,*APT] #f 
,CO-OP]ATION ( ,ORGANIS$ & ,UNORGANIS$ ,WORK]S ,NECESS>Y = ,VICTORY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,9 CONNECTION ) ?IS1 ! QUE/ION ( ORGANIZATION 9 RELATION TO ! PROBLEM ( ! MASS /RIKE 9 ,G]MANY ASSUMES AN ESS5TIALLY DIFF]5T ASPECT4 

,! ATTITUDE ( MANY TRADE-UNION LEAD]S TO ?IS QUE/ION IS G5]ALLY SUMM$ UP 9 ! ASS]TION3 0,WE >E NOT YET /RONG 5\< TO RISK SU* A HAZ>D\S TRIAL ( /R5G? AS A MASS /RIKE40 ,N[ ?IS POSITION IS SO F> UNT5ABLE ?AT IT IS AN 9SOLUBLE PROBLEM TO DET]M9E ! TIME1 9 A PEACEFUL FA%ION BY C\NT+ HEADS1 :5 ! PROLET>IAT >E 0/RONG 5\<0 = ANY /RUGGLE4 ,?IRTY YE>S AGO ! ,G]MAN TRADE-UNIONS HAD #e1 MEMB]S4 ,?AT WAS OBVI\SLY A NUMB] ) :I* A MASS /RIKE ON ! ABOVE SCALE WAS NOT TO BE ?\<T (4 ,FIFTE5 YE>S LAT] ! TRADE-UNIONS W]E F\R TIMES AS /RONG1 & C\NT$ #b#c#g1 MEMB]S4 ,IF1 H[EV]1 ! PRES5T TRADE-UNION LEAD]S HAD BE5 ASK$ AT ! TIME IF ! ORGANIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAT WAS !N SUFFICI5TLY RIPE = A MASS /RIKE1 !Y W\LD ASSUR$LY HAVE REPLI$ ?AT IT WAS /ILL F> FROM IT & ?AT ! NUMB] ( ?OSE ORGANIZ$ 9 TRADE-UNIONS W\LD FIR/ HAVE TO BE C\NT$ BY MILLIONS4 

,TODAY ! NUMB] ( TRADE-UNIONI/S ALREADY RUNS 9TO ! SECOND MILLION1 BUT ! VIEWS ( ! LEAD]S >E /ILL EXACTLY ! SAME1 & MAY V]Y WELL BE ! SAME TO ! 5D4 ,! TACIT ASSUMPTION IS ?AT ! 5TIRE WORK+ CLASS ( ,G]MANY1 D[N TO ! LA/ MAN & ! LA/ WOMAN1 MU/ BE 9CLUD$ 9 ! ORGANIZATION BE=E IT 0IS /RONG 5\<0 TO RISK A MASS ACTION1 :I* !N1 ACCORD+ TO ! OLD =MULA1 W\LD PROBABLY BE REPRES5T$ AS 0SUP]FLU\S40 ,?IS !ORY IS NEV]!LESS ABSOLUTELY UTOPIAN1 = ! SIMPLE REASON ?AT IT SUFF]S FROM AN 9T]NAL CONTRADICTION1 ?AT IT GOES 9 A VICI\S CIRCLE4 ,BE=E ! WORK]S CAN 5GAGE 9 ANY DIRECT CLASS /RUGGLE !Y MU/ ALL BE ORGANIZ$4 ,! CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! CONDITIONS1 ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T & ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE MAKE IT IMPOSSIBLE ?AT1 9 ! NORMAL C\RSE ( ?+S1 )\T /ORMY CLASS /RUGGLES1 C]TA9 SECTIONS - & !SE ! GREATE/1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT1 ! L[E/ & ! MO/ OPPRESS$ BY CAPITAL1 & BY ! /ATE - CAN BE ORGANIZ$ AT ALL4 ,WE SEE EV5 9 ,BRITA91 :I* HAS HAD A :OLE C5TURY ( 9DEFATIGABLE TRADE-UNION EF=T )\T ANY 0DI/URBANCES0 - EXCEPT AT ! BEG9N+ 9 ! P]IOD ( ! ,*>TI/ MOVEM5T - )\T ANY 0ROMANTIC REVOLUTION>Y0 ]RORS OR TEMPTATIONS1 IT HAS NOT BE5 POSSIBLE TO DO MORE ?AN ORGANIZE A M9ORITY ( ! BETT]-PAID SECTIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,ON ! O!R H& ! TRADE-UNIONS1 LIKE ALL FI<T+ ORGANIZATIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT1 CANNOT P]MAN5TLY MA9TA9 !MSELVES 9 ANY O!R WAY ?AN BY /RUGGLE1 & ?AT NOT /RUGGLES ( ! SAME K9D AS ! W> BETWE5 ! FROGS & ! MICE 9 ! /AGNANT WAT]S ( ! B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T>Y P]IOD1 BUT /RUGGLE 9 ! TR\BL$ REVOLUTION>Y P]IODS ( ! MASS /RIKE4 ,! RIGID1 ME*ANICAL-BUREAUCRATIC CONCEPTION CANNOT CONCEIVE ( ! /RUGGLE SAVE AS ! PRODUCT ( ORGANIZATION AT A C]TA9 /AGE ( ITS /R5G?4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! LIV+1 DIALECTICAL EXPLANATION MAKES ! ORGANIZATION >ISE AS A PRODUCT ( ! /RUGGLE4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 A GR&IOSE EXAMPLE ( ?IS PH5OM5ON 9 ,RUSSIA1 :]E A PROLET>IAT ALMO/ :OLLY UNORGANIZ$ CREAT$ A COMPREH5SIVE NETWORK ( ORGANIZATIONAL APP5DAGES 9 A YE>-&-A-HALF ( /ORMY REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE4 

,ANO!R EXAMPLE ( ?IS K9D IS FURNI%$ BY ! HI/ORY ( ! ,G]MAN UNIONS4 ,9 ! YE> #ah< ! NUMB] ( TRADE-UNION MEMB]S AM\NT$ TO #e14 ,ACCORD+ TO ! !ORY ( ! PRES5T-DAY TRADE-UNION LEAD]S ?IS ORGANIZATION1 AS /AT$ ABOVE1 WAS NOT NE>LY 0/RONG 5\<0 TO 5T] UPON A VIOL5T POLITICAL /RUGGLE4 ,! ,G]MAN TRADE-UNIONS H[EV]1 WEAK AS !Y W]E AT ! TIME1 DID TAKE UP ! /RUGGLE - NAMELY ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ANTI-SOCIALI/ LAW - & %[$ ?AT !Y W]E 0/RONG 5\<10 NOT ONLY TO EM]GE VICTORI\S FROM ! /RUGGLE1 BUT TO 9CREASE !IR /R5G? FIVE-FOLD3 9 #a#h#i#a1 AFT] ! REPEAL ( ! ANTI-SOCIALI/ LAWS1 !IR MEMB]%IP WAS #b#g#g1#f#e#i4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! ME?ODS BY :I* ! TRADE-UNIONS CONQU]$ 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ANTI-SOCIALI/ LAWS DO NOT CORRESPOND TO ! IDEAL ( A PEACEFUL1 BEE-LIKE1 UN9T]RUPT$ PROCESS3 !Y W5T FIR/ 9TO ! FI<T ABSOLUTELY 9 RU9S1 TO RISE AGA9 ON ! NEXT WAVE & TO BE BORN ANEW4 ,BUT ?IS IS PRECISELY ! SPECIFIC ME?OD ( GR[? CORRESPOND+ TO ! PROLET>IAN CLASS ORGANIZATIONS3 TO BE TE/$ 9 ! /RUGGLE & TO GO =? FROM ! /RUGGLE ) 9CREAS$ /R5G?4 

,ON A CLOS] EXAM9ATION ( ,G]MAN CONDITIONS & ( ! CONDITION ( ! DIFF]5T SECTIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 IT IS CLE> ?AT ! COM+ P]IOD ( /ORMY POLITICAL MASS /RUGGLES WILL NOT BR+ ! DREAD$1 ?REAT5+ D[NFALL ( ! ,G]MAN TRADE-UNIONS1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y1 WILL OP5 UP HI!RTO UNSUSPECT$ PROSPECTS ( ! EXT5SION ( !IR SPH]E ( P[] - AN EXT5SION ?AT WILL PROCE$ RAPIDLY BY LEAPS & B\NDS4 ,BUT ! QUE/ION HAS /ILL ANO!R ASPECT4 ,! PLAN ( UND]TAK+ MASS /RIKES AS A S]I\S POLITICAL CLASS ACTION ) ORGANIZ$ WORK]S ONLY IS ABSOLUTELY HOPELESS4 ,IF ! MASS /RIKE1 OR RA!R1 MASS /RIKES1 & ! MASS /RUGGLE >E TO BE SUCCESSFUL !Y MU/ BECOME A REAL PEOPLE'S MOVEM5T1 ?AT IS1 ! WIDE/ SECTIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT MU/ BE DRAWN 9TO ! FI<T4 ,ALREADY 9 ! P>LIAM5T>Y =M ! MI<T ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE RE/S NOT ON ! SMALL1 ORGANIZ$ GR\P BUT ON ! SURR\ND+ P]IPH]Y ( ! REVOLUTION>Y-M9D$ PROLET>IAT4 ,IF ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS W]E TO 5T] ! ELECTORAL BATTLE ) !IR FEW HUNDR$ ?\S& ORGANIZ$ MEMB]S ALONE1 !Y W\LD CONDEMN !MSELVES TO FUTILITY4 ,& AL?\< IT IS ! T5D5CY ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY :]EV] POSSIBLE TO DRAW ! :OLE GREAT >MY ( ITS VOT]S 9TO ! P>TY ORGANIZATION1 ITS MASS ( VOT]S AFT] ?IRTY YE>S EXP]I5CE ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IS NOT 9CREAS$ ?R\< ! GR[? ( ! P>TY ORGANIZATION1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! NEW SECTIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT1 WON = ! TIME BE+ ?R\< ! ELECTORAL /RUGGLE1 >E ! F]TILE SOIL = ! SUBSEQU5T SE$ ( ORGANIZATION4 ,H]E ! ORGANIZATION DOES NOT SUPPLY ! TROOPS ( ! /RUGGLE1 BUT ! /RUGGLE1 9 AN EV] GR[+ DEGREE1 SUPPLIES RECRUITS = ! ORGANIZATION4 

,9 A MU* GREAT] DEGREE DOES ?IS OBVI\SLY APPLY TO DIRECT POLITICAL MASS ACTION ?AN TO ! P>LIAM5T>Y /RUGGLE4 ,IF ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 AS ! ORGANIZ$ NUCLEUS ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 >E ! MO/ IMPORTANT VANGU>D ( ! 5TIRE BODY ( ! WORK]S & IF ! POLITICAL CL>ITY1 ! /R5G?1 & ! UNITY ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T FL[ FROM ?IS ORGANIZATION1 !N IT IS NOT P]MISSIBLE TO VISUALIZE ! CLASS MOVEM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT AS A MOVEM5T ( ! ORGANIZ$ M9ORITY4 ,EV]Y REAL1 GREAT CLASS /RUGGLE MU/ RE/ UPON ! SUPPORT & COOP]ATION ( ! WIDE/ MASSES1 & A /RATEGY ( CLASS /RUGGLE :I* DOES NOT RECKON ) ?IS COOP]ATION1 :I* IS BAS$ UPON ! IDEA ( ! F9ELY /AGE-MANAG$ M>* \T ( ! SMALL1 WELL-TRA9$ P>T ( ! PROLET>IAT IS =$OOM$ TO BE A MIS]ABLE FIASCO4 

,MASS /RIKES & POLITICAL MASS /RUGGLES CANNOT1 !RE=E1 POSSIBLY BE C>RI$ ?R\< 9 ,G]MANY BY ! ORGANIZ$ WORK]S ALONE1 NOR CAN !Y BE APPRAIS$ BY REGUL> 0DIRECTION0 FROM ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE ( A P>TY4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 AGA9 - EXACTLY AS 9 ,RUSSIA - !Y DEP5D NOT SO MU* UPON 0DISCIPL9E0 & 0TRA9+0 & UPON ! MO/ C>EFUL POSSIBLE REGULATION BE=EH& ( ! QUE/IONS ( SUPPORT & CO/1 AS UPON A REAL REVOLUTION>Y1 DET]M9$ CLASS ACTION1 :I* WILL BE ABLE TO W9 & DRAW 9TO ! /RUGGLE ! WIDE/ CIRCLES ( ! UNORGANIZ$ WORK]S1 ACCORD+ TO !IR MOOD & !IR CONDITIONS4 

,! OV]E/IMATE & ! FALSE E/IMATE ( ! ROLE ( ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT IS G5]ALLY RE9=C$ BY ! UND]E/IMATE ( ! UNORGANIZ$ PROLET>IAN MASS & ( !IR POLITICAL MATURITY4 ,9 A REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD1 9 ! /ORM ( GREAT UNSETTL+ CLASS /RUGGLES1 ! :OLE $UCATIONAL EFFECT ( ! RAPID CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T & ( SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC 9FLU5CES FIR/ %[S ITSELF UPON ! WIDE/ SECTIONS ( ! PEOPLE1 ( :I*1 9 PEACEFUL TIMES ! TABLES ( ! ORGANIZ$1 & EV5 ELECTION /ATI/ICS1 GIVE ONLY A FA9T IDEA4 

,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT 9 ,RUSSIA1 9 AB\T TWO YE>S A GREAT G5]AL ACTION ( ! PROLET>IAT CAN =?) >ISE FROM ! SMALLE/ P>TIAL CONFLICT ( ! WORK]S ) ! EMPLOY]S1 FROM ! MO/ 9SIGNIFICANT ACT ( BRUTALITY ( ! GOV]NM5T ORGANS4 ,EV]YONE1 ( C\RSE1 SEES & BELIEVES ?AT1 BECAUSE 9 ,RUSSIA 0! REVOLUTION0 IS !RE4 ,BUT :AT DOES ?AT MEAN8 ,IT MEANS ?AT CLASS FEEL+1 ! CLASS 9/9CT1 IS ALIVE & V]Y ACTIVE 9 ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT1 SO ?AT IMM$IATELY !Y REG>D EV]Y P>TIAL QUE/ION ( ANY SMALL GR\P ( WORK]S AS A G5]AL QUE/ION1 AS A CLASS AFFAIR1 & QUICK AS LI<T5+ !Y REACT TO ITS 9FLU5CE AS A UNITY4 ,:ILE 9 ,G]MANY1 ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY & ,HOLL& ! MO/ VIOL5T TRADE-UNION CONFLICTS CALL =? H>DLY ANY G5]AL ACTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS - & :5 !Y DO1 ONLY ! ORGANIZ$ P>T ( ! WORK]S MOVE - 9 ,RUSSIA ! SMALLE/ DISPUTE RAISES A /ORM4 ,?AT MEANS NO?+ ELSE H[EV]1 ?AN ?AT AT PRES5T - P>ADOXICAL AS IT MAY S\ND - ! CLASS 9/9CT ( ! Y\NGE/1 LEA/ TRA9$1 BADLY $UCAT$ & /ILL WORSE ORGANIZ$ ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT IS IMMEASURABLY /RONG] ?AN ?AT ( ! ORGANIZ$1 TRA9$ & 5LI<T5$ WORK+ CLASS ( ,G]MANY OR ( ANY O!R WE/ ,EUROPEAN C\NTRY4 ,& ?AT IS NOT TO BE RECKON$ A SPECIAL VIRTUE ( ! 0Y\NG1 UNEXHAU/$ ,EA/0 AS COMP>$ ) ! 0SLUGGI% ,WE/10 BUT IS SIMPLY A RESULT ( DIRECT REVOLUTION>Y MASS ACTION4 

,9 ! CASE ( ! 5LI<T5$ ,G]MAN WORK] ! CLASS CONSCI\SNESS IMPLANT$ BY ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS IS !ORETICAL & LAT5T3 9 ! P]IOD RUL$ BY B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T>ISM IT CANNOT1 AS A RULE1 ACTIVELY P>TICIPATE 9 A DIRECT MASS ACTION2 IT IS ! IDEAL SUM ( ! F\R HUNDR$ P>ALLEL ACTIONS ( ! ELECTORAL SPH]E DUR+ ! ELECTION /RUGGLE1 ( ! MANY P>TIAL ECONOMIC /RIKES & ! LIKE4 ,9 ! REVOLUTION :5 ! MASSES !MSELVES APPE> UPON ! POLITICAL BATTLEFIELD ?IS CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS BECOMES PRACTICAL & ACTIVE4 ,A YE> ( REVOLUTION HAS !RE=E GIV5 ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT ?AT 0TRA9+0 :I* ?IRTY YE>S ( P>LIAM5T>Y & TRADE-UNION /RUGGLE CANNOT >TIFICIALLY GIVE TO ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT4 ,( C\RSE1 ?IS LIV+1 ACTIVE CLASS FEEL+ ( ! PROLET>IAT WILL CONSID]ABLY DIM9I% 9 9T5SITY1 OR RA!R *ANGE 9TO A CONCEAL$ & LAT5T CONDITION1 AFT] ! CLOSE ( ! P]IOD ( REVOLUTION & ! ]ECTION ( A B\RGEOIS-P>LIAM5T>Y CON/ITUTIONAL /ATE4 

,& JU/ AS SURELY1 ON ! O!R H&1 WILL ! LIV+ REVOLUTION>Y CLASS FEEL+1 CAPABLE ( ACTION1 AFFECT ! WIDE/ & DEEPE/ LAY]S ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ,G]MANY 9 A P]IOD ( /RONG POLITICAL 5GAGEM5T1 & ?AT ! MORE RAPIDLY & MORE DEEPLY1 MORE 5]GETICALLY ! $UCATIONAL WORK ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IS C>RI$ ON AMONG !M4 ,?IS $UCATIONAL WORK & ! PROVOCATIVE & REVOLUTIONIZ+ EFFECT ( ! :OLE PRES5T POLICY ( ,G]MANY WILL EXPRESS ITSELF 9 ! CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT ALL ?OSE GR\PS :I* AT PRES5T 9 !IR APP>5T POLITICAL /UPIDITY REMA9 9S5SITIVE TO ALL ! ORGANIZ+ ATTEMPTS ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS & ( ! TRADE UNIONS WILL SUDD5LY FOLL[ ! FLAG ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 9 A S]I\S REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD4 ,SIX MON?S ( A REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD WILL COMPLETE ! WORK ( ! TRA9+ ( !SE AS YET UNORGANIZ$ MASSES :I* T5 YE>S ( PUBLIC DEMON/RATIONS & DI/RIBUTION ( LEAFLETS W\LD BE UNABLE TO DO4 ,& :5 CONDITIONS 9 ,G]MANY HAVE REA*$ ! CRITICAL /AGE = SU* A P]IOD1 ! SECTIONS :I* >E TODAY UNORGANIZ$ & BACKW>D WILL1 9 ! /RUGGLE1 PROVE !MSELVES ! MO/ RADICAL1 ! MO/ IMPETU\S ELEM5T1 & NOT ONE ?AT WILL HAVE TO BE DRAGG$ ALONG4 ,IF IT %\LD COME TO MASS /RIKES 9 ,G]MANY IT WILL ALMO/ C]TA9LY NOT BE ! BE/ ORGANIZ$ WORK]S - & MO/ C]TA9LY NOT ! PR9T]S - :O WILL DEVELOP ! GREATE/ CAPACITY = ACTION1 BUT ! WOR/ ORGANIZ$ OR TOTALLY UNORGANIZ$ - ! M9]S1 ! TEXTILE WORK]S1 & P]HAPS EV5 ! L& WORK]S4 

,9 ?IS WAY WE >RIVE AT ! SAME CONCLUSIONS 9 ,G]MANY 9 RELATION TO ! PECULI> TASKS ( DIRECTION 9 RELATION TO ! ROLE ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 9 MASS /RIKES1 AS 9 \R ANALYSIS ( EV5TS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,IF WE N[ LEAVE ! P$ANTIC S*EME ( DEMON/RATIVE MASS /RIKES >TIFICIALLY BR\<T AB\T BY ORD] ( P>TIES & TRADE UNIONS1 & TURN TO ! LIV+ PICTURE ( A PEOPLES' MOVEM5T >IS+ ) ELEM5T>Y 5]GY1 FROM ! CULM9ATION ( CLASS ANTAGONISMS & ! POLITICAL SITUATION - A MOVEM5T :I* PASSES1 POLITICALLY AS WELL AS ECONOMICALLY1 9TO MASS /RUGGLES & MASS /RIKES - IT BECOMES OBVI\S ?AT ! TASK ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY DOES NOT CONSI/ 9 ! TE*NICAL PREP>ATION & DIRECTION ( MASS /RIKES1 BUT1 FIR/ & =EMO/1 9 ! POLITICAL LEAD]%IP ( ! :OLE MOVEM5T4 

,! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS >E ! MO/ 5LI<T5$1 MO/ CLASS-CONSCI\S VANGU>D ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,!Y CANNOT & D>E NOT WAIT1 9 A FATALI/ FA%ION1 ) FOLD$ >MS = ! ADV5T ( ! 0REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION10 TO WAIT = ?AT :I* 9 EV]Y SPONTANE\S PEOPLES' MOVEM5T1 FALLS FROM ! CL\DS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y MU/ N[1 AS ALWAYS1 HA/5 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ?+S & 5DEAVOR TO ACCEL]ATE EV5TS4 ,?IS !Y CANNOT DO1 H[EV]1 BY SUDD5LY ISSU+ ! 0SLOGAN0 = A MASS /RIKE AT R&OM AT ANY ODD MOM5T1 BUT FIR/ & =EMO/1 BY MAK+ CLE> TO ! WIDE/ LAY]S ( ! PROLET>IAT ! 9EVITABLE ADV5T ( ?IS REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD1 ! 9N] SOCIAL FACTORS MAK+ = IT & ! POLITICAL CONSEQU5CES ( IT4 ,IF ! WIDE/ PROLET>IAN LAY] %\LD BE WON = A POLITICAL MASS ACTION ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 & IF1 VICE V]SA1 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS %\LD SEIZE & MA9TA9 ! REAL LEAD]%IP ( A MASS MOVEM5T - %\LD !Y BECOME1 9 A POLITICAL S5SE1 ! RUL]S ( ! :OLE MOVEM5T1 !N !Y MU/1 ) ! UTMO/ CLE>NESS1 CONSI/5CY & RESOLUT5ESS1 9=M ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT ( !IR TACTICS & AIMS 9 ! P]IOD ( COM+ /RUGGLE4 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
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