IS1 ! FI<T ( ! CLASS ( ! MOD]N PROLET>IAT AGA9/ ! DOM9ATION ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,SOCIALISM MEANS ! /RIV+ ( ! PROLET>IAT TO BR+ AB\T ! DICTATOR%IP ( ITS CLASS 9 ORD] TO GET RID ( ! PRES5T =M ( PRODUCTION4 ,?IS TASK IS ! MA9 & GUID+ ONE = ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY AS ! P>TY ( ! PROLET>IAT3 IT DET]M9ES ! POSITION ( ?AT P>TY ) RESPECT TO ALL ! SEV]AL PROBLEMS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 

,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY IS ! CLASS P>TY ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,ITS HI/ORICAL TASK IS TO EXPRESS ! CLASS 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT & ALSO ! REVOLUTION>Y 9T]E/S ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY T[>D REALIZ+ SOCIALISM4 ,?US1 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY IS CALL$ UPON TO REALIZE NOT ! RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION BUT ONLY ! RI<T ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 :I* IS EXPLOIT$ & OPPRESS$1 ( ! PROLET>IAT1 TO SELF-DET]M9ATION4 ,FROM ?AT POSITION ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY EXAM9ES ALL SOCIAL & POLITICAL QUE/IONS )\T EXCEPTION1 & FROM ?AT /&PO9T IT =MULATES ITS PROGRAMMATIC DEM&S4 ,NEI!R 9 ! QUE/ION ( ! POLITICAL =MS :I* WE DEM& 9 ! /ATE1 NOR 9 ! QUE/ION ( ! /ATE'S 9T]NAL OR EXT]NAL POLICIES1 NOR 9 ! QUE/IONS ( LAW OR $UCATION1 ( TAXES OR ! MILIT>Y1 DOES ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ALL[ ! 0NATION0 TO DECIDE ITS FATE ACCORD+ TO ITS [N VISION ( SELF-DET]M9ATION4 ,ALL ( !SE QUE/IONS AFFECT ! CLASS 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 A WAY ?AT QUE/IONS ( NATIONAL-POLITICAL & NATIONAL-CULTURAL EXI/5CE DO NOT4 ,BUT BETWE5 ?OSE QUE/IONS & ! NATIONAL-POLITICAL & NATIONAL-CULTURAL QUE/IONS1 EXI/ USUALLY ! CLOSE/ TIES ( MUTUAL DEP5D5CE & CAUSALITY4 ,AS A RESULT1 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY CANNOT H]E ESCAPE ! NECESSITY ( =MULAT+ !SE DEM&S 9DIVIDUALLY1 & DEM&+ ACTIVELY ! =MS ( NATIONAL-POLITICAL & NATIONAL-CULTURAL EXI/5CE :I* BE/ CORRESPOND TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT & ITS CLASS /RUGGLE AT A GIV5 TIME & PLACE1 AS WELL AS TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY4 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY CANNOT LEAVE !SE QUE/IONS TO BE SOLV$ BY 0NATIONS40 

,?IS BECOMES P]FECTLY OBVI\S AS SOON AS WE BR+ ! QUE/ION D[N FROM ! CL\DS ( AB/RACTION TO ! FIRM GR\ND ( CONCRETE CONDITIONS4 

,! 0NATION0 %\LD HAVE ! 0RI<T0 TO SELF-DET]M9ATION4 ,BUT :O IS ?AT 0NATION0 & :O HAS ! AU?ORITY & ! 0RI<T0 TO SPEAK = ! 0NATION0 & EXPRESS ITS WILL8 ,H[ CAN WE F9D \T :AT ! 0NATION0 ACTUALLY WANTS8 ,DOES !RE EXI/ EV5 ONE POLITICAL P>TY :I* W\LD NOT CLAIM ?AT IT ALONE1 AMONG ALL O!RS1 TRULY EXPRESSES ! WILL ( ! 0NATION10 :]EAS ALL O!R P>TIES GIVE ONLY P]V]T$ & FALSE EXPRESSIONS ( ! NATIONAL WILL8 ,ALL ! B\RGEOIS1 LIB]AL P>TIES CONSID] !MSELVES ! 9C>NATION ( ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE & CLAIM ! EXCLUSIVE MONOPOLY TO REPRES5T ! 0NATION40 ,BUT CONS]VATIVE & REACTION>Y P>TIES REF] NO LESS TO ! WILL & 9T]E/S ( ! NATION1 & )9 C]TA9 LIMITS1 HAVE NO LESS ( A RI<T TO DO SO4 ,! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION WAS 9DUBITABLY AN EXPRESSION ( ! WILL ( ! ,FR5* NATION1 BUT ,NAPOLEON1 :O JUGGL$ AWAY ! WORK ( ! ,REVOLUTION 9 HIS C\P ( ! #a#h? ,BRUMAIRE1 BAS$ HIS 5TIRE /ATE RE=M ON ! PR9CIPLE ( 0LA VOLONTE G5]ALE0 .<! G5]AL WILL.>4 

,9 #a#h#d#h1 ! WILL ( ! 0NATION0 PRODUC$ FIR/ ! REPUBLIC & ! PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T1 !N ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 & F9ALLY ,L\IS ,BONAP>TE1 :O CA%I]$ ! ,REPUBLIC1 ! PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T1 & ! NATIONAL ASSEMBLY4 ,DUR+ ! .<#a#i#e.> ,REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA1 LIB]ALISM DEM&$ 9 ! NAME ( ! PEOPLE A 0CADET0 M9I/RY2 ABSOLUTISM1 9 ! NAME ( ! SAME PEOPLE1 >RANG$ ! POGROMS ( ! ,JEWS1 :ILE ! REVOLUTION>Y PEASANTS EXPRESS$ !IR NATIONAL WILL BY S5D+ ! E/ATES ( ! G5TRY UP 9 SMOKE4 ,9 ,POL&1 ! P>TY ( ! ,BLACK ,HUNDR$S1 ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY1 HAD A CLAIM TO BE ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE1 & 9 ! NAME ( 0! SELF-DET]M9ATION ( ! NATION0 9CIT$ 0NATIONAL0 WORK]S TO ASSASS9ATE SOCIALI/ WORK]S4 

,?US ! SAME ?+ HAPP5S TO ! 0TRUE0 WILL ( ! NATION AS TO ! TRUE R+ 9 ,LESS+'S /ORY ( ,NA?AN ! ,WISE3 IT HAS BE5 LO/ & IT SEEMS ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE TO F9D IT & TO TELL IT FROM ! FALSE & C\NT]FEIT ONES4 ,ON ! SURFACE1 ! PR9CIPLE ( DEMOCRACY PROVIDES A WAY ( DI/+UI%+ ! TRUE WILL ( ! PEOPLE BY DET]M9+ ! OP9ION ( ! MAJORITY4 

,! NATION WANTS :AT ! MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE WANT4 ,BUT WOE TO ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY :I* W\LD EV] TAKE ?AT PR9CIPLE AS ITS [N Y>D/ICK3 ?AT W\LD CONDEMN TO DEA? ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ITSELF AS ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY4 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY BY ITS V]Y NATURE IS A P>TY REPRES5T+ ! 9T]E/S ( A HUGE MAJORITY ( ! NATION4 ,BUT IT IS ALSO = ! TIME BE+ 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 9S(> AS IT IS A MATT] ( EXPRESS+ ! CONSCI\S WILL ( ! NATION1 ! P>TY ( A M9ORITY :I* ONLY SEEKS TO BECOME ! MAJORITY4 ,9 ITS ASPIRATIONS & ITS POLITICAL PROGRAM IT SEEKS TO REFLECT NOT ! WILL ( A MAJORITY ( ! NATION1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! EMBODIM5T ( ! CONSCI\S WILL ( ! PROLET>IAT ALONE4 ,& EV5 )9 ?AT CLASS1 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY IS NOT & DOES NOT CLAIM TO BE ! EMBODIM5T ( ! WILL ( ! MAJORITY4 ,IT EXPRESSES ONLY ! WILL & ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! MO/ ADVANC$ & MO/ REVOLUTION>Y SECTION ( ! URBAN-9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4 ,IT TRIES TO EXP& ?AT WILL & TO CLE> A WAY = A MAJORITY ( ! WORK]S BY MAK+ !M CONSCI\S ( !IR [N 9T]E/S4 0,! WILL ( ! NATION0 OR ITS MAJORITY IS NOT !RE=E AN IDOL = ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY BE=E :I* IT HUMBLY PRO/RATES ITSELF4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! HI/ORICAL MISSION ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY IS BAS$ ABOVE ALL ON REVOLUTIONIZ+ & =M+ ! WILL ( ! 0NATION02 ?AT IS1 ITS WORK+-CLASS MAJORITY4 ,= ! TRADITIONAL =MS ( CONSCI\SNESS :I* ! MAJORITY ( ! NATION1 & !RE=E ! WORK+ CLASSES1 DISPLAY 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY >E ! USUAL =MS ( B\RGEOIS CONSCI\SNESS1 HO/ILE TO ! IDEALS & ASPIRATIONS ( SOCIALISM4 ,EV5 9 ,G]MANY1 :]E ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY IS ! MO/ P[]FUL POLITICAL P>TY1 IT IS /ILL TODAY1 ) ITS ?REE & A QU>T] MILLION VOT]S1 A M9ORITY COMP>$ TO ! EI<T MILLION VOT]S = B\RGEOIS P>TIES & ! ?IRTY MILLION :O HAVE ! RI<T TO VOTE4 ,! /ATI/ICS ON P>LIAM5T>Y ELECTORS GIVE1 ADMITT$LY1 ONLY A R\< IDEA ( ! RELATION ( =CES 9 TIMES ( PEACE4 ,! ,G]MAN NATION !N 0DET]M9ES ITSELF0 BY ELECT+ A MAJORITY ( CONS]VATIVES1 CL]ICS1 & FREE?9K]S1 & PUTS ITS POLITICAL FATE 9 !IR H&S4 ,& ! SAME ?+ IS HAPP5+1 TO AN EV5 GREAT] DEGREE1 9 ALL O!R C\NTRIES4 

  

,V 

,LET US TAKE A CONCRETE EXAMPLE 9 AN ATTEMPT TO APPLY ! PR9CIPLE ?AT ! 0NATION0 %\LD 0DET]M9E ITSELF40 

,) RESPECT TO ,POL& AT ! PRES5T /AGE ( ! REVOLUTION1 ONE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS BELONG+ TO ! $ITORIAL COMMITTEE ( ! N[ DEFUNCT PAP]1 ,ISKRA1 9 #aif EXPLA9$ ! CONCEPT ( ! 9DISP5SABLE ,W>SAW CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY 9 ! FOLL[+ WAY3 

IF WE />T FROM ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ( ,RUSSIA IS ! DECISIVE FACTOR DET]M9+ ! CURR5T OPPRESSION ( ! NATIONALITIES1 !N WE MU/ CONCLUDE ?AT ! PROLET>IAT ( ! OPPRESS$ NATIONALITIES & ! ANNEX$ C\NTRIES %\LD BE EXTREMELY ACTIVE 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( AN ALL-,RUSSIAN CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY4 

,?IS ASSEMBLY C\LD1 IF IT WI%$1 C>RY \T ITS REVOLUTION>Y MISSION1 & BREAK ! FETT]S ( =CE ) :I* CZ>DOM B9DS TO ITSELF ! OPPRESS$ NATIONALITIES4 

,& !RE IS NO O!R SATISFACTORY1 ?AT IS1 REVOLUTION>Y WAY ( SOLV+ ?AT QUE/ION ?AN BY IMPLEM5T+ ! RI<TS ( ! NATIONALITIES TO DET]M9E !IR [N FATE4 .<,EMPHASIS 9 ! 5TIRE CITATION IS ,R,LS4.> ,! TASK ( A UNIT$ PROLET>IAN P>TY ( ALL NATIONALITIES 9 ! ASSEMBLY WILL BE TO BR+ AB\T SU* A SOLUTION ( ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION1 & ?IS TASK CAN BE REALIZ$ BY ! ,P>TY ONLY 9S(> AS IT IS BAS$ ON ! MOVEM5T ( ! MASSES1 ON ! PRESSURE !Y PUT ON ! CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY4 

,BUT 9 :AT CONCRETE =M %\LD ! ADMITT$ RI<T TO SELF-DET]M9ATION BE REALIZ$8 

,:]E ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION CAN BE MORE OR LESS ID5TIFI$ ) ! EXI/5CE ( A LEGAL /ATE - AS IS ! CASE 9 ,POL& - !N ! ORGAN :I* CAN REALIZE ! NATION'S RI<T TO SELF-DET]M9ATION CAN & %\LD BE A NATIONAL CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY :OSE SPECIAL TASK IS TO DET]M9E ! RELATION ( A GIV5 0BORD]L& C\NTRY0 TO ! /ATE AS A :OLE1 TO DECIDE :E!R IT %\LD BELONG TO ! /ATE OR BREAK AWAY FROM IT1 TO DECIDE ITS 9T]NAL SET-UP & ITS FUTURE CONNECTION ) ! /ATE AS A :OLE4 

,& !RE=E ! CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY ( ,POL& %\LD DECIDE :E!R ,POL& WILL BECOME P>T ( A NEW ,RUSSIA & :AT ITS CON/ITUTION %\LD BE4 ,& ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT %\LD USE ALL ITS /R5G? TO 9SURE ?AT ITS CLASS MAKES ITS M>K ON ! DECISION ( ?AT ORGAN ( NATIONAL SELF-GOV]NM5T4 

,IF WE %\LD ASK ! ALL-,RUSSIAN ASSEMBLY TO H& ! SOLUTION ( ! ,POLI% NATIONAL QUE/ION OV] TO ! ,W>SAW SEJM1 ,I DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT !RE IS ANY NE$ TO PUT (F CALL+ ?AT SEJM UNTIL ! ,PET]SBURG CON/ITU5TS %\LD TAKE UP ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION4 

,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ,I ?9K ?AT ! SLOGAN ( A CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY 9 ,W>SAW %\LD BE PUT =? N[1 AT ! SAME TIME AS ! SLOGAN = AN ALL-,RUSSIAN CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY4 ,! GOV]NM5T :I* F9ALLY CALLS A CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY = ALL ,RUSSIA %\LD ALSO CALL 7OR SANCTION ! CALL+ (7 A SPECIAL CON/ITU5T SEJM = ,POL&4 ,! JOB ( ! ALL-,RUSSIAN ASSEMBLY WILL BE TO SANCTION ! WORK ( ! ,W>SAW SEJM1 & 9 ! LI<T ( ! DIFF]5T SOCIAL =CES 9VOLV$ 9 ! ,PET]SBURG CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY1 ! MORE ?IS IS GIV5 ON ! BASIS ( ! REAL PR9CIPLES ( DEMOCRACY ! MORE DECISIVELY & CLE>LY WILL ! ,POLI% NATION EXPRESS ITS NATIONAL WILL4 ,IT WILL DO ?IS MO/ CLE>LY 9 ! ELECTIONS TO ! SEJM ESPECIALLY CALL$ TO DECIDE ! FUTURE FATE ( ,POL&4 ,ON ! BASIS ( ?IS SEJM'S DECISIONS1 ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT 9 ! ALL-,RUSSIAN ASSEMBLY WILL BE ABLE TO 5]GETICALLY DEF5D ! REAL RECOGNITION ( ! RI<T TO SELF-DET]M9ATION4 

,?US1 ! SIMULTANE\S CALL+ ( ALL-,RUSSIAN & ALL-,POLI% CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLIES3 ?IS %\LD BE \R SLOGAN4 

,! PRES5TATION BY ! PROLET>IAT ( ! DEM& = A CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY = ,POL& %\LD NOT BE TAK5 TO MEAN ?AT ! ,POLI% NATION W\LD BE REPRES5T$ 9 ! ALL-,RUSSIAN ASSEMBLY BY ANY DELEGATION ( ! ,W>SAW SEJM4 

,I ?9K ?AT SU* REPRES5TATION 9 ! ALL-,RUSSIAN ASSEMBLY W\LD NOT CORRESPOND TO ! 9T]E/S ( REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT W\LD JO9 ! PROLET>IAT & B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS ( ! ,POLI% SEJM BY BONDS ( MUTUAL SOLID>ITY & RESPONSIBILITY1 9 CONTRADICTION TO ! REAL MUTUAL RELATIONS ( !IR 9T]E/S4 

,9 ! ALL-,RUSSIAN ASSEMBLY1 ! PROLET>IAT & B\RGEOISIE ( ,POL& %\LD NOT BE REPRES5T$ BY ONE DELEGATION4 ,BUT ?IS W\LD OCCUR EV5 IF A DELEGATION W]E S5T FROM ! SEJM TO AN ASSEMBLY :I* 9CLUD$ REPRES5TATIVES ( ALL ! P>TIES ( ! SEJM PROPORTIONALLY TO !IR NUMB]S4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 ! DIRECT & 9DEP5D5T REPRES5TATION ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT 9 ! ASSEMBLY W\LD DISAPPE>1 & ! V]Y CREATION ( REAL POLITICAL P>TIES 9 ,POL& W\LD BE MADE DIFFICULT4 ,!N ! ELECTIONS TO ! ,POLI% SEJM1 :OSE MA9 TASK IS TO DEF9E ! POLITICAL RELATIONS BETWE5 ,POL& & ,RUSSIA1 W\LD NOT %[ ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL FACES ( ! LEAD+ P>TIES1 AS ELECTIONS TO AN ALL-,RUSSIAN ASSEMBLY C\LD DO2 = ! LATT] TYPE ( ELECTIONS W\LD ADVANCE1 BESIDES ! LOCAL1 P>TIAL1 HI/ORICALLY TEMPOR>Y & SPECIFICALLY NATIONAL QUE/IONS1 ! G5]AL QUE/IONS ( POLITICS & SOCIALISM1 :I* REALLY DIVIDE CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETIES4 7,H]E AS EV]Y:]E ,I SPEAK ( A DEF9ITE MANN] ( SOLV+ ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION = ,POL&1 NOT T\*+ ?OSE *ANGES :I* MAY PROVE !MSELVES 9DISP5SABLE :ILE RESOLV+ ?IS QUE/ION = O!R NATIONS4 - ,NOTE ( ! AU?OR ( ! CIT$ >TICLE47 .<,! ABOVE >TICLE APPE>$ 9 ,ROBOTNIK1 ! ORGAN ( ! ,P,P,S1 NO4#g#e1 ,FEBRU>Y #g1 #a#i#f4- ,NOTE ( ! $ITORIAL BO>D ( ,PRZEGLAD ,SOZIAL-DEMOKRATYCZNY.> 

,?IS >TICLE GIVES A MORAL SANCTION ON ! P>T ( ! OPPORTUNI/ W+ ( ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY TO ! SLOGAN PUT =? BY ! ,P,P,S 9 ! FIR/ P]IOD ( ! REVOLUTION3 ?AT IS1 TO ! ,W>SAW CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY4 ,H[EV]1 IT HAD NO PRACTICAL RESULT4 ,AFT] ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,P,P,S1 ! SO-CALL$ LEFT W+ ( ?AT P>TY1 HAV+ PUBLICLY REJECT$ ! PROGRAM ( REBUILD+ ,POL&1 F\ND ITSELF =C$ TO AB&ON ITS P>TIAL PROGRAM ( NATIONALISM 9 ! =M ( ! SLOGAN ( A ,W>SAW CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY4 ,BUT ! >TICLE REMA9S A *>ACT]I/IC ATTEMPT TO GIVE PRACTICAL EFFECT TO ! PR9CIPLE ( 0! RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION40 

,9 ! ABOVE >GUM5T1 :I* WE QUOT$ 9 FULL 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO EXAM9E IT FROM ALL ASPECTS1 SEV]AL PO9TS /RIKE ! READ]4 ,ABOVE ALL1 ACCORD+ TO ! AU?OR1 ON ! ONE H& 0A CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY ( ,POL& %\LD DECIDE :E!R ,POL& %\LD 5T] ! =MATION ( A NEW ,RUSSIA & :AT K9D ( CON/ITUTION IT %\LD HAVE40 ,ON ! O!R1 0! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT %\LD USE ITS /R5G? TO 9SURE ?AT ITS CLASS WILL MAKE ! GREATE/ M>K ON ! DECISIONS ( ?AT ORGAN ( NATIONAL SELF-GOV]NM5T4 0 ,H]E ! CLASS WILL ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT IS EXPRESSLY OPPOS$ TO ! PASSIVE WILL ( ! ,POLI% 0NATION40 ,! CLASS WILL ( ! PROLET>IAT CAN OBVI\SLY LEAVE 0ITS M>K0 ON ! DECISIONS ( ! ,W>SAW CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY ONLY IF IT IS CLE>LY & EXPRESSLY =MULAT$2 9 O!R WORDS1 ! CLASS P>TY ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT1 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 MU/ HAVE A WELL-DEF9$ PROGRAM ) RESPECT TO ! NATIONAL QUE/ION1 :I* IT CAN 9TRODUCE 9 ! ,W>SAW CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY A PROGRAM :I* CORRESPONDS NOT TO ! WILL ( 0! NATION0 BUT ONLY TO ! WILL & 9T]E/S ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT4 ,!N1 9 ! CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY1 9 ! NATIONAL QUE/ION1 ONE WILL1 OR 0! SELF-DET]M9ATION ( ! PROLET>IAT0 WILL COME \T AGA9/ ! WILL OR 0! SELF-DET]M9ATION ( ! NATION40 ,= ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/S1 ! 0NATION'S RI<T TO SELF-DET]M9ATION0 AS AN OBLIGATORY PR9CIPLE 9 FACT DISAPPE>S1 & IS REPLAC$ BY A CLE>LY DEF9$ POLITICAL PROGRAM ON ! NATIONAL QUE/ION4 

,! RESULT IS RA!R /RANGE4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,LABOR ,P>TY LEAVES ! SOLUTION ( ! ,POLI% QUE/ION UP TO ! ,POLI% 0NATION40 ,! ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/S %\LD NOT PICK IT UP BUT TRY1 AS H>D AS !Y CAN1 TO SOLVE ?IS QUE/ION ACCORD+ TO ! 9T]E/S & WILL ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,H[EV]1 ! P>TY ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT IS ORGANIZATIONALLY TI$ TO ! ALL-/ATE P>TY1 = 9/ANCE1 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ( ! ,K+DOM ( ,POL& & ,LI?UANIA IS A P>T ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,LABOR ,P>TY4 ,?US1 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ( ALL ( ,RUSSIA1 UNIT$ BO? 9 IDEAS & FACTUALLY1 HAS TWO DIFF]5T POSITIONS4 ,AS A :OLE1 IT /&S = ! 0NATIONS 9 ITS CON/ITU5T P>TS1 IT /&S = ! SEP>ATE PROLET>IAT ( EA* NATION4 ,BUT !SE POSITIONS CAN BE QUITE DIFF]5T & MAY EV5 BE COMPLETELY OPPOS$ TO EA* O!R4 ,! %>P5$ CLASS ANTAGONISM 9 ALL ( ,RUSSIA MAKES IT A G5]AL RULE ?AT 9 ! NATIONAL-POLITICAL QUE/ION1 AS 9 QUE/IONS ( 9T]NAL POLITICS1 ! PROLET>IAN P>TIES TAKE COMPLETELY DIFF]5T POSITIONS FROM ! B\RGEOIS & PETIT B\RGEOIS P>TIES ( ! SEP>ATE NATIONALITIES4 ,:AT POSITION %\LD ! ,LABOR ,P>TY ( ,RUSSIA !N TAKE 9 ! CASE ( SU* A COLLISION8 

,LET US SUPPOSE = ! SAKE ( >GUM5T1 ?AT 9 ! F$]AL CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY1 TWO CONTRADICTORY PROGRAMS >E PUT =? FROM ,POL&3 ! AUTONOM\S PROGRAM ( ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY & ! AUTONOM\S PROGRAM ( ,POLI% ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 :I* >E QUITE AT ODDS ) RESPECT TO 9T]NAL T5D5CY AS WELL AS TO POLITICAL =MULATION4 ,:AT WILL ! POSITION ( ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY BE ) REG>D TO !M8 ,:I* ( ! PROGRAMS WILL IT RECOGNIZE AS AN EXPRESSION ( ! WILL & 0SELF-DET]M9ATION0 ( ! ,POLI% 0NATION08 ,POLI% ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY NEV] HAD ANY PRET5SIONS TO BE SPEAK+ 9 ! NAME ( ! 0NATION40 ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY COMES =? AS ! EXPRESS] ( ! 0NATIONAL0 WILL4 ,LET US ALSO ASSUME = A MOM5T ?AT ?IS P>TY W9S A MAJORITY AT ! ELECTIONS TO ! CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY BY TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! IGNORANCE ( ! PETIT B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS AS WELL AS C]TA9 SECTIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 WILL ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ALL-,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT1 COMPLY+ ) ! REQUIREM5TS ( ! =MULA ( !IR PROGRAM1 COME \T 9 FAVOR ( ! PROPOSALS ( ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY & GO AGA9/ !IR [N COMRADES FROM ,POL&8 ,OR WILL !Y ASSOCIATE !MSELVES ) ! PROGRAM ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT1 LEAV+ ! 0RI<T ( NATIONS0 TO ONE SIDE AS A PHRASE :I* B9DS !M TO NO?+8 ,OR WILL ! ,POLI% ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS BE =C$1 9 ORD] TO RECONCILE !SE CONTRADICTIONS 9 !IR PROGRAM1 TO COME \T 9 ! ,W>SAW CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY1 AS WELL AS 9 !IR [N AGITATION 9 ,POL&1 9 FAVOR ( !IR [N AUTONOM\S PROGRAM1 BUT TO ! F$]AL CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY1 AS MEMB]S WELL AW>E ( ! DISCIPL9E ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY ( ,RUSSIA1 = ! PROGRAM ( ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY1 ?AT IS1 AGA9/ !IR [N PROGRAM8 

,LET US TAKE YET ANO!R EXAMPLE4 ,EXAM9+ ! QUE/ION 9 A PURELY AB/RACT =M1 S9CE ! AU?OR HAS PUT ! PROBLEM ON ?AT BASIS1 LET US SUPPOSE1 TO ILLU/RATE ! PR9CIPLE1 ?AT 9 ! NATIONAL ASSEMBLY ( ! ,JEWI% POPULATION ( ,RUSSIA = :Y %\LD ! RI<T TO CREATE SEP>ATE CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLIES BE LIMIT$ TO ,POL&1 AS ! AU?OR WANTS8 - ! ,ZIONI/ ,P>TY SOMEH[ W9S A MAJORITY & DEM&S ?AT ! ALL-,RUSSIAN CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY VOTE FUNDS = ! EMIGRATION ( ! 5TIRE ,JEWI% COMMUNITY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! CLASS REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,JEWI% PROLET>IAT FIRMLY RESI/ ! POSITION ( ! ,ZIONI/S AS A H>MFUL & REACTION>Y UTOPIA4 ,:AT POSITION WILL ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY TAKE 9 ?IS CONFLICT8 

,IT WILL HAVE TWO *OICES4 ,! 0RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION0 MI<T BE ESS5TIALLY ID5TICAL ) ! DET]M9ATION ( ! NATIONAL QUE/ION BY ! PROLET>IAT 9 QUE/ION ?AT IS1 ) ! NATIONALITY PROGRAM ( ! CONC]N$ ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC P>TIES4 ,9 SU* A CASE1 H[EV]1 ! =MULA ( ! 0RI<T ( NATIONS0 9 ! PROGRAM ( ! ,RUSSIAN P>TY IS ONLY A MY/IFY+ P>APHRASE ( ! CLASS POSITION4 ,OR1 ALT]NATIVELY1 ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT AS SU* C\LD RECOGNIZE & HONOR ONLY ! WILL ( ! NATIONAL MAJORITIES ( ! NATIONALITIES UND] ,RUSSIAN SUBJUGATION1 EV5 ?\< ! PROLET>IAT ( ! RESPECTIVE 0NATIONS0 %\LD COME \T AGA9/ ?IS MAJORITY ) !IR [N CLASS PROGRAM4 ,& 9 ?IS CASE1 IT IS A POLITICAL DUALISM ( A SPECIAL TYPE2 IT GIVES DRAMATIC EXPRESSION TO ! DISCORD BETWE5 ! 0NATIONAL0 & CLASS POSITIONS3 IT PO9TS UP ! CONFLICT BETWE5 ! POSITION ( ! F$]AL WORK]S' P>TY & ?AT ( ! P>TIES ( ! P>TICUL> NATIONALITIES :I* MAKE IT UP4 

,A SPECIAL ,POLI% CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY IS TO BE ! ORGAN ( REALIZ+ ! RI<T ( ! NATION TO SELF-DET]M9ATION4 ,BUT ?AT RI<T IS1 9 REALITY1 SEV]ELY LIMIT$ BY ! AU?OR1 & 9 TWO DIRECTIONS4 ,FIR/1 ! COMPET5CE ( ! ,W>SAW CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY IS R$UC$ TO ! SPECIAL QUE/ION ( ! RELATION ( ,POL& TO ,RUSSIA & TO ! CON/ITUTION = ,POL&4 ,!N1 EV5 )9 ?IS DOMA91 ! DECISIONS ( ! 0,POLI% NATION0 >E SUBORD9AT$ TO ! SANCTION ( AN ALL-,RUSSIAN CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY4 ,! ASSEMBLY1 H[EV] - IF ?IS RES]VATION IS TO HAVE ANY MEAN+ AT ALL - CAN EI!R GRANT OR D5Y !SE SANCTIONS4 ,UND] SU* CONDITIONS ! UNLIMIT$ 0RI<T ( ! NATION TO SELF-DET]M9ATION0 BECOMES RA!R PROBLEMATIC4 ,! NATIONAL P>TIZANS ( ! SLOGAN ( A SEP>ATE ,W>SAW CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY W\LD NOT AT ALL AGREE TO ! R$UCTION ( !IR COMPET5CE TO ! N>R[ >EA ( RELATIONS BETWE5 ,POL& & ,RUSSIA4 ,!Y WANT$ TO GIVE ! ASSEMBLY ! P[] OV] ALL ! 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL RELATIONS ( ! SOCIAL LIFE ( ,POL&4 ,& FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! 0RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION10 !Y W\LD UND\BT$LY HAVE RI<T & LOGIC ON !IR SIDE4 ,= !RE SEEMS TO BE NO REASON :Y 0SELF-DET]M9ATION0 %\LD MEAN ONLY ! SOLUTION ( ! EXT]NAL FATE ( ! NATION & ( ITS CON/ITUTION1 & NOT ( ALL SOCIAL & POLITICAL MATT]S4 ,BESIDES1 ! SEP>ATION ( ! RELATION ( ,POL& TO ,RUSSIA & ! CON/ITUTION ( ,POL& FROM ! 0G5]AL PROBLEMS ( POLITICS & SOCIALISM0 IS A CON/RUCTION :I* IS >TIFICIAL TO ! HI<E/ DEGREE4 ,IF ! 0CON/ITUTION ( ,POL&0 IS TO DET]M9E - AS IT EVID5TLY MU/ - ! ELECTORAL LAW1 ! LAW ( UNIONS & MEET+S1 ! LAW ( ! PRESS1 ETC41 ETC41 = ,POL&1 !N IT IS NOT CLE> :AT POLITICAL QUE/IONS REMA9 = ! F$]AL CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY TO SOLVE ) RESPECT TO ,POL&4 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 ONLY ONE ( TWO PO9TS ( VIEW IS POSSIBLE3 EI!R ! ,W>SAW CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY IS TO BE ! ESS5TIAL ORGAN = ! SELF-DET]M9ATION ( ! ,POLI% NATION1 & 9 ?IS CASE IT CAN BE ONLY AN ORGAN ON ! SAME LEVEL AS ! ,PET]SBURG CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY2 OR1 ! CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY ( ,W>SAW PLAYS ONLY ! ROLE ( A NATIONAL SEJM 9 A POSITION ( DEP5D5CE ON & SUBORD9ATION TO ! F$]AL CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY1 & 9 ?IS CASE1 0! RI<T ( ! NATION TO SELF-DET]M9ATION10 DEP5D5T ON ! SANCTION ( ! ,RUSSIAN 0NATION10 REM9DS ONE ( ! ,G]MAN CONCEPT3 0,DIE ,REPUBLIK MIT DEM ,GROS%]ZOG AN D] ,SPITZE0 .<0,! ,REPUBLIC ) ! ,GR& ,DUKE AT ! ,HEAD0.> 4 

,! AU?OR HIMSELF HELPS US TO GUESS H[1 9 HIS UND]/&+1 ! 0RI<T ( ! NATION10 PROCLAIM$ 9 ! 9TRODUCTION SO *>M+LY 9 ! =M ( A ,W>SAW CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY1 IS F9ALLY CANCEL$ \T BY ! COMPET5CE & RI<T ( SANCTION ( ! ,PET]SBURG CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY4 

,9 ?IS MATT]1 ! ,M5%EVIK J\RNALI/ ADOPTS ! VIEW ?AT ! ,W>SAW CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY WILL BE ! ORGAN ( NATIONAL 9T]E/S1 :]EAS ! F$]AL ASSEMBLY WILL BE ! ORGAN ( ! CLASS & G5]AL SOCIAL 9T]E/S1 ! T]RA9 ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! PROLET>IAT & ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,?US1 ! AU?OR %[S SO MU* MI/RU/ ( ! ,W>SAW ORGAN ( ! 0NATIONAL WILL0 ?AT HE OPPOSES ! REPRES5TATION ( ?AT NATIONAL SEJM 9 ! ,PET]SBURG CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY1 = :I* HE DEM&S DIRECT ELECTIONS FROM ,POL& TO 9SURE ! BE/ REPRES5TATION ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT4 ,! DEF5D] ( TWO CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLIES FEELS 9/9CTIVELY ?AT EV5 ) UNIV]SAL & EQUAL ELECTIONS TO ! ,W>SAW ASSEMBLY1 ITS V]Y 9DIVIDUAL NATURE W\LD WEAK5 ! POSITION ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT1 :ILE ! COMB9$ 5TRY ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT ) ! PROLET>IAT ( ! 5TIRE /ATE 9 A G5]AL CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY W\LD /R5G!N ! CLASS POSITION & ITS DEF5SE4 ,H5CE >ISES HIS VACILLATION BETWE5 ONE & ! O!R POSITION & HIS DESIRE TO SUBORD9ATE ! ORGAN ( ! 0NATIONAL0 WILL TO ! ORGAN ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,?IS IS1 !N1 AGA9 AN EQUIVOCAL POLITICAL POSITION1 9 :I* ! COLLISION BETWE5 ! 0NATIONAL0 PO9T ( VIEW & ! CLASS PO9T ( VIEW TAKES ! =M ( ! OPPOSITION BETWE5 ! ,W>SAW & ! ,PET]SBURG CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLIES4 ,ONLY ONE QUE/ION REMA9S3 S9CE ! REPRES5TATION 9 A F$]AL CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY IS MORE USEFUL = ! DEF5SE ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT1 !N :Y CANNOT ?AT BODY RESOLVE ! ,POLI% NATIONAL QUE/ION1 9 ORD] TO 9SURE ! PREPOND]ANCE ( ! WILL & 9T]E/S ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT8 ,SO MANY HESITATIONS & CONTRADICTIONS %[ H[ DESIRABLE IT W\LD BE = ! 0NATION0 & ! WORK+ CLASS TO DEVELOP A COMMON POSITION4 

,AP>T FROM ?IS1 WE MU/ ADD ?AT ! 5TIRE CON/RUCTION ( ! ,W>SAW CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY AS ! ORGAN ( NATIONAL 0SELF-DET]M9ATION0 IS ONLY A H\SE ( C>DS3 ! DEP5D5CE OR 9DEP5D5CE ( NATION-/ATES IS DET]M9$ NOT BY ! VOTE ( MAJORITIES 9 P>LIAM5T>Y REPRES5TATIONS1 BUT ONLY BY SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 BY MAT]IAL CLASS 9T]E/S1 & AS REG>DS ! EXT]NAL POLITICAL AFFAIRS1 BY >M$ /RUGGLE1 W>1 OR 9SURRECTION4 ,! ,W>SAW ASSEMBLY C\LD ONLY REALLY DET]M9E ! FATE ( ,POL& IF ,POL& HAD FIR/1 BY MEANS ( A SUCCESSFUL UPRIS+1 WON FACTUAL 9DEP5D5CE FROM ,RUSSIA4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! ,POLI% PEOPLE CAN REALIZE ITS 0RI<T0 TO SELF-DET]M9ATION ONLY :5 IT HAS ! ACTUAL ABILITY1 ! NECESS>Y =CE = ?IS1 & !N IT WILL REALIZE IT NOT ON ! BASIS ( ITS 0RI<TS0 BUT ON ! BASIS ( ITS P[]4 ,! PRES5T REVOLUTION DID NOT CALL =? AN 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T 9 ,POL&2 IT DID NOT %[ ! LEA/ T5D5CY TO SEP>ATE ,POL& FROM ,RUSSIA4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT BURI$ ! REMA9S ( !SE T5D5CIES BY =C+ ! NATIONAL P>TY 7,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRACY7 TO R5\NCE ! PROGRAM ( ! RECON/RUCTION ( ,POL&1 :ILE ! O!R P>TY 7! ,P,P,S7 WAS SMA%$ TO BITS & ALSO1 MIDWAY 9 ! /RUGGLE1 WAS =C$ TO R5\NCE ?IS PROGRAM EXPLICITLY4 ,?US1 ! 0RI<T0 ( ! ,POLI% NATION TO SELF-DET]M9ATION REMA9S - ! RI<T TO EAT (F GOLD PLATES4 

,! DEM& = A ,W>SAW CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY IS !RE=E OBVI\SLY DEPRIV$ ( ALL POLITICAL OR !ORETICAL IMPORTANCE & REPRES5TS ONLY A MOM5T>Y T5TATIVE IMPROVIZATION ( DET]IORAT$ ,POLI% NATIONALISM1 LIKE A SOAP BUBBLE :I* BUR/S IMM$IATELY AFT] APPE>+4 ,?IS DEM& IS USEFUL ONLY AS AN ILLU/RATION ( ! APPLICATION ( 0! RI<T ( A NATION TO SELF-DET]M9ATION0 9 PRACTICE4 ,?IS ILLU/RATION IS A NEW PRO( ?AT BY RECOGNIZ+ ! 0RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION0 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! PRES5T REGIME1 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY IS (F]+ ! 0NATIONS0 EI!R ! *EAP BLESS+ TO DO :AT !Y 7! 0NATIONS07 >E 9 A POSITION TO DO BY VIRTUE ( !IR /R5G?1 OR ELSE AN EMPTY PHRASE ) NO =CE AT ALL4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ?IS POSITION BR+S ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY 9TO CONFLICT ) ITS TRUE CALL+1 ! PROTECTION ( ! CLASS 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT & ! REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY1 :I* ! CREATORS ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM US$ AS ! BASIS ( !IR VIEW ON ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION4 

,! PRES]VATION ( ?AT METAPHYSICAL PHRASE 9 ! PROGRAM ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY ( ,RUSSIA W\LD BE A BETRAYAL ( ! /RICTLY CLASS POSITION :I* ! P>TY HAS TRI$ TO OBS]VE 9 ALL PO9TS ( ITS PROGRAM4 ,! N9? P>AGRAPH %\LD BE REPLAC$ BY A CONCRETE =MULA1 H[EV] G5]AL1 :I* W\LD PROVIDE A SOLUTION ( ! NATIONALITY QUE/ION 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT ( ! P>TICUL> NATIONALITIES4 ,?AT DOES NOT 9 ! LEA/ MEAN ?AT ! PROGRAM ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATION ( ! RESPECTIVE NATIONALITIES %\LD BECOME1 EO IPSO1 ! PROGRAM ( ! ALL-,RUSSIAN P>TY4 ,A FUNDAM5TAL CRITICAL APPRAISAL ( EA* ( !SE PROGRAMS BY ! :OLE ( ! WORK]S' P>TY ( ! /ATE IS NECESS>Y1 BUT ?IS APPRAISAL %\LD BE MADE FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! ACTUAL SOCIAL CONDITIONS1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( A SCI5TIFIC ANALYSIS ( ! G5]AL T5D5CIES ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 AS WELL AS ! 9T]E/S ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,?IS ALONE CAN 9DICATE A UNI=M & CONSI/5T POSITION ( ! P>TY AS A :OLE & 9 ITS CON/ITU5T P>TS4 

.<#b.>,T[>ZY/WO ,DEMOKRATYCZNE ,POLSKIE 7,DEMOCRATIC ,SOCIETY_/,POLI%71 #a#h#c#b-#a#h#f#b1 WAS ! BIGGE/ ORGANIZATION ( ,POLI% EMIGRANTS 9 ,FRANCE & 9 ,5GL&1 PR(ESS+ REVOLUTION>Y & DEMOCRATIC VIEWS4 ,AFT] #a#h#d1 IT WAS 9VOLV$ 9 PREP>+ AN 9SURRECTION 9 ! ?REE P>TS ( P>TITION$ ,POL&4 

,POBUDKA 7,REVEILLE71 ALSO CALL$ ,LA ,DIANE1 WAS A J\RNAL ( ! ,POLI% ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY PUBLI%$ 9 ,P>IS1 #a#h#h#i-#a#h#i#c4 

,LIGA ,N>ODWA 7,NATIONAL ,LEAGUE71 F\ND$ #ahic AS A SUCCESSOR ( ! 0,POLI% ,LEAGUE10 WAS A SECRET POLITICAL ORGANIZATION 9 ,RUSSIAN1 ,G]MAN1 & ,AU/RIAN ,POL&4 ,IT PROMOT$ CLASS SOLID>ITY & NATIONALISM2 IT REPRES5T$ ! 9T]E/S ( ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES4 ,9 #a#h#i#f1 IT F\ND$ ! ,P>TY ( ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRATS 7,5DECJA71 :I* WAS CONSID]$ B\RGEOIS1 ) /RONG NATIONALI/ T5D5CIES4 

.<#c.> ,! ABOVE MOTION READ3 0,:]EAS1 ! SUBJUGATION ( ONE NATION BY ANO!R CAN S]VE ONLY ! 9T]E/S ( CAPITALI/S & DESPOTS1 :ILE = WORK+ PEOPLE 9 BO? OPPRESS$ & OPPRESSOR NATION IT IS EQUALLY P]NICI\S2 & :]EAS1 9 P>TICUL>1 ! ,RUSSIAN CZ>DOM1 :I* [ES ITS 9T]NAL /R5G? & ITS EXT]NAL SIGNIFICANCE TO ! SUBJUGATION & P>TITION ( ,POL&1 CON/ITUTES A P]MAN5T ?REAT TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 ! ,CONGRESS H]EBY RESOLVES3 ?AT ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ,POL& REPRES5TS AN IMP]ATIVE POLITICAL DEM& BO? = ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT & = ! 9T]NATIONAL LABOR MOVEM5T AS A :OLE40 .<,APP>5TLY NOTE BY ,R4,L4.> 

.<#d.> ,ONLY ! ,G]MAN BRAN* ( ! ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ?\<T IT RELEVANT TO 9CLUDE ! ,LONDON ,RESOLUTION 9 ITS PROGRAM DUR+ ITS /RUGGLES ) ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 ,AFT] IT JO9$ ! ,G]MAN ,P>TY AGA91 ! ,P,P,S ADOPT$ ! ,]FURT PROGRAM AS ITS [N )\T RES]VATIONS4.<#e.> .<,APP>5TLY NOTE BY ,R4,L4.> 

.<,CONFUS+LY ! NOTE BEL[ IS NOT$ 9 ! NOTE ABOVE4 ,NOTE BY TRANSCRIB].> 

.<#e.> ,! ?REE P>TITIONS 7#a#g#g#b1 #a#g#i#c1 #a#g#i#e7 HAD LEFT ,POL& DIVID$ AMONG ,RUSSIA1 ,PRUSSIA1 & ,AU/RIA 7#f#b P]C5T1 #b P]C5T1 & #ah P]C5T ( ,POLI% T]RITORY RESPECTIVELY74 ,! ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/S 9 EA* ( ! OCCUPI$ >EAS COOP]AT$ 9 ONE OR ANO!R FA%ION ) ! ,SOCIALI/ P>TIES ( ! P>TITION+ P[]S1 MORE CLOSELY ?\< ) ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY & ! ,AU/RIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY 7UNTIL #ahih !RE WAS NO ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY74 

,PROLET>IAT1 F\ND$ 9 #ahhb BY ,LUDWIK ,W>YNSKI1 WAS CALL$ ! FIR/ ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY4 ,IT SIGN$ AN AGREEM5T ) ! ,RUSSIAN ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA 7,PEOPLE'S ,WILL74 ,AFT] ! DE/RUCTION ( ,PROLET>IAT 9 ! LATE #a#h#hS1 ?REE SMALL GR\PS CONT9U$ TO FUNCTION1 ! SO-CALL$ 0,SECOND ,PROLET>IAT10 7,M>T9 ,KASPRZAK71 ! ,UNION ( ,POLI% ,WORK]S 7,JULIAN ,M>*LEWSKI1 ,ADOLF ,W>SZAWSKI1 ,BRONISLAW ,WESOL[SKI71 & ! ,ASSOCIATION ( ,WORK]S4 ,SIMULTANE\SLY ) ! ,PROLET>IAT4 ! ,POLI% ,PEOPLE WAS ORGANIZ$ BY ,BRONISLAW ,LIMAN[SKI 9 ,PORTSM\? 9 #a#h#h#a4 

,9 #a#h#i#b1 ! LEAD]S ( ! ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ GR\PS ( ,AU/RIAN ,GALICIA & ,G]MAN ,SILESIA =M$ DI/9CT & SEP>ATE ,POLI% P>TIES 9 !IR T]RITORIES4 ,9 ,NOVEMB] #a#h#i#b1 A CONGRESS ( ALL ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/S 9 EXILE CREAT$ ! UNIT$ ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 7,P,P,S74 ,P,P,S COV]$ ! ,RUSSIAN T]RITORIES ( ,POL& & WAS CLOSELY RELAT$ TO ! ,G]MAN-,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & TO ! ,POLI% ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY 9 ,AU/RIAN ,GALICIA4 ,UNTIL ! F\NDATION ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ( ! ,K+DOM ( ,POL& 7,S,D,K,P7 BY ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 ,JULIAN ,M>*LEWSKI1 ,ADOLF ,W>SZAWSKI1 & ,LEO ,JOGI*ES 9 #a#h#i#c1 ! ,POLES APPE>$ AS ONE UNIT AT 9T]NATIONAL CONGRESSES4 

,! ,S,D,K,P SAW ITSELF AS ! DIRECT SUCCESSOR TO ,PROLET>IAT4 ,ITS IMM$IATE AIM WAS A LIB]AL CON/ITUTION = ! 5TIRE ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE ) T]RITORIAL AUTONOMY = ,POL&2 ,POLI% 9DEP5D5CE WAS SPECIFICALLY REJECT$4 ,UP TO ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 ! ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T REMA9$ %>PLY DIVID$ ON ! ISSUE ( ,POLI% 9DEP5D5CE4 ,AFT] ! FUSION ( ,S,D,K,P & ! ,LI?UANIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS 7#a#h#i#i71 ! NEW P>TY TOOK ! NAME ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ( ! ,K+DOM ( ,POL& & ,LI?UANIA 7,S,D,K,PI,L74 

,9 #a#i#a#a1 ! ,S,D,K,PI,L SPLIT 9TO TWO FACTIONS3 ! ,Z>ZAD[CY FACTION 9CLUD$ ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 ,LEO ,JOGI*ES-,TYSZKA1 ,M>*LEWSKI1 & ,FELIX ,DZH]ZHYNSKI1 :ILE ! ,ROSLAM[CY FACTION HAD AS MEMB]S ,HANECKI1 ,RADEK1 ! ,BRO!RS ,/E91 & ,BRONSKI4 ,BO? FACTIONS PASS$ \T ( EXI/5CE ) ! =MATION ( ! ,POLI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 #a#i#a#h4 ,?IS P>TY WAS %ORTLY DECL>$ ILLEGAL2 IT WAS ALMO/ TOTALLY PURG$ BY ,/AL9 9 #a#i#c#g4 ,! DIRECT SUCCESSOR ( ! ,POLI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY WAS ! ,POLI% ,WORK]S' ,P>TY 7,POLSKA ,P>TIA ,ROBOTNICZA71 F\ND$ 9 #a#i#d#b4 

,! ,P,P,S CEAS$ TO EXI/ 9 #aidh :5 IT WAS UNIT$ ) ! ,P,P,R4 ,! FUSION ( !SE TWO GAVE BIR? TO ! PRES5T ,POLI% ,UNIT$ ,WORK]S' ,P>TY 7,P,Z,P,R71 ! RUL+ P>TY 9 ! ,POLI% ,PEOPLE'S ,REPUBLIC4 

.<#f.> ,JOSEF ,SZUJSKI 7#a#h#c#e-#a#h#h#c71 ,POLI% HI/ORIAN & /ATESMAN1 SPOKESMAN = A CONCILIATORY1 PRO-,AU/RIAN POLICY1 COAU?OR ( ,TEKA ,/ANCZYKA - A POLITICAL PAMPHLET OPPOS+ ! 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T 9 ,POL&4 

,TADEUSZ ,KOSCIUSZKO 7#a#g#d#f-#a#h#a#g71 ,POLI% G5]AL1 SUPREME COMM&] ( ! SO-CALL$ ,KOSCIUSZKO ,9SURRECTION ( #a#g#i#d4 ,DIRECT$ AGA9/ ,RUSSIA & ,PRUSSIA - ! MA9 B5EFICI>IES ( ,POL&'S P>TITIONS ( #aggf & #agic - ! ABORTIVE 9SURRECTION WAS FOLL[$ BY ! ?IRD P>TITION 9 #a#g#i#e1 :I* WIP$ ,POL& FROM ! MAP ( ,EUROPE UNTIL %E REGA9$ 9DEP5D5CE 9 #a#i#a#h4 

,! ,NOVEMB] ,9SURRECTION1 #a#h#c-#c#a1 9 ,RUSSIA-OCCUPI$ ,POL&1 WAS CAUS$ BY AN 9T5SIFI$ ,RUSSIANIZ+ POLICY4 ,! PRO-,RUSSIAN ,POLI% NOBILITY & UPP] MILIT>Y CLASS W]E OPPOS$ BY REVOLUTION>Y 9TELLECTUALS & ! L[]-RANK+ >MY (FIC]S4 ,:5 ! SEJM DE?RON$ ! CZ>1 AN >M$ CONFLICT ]UPT$ :I* 5D$ 9 ,RUSSIA'S ULTIMATELY LIQUIDAT+ ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! RUMP ,K+DOM ( ,POL&4 

,! ,JANU>Y ,9SURRECTION2 #a#h#f#c-#f#d1 WAS DIRECTLY CAUS$ BY ! DRAFT ( ,POLES 9TO ! CZ>I/ >MY4 ,SUPPORT$ BY PEASANTS & CIVILIANS1 ! 9SURRECTION SPREAD TO ! ,PRUSSIA- & ,AU/RIA-OCCUPI$ T]RITORIES ( ,POL&4 ,IT 5D$ 9 DEFEAT1 & ! COMM&] 9 *IEF1 ,ROMUALD ,TRAUGUTT1 WAS HANG$ BY ! ,RUSSIANS4 

.<#g.> ,ACTUALLY1 ! >TICLES W]E WRITT5 BY ,5GELS4 ,BUT ,M>X SUBMITT$ !M1 & IT IS P]FECTLY CORRECT = ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG TO CITE !M AS ILLU/RAT+ ,M>X'S TE*NIQUE ( ANALYSIS4 

.<#h.> ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS1 ,D] ,S*WEIZ] ,BURG]KRIEG1 9 ,NA*LASS1 ,I,I1 #d#d#h4 

.<#i.> ,9 ! M9DS ( LEGAL =MALI/S & PR(ESSORS1 ?IS DEVELOPM5T APPE>S 9 ! =M ( ! 0DEG5]ATION ( ! NATIONAL IDEA40 

,! O!R /REAM ( NATIONALI/ TR5DS APPE>S 9 ! /RIV+S ( NATIONS :I* HAVE ALREADY GA9$ POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE1 TO ASS]T !IR SUP]IORITY & ASC5DANCY OV] O!R NATIONS4 ,!SE /RIV+S >E EXPRESS$ ON ! ONE H& 9 ! GLORIFICATION ( !IR PA/ HI/ORICAL VIRTUES OR ! PRES5T FEATURES ( !IR NATIONAL *>ACT]1 ! 0S\L10 OR F9ALLY AS COMPLETELY UNDEF9$ HOPES = A FUTURE CULTURAL ROLE1 = SOME K9D ( A MISSION ( DE/9Y GIV5 TO C]TA9 NATIONS1 /RIV+S :I* >E N[ *RI/5$ ) ! NAME ( NATIONALISM4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 !SE POLITICAL T5D5CIES BR+ AB\T ! EXPANSION ( ! T]RITORIAL B\ND>IES ( A GIV5 NATION1 ! /R5G!N+ ( ITS GLOBAL POSITION BY P>TITION+ V>I\S O!R C\NTRIES & BY 9CREAS+ ITS COLONIAL POSSESSIONS--?AT IS1 ! POLITICS ( IMP]IALISM4 ,!SE MOVEM5TS EMBODY ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! NATIONAL IDEA1 BUT !Y REPRES5T A CONTRADICTION ( ! ORIG9AL CONT5TS ( ?AT IDEA1 & 9 ITS FATAL RESULTS1 SO DEGRAD+ = CIVILIZATION1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE NOT TO SEE ! DEG5]ATION ( ?AT IDEA & ITS DEA?4 ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ! C5TURY ( NATIONALITIES HAS F9I%$4 ,WE MU/ AWAIT A NEW AGE1 COLOR$ BY NEW TR5DS4 - ,W4,M4 ,U/9[1 ,IDYEYU ,NATSYONALNOVO ,GOSUD>/VA 7,KH>KOV3 #a#i#f74 .<,APP>5TLY NOTE BY ,R4,L4.> 

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