,*APT] #c 
,ORGANIC ,SOCIETY 

#aiigaiig 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,$ITOR 3 ,JANET ,BIEHL 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #c3 ,ORGANIC ,SOCIETY 

,9TRODUCTION 

,9 ,BOOK*9'S VIEW1 SOCIETY & CULTURE MU/ BE UND]/OOD BY 
EXAM9+ NOT ONLY :AT !Y >E AT PRES5T BUT !IR ORIG9S & 
SUBSEQU5T DEVELOPM5T OV] ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY4 ,?US1 TO RESCUE 
A TRADITION ( FRE$OM 9 SUPPORT ( HIS ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 HE TRACES 
A 0LEGACY ( FRE$OM0 ?AT HAS RUN AS AN ALT]NATIVE LIB]T>IAN 
UND]CURR5T ?R\< ,WE/]N HI/ORY4 ,9 HIS #aihb BOOK ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM HE GAVE P>TICUL> ATT5TION TO :AT HE CALLS 0ORGANIC 
SOCIETY0 -- ?AT IS1 ! PRELIT]ATE B& & TRIBAL CULTURES ?AT 
PREC$$ RECORD$ HI/ORY 9 ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA & ?AT P]SI/$ 
F> LONG] 9 O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD4 ,9S(> AS A NUMB] ( ITS 
FEATURES HOLD RELEVANCE = ! CREATION ( AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 
ORGANIC SOCIETY IS P>T ( ! 0LEGACY ( FRE$OM40 

,P]HAPS ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( !SE FEATURES IS ! RELATIVELY 
EGALIT>IAN NATURE ( 9DIVIDUAL ORGANIC SOCIETIES 9 !IR E>LIE/ 
PHASES4 ,9ITIALLY SU* GR\PS W]E 9T]NALLY FREE ( SOCIAL HI]>*Y?AT 
IS1 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ SY/EMS ( RANK BAS$ ON /ATUS DI/9CTIONS4 
,LACK+ SOCIAL HI]>*IES1 ORGANIC SOCIETIES ALSO LACK$ DOM9ATION1 
OR ! SUBORD9ATION ( ONE SECTOR ( ! COMMUNITY TO ANO!R4 
,F9ALLY1 LACK+ DOM9ATION1 ! GR\P ALSO LACK$ CONCEPTS ( 
DOM9ATION1 NOT ONLY ( DOM9AT+ PEOPLE BUT ( DOM9AT+ FIR/ 
NATURE4 

,AS P>T ( ?IS EGALIT>IANISM1 ORGANIC SOCIETIES HAD /RIK+LY 
COMMUNI/IC PR9CIPLES ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,AN ORGANIC COMMUNITY1 
= EXAMPLE1 W\LD COMP5SATE = 9DIVIDUAL H&ICAPS 
& WEAKNESSES RA!R ?AN LET SU* 9DIVIDUALS F5D = !MSELVES1 
FULFILL+ :AT ,BOOK*9 CALLS 0! 9EQUALITY ( EQUALS0 OR 0COMPLEM5T>ITY40 
,TO ALL 9DIVIDUALS 9 ! COMMUNITY1 IT W\LD PROVIDE 
! MEANS NECESS>Y TO SU/A9 LIFE1 REG>DLESS ( !IR 9DIVIDUAL 
CONTRIBUTION TO IT2 IT W\LD GU>ANTEE :AT ,BOOK*91 FOLL[+ 
AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,PAUL ,RAD91 CALLS ! 0IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM40 ,& 
ALL 9DIVIDUALS 9 ! COMMUNITY W\LD HAVE G5]AL ACCESS TO ! 
COMMUNITY'S RES\RCES BAS$ ON !IR NE$ = !M1 RA!R ?AN 
LIMIT$ ACCESS BAS$ ON [N]%IP OR O!R EXCLUSIVE RI<TS1 9 :AT 
,BOOK*9 REF]S TO AS ?@9 PR9CIPLE ( 0USUFRUCT40 

,!SE ?REE PR9CIPLES -- COMPLEM5T>ITY1 ! IRR$UCIBLE 
M9IMUM1 & USUFRUCT -- REFLECT$ A HI< LEVEL ( COOP]ATION & 
MUTUAL C>E )9 A COMMUNITY4 7,?IS DESCRIPTION1 IT %\LD BE 
EMPHASIZ$1 APPLIES ONLY TO ! 9T]NAL LIFE ( A TRIBAL COMMUNITY 
& NOT TO ITS RELATIONS ) O!R COMMUNITIES2 AS ,BOOK*9 LAT] 
EMPHASIZ$1 TRIBAL LIFE 9 ORGANIC SOCIETY WAS NOT ONLY P>O*IAL BUT 
WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY FREQU5T 9T]TRIBAL W>S47 

,BOOK*9 ALSO EXPLOR$ A NUMB] ( RELIGI\S ASPECTS ( ! 
9T]NAL LIFE ( ORGANIC SOCIETIES 9 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM4 ,:ILE 
WRIT+ !SE *APT]S 9 ! #a#i#gS1 HE WAS 9FLU5C$ BY ! ,NEW 
,AGE AN?ROPOLOGY ?AT WAS FA%IONABLE AT ! TIME4 ,9 SUBSEQU5T 
YE>S1 H[EV]1 ?IS V]Y AN?ROPOLOGY CONTRIBUT$ TO DEVELOPM5TS 
9 ECOLOGICAL ?\<T ?AT HE W\LD REJECT AS REGRESSIVE4 
,NEOPAGAN RELIGIONS1 = EXAMPLE1 UND]W5T A REVIVAL & BECAME 
POPUL> 9 ! LATE #a#i#hS AS A SUPPOS$ ANTIDOTE TO AN ANTIECOLOGICAL 
WORLDVIEW4 ,ABORIG9AL PEOPLES CAME TO BE ROMANTICIZ$ 
AS MODELS ( ECOLOGICAL ?9K+1 SUPPOS$LY EXEMPLIFY+ LIFEWAYS 
?AT >E H>MONI\S ) FIR/ NATURE FROM :I* MOD]N SOCIETIES 
C\LD LE>N4 ,SOME P>TS ( ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T ADOPT$ AS A 
SLOGAN1 0,BACK TO ! ,PLEI/OC5E60 

,BOOK*9 LAT] REGRETT$ ! 9FLU5CE ?AT ?IS AN?ROPOLOGY 
HAD ON ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM1 AS HE WROTE 9 HIS 9TRODUCTION TO 
! SECOND $ITION1 PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#i#a3 

,I EXAM9$ ORGANIC SOCIETY'S V>I\S RELIGI\S BELIEFS1 & 
COSMOLOGIES3 ITS NATURALI/IC RITUALS1 ITS MY?IC P]SONALIZATIONS ( 
ANIMALS & ANIMAL SPIRITS1 ITS EMBODIM5T ( F]TILITY 9 A ,MO!R 
,GODDESS1 & ITS OV]ALL ANIMI/IC \TLOOK4 ,I BELIEV$ ?AT ! 
,5LI<T5M5T'S BATTLE AGA9/ SUP]/ITION HAD BE5 LONG S9CE 
WON 9 ,AM]ICAN & ,EUROPEAN CULTURE1 & ?AT NO ONE W\LD 
MI/AKE ME = ADVOCAT+ A REVIVAL ( ANIMISM OR ,GODDESS 
WOR%IP4 ,AS MU* AS ,I ADMIR$ MANY FEATURES ( ORGANIC CULTURES1 
,I NEV] BELIEV$ ?AT WE C\LD OR %\LD 9TRODUCE !IR NA'IVE 
RELIGI\S1 MY?IC1 OR MAGICAL BELIEFS OR !IR COSMOLOGIES 9TO ! 
PRES5T-DAY ECOLOGY MOVEM5T4.<#c#a.> 

,BOOK*9 TOOK P>TICUL> EXCEPTION1 9 ?IS #aiia 9TRODUCTION1 TO 
! NOTION ?AT PEOPLE 9 ORGANIC SOCIETY >E 0ECOLOGICAL M5TORS0 
= PEOPLE TODAY TO FOLL[4 ,AL?\< ! WORLD ( PRELIT]ATE 
PEOPLES WAS ANIMI/IC1 HE PO9T$ \T1 !Y C\LD NOT HAVE 
CONSCI\SLY LIV$ 9 H>MONY ) 0NATURE10 S9CE !Y HAD NO 
CONCEPT ( NATURE AS SU*1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM CULTURE OR SOCIETY4 
,?US1 !Y C\LD HAVE HELD NO SPECIFIC CONSCI\S ATTITUDES T[>D 
IT -- NEI!R ONE ( DOM9'ATION OR H>MONY4 ,MOREOV]1 DESPITE !IR 
BELIEF 9 ANIMI/IC SPIRITS1 !Y /ILL HAD TO KILL ANIMALS 9 ORD] TO 
OBTA9 FOOD1 CLO?+1 & %ELT] -- & !IR APPROA* 9 DO+ SO 
WAS PRIM>ILY 9/RUM5TAL4 ,NOR1 F9ALLY1 W]E !Y NECESS>ILY 
RE/RA9$ BY CONCEPTS ( LIMIT & MOD]ATION1 ,BOOK*9 OBS]VES2 
ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y APPE> 9 NUM]\S CASES TO HAVE 5GAG$ 
9 OV]KILL & HUNT$ SPECIES TO EXT9CTION NE$LESSLY4 

,9S(> AS ORGANIC SOCIETY LACK$ A CONCEPT ( NATURE1 IT LACK$ A 
CONSCI\SNESS1 AS WELL1 ( HUMANITY'S ROLE 9 NATURAL EVOLUTION4 ,TO 
HAVE GA9$ ?IS SELF-CONSCI\SNESS HAS BE5 A MAJOR ADVANCE 9 
HUMAN ?9K+4 ,IF 9 ONE S5SE ! DEMISE ( ORGANIC SOCIETY 
REPRES5T$ A 0FALL FROM ,$50 -- ! ,$5 ( PRIMITIVE EGALIT>IANISM 
& COMPLEM5T>ITY -- 9 ANO!R S5SE IT WAS A MAJOR /EP 
T[>D 5LI<T5M5T4 ,ONCE HUMANITY GA9$ SELF-CONSCI\SNESS 
( ITSELF & ( FIR/ NATURE1 BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY 9NOVATIVE & 
CREATIVE1 HUMAN BE+S C\LD CONSCI\SLY *OOSE ! ROLE !Y 
W\LD PLAY 9 IT & ADOPT ?OSE VIRTUES & PRACTICES ?AT 
SUPPORT$ ?AT ROLE4 ,!Y C\LD BEG9 TO DO SO AS A MATT] ( 
CONSCI\S E?ICAL *OICE -- NOT \T ( BL9DNESS OR MY/IFICATION4 

,?US1 9 A DIALECTICAL PROGRESSION1 HUMAN SOCIETY =SOOK A WAY 
( LIFE ?AT WAS1 9 SOME WAYS1 B5IGN1 BUT ?AT LACK$ ! 
UNIV]SALITY & CONSCI\SNESS NECESS>Y = M5 & WOM5 TO 
REALIZE !IR LAT5T HUMAN ATTRIBUTES4 ,9DE$1 ?IS GREAT SUBLATION 
( HUMANITY BEYOND BO? ORGANIC SOCIETY & A ,JANUS-FAC$ 
CIVILIZATION ?AT HAS LEGACIES ( BO? FRE$OM & DOM9ATION1 9TO 
A RATIONAL1 ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY ?AT PRES]VES ! LIB]ATORY ASPECTS 
( BO?1 IS ! PROJECT ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 

,USUFRUCT1 ,COMPLEM5T>ITY1 & ! ,IRR$UCIBLE ,M9IMUM 

7FROM ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM1 #a#i#h#b7 

,IT IS EASY TO SEE ?AT ORGANIC SOCIETY'S H>MONIZ$ VIEW ( NATURE FOLL[S 
DIRECTLY FROM ! H>MONIZ$ RELATIONS )9 ! E>LY HUMAN 
COMMUNITY4 ,JU/ AS M$IEVAL !OLOGY /RUCTUR$ ! ,*RI/IAN HEAV5 
ON FEUDAL L9ES1 SO PEOPLE ( ALL AGES HAVE PROJECT$ !IR SOCIAL 
/RUCTURES ONTO ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,TO ! ,ALGONQUIANS ( ! ,NOR? 
,AM]ICAN =E/1 BEAV]S LIV$ 9 CLANS & LODGES ( !IR [N1 WISELY 
COOP]AT+ TO PROMOTE ! WELL-BE+ ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,ANIMALS ALSO 
HAD !IR MAGIC1 !IR TOTEM ANCE/ORS 7! ELD] BRO!R71 & W]E 
9VIGORAT$ BY ! ,MANIT\1 :OSE SPIRIT N\RI%$ ! 5TIRE COSMOS4 
,ACCORD+LY1 ANIMALS HAD TO BE CONCILIAT$ OR ELSE !Y MI<T REFUSE TO 
PROVIDE HUMANS ) SK9S & MEAT4 ,! COOP]ATIVE SPIRIT ?AT 
=M$ A BASIS = ! SURVIVAL ( ! ORGANIC COMMUNITY WAS AN 
9TEGRAL P>T ( ! \TLOOK ( PRELIT]ATE PEOPLE T[>D NATURE & ! 
9T]PLAY BETWE5 ! NATURAL WORLD & ! SOCIAL4 

,WE HAVE YET TO F9D A LANGUAGE ?AT ADEQUATELY 5COMPASSES ! 
QUALITY ( ?IS DEEPLY EMB$D$ COOP]ATIVE SPIRIT4 ,EXPRESSIONS LIKE 
0LOVE ( NATURE0 OR 0COMMUNISM10 NOT TO SPEAK ( ! J>GON FAVOR$ 
BY CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIOLOGY1 >E P]MEAT$ BY ! PROBLEMATICAL 
RELATION%IPS ( \R [N SOCIETY & M5TALITY4 ,PRELIT]ATE HUMANS DID 
NOT HAVE TO 0LOVE0 NATURE2 !Y LIV$ 9 A K9%IP RELATION%IP ) IT4 
,!Y W\LD NOT DI/+UI% BETWE5 \R 0ES!TIC0 S5SE ON ?IS SCORE1 
& !IR [N FUNCTIONAL APPROA* TO ! NATURAL WORLD1 BECAUSE 
NATURAL BEAUTY IS !RE TO BEG9 ) -- 9 ! V]Y CRADLE ( ! 
9DIVIDUAL'S EXP]I5CE4 ,! POETIC LANGUAGE ?AT AWAK5S SU* 
ADMIRATION AMONG :ITES :O 5C\NT] ! SPOKESM5 = ,9DIAN 
GRIEVANCES IS R>ELY 0POETRY0 TO ! SPEAK]2 RA!R1 IT IS AN UNCONSCI\S 
ELOQU5CE ?AT REFLECTS ! DIGNITY ( ,9DIAN LIFE4 

,SO TOO ) O!R ELEM5TS ( ORGANIC SOCIETY & ITS VALUES3 
COOP]ATION IS TOO PRIM>Y TO BE ADEQUATELY EXPRESS$ 9 ! LANGUAGE 
( WE/]N SOCIETY4 ,FROM ! \TSET ( LIFE1 CO]CION 9 DEAL+ ) 
*ILDR5 IS SO R>E 9 MO/ PRELIT]ATE COMMUNITIES ?AT WE/]N 
OBS]V]S >E (T5 A/ONI%$ BY ! G5TL5ESS ) :I* SO-CALL$ 
PRIMITIVES DEAL ) EV5 ! MO/ 9TRACTABLE ( !IR Y\NG4 ,YET 9 
PRELIT]ATE COMMUNITIES ! P>5TS >E NOT 0P]MISSIVE02 !Y SIMPLY 
RESPECT ! P]SONALITY ( !IR *ILDR51 MU* AS !Y DO ?AT ( ! 
ADULTS4 ,UNTIL AGE HI]>*IES BEG9 TO EM]GE1 ! EV]YDAY BEHAVIOR ( 
P>5TS FO/]S AN ALMO/ UNBROK5 CONT9UITY 9 ! LIVES ( ! Y\NG 
BETWE5 ! YE>S ( *ILDHOOD & ADUL?OOD4444 

,! WORD PROP]TY CONNOTES AN 9DIVIDUAL APPROPRIATION ( GOODS1 
A P]SONAL CLAIM TO TOOLS1 L&1 & O!R RES\RCES4 ,9 ?IS LOOSE S5SE1 
PROP]TY IS FAIRLY COMMON 9 ORGANIC SOCIETIES1 EV5 9 GR\PS ?AT HAVE 
A V]Y SIMPLE1 UNDEVELOP$ TE*NOLOGY4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 COOP]ATIVE 
WORK & ! %>+ ( RES\RCES ON A SCALE ?AT C\LD BE CALL$ 
COMMUNI/IC IS ALSO FAIRLY COMMON4 ,ON BO? ! PRODUCTIVE SIDE ( 
ECONOMIC LIFE & ! CONSUMPTIVE1 APPROPRIATION ( TOOLS1 WEAPONS1 
FOOD1 & EV5 CLO?+ MAY RANGE WIDELY -- (T5 IDIOSYNCRATICALLY1 9 
WE/]N EYES -- FROM ! POSSESSIVE & SEEM+LY 9DIVIDUALI/IC TO ! 
MO/ METICUL\S & (T5 RITUALI/IC P>CEL+ \T ( A H>VE/ OR A 
HUNT AMONG MEMB]S ( A COMMUNITY4 

,BUT PRIM>Y TO BO? ( !SE SEEM+LY CONTRA/+ RELATION%IPS IS 
! PRACTICE ( USUFRUCT1 ! FRE$OM ( 9DIVIDUALS 9 A COMMUNITY TO 
APPROPRIATE RES\RCES M]ELY BY VIRTUE ( ! FACT ?AT !Y >E US+ 
!M4 ,SU* RES\RCES BELONG TO ! US] AS LONG AS !Y >E BE+ US$4 
,FUNCTION1 9 EFFECT1 REPLACES \R HALL[$ CONCEPT ( POSSESSION -- NOT 
M]ELY AS A LOAN OR EV5 0MUTUAL AID10 BUT AS AN UNCONSCI\S EMPHASIS 
ON USE ITSELF1 ON NE$ ?AT IS FREE ( PSY*OLOGICAL 5TANGLEM5TS ) 
PROPRIETOR%IP1 WORK1 & EV5 RECIPROCITY4 ,! WE/]N ID5TIFICATION 
( 9DIVIDUALITY ) [N]%IP & P]SONALITY ) CRAFT -- ! LATT] 
LAD5 ) A METAPHYSICS ( SELFHOOD AS EXPRESS$ 9 A CRAFT$ OBJECT 
WRE/$ BY HUMAN P[]S FROM AN 9TRACTABLE NATURE -- HAS YET TO 
EM]GE FROM ! NOTION ( USE ITSELF & ! GUILELESS 5JOYM5T ( 
NE$$ ?+S4 ,NE$1 9 EFFECT1 /ILL OR*E/RATES WORK TO ! PO9T :]E 
PROP]TY ( ANY K9D1 COMMUNAL OR O!RWISE1 HAS YET TO ACQUIRE 
9DEP5D5CE FROM ! CLAIMS ( SATISFACTION4 ,A COLLECTIVE NE$ SUBTLY 
OR*E/RATES WORK1 NOT P]SONAL NE$ ALONE1 = ! COLLECTIVE CLAIM IS 
IMPLICIT 9 ! PRIMACY ( USUFRUCT OV] PROPRIETOR%IP4 ,H5CE EV5 ! 
WORK P]=M$ 9 ONE'S [N DWELL+ HAS AN UND]LY+ COLLECTIVE 
DIM5SION 9 ! POT5TIAL AVAILABILITY ( ITS PRODUCTS TO ! 5TIRE 
COMMUNITY4 

,COMMUNAL PROP]TY1 ONCE PROP]TY ITSELF HAS BECOME A CATEGORY ( 
CONSCI\SNESS1 ALREADY M>KS ! FIR/ /EP T[>D PRIVATE PROP]TY1 
JU/ AS RECIPROCITY1 ONCE IT TOO BECOMES A CATEGORY ( CONSCI\SNESS1 
M>KS ! FIR/ /EP T[>D EX*ANGE4 ,PR\DHON'S CELEBRATION ( 
0MUTUAL AID0 & CONTRACTUAL F$]ALISM1 LIKE ,M>X'S CELEBRATION ( 
COMMUNAL PROP]TY & PLANN$ PRODUCTION1 M>K NO APPRECIABLE 
ADVANCE OV] ! PRIMAL PR9CIPLE ( USUFRUCT4 ,BO? ?9K]S W]E 
CAPTIVE TO ! NOTION ( 9T]E/1 TO ! RATIONAL SATISFACTION ( EGOTISM4 

,!RE MAY HAVE BE5 A P]IOD 9 HUMANITY'S E>LY DEVELOPM5T :5 
9T]E/ HAD NOT YET EM]G$ TO REPLACE COMPLEM5T>ITY1 ! 
DIS9T]E/$ WILL+NESS TO POOL NE$$ ?+S & NE$$ S]VICES4 
,!RE WAS A TIME :5 ,GONTRAN DE ,PONC9S1 W&]+ 9TO ! MO/ 
REMOTE REA*ES ( ! ,>CTIC1 C\LD /ILL 5C\NT] 0! PURE1 ! TRUE 
,ESKIMOS1 ! ,ESKIMOS :O KNEW NOT H[ TO LIE0 -- & H5CE TO 
MANIPULATE1 TO CALCULATE1 TO PROJECT 9T]E/ BEYOND SOCIAL NE$4 ,H]E 
COMMUNITY ATTA9$ A COMPLET5ESS SO EXQUISITE & >TLESS ?AT NE$$ 
?+S & S]VICES FIT TOGE!R 9 A LOVELY MOSAIC ) A HAUNT+ 
P]SONALITY ( ITS [N4 

,WE %\LD NOT DISDA9 !SE ALMO/ UTOPIAN GLIMPSES ( HUMANITY'S 
POT5TIALITIES1 ) !IR UNSULLI$ QUALITIES = GIV+ & COLLECTIVITY4 
,PRELIT]ATE PEOPLES ?AT /ILL LACK AN 0,I0 ) :I* TO REPLACE A 0WE0 
>E NOT 7AS ,LEVY-,BRUHL WAS TO SUGGE/7 DEFICI5T 9 9DIVIDUALITY AS MU* 
AS !Y >E RI* 9 COMMUNITY4 ,?IS IS A GREATNESS ( WEAL? ?AT CAN 
YIELD A L(TY DISDA9 = OBJECTS4 ,COOP]ATION1 AT ?IS PO9T1 IS MORE 
?AN JU/ A CEM5T BETWE5 MEMB]S ( ! GR\P2 IT IS AN ORGANIC 
MELD+ ( ID5TITIES ?AT1 )\T LOS+ 9DIVIDUAL UNIQU5ESS1 RETA9S 
& FO/]S ! UNITY ( CONSOCIATION4 ,CONTRACT1 =C$ 9TO ?IS 
:OL5ESS1 S]VES M]ELY TO SUBV]T IT -- TURN+ AN UN?9K+ S5SE ( 
RESPONSIBILITY 9TO A CALCULAT+ NEXUS ( AID & AN UNCONSCI\S S5SE 
( COLLECTIVITY 9TO A PRE5+ S5SE ( MUTUALITY4 ,AS = RECIPROCITY1 SO 
(T5 CIT$ AS ! HI<E/ EVOCATION ( COLLECTIVITY1 IT IS MORE SIGNIFICANT 
9 =M+ ALLIANCES BETWE5 GR\PS ?AN 9 FO/]+ 9T]NAL SOLID>ITY 
)9 !M4 

,USUFRUCT1 9 %ORT1 DIFF]S QUALITATIVELY FROM ! QUID PRO QUO ( 
RECIPROCITY1 EX*ANGE1 & MUTUAL AID -- ALL ( :I* >E TRAPP$ )9 
HI/ORY'S DEMEAN+ ACC\NT BOOKS ) !IR 0JU/0 RATIOS & !IR 
0HONE/0 BALANCE %EETS4 ,CAU<T 9 ?IS LIMIT$ SPH]E ( CALCULATION1 
CONSOCIATION IS ALWAYS TA9T$ BY ! RATIONALITY ( >I?METIC4 ,! 
HUMAN SPIRIT CAN NEV] TRANSC5D A QUANTITATIVE WORLD ( 0FAIR DEAL+S0 
BETWE5 CANNY EGOS :OSE IDEOLOGY ( 9T]E/ B>ELY CONCEALS A MEANSPIRIT$ 
PROCLIVITY = ACQUISITION4 ,TO BE SURE1 SOCIAL =CES W]E TO 
FRACTURE ! HUMAN COLLECTIVITY BY 9TRODUC+ CONTRACTUAL TIES & 
CULTIVAT+ ! EGO'S MO/ ACQUISITIVE IMPULSES4 ,9S(> AS ! GUILELESS 
PEOPLES ( ORGANIC SOCIETIES HELD TO ! VALUES ( USUFRUCT 9 AN 
UNCONSCI\S MANN]1 !Y REMA9$ T]RIBLY VULN]ABLE TO ! LURE1 (T5 
! H>% IMPOSITION1 ( AN EM]G+ CONTRACTUAL WORLD4 ,R>ELY IS 
HI/ORY NOTABLE = ITS CAPACITY TO SELECT & PRES]VE ! MO/ VIRTU\S 
TRAITS ( HUMANITY4 ,BUT !RE IS /ILL NO REASON :Y HOPE1 RE9=C$ BY 
CONSCI\SNESS & R$OL5T ) ANCE/RAL MEMORIES1 MAY NOT L+] 
) US AS AN AW>5ESS ( :AT HUMANITY HAS BE5 9 ! PA/ & 
:AT IT CAN BECOME 9 ! FUTURE4444 

,FRE$OM1 AN UN/AT$ REALITY 9 MANY PRELIT]ATE CULTURES1 WAS BURD5$ 
BY CON/RA9TS1 BUT !SE CON/RA9TS W]E CLOSELY RELAT$ TO ! E>LY 
COMMUNITY'S MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO QU>REL ) 
FAM9E1 ) ! NE$ = COORD9AT+ ! HUNT ( L>GE GAME1 ) 
SEASONAL REQUIREM5TS ( FOOD CULTIVATION1 & LAT] ) W>F>E4 ,TO 
VIOLATE ! ,CR[ HUNT+ REGULATIONS WAS TO 5DANG] EV]Y HUNT] & 
POSSIBLY PLACE ! WELF>E ( ! 5TIRE COMMUNITY 9 JEOP>DY4 ,IF ! 
VIOLATIONS W]E S]I\S 5\<1 ! VIOLATOR W\LD BE BEAT5 SO SEV]ELY 
?AT HE MI<T V]Y WELL NOT SURVIVE4 ,! MILD-MANN]$ ,ESKIMO W\LD 
GRIMLY BUT COLLECTIVELY SELECT AN ASSASS9 TO KILL AN UNMANAGEABLE 
9DIVIDUAL :O GRAVELY ?REAT5$ ! WELL-BE+ ( ! B&4 ,BUT ! 
VIRTUALLY UNBRIDL$ 09DIVIDUALISM0 SO *>ACT]I/IC ( P[] BROK]S 
9 MOD]N SOCIETY WAS SIMPLY UN?9BBLE 9 PRELIT]ATE SOCIETIES4 ,W]E 
IT EV5 CONCEIVABLE1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 TOTALLY UNACCEPTABLE TO ! 
COMMUNITY4 ,CON/RA9T1 NORMALLY GUID$ BY PUBLIC OP9ION1 CU/OM1 
& %AME1 WAS 9EVITABLE 9 ! E>LY SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ( HUMANITYNOT 
AS A MATT] ( WILL1 AU?ORITY1 OR ! EX]CISE ( P[]1 BUT BECAUSE 
IT WAS UNAVOIDABLE4 

,P]SONAL FRE$OM WAS ?US CLE>LY RE/RICT$ FROM A MOD]N 
VIEWPO9T4 ,*OICE1 WILL1 & 9DIVIDUAL PROCLIVITIES C\LD BE EX]CIS$ 
OR EXPRESS$ )9 CONF9ES P]MITT$ BY ! 5VIRONM5T4444 ,BUT 
ORGANIC SOCIETY1 DESPITE ! PHYSICAL LIMITATIONS IT FAC$ 7FROM A MOD]N 
VIEWPO9T71 NEV]!LESS FUNCTION$ UNCONSCI\SLY ) AN IMPLICIT 
COMMITM5T TO FRE$OM ?AT SOCIAL !ORI/S W]E NOT TO ATTA9 UNTIL 
FAIRLY REC5T TIMES4 ,PAUL ,RAD9'S CONCEPT ( ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM 
RE/S ON AN UN>TICULAT$ PR9CIPLE ( FRE$OM4 ,TO BE ASSUR$ ( ! 
MAT]IAL MEANS ( LIFE IRRESPECTIVE ( ONE'S PRODUCTIVE CONTRIBUTION TO 
! COMMUNITY IMPLIES ?AT1 :]EV] POSSIBLE1 SOCIETY WILL COMP5SATE 
= ! 9FIRMITIES ( ! ILL1 H&ICAPP$1 & OLD1 JU/ AS IT WILL = ! 
LIMIT$ P[]S ( ! V]Y Y\NG & !IR DEP5D5CY ON ADULTS4 ,EV5 
?\< !IR PRODUCTIVE P[]S >E LIMIT$ OR FAIL+1 PEOPLE WILL NOT 
BE D5I$ ! MEANS ( LIFE ?AT >E AVAILABLE TO 9DIVIDUALS :O >E 
WELL-5D[$ PHYSICALLY & M5TALLY4 ,9DE$1 EV5 9DIVIDUALS :O 
>E P]FECTLY CAPABLE ( MEET+ ALL !IR MAT]IAL NE$S CANNOT BE 
D5I$ ACCESS TO ! COMMUNITY'S COMMON PRODUCE1 AL?\< DELIB]ATE 
%IRK]S 9 ORGANIC SOCIETY >E VIRTUALLY UNKN[N4 

,! PR9CIPLE ( ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM ?US AFFIRMS ! EXI/5CE 
( 9EQUALITY )9 ! GR\P -- 9EQUALITY ( PHYSICAL & M5TAL 
P[]S1 ( SKILLS & VIRTUOSITY1 PSY*ES & PROCLIVITIES4 ,IT DOES SO NOT 
TO IGNORE !SE 9EQUALITIES OR D5IGRATE !M1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y TO 
COMP5SATE = !M4 ,EQUITY H]E IS ! RECOGNITION ( 9EQUITIES ?AT 
>E NOT ! FAULT ( ANYONE & ?AT MU/ BE ADJU/$ AS A MATT] ( 
UNSPOK5 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY4 ,TO ASSUME ?AT EV]YONE IS 0EQUAL0 IS 
PAT5TLY PREPO/]\S1 IF !IR 0EQUALITY0 IS TO LIE 9 !IR /R5G?1 
9TELLECT1 TRA9+1 EXP]I5CE1 TAL5T1 DISPOSITION1 & OPPORTUNITIES4 
,SU* 0EQUALITY0 SC(FS AT REALITY & D5IES ! COMMONALITY & 
SOLID>ITY ( ! COMMUNITY BY SUBV]T+ ITS RESPONSIBILITIES TO 
COMP5SATE = DIFF]5CES BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS4 ,IT IS A HE>TLESS 
0EQUALITY10 A MEAN-SPIRIT$ ONE ?AT IS SIMPLY ALI5 TO ! V]Y NATURE 
( ORGANIC SOCIETY4 ,AS LONG AS ! MEANS EXI/1 !Y MU/ BE %>$ AS 
MU* AS POSSIBLE ACCORD+ TO NE$S -- & NE$S >E UNEQUAL 9S(> 
AS !Y >E GAUG$ ACCORD+ TO 9DIVIDUAL ABILITIES & RESPONSIBILITIES4 

,H5CE1 ORGANIC SOCIETY T5DS TO OP]ATE UNCONSCI\SLY ACCORD+ TO 
! EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS -- ?AT IS1 A FREELY GIV51 UNREFLECTIVE =M ( 
SOCIAL BEHAVIOR & DI/RIBUTION ?AT COMP5SATES 9EQUALITIES & DOES 
NOT YIELD TO ! FICTIVE CLAIM1 YET TO BE >TICULAT$1 ?AT EV]YONE IS 
EQUAL4 ,M>X WAS TO PUT ?IS WELL :51 9 OPPOSITION TO 0B\RGEOIS 
RI<T10 ) ITS CLAIM ( ! 0EQUALITY ( ALL10 HE REM>K$ ?AT FRE$OM 
AB&ONS ! V]Y NOTION ( 0RI<T0 AS SU* & 09SCRIBES ON ITS 
BANN]S3 FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITY1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS 
NE$S40 ,EQUALITY IS 9EXTRICABLY TI$ TO FRE$OM AS ! RECOGNITION ( 
9EQUALITY & TRANSC5DS NECESSITY BY E/ABLI%+ A CULTURE & 
DI/RIBUTIVE SY/EM BAS$ ON COMP5SATION = ! /IGMA ( NATURAL 
0PRIVILEGE40 

,! SUBV]SION ( ORGANIC SOCIETY DRA/ICALLY UND]M9$ ?IS 
PR9CIPLE ( AU!NTIC FRE$OM4 ,COMP5SATION WAS RE/RUCTUR$ 9TO 
REW>DS1 JU/ AS GIFTS W]E REPLAC$ BY COMMODITIES4 ,CUNEI=M WRIT+1 
! BASIS ( \R ALPHABETIC SCRIPT1 HAD ITS ORIG9S 9 ! METICUL\S 
RECORDS ! TEMPLE CL]KS KEPT ( PRODUCTS RECEIV$ & PRODUCTS 
DISP]S$ -- 9 %ORT1 ! PRECISE ACC\NT+ ( GOODS1 POSSIBLY EV5 
:5 ! L& WAS 0COMMUNALLY [N$0 & WORK$ 9 ,MESOPOTAMIA4 
,ONLY AFT]W>DS W]E !SE TICKS ON CLAY TABLETS TO BECOME N>RATIVE 
=MS ( SCRIPT4 ,! E>LY CUNEI=M ACC\NT+ RECORDS ( ! ,NE> 
,EA/ PREFIGURE ! MORAL LIT]ATURE ( A LESS GIV+ & MORE DESPOTIC 
WORLD 9 :I* ! EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS GAVE WAY TO M]E *>ITY4 
,!REAFT] 0RI<T0 WAS TO SUPPLANT FRE$OM4 ,NO LONG] WAS IT ! 
PRIM>Y RESPONSIBILITY = SOCIETY TO C>E = ITS Y\NG1 ELD]LY1 9FIRM1 
OR UN=TUNATES2 !IR C>E BECAME A 0PRIVATE MATT]0 = FAMILY & 
FRI5DS -- ALBEIT V]Y SL[LY & ?R\< V>I\S SUBTLY %AD$ PHASES4 
,ON ! VILLAGE LEVEL1 TO BE SURE1 ! OLD CU/OMS /ILL L+]$ ON 9 !IR 
[N %AD[Y WORLD1 BUT ?IS WORLD WAS NOT P>T ( 0CIVILIZATION0 -- 
M]ELY AN 9DISP5SABLE BUT CONCEAL$ >*AISM4 

,ROMANTICIZ+ ,ORGANIC ,SOCIETY 

7FROM 0,TW5TY ,YE>S ,LAT] 444 1 0 #a#i#i#a7 

,WE >E FAC$ ) ! DIFFICULTY ?AT FEW PEOPLE SEEM TO KN[ H[ TO 
BUILD OR DEVELOP IDEAS ANYMORE4 ,!Y PROMISCU\SLY COLLECT 9TELLECTUAL 
FRAGM5TS H]E & !RE1 LIKE SO MANY DISMEMB]$ >TIFACTS1 DRAW+ 
UPON BASICALLY CONTRADICTORY VIEWS & TRADITIONS ) COMPLETE 
APLOMB4 ,9DE$1 ANY S]I\S ATTEMPT TO RATIONALLY DISCUSS ! V]Y 
TR\BL+ ISSUES ( \R TIME 9 A COH]5T MANN] IS (T5 TREAT$ AS A 
SYMPTOM ( PSY*OPA?OLOGY RA!R ?AN AN E>NE/ EF=T TO MAKE 
S5SE ( ! IDEOLOGICAL *AOS SO PREVAL5T TODAY4 ,IRONICALLY1 9 ITS [N 
QUIXOTIC WAY1 PO/MOD]NISM (T5 9ADV]T5TLY WORKS ) A 
RATIONALITY ( ITS [N ?AT IS NONE!LESS OPAQUE TO ITSELF1 & IT (T5 
/RIVES = ! V]Y COH]5CE :OSE EXI/5CE IT D5IES TO ITS CRITICS4 

,! 9TELLECTUAL T5D5CIES ?AT CELEBRATE 9COH]5CE1 ANTIRATIONALISM1 
& MY/ICISM >E NOT M]ELY SYMPTOMS ( A WAN+ 9TELLECTUALITY 
TODAY4 ,!Y LIT]ALLY JU/IFY & FO/] IT4 ,! MASSIVE %IFT BY MANY 
PEOPLE AWAY FROM S]I\S CONC]NS ) ! OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS ( 
LIFE -- SU* AS 9/ITUTIONAL =MS ( DOM9ATION1 ! USE ( TE*NOLOGY 
= EXPLOITATIVE PURPOSES1 & ! EV]YDAY REALITIES ( HUMAN 
SUFF]+ -- T[>D AN 9TROV]T$ SUBJECTIVISM1 ) ITS OV]:ELM+ 
FOCUS ON PSY*OLOGY & 0HIDD50 MOTIVATIONS1 ! RISE ( ! CULTURE 
9DU/RY1 & ! 9TELLECTUAL ANXIETIES OV] COLLEGIATE ISSUES LIKE 
ACADEMIC C>E]S & P$AGOGICAL EM95CE -- ALL TE/IFY TO A S5SE ( 
DISEMP[]M5T 9 BO? SOCIAL & P]SONAL LIFE4 

,?AT ! MY/ICAL ECOLOGIES >E BECOM+ POPUL> TODAY IS NOT A M]E 
9TELLECTUAL AB]RATION1 ANY MORE ?AN ! POPUL>ITY ( PO/MOD]NISM4 
,TO ! CONTR>Y1 !IR POPUL>ITY EXPRESSES ! 9ABILITY ( MILLIONS ( 
PEOPLE TO COPE ) A H>% & DEMORALIZ+ REALITY1 TO CONTROL ! 
9CREAS+LY OPPRESSIVE DIRECTION 9 :I* SOCIETY IS MOV+4 ,H5CE 
MY?S1 PAGAN DEITIES1 & 0,PLEI/OC5E0 & 0,NEOLI?IC0 BELIEF-SY/EMS 
TOGE!R ) !IR PRIE/S & PRIE/ESSES PROVIDE A SURROGATE 0REALITY0 
9TO :I* ! NA'IVE ACOLYTE CAN ESCAPE4 ,9DE$1 :5 ?IS PRE5+ 
EMPHASIS ON ! SUBJECTIVE IS CLO!D 9 ! MY/ICAL VAPORS & 
9*OATE VAG>IES ( FEV]$ IMAG9ATIONS1 ANY RECOGNITION ( REALITY IS 
DISSOLV$ BY BELIEFS 9 ! MY?IC4 ,! RATIONAL IS REPLAC$ BY ! 
9TUITIONAL1 & PALPABLE SOCIAL OPPON5TS >E REPLAC$ BY !IR 
%AD[S1 TO BE EXORCIZ$ BY RITUALS1 9CANTATIONS1 & MAGICAL 
GYMNA/ICS4 

,ALL ( !SE PRACTICES >E M]ELY SOCIALLY H>MLESS SURROGATES = ! 
AU!NTIC PROBLEMS ( \R TIME4 ,<O/S FROM A DI/ANT PA/1 ! 
PRODUCTS ( \R ANCE/ORS' [N IMAG9ATIONS1 9 TURN1 >E 9VOK$ AS 
OBJECTS ( \R REV]5CE 9 ! NAME ( AN 0E>? WISDOM0 ?AT IS 
ACTUALLY AS 9EFFECTUAL AS WE >E 9 \R EV]YDAY LIVES4 ,! NEW 
SURROGATE 0REALITY0 ?AT IS BECOM+ A WIDESPREAD FEATURE 9 \R TIME 
P]COLATES ?R\< ! MASS M$IA & ! PUBLI%+ 9DU/RY1 :I* 
>E ONLY TOO EAG] TO N\RI%1 EV5 CELEBRATE ! PROLIF]ATION ( WICCAN 
COV5S1 ,GODDESS-WOR%IP+ CONGREGATIONS1 ASSORT$ PAN!I/IC & 
ANIMI/IC CULTS1 0WILD]NESS0 DEVOTEES1 & EC(EM9I/ ACOLYTES -- TO 
:I* ,I CAN ADD A NEW 0DEEP ECOLOGY0 PR(ESSORIAT ?AT IS 9CREAS+LY 
PREP>$ TO FE$ A GULLIBLE PUBLIC ) 0BIOC5TRIC0 PABLUM4444 

,!SE IDEOLOGIES1 FROM PO/MOD]NISM TO EC(EM9ISM1 SUBTLY 
5*ANT ! NEW HUMAN COMMODITIES ) ! M5TAL FIREWORKS1 
AMULETS1 *>MS1 & BRI<TLY T9T$ G>M5TS ?AT PROVIDE !M ) 
A MY/ICAL PAT9A TO CONCEAL !IR EMPTY LIVES4 ,CAPITALISM HAS NO?+ 
:ATEV] TO FE> FROM MY/ICAL & 0BIOC5TRIC0 ECOLOGIES1 OR !IR 
MANY HI<-PRIC$ >TIFACTS4 ,! B\RGEOISIE EASILY GUFFAWS AT !SE 
ABSURDITIES & IS ONLY TOO EAG] TO COMMODIFY !M 9TO NEW S\RCES 
( PR(IT4 ,9DE$1 TO /ATE ! ISSUE BLUNTLY1 IT IS PR(IT1 P[]1 & 
ECONOMIC EXPANSION ?AT PRIM>ILY CONC]NS ! ELITES ( ! EXI/+ 
SOCIAL ORD]1 NOT ! ANTICS OR EV5 ! PROTE/S ( DISS5T]S :O DUEL 
) <O/S 9/EAD ( 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ C5T]S ( P[]1 AU?ORITY1 & 
WEAL?4 

444 ,IT HAS BECOME ALL TOO FA%IONABLE AMONG MANY MY/ICAL ECOLOGI/S 
TO CONDEMN HUMAN 9T]V5TION 9TO FIR/ NATURE1 EXCEPT TO MEET ! 
M9IMAL NE$S ( LIFE & SURVIVAL4 ,WE >E 5JO9$ TO 0LET NATURE TAKE 
ITS C\RSE10 TO AVOID ANY ALT]ATION ( FIR/ NATURE EXCEPT = :AT IS 
0NECESS>Y0 -- A WORD ?AT (T5 REMA9S ILL-DEF9$ -- TO KEEP HUMAN 
BE+S ALIVE & WELL4 ,SU* NON9T]V5TIONI/ ATTITUDES >E COMMONLY 
IMPUT$ TO PREHI/ORIC & ABORIG9AL PEOPLES1 :O PRESUMABLY LIV$ 
9 TOTAL 0,ON5ESS0 ) FIR/ NATURE & ! WILDLIFE >\ND !M4 
,TAK+ ,ALDO ,LEOPOLD'S PHRASE 0NOT MAN AP>T0 TO ITS MO/ EXTREME 
CONCLUSION1 MY/ICAL ECOLOGI/S CALL = A COMPLETE 9TEGRATION TO FIR/ 
NATURE -- BY 0RETURN+ TO ! ,PLEI/OC5E10 AS MANY 0BIOC5TRI/S0 
DEM&4444 

,!SE =EBE>S ( \R SPECIES & \R [N ANCE/ORS LIV$ 9 A 
CLIMATICALLY TURBUL5T ]A1 M>K$ BY ADVANCES & RETREATS ( GLACI]S1 
WIDE SW+S 9 TEMP]ATURE1 & A FEA/-OR-FAM9E DIET4 ,!IR LIVES W]E 
(T5 V]Y PREC>I\S1 DESPITE ! P]IODIC ABUNDANCE ( GAME4 ,NOR 
W]E !Y FULLY EQUIPP$ ) ! MEANS TO DEAL ) ! NATURAL 
VICISSITUDES ?AT :ITE MIDDLE-CLASS PEOPLE TODAY TAKE SO READILY = 
GRANT$1 SU* AS ! C]TA9TY ( W>M? 9 COLD WEA!R1 ADEQUATE 
%ELT]1 & ! ORD9>Y CREATURE COM=TS TO :I* MIDDLE-CLASS PEOPLE 
>E W$D$ -- LEAV+ ALL LUXURIES & PLEASURES ASIDE4 ,!Y LACK$ A 
WRITT5 BODY ( KN[L$GE BY :I* A COMPLEX TRADITION ( IDEAS C\LD 
BE H&$ D[N2 ! WRIT+ MAT]IALS ) :I* TO EXPRESS ?\<TS 
& REFLECTIONS ?AT W]E MORE COMPLEX ?AN ?OSE 9VOLV$ 9 MEET+ 
! NE$S ( EV]YDAY LIFE2 ! LIBR>IES 9 :I* TO M$ITATE1 RESE>*1 
& GA!R ! WISDOM ( PA/ AGES -- 9 %ORT1 ! VA/ >RAY ( 
9TELLECTUAL & SPIRITUAL MAT]IALS TO S5SITIZE !IR \TLOOK & 
S5SIBILITIES4 

,IT MI<T SEEM MORE PLAUSIBLE = DEEP ECOLOGI/S TO CALL = A RETURN 
TO ! S5SIBILITY ( !SE DI/ANT TIMES1 RA!R ?AN AN ACTUAL PHYSICAL 
RETURN4 ,BUT H]E TOO WE >E BESIEG$ BY A B>RAGE ( UNANSW]$ 
QUE/IONS4 ,WE W\LD WANT TO KN[ :AT K9D ( S5SIBILITY ,PLEI/OC5E 
& ,PALEOLI?IC HUNT]S HAD 9 !IR DEAL+S ) ! MULTITUDE ( 
ANIMALS !Y 5C\NT]$ 9 ! 0,GREAT ,AGE ( ,MAMMALS10 AS ! TWO 
P]IODS HAVE BE5 CALL$4 ,AFT] ALL1 ,PALEOLI?IC HUNT]-GA!R]S 
DEVELOP$ ! /ONE-TIPP$ SPE>1 ! ALL-IMPORTANT SPE>-?R[] -- 
:I* MADE IT POSSIBLE TO EFFECTIVELY PI]CE V]Y T\< HIDES & 
MUSCLES -- & ! B[ & >R[1 :I* C\LD 9FLICT MORTAL DAMAGE 
OV] A SIZABLE DI/ANCE4 ,! MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ & LE?AL !IR HUNT+ 
KIT1 ! GREAT] AN IMPACT !SE HUMANS MU/ HAVE HAD ON ! L>GE 
MAMMALS ( ! LATE ,PLEI/OC5E & ! ,PALEOLI?IC4 ,IF WE >E TO RETURN 
TO ! S5SIBILITY ( !SE EPO*S1 WE W\LD WANT TO KN[ IF !Y REALLY 
VIEW$ ! ANIMALS !Y KILL$ 0REV]5TIALLY10 AS SO MANY MY/ICAL 
ECOLOGI/S CLAIM1 OR IF !Y HAD A MORE PRAGMATIC ATTITUDE T[>D !M1 
US+ MAGIC TO PROPITIATE A 0BISON SPIRIT0 OR 0BE> SPIRIT0 9 RITUALS 
BE=E & AFT] KILLS4 ,WE W\LD WANT TO KN[ IF !Y REALLY DID FEEL 
!MSELVES TO BE ABSORB$ 9TO AN ALL-5COMPASS+ 0,ON5ESS0 ) 
! ANIMALS >\ND !M1 OR :E!R !Y HAD ANY S5SE ( HUMAN 
SELF-ID5TITY ?AT 9VOLV$ FEEL+S ( 0AP>TNESS0 FROM ?OSE ANIMALS4 
,WE W\LD WANT TO KN[ IF !Y REALLY *OSE NOT TO 9T]V5E 9 FIR/ 
NATURE ANY MORE ?AN WAS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y1 AS MY/ICAL ECOLOGI/S 
BELIEVE1 OR IF !Y SIGNIFICANTLY ALT]$ !IR SURR\ND+S4 ,WE W\LD 
WANT TO KN[ IF !Y REALLY DID BEHAVE T[>D WILDLIFE AS 0T5D] 
C>NIVORES0 9 PURSUIT ( 0SACR$ GAME10 AS ,PAUL ,%EP>D'S EVOCATIVE 
BOOK ON HUNT]-GA!R] S5SIBILITY IS TITL$1 OR IF !Y HELD A MORE 
MUNDANE ATTITUDE T[>D ANIMALS AS MEANS = SATISFY+ !IR V]Y 
MAT]IAL AS WELL AS SUBJECTIVE NE$S4 

,ACTUALLY1 WE WILL NEV] KN[ ) C]TA9TY ! ANSW]S TO !SE 
QUE/IONS ( S5SIBILITY4 ,! \TLOOK ?AT TODAY'S MY/ICAL ECOLOGI/S 
CULTIVATE T[>D ! ,PLEI/OC5E1 ! ,PALEOLI?IC1 & ! ,NEOLI?IC IS 
(T5 HI<LY ROMANTICIZ$ & C]TA9LY DOES NOT CORRESPOND TO MANY 
?+S ?AT WE DO KN[ AB\T ?OSE ]AS4 ,IF ,I AM TO EXAM9E ! NATURE 
( ABORIG9AL S5SIBILITIES1 ,I MU/ DO SO AS HONE/LY AS POSSIBLE & 
DECIDE :I* *>ACT]IZATIONS PROBABLY APPLY BETT] TO \R ANCE/ORS 
( ! DI/ANT PA/4 ,?IS MU* IS CLE>3 MU* ( ! >*AEOLOGICAL 
EVID5CE DOES NOT SUPPORT ! ECOLOGICAL-ROMANTIC VIEW ( E>LY 
PEOPLES1 H[EV] UNPLEASANT ! DATA MAY BE4 ,RESE>*]S HAVE >GU$ 
) GOOD REASON1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT EFFECTIVE HUMAN HUNT]S 9 ! 
,PLEI/OC5E MAY HAVE PLAY$ A MAJOR ROLE 9 KILL+ (F SOME1 IF NOT 
MO/1 ( ! GREAT ,PLEI/OC5E & ,PALEOLI?IC MAMMALS4 ,:I* IS NOT 
TO D5Y ?AT O!RS HAVE CLAIM$ ?AT CLIMATIC *ANGES1 ) IMPORTANT 
ECOLOGICAL CONSEQU5CES 9 ! ,PLEI/OC5E & ,PALEOLI?IC1 >E MORE 
LIKELY TO HAVE 5D$ =EV] ! LIVES ( MAMMO?S1 MA/ODONS1 WOOLLY 
RH9OC]OSES1 CAVE BE>S1 & GIANT SLO?S1 AMONG O!RS4444 .<,MU*.> 
EVID5CE ?R[S FACTUAL WEI<T ON ! SIDE ( ! 0OV]KILL10 AS 
DI/+UI%$ FROM ! PRIM>ILY CLIMATIC APPROA*1 & SUPPORTS ! 
VIEW ?AT E>LY HUNT]-GA!R]S CONTRIBUT$ TO EXT]M9AT+ OR MAY 
HAVE EXT]M9AT$ MANY ,PLEI/OC5E ANIMALS4 

,AFT] SO MU* HAS BE5 WRITT5 BY ROMANTICS ( ! LA/ C5TURY & 
MY/ICAL ECOLOGI/S TODAY AB\T ! 0,ON5ESS0 ?AT PRELIT]ATE PEOPLES 
FELT = ! GAME !Y HUNT$1 %\LD WE BE %OCK$ BY ?IS CONCLUSION8 
,I BELIEVE NOT -- UNLESS WE *OOSE TO SIMPLIFY ! COMPLEX DIALECTIC 
9VOLV$ 9 :AT WE REG>D AS AN 0ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY40 ,9DE$1 ?AT 
E>LY HUNT]S -- :OSE 0ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY0 IS SO REV]$ BY MY/ICAL 
ECOLOGI/S -- W\LD TRY TO SATISFY !IR NE$S 9 ANY WAY !Y C\LD 
%\LD NOT SURPRISE US4 ,9 FACT1 !SE HUNT]S W]E PR$ATORY 
OPPORTUNI/S1 NO LESS ?AN WOLVES OR COYOTES1 PRECISELY BECAUSE !Y 
W]E V]Y MU* P>T ( 0,NATURE0 7TO 9VOKE ?AT MU*-ABUS$ WORD71 
JU/ AS W]E ALL ! LIFE-=MS >\ND !M4 ,E>LY HUNT]S DID NOT LIVE 
9 ,DISNEYL&1 :]E SOCIABLE 0MICE0 & GLEEFUL 0RABBITS0 JO/LE ) 
HUMAN VISITORS 9 A PSEUDO-ANIMI/IC1 C>TOONLIKE WORLD4 

,ANO!R >EA 9 DISPUTE IS ! EXT5T TO :I* PRELIT]ATE PEOPLES 
ALT]$ ! WILD 5VIRONM5TS 9 :I* !Y LIV$4 ,WE KN[ ?AT E>LY 
HUNT]S W]E CLE>LY NOT DEV\T CONS]V]S ( ! ORIG9AL =E/S1 = 
EXAMPLE4 ,AS ,/EPH5.>4 ,PYNE EMPHASIZES 9 HIS 9=MATIVE /UDY ,FIRE 9 ,AM]ICA1 0! VIRG9 =E/ WAS NOT 5C\NT]$ 9 ! SIXTE5? & 
SEV5TE5? C5TURIES2 IT WAS 9V5T$ 9 ! LATE EI<TE5? & E>LY 
N9ETE5? C5TURIES4 ,= ?IS CONDITION ,9DIAN FIRE PRACTICES W]E L>GELY 
RESPONSIBLE40.<#c#b.> ,HUNT]-GA!R] =AG]S1 9 FACT1 US$ FIRE ON A GLOBAL 
SCALE TO CREATE GRASSL&S = H]BIVORES4 ,! GREAT PRAIRIES ( ! 
,MIDWE/ W]E LIT]ALLY CREAT$ BY ,9DIAN TOR*ES1 :I* W]E 
SY/EMATICALLY APPLI$1 LONG BE=E ?OSE L&S W]E EXPROPRIAT$ BY 
,EUROPEANS4 ,S9CE HUMANITY'S DISCOV]Y ( FIRE1 FEW =E/S ?AT WE CAN 
CALL 0VIRG90 REMA9 TODAY1 H[EV] L>GE ! GIR? OR HEI<T ( !IR 
9DIVIDUAL TREES4 ,GREAT =E/S ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY W]E (T5 
RE/ORATIONS ( TREES ?AT HAD BE5 CLE>$ & R$UC$ TO P>KL& 
& PRAIRIES 9 PRE-,COLUMBIAN TIMES4 ,! 0=E/ PRIMEVAL0 ?AT 
,LONGFELL[ CELEBRAT$ 9 HIS POETRY WAS (T5 MADE UP ( TREES ?AT 
,EUROPEAN SETTL]S HAD P]MITT$ TO COME BACK AFT] ,9DIANS HAD TURN$ 
! =E/S & ! >EAS !Y OCCUPI$ 9TO P>KL&S4 ,?AT ,EUROPEAN 
SETTL]S P]MITT$ ! TREES TO RETURN 9 ORD] TO USE !M TO BUILD %IPS 
& HOMES DOES NOT ALT] ! FACT ?AT !SE =E/S W]E ANY?+ BUT 
0PRIMEVAL10 OR ?AT ,9DIAN COMMUNITIES W]E ANY?+ BUT RELUCTANT 
TO 0TAMP]0 ) 0,NATURE40 444 

,IT IS NOT MY 9T5TION TO DEFAME ABORIG9AL HUNT]S OR TO PLACE !IR 
BEHAVIOR ON A P> ) ?AT ( LUMB] COMPANIES OR ! MEAT-PACK+ 
9DU/RY4 ,NO ,PALEO-,9DIAN & ,9DIAN OV]KILLS & DE=E/ATION 
COMP>ES EV5 REMOTELY TO ! T]RIFY+ ECOLOGICAL DEVA/ATION & 
! G5OCIDE PRACTIC$ BY ,EURO-,AM]ICAN SETTL]S ON ! ,NEW ,WORLD 
& ITS NATIVE PEOPLE4 ,! GRE$ & EXPLOITATION ?AT HAS DE/ROY$ 
,9DIAN CULTURES OV] ! PA/ FIVE C5TURIES CAN 9 NO WAY BE JU/IFI$ 
MORALLY OR CULTURALLY4 ,! 9T]ACTION ( ,EUROPEAN SETTL]S & ,NATIVE 
,AM]ICANS C\LD HAVE OP5$ A NEW OPPORTUNITY = A S5SITIVE 
9TEGRATION ( BO? CULTURES1 BUT ?AT OPPORTUNITY WAS LO/ 9 AN ORGY 
( BLOODLETT+ & PLUND] BY ,EUROPEAN SETTL]S1 P>TICUL>LY L& 
SPECULATORS1 RAILROAD]S1 LUMB] B>ONS1 & CAPITALI/ 5TREPR5EURS 
G5]ALLY4 

,BUT ) ALL DUE REG>D TO ! MANY REM>KABLE FEATURES ( ,NATIVE 
,AM]ICAN CULTURES1 PRE-,COLUMBIAN HUNT]S TOOK A L>GE TOLL 9 WILDLIFE1 
(T5 %[+ FEW1 IF ANY1 CONC]NS = CONS]VATION4 ,FROM SU* 
OV]KILLS1 GAME ANIMALS TOOK YE>S TO REG5]ATE4 ,NOR WAS ?IS 
REG5]ATION HELP$ BY !IR HUNT]S' F]TILITY RITUALS1 UNLESS WE >E TO 
NAIVELY BELIEVE1 LIKE MOD]N BELIEV]S 9 MAGIC1 ?AT !Y S]V$ TO 
9CREASE ANIMAL F]TILITY4 0,?ANKS TO !IR HUNT+ PR[ESS10 OBS]VES 
,AL/ON ,*ASE 9 HIS SUP]BLY RESE>*$ & WELL-WRITT5 BOOK1 ,PLAY+ ,GOD 9 ,YELL[/ONE1 0! ,9DIANS ( ! ,YELL[/ONE REGION -- ! 
,%O%ONE & !IR C\S9S1 ! ,BANNOCK & ,LEMHI -- HAD EAT5 
!MSELVES \T ( H\SE & HOME4 ,:5 ,LEWIS & ,CL>K FIR/ MET 
! ,%O%ONE 9 #a#h#e1 !Y W]E />V+4 ,!IR *IEF TOLD ! EXPLOR]S 
?AT !Y HAD 'NO?+ BUT B]RIES TO EAT40'.<#c#c.> 444 

,F> FROM SEEK+ TO DEFAME ABORIG9AL PEOPLES1 ,I ?9K WE MU/ 
EXAM9E ! RATIONALE = !IR SEEM+ 09S5SITIVITY0 TO ANIMAL LIFE 
& =E/S4 ,HUNT]-GA!R]S W]E NOT MOTIVAT$ BY A DESIRE = PR(IT1 
LIKE COMPETITIVE RIVALS 9 A CAPITALI/ M>KETPLACE :OSE BEHAVIOR IS 
GUID$ BY ! MAXIM 0GR[ OR DIE40 ,AS ,I HAVE EMPHASIZ$1 !SE 
HUNT]S W]E LIV+ BE+S LIKE O!R LIFE-=MS1 & AS ANY LIFE-=M 
W\LD1 !Y TRI$ TO SURVIVE BY ANY MEANS POSSIBLE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 
! NE$S ( !SE HUMANS W]E GREAT] & MORE COMPLEX ?AN ?OSE 
( O!R LIFE-=MS4 ,AS CREATURES 5D[$ BY NATURAL EVOLUTION ) 
HI<LY 9TELLIG5T M9DS1 !Y W\LD NOT ONLY HAVE REQUIR$ ANIMAL & 
VEGETABLE FOOD TO MEET !IR IMM$IATE NE$S2 !Y W\LD ALSO HAVE 
WANT$ A SECURE SUPPLY ( FOOD ONCE !Y KNEW H[ TO PRES]VE MEAT 
& PLANTS4 ,[+ TO !IR NATURALLY 5D[$ 9TELLIG5CE1 !Y W\LD 
HAVE WANT$ GOOD CLO?+1 EV5 0LUXURIES0 SU* AS COM=TABLE 
B$D+1 /URDY SK9S = HOMES1 PLUMAGE & C>V$ BONE AMULETS1 
BEADLIKE TEE? = ORNAM5TS1 MAGICAL >TIFACTS1 AN ASSORTM5T ( TOOLS 
& M$IC9ES1 & COLOR+ MATT] = ES!TIC PURPOSES4 ,?AT ! 
NE$S ( !SE HUMANS W]E GREAT] & MORE COMPLEX ?AN ?OSE ( 
O!R LIFE-=MS WAS DUE NOT TO ANY P]V]SE TRAITS ON !IR P>T BUT TO 
5D[M5TS ?AT /EMM$ FROM !IR EVOLUTION AS UNIQUE ANIMALS4 
,!SE WANTS1 9 %ORT1 %AP$ !IR BEHAVIOR1 AS !Y W\LD HAVE = 
ANY NONHUMAN BE+4 ,& !SE WANTS W]E A PRODUCT ( AN 9TELLIG5CE 
?AT HAD BE5 =M$ AS A RESULT ( EONS ( EVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T1 
NOT ANY DEMONIC OR MY/]I\S IMPULSE ?AT IS VAGUELY 0UNNATURAL40 

,9ASMU* AS PRELIT]ATE PEOPLE W]E HUMAN1 MOREOV]1 !Y W]E 
CAPABLE ( REASON+ CONCEPTUALLY1 ( SPEAK+ FLU5TLY1 & ( FEEL+ 
ABID+ 9SECURITIES4 ,E>LY HUMANITY CAN H>DLY BE FAULT$ = BEHAV+ 
MORE 9TELLIG5TLY ?AN BE>S1 FOXES1 & WOLVES2 NATURAL EVOLUTION 
5D[$ !M ) L>G] BRA9S & A CAPACITY = MAK+ TOOLS & 
WEAPONS TO 5HANCE !IR P[]S ( SURVIVAL & = *ANG+ !IR 
5VIRONM5T TO ABET !IR WELL-BE+4 ,!Y HAD AMAZ+ MEMORIES1 
& ( EXTREME IMPORTANCE1 !Y POSSESS$ VIVID IMAG9ATIONS4 ,!Y 
DECORAT$ !IR WEAPONS1 PA9T$ ANIMALS & DESIGNS ON ROCKS & 
CAVES1 5GAG$ 9 ANALOGICAL ?9K+1 CREAT$ MY?S1 & FELT PASSIONS 
9COMP>ABLY MORE COMPELL+ ?AN ANY ?AT >E DISC]NIBLE 9 
ANIMALS4 

,YET !Y W]E ALSO TRULY P>T ( 0,NATURE40 ,9 ! LATE ,PLEI/OC5E & 
E>LY ,PALEOLI?IC1 IT WAS !IR V]Y 0CLOS5ESS0 TO FIR/ NATURE1 C\PL$ 
) !IR EM]G+ SECOND NATURE1 ?AT W\LD HAVE CAUS$ !M TO ACT 
9 WAYS ?AT CONTRADICT \R PRES5T-DAY ROMANTICIZ$ NOTIONS ( !IR 
BEHAVIOR4 ,!Y W]E UND]GO+ A MAJOR TRANSITION FROM ! DOMA9 
( BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION TO ?AT ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 ,AS SU*1 !Y C\LD 
V>I\SLY EXHIBIT UTT] 9DIFF]5CE TO ! PA9 !Y 9FLICT$ ON ANIMALS 
& A /RONG AFF9ITY = !M 9 !IR RITUALS -- CONTRADICTORY =MS ( 
BEHAVIOR ?AT OCCURR$ ALMO/ SIMULTANE\SLY4 ,9 !SE RESPECTS1 !IR 
S5SIBILITY WAS %AP$ BY ANIMALI/IC AS WELL AS CULTURAL NE$S1 9DE$ 
BY !IR V]Y 0,ON5ESS0 ) FIR/ NATURE4 ,9 TURN1 !IR S5SE ( 
0,ON5ESS0 ) FIR/ NATURE WAS %AP$ BY A M5TAL REP]TOIRE ?AT 
C\LD MAKE = :AT WE TODAY W\LD REG>D AS CRUELTY AS WELL AS 
EMPA?Y T[>D NONHUMAN LIFE1 DEP5D+ UPON ! EXT5T TO :I* 
!Y ID5TIFI$ !MSELVES ) IT & ! K9D ( SOCIETY !Y CREAT$1 
:I* L$ TO A S5SE ( 0AP>TNESS0 FROM IT -- A ?OR\<LY DIALECTICAL 
T5SION 9 !IR \TLOOK4444 

,LOOK+ BACK TO ! V]Y BEG9N+S ( SECOND NATURE1 IT %\LD BE 
EMPHASIZ$ ?AT HUMANITY'S CONSCI\SNESS ( FIR/ NATURE1 AS 
DI/+UI%$ FROM A CONSCI\SNESS ( ITS SPECIFIC1 N>R[ ECOLOGICAL 
NI*ES1 PRESUPPOSES ?AT IT SEP>ATE ITSELF FROM A PURELY NI*ELIKE ANIMAL 
EXI/5CE4 ,HUMAN BE+S AT SOME PO9T HAD TO AT LEA/ BEG9 TO SEE FIR/ 
NATURE G5]ALLY AS AN 0O!R0 IF !IR SELF-ID5TITY & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS 
AS HUMAN BE+S W]E TO EM]GE4 ,)\T A S5SE ( CONTRA/ 
BETWE5 ! HUMAN & NONHUMAN1 PEOPLE >E LIMIT$ TO ! B$ROCK 
EXI/5CE ( SEEK+ M]E SURVIVAL1 TO A WAY ( LIFE SO UNDIFF]5TIAT$ 
FROM ?AT ( O!R LIV+ ?+S ?AT !Y KN[ LITTLE MORE ?AN ! 
UNM$IAT$ CONF9ES ( !IR LIMIT$ ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY4 ,?IS WAY 
( LIFE IS B]EFT ( PURPOSE1 MEAN+1 OR ORI5TATION1 AP>T FROM :AT 
PEOPLE CREATE 9 !IR IMAG9ATION4 ,& IT IS A WAY ( LIFE ?AT NO HUMAN 
BE+ C\LD 5DURE EXCEPT BY CEAS+ TO ?9K4 

,:I* IS TO SAY ?AT1 EPI/EMOLOGICALLY AT LEA/1 DIFF]5TIATION W\LD 
NOT EXI/ & ! EVOLUTION ( A HUMAN PSY*E W\LD NEV] GET UND] 
WAY4 ,9 ORD] = HUMAN BE+S TO DIFF]5TIATE !MSELVES 9 NATURAL 
EVOLUTION1 !RE MU/ BE DUALITY1 SU* AS DUALITIES BETWE5 SELF & 
O!R & BETWE5 ! HUMAN & ! NONHUMAN4 ,H]E1 DUALITY MU/ 
NOT BE CONFUS$ ) DUALISM4 ,TODAY1 9 FACT1 ! DANG] ?AT CONFRONTS 
ECOLOGICAL ?9K+ IS LESS A MATT] ( A DUALI/IC S5SIBILITY -- A DUALISM 
?AT MY/ICAL ECOLOGI/S HAVE CRITICIZ$ TO ! PO9T ( PULV]IZATION -- 
?AN ( R$UCTIONISM1 AN 9TELLECTUAL DISSOLUTION ( ALL DIFF]5CE 9TO 
AN UNDEF9ABLE 0,ON5ESS0 ?AT EXCLUDES ! POSSIBILITY ( CREATIVITY 
& TURNS A CONCEPT LIKE 09T]CONNECT$NESS0 9TO ! BONDS ( A 
M5TAL & EMOTIONAL /RAITJACKET4 ,)\T O!RNESS1 DUALITY1 & 
DIFF]5TIATION1 09T]CONNECT$NESS0 DISSOLVES PSY*OLOGICAL & 
P]SONAL HET]OG5EITY 9TO A 0NI<T 9 :I* ALL C[S >E BLACK40 
,)\T 0O!RNESS10 DUALITY1 & DIFF]5TIATION1 ALL HET]OG5EITY ( 
LIFE-=MS W\LD HAVE BE5 LIMIT$ TO A DEAD5+ HOMOG5EITY1 & 
ORGANIC EVOLUTION W\LD NOT HAVE OCCURR$4 ,9 T]MS ( NATURAL HI/ORY1 
! BIOSPH]E W\LD 9DE$ /ILL BE A 0,GAIA0 COV]$ BY ,LYNN 
,M>GULIS'S S\P ( PROK>YOTIC CELLS4 

,TODAY1 TO FOLL[ A MY/ICAL PA? TO 0,ON5ESS0 IS TO S9K BACK 9TO 
! TIMELESS1 AHI/ORICAL1 MI/Y ISL& ( ! ,LOTUS ,EAT]S1 :O 9 
,HOM]'S ,ODYSSEY HAVE NO RECOLLECTION ( A PA/ & NO VISION ( A 
FUTURE BUT VEGETATE 9 AN UNP]TURBABLE EXI/5CE ?AT CONSI/S ( EAT+1 
DIGE/+1 & DEFECAT+1 LIKE ANIMALS ?AT LIVE ON A /RICTLY DAY-BYDAY 
BASIS4 ,?IS IS A WORLD ?AT HAS NO S5SE ( 0O!RNESS10 NO S5SE 
( SELF1 NO S5SE ( CONSCI\SNESS -- 9DE$1 NO S5SIBILITY AT ALL BEYOND 
! M]E MA9T5ANCE ( LIFE1 PRESUMABLY 9 ! BOSOM ( AN EQUALLY 
VACU\S 0COSMIC ,SELF40 ,TO UND]/& E>LY S5SIBILITIES & !IR 
DEVELOPM5T1 WE MU/ ACKN[L$GE ?AT HUMANITY HAD TO BREAK ) 
! PURELY ANIMALI/IC S5SIBILITY -- IF S5SIBILITY IT CAN BE CALL$ AT ALL?AT 
HAD CONF9$ IT TO A M]E ECOLOGICAL NI*E1 IF IT WAS TO 5T] 9TO 
& KN[ ! L>G] WORLD >\ND IT4 ,HUMAN BE+S HAD TO REG>D FIR/ 
NATURE AS 0O!R10 H[EV] MU* ROMANTICS ( ALL SORTS BEMOAN ! 
LOSS ( A UNIV]SAL 0,ON5ESS0 9 A GOLD5 ,PLEI/OC5E1 ,PALEOLI?IC1 OR 
,NEOLI?IC PA/4 ,GIV5 !IR NATURALLY 5D[$ POT5TIALITIES1 HUMANS 
HAD TO GO BEYOND A REALM ( M]E SURVIVAL 9TO ONE ( CREATIVITY & 
9NOVATION1 & SATISFY !IR NATURALLY 5D[$ CAPACITY TO ADAPT 
5VIRONM5TS TO MEET !IR [N NE$S4 

,! T]RIBLE PSY*OLOGICAL UPHEAVALS PRODUC$ BY ! TW5TIE? 
C5TURY HAVE MADE US TRULY W>Y ( SOCIAL HI/ORY1 ( 0O!RNESS10 ( 
! DUALITIES ( SEP>ATION FROM NONHUMAN NATURE4 ,BUT 0SEP>ATION0 
& 0O!RNESS0 >E HUMAN FACTS ( LIFE1 IF ONLY BECAUSE NATURAL 
EVOLUTION HAS PRODUC$ A LIFE-=M -- HUMANITY -- :OSE V]Y SPECIFICITY 
IS PREMIS$ ON A CONSCI\S S5SE ( 0SEP>ATION0 ?AT CAN 9CREAS+LY 
DI/+UI% HUMAN FROM NONHUMAN REALITY4 0,O!RNESS0 MU/ BE 
CONCEIV$ ( AS A GRAD$ PH5OM5ON1 TO BE SURE1 ONE ?AT MAY RESULT 
9 ANY ( SEV]AL K9DS ( SOCIETY4 ,IT MAY EV5TUATE 9 V]Y DE/RUCTIVE 
RELATION%IPS *>ACT]IZ$ BY OPPOSITION1 DOM9ATION1 & ANTAGONISM1 
AS WE KN[ TODAY -- ! RESULTS ( :I* /A9 ! SOCIAL HI/ORY ?AT 
LIES BEH9D US & POSSIBLY ! PREC>I\S FUTURE ?AT LIES BE=E US4 

,BUT 0O!RNESS0 MAY ALSO TAKE ! =M ( DIFF]5TIATION1 ( 
>TICULATION1 ( COMPLEM5T>ITY1 AS IT DID 9 ! E>LY HI/ORY ( HUMANITY4 ,AS HUMAN BE+S BEGAN TO EM]GE FROM FIR/ NATURE1 POSSIBLY 
9 ! ,PLEI/OC5E & C]TA9LY 9 ! ,PALEOLI?IC1 !IR RELATION%IP TO 
ANIMALS AS 0O!RS0 WAS L>GELY COMPLEM5T>Y4 ,HUNT]S KN[ ?AT 
!Y >E DEAL+ ) A NONHUMAN 0O!R10 BUT ANIMISM MAY HAVE BE5 
A =M ( SOLICITATION RA!R ?AN CO]CION4 ,E>LY ANIMISM IMP>T$ A 
COOP]ATIVE IMPULSE TO !SE CULTURES1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ANIMAL SPIRITS 
HAD TO BE PROPITIAT$4 ,GAME1 IT WAS ASSUM$1 C\LD !N BE LUR$ TO 
0ACCEPT0 ! HUNT]S' SPE>S & >R[S1 AS ,PALEOLI?IC CAVE PA9T+S 
SUGGE/4 ,EV5 ! OV]KILLS ( ! LATE ,PLEI/OC5E & E>LY ,PALEOLI?IC 
MAY HAVE >IS5 NOT FROM A S5SE ( ! 0O!R0 AS AN OPPON5T OR FOE1 
BUT FROM A NA4IVE IGNORANCE ( ! ECOLOGICAL IMPACT !SE OV]KILLS 
W\LD HAVE ON ! GREAT ,PLEI/OC5E MEGAFAUNA4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 E>LY 
HUNT]S M]ELY COMB9$ ! BEHAVIOR ( AN ORD9>Y ANIMAL PR$ATOR 
) ?AT ( AN 9CREAS+LY SOCIALIZ$1 ANIMI/IC HUMAN BE+4444 

,I REG>D IT AS A =M ( AHI/ORICAL >ROGANCE1 SO *>ACT]I/IC ( 
REC5T TIMES1 TO LOOK BACK AT PRELIT]ATE PEOPLES' BEHAVIOR & CA/ IT 
9 =MS ?AT SUIT MOD]N /&>DS ( ECOLOGICAL MORALITY1 OR RESPOND 
) PI\S DISAPPO9TM5T TO !IR CRUELTY OR 9DIFF]5CE TO O!R LIV+ 
BE+S4 ,IT IS A =M ( MOD]N AHI/ORICAL >ROGANCE TO EXPECT ?AT !Y 
W\LD NOT USE !IR 5VIRONM5TS UP TO ! HILT OR *ANGE !M AS !Y 
NE$$ TO4 ,:AT WE %\LD PROP]LY ASK1 IF WE >E NOT TO S9K 9TO ! 
FATUITIES ( ROMANTICISM & MY/ICISM1 IS NOT :E!R HUMANS %\LD 
9T]V5E 9TO NATURE -- = NO?+ WILL /OP !M FROM TRY+ TO FULFILL 
!IR MO/ BASIC 0NATURAL0 POT5TIALITIES -- BUT H[ !Y %\LD 
9T]V5E & T[>D :AT 5DS4 ,!SE >E REALLY ! PR(\NDLY E?ICAL 
QUE/IONS ?AT WE MU/ ASK1 & !Y CAN ONLY BE ANSW]$ 9 A ?9K+ 
WAY -- BY UNSCRAMBL+ ! VIRTUES & VICES ( HUMANITY'S SOCIAL 
DEVELOPM5T1 BY DET]M9+ IF EVOLUTION HAS ANY MEAN+FUL ?RU/ 
T[>D 9CREAS$ SUBJECTIVITY & CONSCI\SNESS 9 ! GREAT 
EVOLUTION>Y P>ADE ( LIFE-=MS1 & BY BR++ GREAT] M9D TO BE> 
ON ! PIVOTAL ROLE ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ALL ( !SE ISSUES4444 

,NATURAL EVOLUTION1 GIV5 ITS M>VEL\S CREATIVITY1 ITS FECUNDITY1 ITS 
GR[+ SUBJECTIVITY1 & ITS CAPACITY = 9NOVATION1 DES]VES \R 
RESPECT & LOVE = ITS [N ATTRIBUTES4 ,WE DO NOT HAVE TO CREATE 
IDEOLOGICAL >TIFACTS LIKE DEITIES -- FEMALE OR MALE -- OR USE MAGICAL >TS 
TO APPRECIATE FIR/ NATURE AS A WONDR\S PH5OM5ON -- 9CLUD+ SU* 
WOND]S AS ! HUMAN M9D & HUMANITY'S CAPACITY TO ACT MORALLY 
& SELF-CONSCI\SLY4 ,AN APPRECIATION & LOVE ( FIR/ NATURE %\LD 
PROP]LY /EM FROM A CLE>-SI<T$ & ES!TIC NATURALISM1 NOT FROM 
A SUP]NATURALISM1 ) ITS PROJECTION ( SOV]EIGN HUMANLIKE 0BE+S0 
9TO ! BIOTIC WORLD & ITS CANNY USE ( T]MS LIKE IMMAN5CE & 
0E>? GR\ND$NESS40 ,9DE$1 :E!R WE TRULY KN[ & FULLY 
APPRECIATE FIR/ NATURE DEP5DS V]Y MU* ON HAV+ ! 9TELLECTUAL 
& EMOTIONAL ABILITY NOT TO CONFUSE \RSELVES AS HUMAN BE+S ) 
COYOTES1 BE>S1 OR WOLVES1 MU* LESS ) 9S5SATE ?+S LIKE ROCKS1 
OR RIV]S1 OR EV5 MORE ABSURDLY1 ) ! 0COSMOS40 444 

,= E>LY HUNT]S !MSELVES1 !IR ANIMI/IC S5SIBILITY WAS A MIX$ 
BLESS+4 ,CLE>LY1 IT FEATUR$ A COOP]ATIVE SPIRIT 9 !IR RELATIONS TO 
ANIMALS AS 0O!RS10 & IT C]TA9LY AL]T$ HUNT]S TO ! ATTRIBUTES 
( ! ANIMALS !Y /ALK$4 ,NEV]!LESS1 H[EV] MU* PRELIT]ATE 
PEOPLES' ANIMISM 9CLUDES A COOP]ATIVE DIM5SION1 WE KN[ TODAY 
?AT 9S(> AS IT RE/S ON A BELIEF 9 SPIRITS OR A SUP]NATURE1 IT CLE>LY 
RE/S ON A FALSE IMAGE ( ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,BESIDES BOX+ !M 9TO 
9FLEXIBLE CU/OMS & TRADITIONS1 ANIMISM 9VOLVES AN 9NOC5T BELIEF 
9 MAGIC ?AT R5D]$ ABORIG9AL PEOPLES V]Y VULN]ABLE TO ! 
TE*NOLOGY1 P>TICUL>LY ! WEAPONRY1 ( ,EUROPEANS :O AW$ OR1 ) 
!IR BULLETS1 BLOODILY DISABUS$ !M ( ! SPELLS ) :I* !IR 
%AMANS HAD 0PROTECT$0 !M4 

,TO BELIEVE ?AT ANIMISM HAS ANY OBJECTIVE REALITY1 AS MANY MY/ICAL 
ECOLOGI/S SUGGE/1 IS SIMPLY 9FANTILE1 NOT UNLIKE ! BEHAVIOR ( A *ILD 
:O ANGRILY KICKS A /OOL OV] :5 HE OR %E FALLS4 ,9 VIEW ( :AT 
WE KN[ TODAY AB\T FIR/ NATURE1 ANIMI/IC S\LS & MAGICAL ME?ODS 
( REA*+ !M HAVE NO MORE BASIS 9 OBJECTIVE REALITY ?AN ! VISIONS 
?AT MANY ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN ,9DIANS TRADITIONALLY 9DUC$ 9 !MSELVES 
BY FA/+1 SELF-TORTURE1 AUTO-SUGGE/ION1 & SIMIL> TE*NIQUES ?AT 
DI/ORT ! HUMAN S5SORIUM4 ,9 A PRELIT]ATE COMMUNITY1 9DUC+ A 
VISION ( A GU>DIAN SPIRIT BY W>P+ ONE'S S5SES MI<T 5HANCE ONE'S 
[N S5SE ( SELF-WOR?1 C\RAGE1 & BRAVADO1 !REBY MAK+ ONE A 
BETT] HUNT]1 BUT !SE VISIONS TELL US NO MORE AB\T ! REALITY ( FIR/ 
NATURE ?AN ,CA/AN$A'S TALES AB\T TALK+ COYOTES4 ,MY?IC KN[L$GE 
& ! BELIEF 9 MAGIC1 SO IMPORTANT TO ANIMISM1 >E A SELF-DELUSION -- 
ONE ?AT IS UND]/&ABLE AS ! BELIEFS ( PRELIT]ATE PEOPLES1 BUT 
AMONG MOD]N PEOPLE !Y >E EXPLICABLE ONLY AS EVID5CE ( ! EXT5T 
TO :I* !Y >E REMOV$ FROM REALITY1 9DE$1 ! EXT5T TO :I* 
!Y LACK AU!NTIC 0E>? WISDOM40 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiif 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,ADD$4 

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