,*APT] #d 
,! ,9T]ACTION ( ! ,POLITICAL & ! ,ECONOMIC ,/RUGGLE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,WE HAVE ATTEMPT$ 9 ! =EGO+ TO SKET* ! HI/ORY ( ! MASS /RIKE 9 ,RUSSIA 9 A FEW /ROKES4 ,EV5 A FLEET+ GLANCE AT ?IS HI/ORY %[S US A PICTURE :I* 9 NO WAY RESEMBLES ?AT USUALLY =M$ BY DISCUSSIONS 9 ,G]MANY ON ! MASS /RIKE4 ,9/EAD ( ! RIGID & HOLL[ S*EME ( AN >ID POLITICAL ACTION C>RI$ \T BY ! DECISION ( ! HI<E/ COMMITTEES & FURNI%$ ) A PLAN & PANORAMA1 WE SEE A BIT ( PULSAT+ LIFE ( FLE% & BLOOD1 :I* CANNOT BE CUT \T ( ! L>GE FRAME ( ! REVOLUTION BUT IS CONNECT$ ) ALL P>TS ( ! REVOLUTION BY A ?\S& VE9S4 

,! MASS /RIKE1 AS ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION %[S IT TO US1 IS SU* A *ANGEABLE PH5OM5ON ?AT IT REFLECTS ALL ! PHASES ( ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC /RUGGLE1 ALL /AGES & FACTORS ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,ITS ADAPTABILITY1 ITS EFFICI5CY1 ! FACTORS ( ITS ORIG9 >E CON/ANTLY *ANG+4 ,IT SUDD5LY OP5S NEW & WIDE P]SPECTIVES ( ! REVOLUTION :5 IT APPE>S TO HAVE ALREADY >RIV$ 9 A N>R[ PASS & :]E IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = ANYONE TO RECKON UPON IT ) ANY DEGREE ( C]TA9TY4 ,IT FL[S N[ LIKE A BROAD BILL[ OV] ! :OLE K+DOM1 & N[ DIVIDES 9TO A GIGANTIC NETWORK ( N>R[ /REAMS2 N[ IT BUBBLES =? FROM UND] ! GR\ND LIKE A FRE% SPR+ & N[ IS COMPLETELY LO/ UND] ! E>?4 ,POLITICAL & ECONOMIC /RIKES1 MASS /RIKES & P>TIAL /RIKES1 DEMON/RATIVE /RIKES & FI<T+ /RIKES1 G5]AL /RIKES ( 9DIVIDUAL BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY & G5]AL /RIKES 9 9DIVIDUAL T[NS1 PEACEFUL WAGE /RUGGLES & /REET MASSACRES1 B>RICADE FI<T+ - ALL !SE RUN ?R\< ONE ANO!R1 RUN SIDE BY SIDE1 CROSS ONE ANO!R1 FL[ 9 & OV] ONE ANO!R - IT IS A CEASELESSLY MOV+1 *ANG+ SEA ( PH5OM5A4 ,& ! LAW ( MOTION ( !SE PH5OM5A IS CLE>3 IT DOES NOT LIE 9 ! MASS /RIKE ITSELF NOR 9 ITS TE*NICAL DETAILS1 BUT 9 ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL PROPORTIONS ( ! =CES ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,! MASS /RIKE IS M]ELY ! =M ( ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE & EV]Y DIS>RANGEM5T ( ! RELATIONS ( ! CONT5D+ P[]S1 9 P>TY DEVELOPM5T & 9 CLASS DIVISION1 9 ! POSITION ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION - ALL ?IS IMM$IATELY 9FLU5CES ! ACTION ( ! /RIKE 9 A ?\S& 9VISIBLE & SC>CELY CONTROLLABLE WAYS4 ,BUT /RIKE ACTION ITSELF DOES NOT CEASE = A S+LE MOM5T4 ,IT M]ELY ALT]S ITS =MS1 ITS DIM5SIONS1 ITS EFFECT4 ,IT IS ! LIV+ PULSE-BEAT ( ! REVOLUTION & AT ! SAME TIME ITS MO/ P[]FUL DRIV+ :EEL4 ,9 A WORD1 ! MASS /RIKE1 AS %[N TO US 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 IS NOT A CRAFTY ME?OD DISCOV]$ BY SUBTLE REASON+ = ! PURPOSE ( MAK+ ! PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE MORE EFFECTIVE1 BUT ! ME?OD ( MOTION ( ! PROLET>IAN MASS1 ! PH5OM5AL =M ( ! PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE 9 ! REVOLUTION4 

,SOME G5]AL ASPECTS MAY N[ BE EXAM9$ :I* MAY ASSI/ US 9 =M+ A CORRECT E/IMATE ( ! PROBLEM ( ! MASS /RIKE3 

#a4 ,IT IS ABSURD TO ?9K ( ! MASS /RIKE AS ONE ACT1 ONE ISOLAT$ ACTION4 ,! MASS /RIKE IS RA!R ! 9DICATION1 ! RALLY+ IDEA1 ( A :OLE P]IOD ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE LA/+ = YE>S1 P]HAPS = DECADES4 ,( ! 9NUM]ABLE & HI<LY V>I$ MASS /RIKES :I* HAVE TAK5 PLACE 9 ,RUSSIA DUR+ ! LA/ F\R YE>S1 ! S*EME ( ! MASS /RIKE WAS A PURELY POLITICAL MOVEM5T1 BEGUN & 5D$ AFT] A CUT & DRI$ PLAN1 A %ORT S+LE ACT ( ONE V>IETY ONLY &1 AT ?AT1 A SUBORD9ATE V>IETY - PURE DEMON/RATION /RIKE4 ,9 ! :OLE C\RSE ( ! FIVE-YE> P]IOD WE SEE 9 ,RUSSIA ONLY A FEW DEMON/RATION /RIKES1 :I* BE IT NOT$1 W]E G5]ALLY CONF9$ TO S+LE T[NS4 ,?US ! ANNUAL ,MAY ,DAY G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,W>SAW & ,LODZ 9 ,RUSSIA PROP] ON ! FIR/ ( ,MAY HAS NOT YET BE5 CELEBRAT$ TO ANY APPRECIABLE EXT5T BY AB/5TION FROM WORK2 ! MASS /RIKE 9 ,W>SAW ON ,SEPTEMB] #a#a1 #a#i#e1 AS A MEMORIAL S]VICE 9 HONOR ( ! EXECUT$ ,M>T9 ,KASPRZAK2 ?AT ( ,NOVEMB] #aie 9 ,PET]SBURG AS PROTE/ DEMON/RATIONS AGA9/ ! DECL>ATION ( ! /ATE ( SIEGE 9 ,POL& & ,LIVONIA2 ?AT ( ,JANU>Y #b#b1 #aif 9 ,W>SAW1 ,LODZ1 ,CZ5TO*ON & 9 ,DOMBR[A COAL BAS91 AS WELL AS1 9 P>T1 ?OSE 9 A FEW ,RUSSIAN T[NS AS ANNIV]S>Y CELEBRATIONS ( ! ,PET]SBURG BLOODBA?2 9 ADDITION1 9 ,JULY #aif A G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,TIFLIS AS DEMON/RATION ( SYMPA?Y ) SOLDI]S S5T5C$ BY C\RT-M>TIAL ON ACC\NT ( ! MILIT>Y REVOLT2 & F9ALLY FROM ! SAME CAUSE1 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#f1 DUR+ ! DELIB]ATIONS ( ! C\RT-M>TIAL 9 ,REVAL4 ,ALL ! ABOVE GREAT & P>TIAL MASS /RIKES & G5]AL /RIKES W]E NOT DEMON/RATION /RIKES BUT FI<T+ /RIKES1 & AS SU* !Y ORIG9AT$1 = ! MO/ P>T1 SPONTANE\SLY1 9 EV]Y CASE FROM SPECIFIC LOCAL ACCID5TAL CAUSES1 )\T PLAN OR DESIGN1 & GREW ) ELEM5TAL P[] 9TO GREAT MOVEM5TS1 & !N !Y DID NOT BEG9 AN 0ORD]LY RETREAT10 BUT TURN$ N[ 9TO ECONOMIC /RUGGLES1 N[ 9TO /REET FI<T+1 & N[ COLLAPS$ ( !MSELVES4 

,9 ?IS G5]AL PICTURE ! PURELY POLITICAL DEMON/RATION /RIKE PLAYS QUITE A SUBORD9ATE ROLE - ISOLAT$ SMALL PO9TS 9 ! MID/ ( A MI<TY EXPANSE4 ,!REBY1 TEMPOR>ILY CONSID]$1 ! FOLL[+ *>ACT]I/IC DISCLOSES ITSELF3 ! DEMON/RATION /RIKES :I*1 9 CONTRADI/9CTION TO ! FI<T+ /RIKES1 EXHIBIT ! GREATE/ MASS ( P>TY DISCIPL9E1 CONSCI\S DIRECTION & POLITICAL ?\<T1 & !RE=E MU/ APPE> AS ! HI<E/ & MO/ MATURE =M ( ! MASS /RIKE1 PLAY 9 REALITY ! GREATE/ P>T 9 ! BEG9N+S ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,?US1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ABSOLUTE CESSATION ( WORK ON ,MAY #a1 #a#i#e1 9 ,W>SAW1 AS ! FIR/ 9/ANCE ( A DECISION ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS C>RI$ ?R\<\T 9 SU* AN A/ONI%+ FA%ION1 WAS AN EXP]I5CE ( GREAT IMPORTANCE = ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T 9 ,POL&4 ,9 ! SAME WAY ! SYMPA!TIC /RIKE ( ! SAME YE> 9 ,PET]SBURG MADE A GREAT IMPRESSION AS ! FIR/ EXP]IM5T ( CONSCI\S SY/EMATIC MASS ACTION 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,SIMIL>LY ! 0TRIAL MASS /RIKE0 ( ! ,HAMBURG COMRADES ON ,JANU>Y #a#g1 #a#i#f1 WILL PLAY A PROM95T P>T 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! FUTURE ,G]MAN MASS /RIKE AS ! FIR/ VIGOR\S ATTEMPT ) ! MU* DISPUT$ WEAPON1 & ALSO A V]Y SUCCESSFUL & CONV9C+LY /RIK+ TE/ ( ! FI<T+ TEMP] & ! LU/ = BATTLE ( ! ,HAMBURG WORK+ CLASS4 ,& JU/ AS SURELY WILL ! P]IOD ( ! MASS /RIKE 9 ,G]MANY1 :5 IT HAS ONCE BEGUN 9 REAL E>NE/1 LEAD ( ITSELF TO A REAL1 G5]AL CESSATION ( WORK ON ,MAY FIR/4 ,! ,MAY ,DAY FE/IVAL MAY NATURALLY BE RAIS$ TO A POSITION ( HONOR AS ! FIR/ GREAT DEMON/RATION UND] ! EGIS ( ! MASS /RUGGLE4 ,9 ?IS S5SE ! 0LAME HORSE10 AS ! ,MAY ,DAY FE/IVAL WAS T]M$ AT ! TRADE-UNION CONGRESS AT ,COLOGNE1 HAS /ILL A GREAT FUTURE BE=E IT & AN IMPORTANT P>T TO PLAY1 9 ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ,G]MANY4 

,BUT ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! E>NE/ REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE ! IMPORTANCE ( SU* DEMON/RATIONS DIM9I%ES RAPIDLY4 ,IT IS PRECISELY ?OSE FACTORS :I* OBJECTIVELY FACILITATE ! REALIZATION ( ! DEMON/RATION /RIKE AFT] A PRECONCEIV$ PLAN & AT ! P>TY'S WORD ( COMM& - NAMELY1 ! GR[? ( POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS & ! TRA9+ ( ! PROLET>IAT - MAKE ?IS K9D ( MASS /RIKE IMPOSSIBLE2 TODAY ! PROLET>IAT 9 ,RUSSIA1 ! MO/ CAPABLE VANGU>D ( ! MASSES1 DOES NOT WANT TO KN[ AB\T MASS /RIKES2 ! WORK]S >E NO LONG] 9 A MOOD = JE/+ & WILL N[ ?9K ONLY ( A S]I\S /RUGGLE ) ALL ITS CONSEQU5CES4 ,& :51 9 ! FIR/ GREAT MASS /RIKE 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#e1 ! DEMON/RATIVE ELEM5T1 NOT 9DE$ 9 AN 9T5TIONAL1 BUT MORE 9 AN 9/9CTIVE1 SPONTANE\S =M1 /ILL PLAY$ A GREAT P>T1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! ATTEMPT ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,RUSSIAN SOCIAL DEMOCRATS TO CALL A MASS /RIKE 9 ,AUGU/ AS A DEMON/RATION = ! DISSOLV$ ,DUMA WAS %ATT]$ BY1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 ! POSITIVE DIS9CL9ATION ( ! $UCAT$ PROLET>IAT TO 5GAGE 9 WEAK HALF-ACTIONS & M]E DEMON/RATIONS4 

#b4 ,:51 H[EV]1 WE HAVE 9 VIEW ! LESS IMPORTANT /RIKE ( ! DEMON/RATIVE K9D1 9/EAD ( ! FI<T+ /RIKE AS IT REPRES5TS 9 ,RUSSIA TODAY ! ACTUAL VEHICLE ( PROLET>IAN ACTION1 WE SEE /ILL MORE CLE>LY ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO SEP>ATE ! ECONOMIC FACTORS FROM ONE ANO!R4 ,H]E ALSO ! REALITY DEVIATES FROM ! !ORETICAL S*EME1 & ! P$ANTIC REPRES5TATION 9 :I* ! PURE POLITICAL MASS /RIKE IS LOGICALLY D]IV$ FROM ! TRADE-UNION G5]AL /RIKE AS ! RIPE/ & HI<E/ /AGE1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME IS KEPT DI/9CT FROM IT1 IS %[N TO BE ABSOLUTELY FALSE4 ,?IS IS EXPRESS$ NOT M]ELY 9 ! FACT ?AT ! MASS /RIKE FROM ?AT FIR/ GREAT WAGE /RUGGLE ( ! ,PET]SBURG TEXTILE WORK]S 9 #a#h#i#f-#i#g TO ! LA/ GREAT MASS /RIKE 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#e1 PASS$ IMP]CEPTIBLY FROM ! ECONOMIC FIELD TO ! POLITICAL1 SO ?AT IT IS ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE TO DRAW A DIVID+ L9E BETWE5 !M4 

,AGA91 EV]Y ONE ( ! GREAT MASS /RIKES REPEATS1 SO TO SPEAK1 ON A SMALL SCALE1 ! 5TIRE HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN MASS /RIKE1 & BEG9S ) A PURE ECONOMIC1 OR AT ALL EV5TS1 A P>TIAL TRADE-UNION CONFLICT1 & RUNS ?R\< ALL ! /AGES TO ! POLITICAL DEMON/RATION4 ,! GREAT ?UND]/ORM ( MASS /RIKES 9 ,S\? ,RUSSIA 9 #aib & #aic ORIG9AT$1 AS WE HAVE SE51 9 ,BAKU FROM A CONFLICT >IS+ FROM ! DISCIPL9>Y PUNI%M5T ( ! UNEMPLOY$1 9 ,RO/OV FROM DISPUTES AB\T WAGES 9 ! RAILWAY WORK%OPS1 9 ,TIFLIS FROM A /RUGGLE ( ! COMM]CIAL EMPLOYES = R$UCTION ( WORK+ H\RS1 9 ,ODESSA FROM A WAGE DISPUTE 9 A S+LE SMALL FACTORY4 ,! ,JANU>Y MASS /RIKE ( #aie DEVELOP$ FROM AN 9T]NAL CONFLICT 9 ! ,PUTILOV WORKS1 ! ,OCTOB] /RIKE FROM ! /RUGGLE ( ! RAILWAY WORK]S = A P5SION FUND1 & F9ALLY ! ,DECEMB] /RIKE FROM ! /RUGGLE ( ! PO/AL & TELEGRAPH EMPLOYES = ! RI<T ( COMB9ATION4 ,! PROGRESS ( ! MOVEM5T ON ! :OLE IS NOT EXPRESS$ 9 ! CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT ! ECONOMIC 9ITIAL /AGE IS OMITT$1 BUT MU* MORE 9 ! RAPIDITY ) :I* ALL ! /AGES TO ! POLITICAL DEMON/RATION >E RUN ?R\< & 9 ! EXTREMITY ( ! PO9T TO :I* ! /RIKE MOVES =W>D4 

,BUT ! MOVEM5T ON ! :OLE DOES NOT PROCE$ FROM ! ECONOMIC TO ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 NOR EV5 ! REV]SE4 ,EV]Y GREAT POLITICAL MASS ACTION1 AFT] IT HAS ATTA9$ ITS POLITICAL HI<E/ PO9T1 BREAKS UP 9TO A MASS ( ECONOMIC /RIKES4 ,& ?AT APPLIES NOT ONLY TO EA* ( ! GREAT MASS /RIKES1 BUT ALSO TO ! REVOLUTION AS A :OLE4 ,) ! SPREAD+1 CL>IFY+ & 9VOLUTION ( ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE NOT ONLY DOES NOT REC$E1 BUT EXT5DS1 ORGANIZES & BECOMES 9VOLV$ 9 EQUAL MEASURE4 ,BETWE5 ! TWO !RE IS ! MO/ COMPLETE RECIPROCAL ACTION4 

,EV]Y NEW ONSET & EV]Y FRE% VICTORY ( ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE IS TRANS=M$ 9TO A P[]FUL IMPETUS = ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE1 EXT5D+ AT ! SAME TIME ITS EXT]NAL POSSIBILITIES & 9T5SIFY+ ! 9N] URGE ( ! WORK]S TO BETT] !IR POSITION & !IR DESIRE TO /RUGGLE4 ,AFT] EV]Y FOAM+ WAVE ( POLITICAL ACTION A FRUCTIFY+ DEPOSIT REMA9S BEH9D FROM :I* A ?\S& /ALKS ( ECONOMIC /RUGGLE %OOT =?4 ,& CONV]SELY4 ,! WORK]S' CONDITION ( CEASELESS ECONOMIC /RUGGLE ) ! CAPITALI/S KEEPS !IR FI<T+ 5]GY ALIVE 9 EV]Y POLITICAL 9T]VAL2 IT =MS1 SO TO SPEAK1 ! P]MAN5T FRE% RES]VOIR ( ! /R5G? ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASSES1 FROM :I* ! POLITICAL FI<T EV] R5EWS ITS /R5G?1 & AT ! SAME TIME LEADS ! 9DEFATIGABLE ECONOMIC SAPP]S ( ! PROLET>IAT AT ALL TIMES1 N[ H]E & N[ !RE1 TO ISOLAT$ %>P CONFLICTS1 \T ( :I* PUBLIC CONFLICTS ON A L>GE SCALE UNEXPECT$LY EXPLODE4 

,9 A WORD3 ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE IS ! TRANSMITT] FROM ONE POLITICAL C5T] TO ANO!R2 ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE IS ! P]IODIC F]TILIZATION ( ! SOIL = ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE4 ,CAUSE & EFFECT H]E CONT9UALLY *ANGE PLACES2 & ?US ! ECONOMIC & ! POLITICAL FACTOR 9 ! P]IOD ( ! MASS /RIKE1 N[ WIDELY REMOV$1 COMPLETELY SEP>AT$ OR EV5 MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE1 AS ! !ORETICAL PLAN W\LD HAVE !M1 M]ELY =M ! TWO 9T]LAC+ SIDES ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,& !IR UNITY IS PRECISELY ! MASS /RIKE4 ,IF ! SOPHI/ICAT$ !ORY PROPOSES TO MAKE A CLEV] LOGICAL DISSECTION ( ! MASS /RIKE = ! PURPOSE ( GETT+ AT ! 0PURELY POLITICAL MASS /RIKE10 IT WILL BY ?IS DISSECTION1 AS ) ANY O!R1 NOT P]CEIVE ! PH5OM5ON 9 ITS LIV+ ESS5CE1 BUT WILL KILL IT ALTOGE!R4 

#c4 ,F9ALLY1 ! EV5TS 9 ,RUSSIA %[ US ?AT ! MASS /RIKE IS 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! REVOLUTION4 ,! HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN MASS /RIKE IS ! HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,:51 TO BE SURE1 ! REPRES5TATIVES ( \R ,G]MAN OPPORTUNISM HE> ( 0REVOLUTION10 !Y IMM$IATELY ?9K ( BLOOD%$1 /REET FI<T+ OR P[D] & %OT1 & ! LOGICAL CONCLUSION !RE( IS3 ! MASS /RIKE LEADS 9EVITABLY TO ! REVOLUTION1 !RE=E WE D>E NOT HAVE IT4 ,9 ACTUAL FACT WE SEE 9 ,RUSSIA ?AT ALMO/ EV]Y MASS /RIKE 9 ! LONG RUN LEADS TO AN 5C\NT] ) ! >M$ GU>DIANS ( CZ>I/ ORD]1 & !RE9 ! SO-CALL$ POLITICAL /RIKES EXACTLY RESEMBLE ! L>G] ECONOMIC /RUGGLE4 ,! REVOLUTION1 H[EV]1 IS SOME?+ O!R & SOME?+ MORE ?AN BLOOD%$4 ,9 CONTRADICTION TO ! POLICE 9T]PRETATION1 :I* VIEWS ! REVOLUTION EXCLUSIVELY FROM ! /&PO9T ( /REET DI/URBANCES & RIOT+1 ?AT IS1 FROM ! /&PO9T ( 0DISORD]10 ! 9T]PRETATION ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM SEES 9 ! REVOLUTION ABOVE ALL A ?OR\<-GO+ 9T]NAL REV]SAL ( SOCIAL CLASS RELATIONS4 ,& FROM ?IS /&PO9T AN ALTOGE!R DIFF]5T CONNECTION EXI/S BETWE5 REVOLUTION & MASS /RIKE 9 ,RUSSIA FROM ?AT CONTA9$ 9 ! COMMONPLACE CONCEPTION ?AT ! MASS /RIKE G5]ALLY 5DS 9 BLOOD%$4 

,WE HAVE SE5 ABOVE ! 9N] ME*ANISM ( ! ,RUSSIAN MASS /RIKE :I* DEP5DS UPON ! CEASELESS RECIPROCAL ACTION ( ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC /RUGGLES4 ,BUT ?IS RECIPROCAL ACTION IS CONDITION$ DUR+ ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD4 ,ONLY 9 ! SULTRY AIR ( ! P]IOD ( REVOLUTION CAN ANY P>TIAL LITTLE CONFLICT BETWE5 LABOR & CAPITAL GR[ 9TO A G5]AL EXPLOSION4 ,9 ,G]MANY ! MO/ VIOL5T1 MO/ BRUTAL COLLISIONS BETWE5 ! WORK]S & EMPLOY]S TAKE PLACE EV]Y YE> & EV]Y DAY )\T ! /RUGGLE OV]LEAP+ ! B\NDS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL DEP>TM5TS OR 9DIVIDUAL T[NS CONC]N$1 OR EV5 ?OSE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL FACTORIES4 ,PUNI%M5T ( ORGANIZ$ WORK]S 9 ,PET]SBURG & UNEMPLOYM5T AS 9 ,BAKU1 WAGE /RUGGLES AS 9 ,ODESSA1 /RUGGLES = ! RI<T ( COMB9ATION AS 9 ,MOSC[ >E ! ORD] ( ! DAY 9 ,G]MANY4 ,NO S+LE ONE ( !SE CASES H[EV] *ANGES SUDD5LY 9TO A COMMON CLASS ACTION4 ,& :5 !Y GR[ 9TO ISOLAT$ MASS /RIKES1 :I* HAVE )\T QUE/ION A POLITICAL COLOR+1 !Y DO NOT BR+ AB\T A G5]AL /ORM4 ,! G5]AL /RIKE ( ,DUT* RAILWAYM51 :I* DI$ AWAY 9 SPITE ( ! W>ME/ SYMPA?Y1 9 ! MID/ ( ! COMPLETE IMPASSIVITY ( ! PROLET>IAT ( ! C\NTRY1 AF=DS A /RIK+ PRO( ( ?IS4 

,& CONV]SELY1 ONLY 9 ! P]IOD ( REVOLUTION1 :5 ! SOCIAL F\NDATIONS & ! WALLS ( ! CLASS SOCIETY >E %AK5 & SUBJECT$ TO A CON/ANT PROCESS ( DIS>RANGEM5T1 ANY POLITICAL CLASS ACTION ( ! PROLET>IAT CAN >\SE FROM !IR PASSIVE CONDITION 9 A FEW H\RS :OLE SECTIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS :O HAVE HI!RTO REMA9$ UNAFFECT$1 & ?IS IS IMM$IATELY & NATURALLY EXPRESS$ 9 A /ORMY ECONOMIC /RUGGLE4 ,! WORK]1 SUDD5LY >\S$ TO ACTIVITY BY ! ELECTRIC %OCK ( POLITICAL ACTION1 IMM$IATELY SEIZES ! WEAPON LY+ NE>E/ HIS H& = ! FI<T AGA9/ HIS CONDITION ( ECONOMIC SLAV]Y3 ! /ORMY GE/URE ( ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE CAUSES HIM TO FEEL ) UNEXPECT$ 9T5SITY ! WEI<T & ! PRESSURE ( HIS ECONOMIC *A9S4 ,& :ILE1 = EXAMPLE1 ! MO/ VIOL5T POLITICAL /RUGGLE 9 ,G]MANY - ! ELECTORAL /RUGGLE OR ! P>LIAM5T>Y /RUGGLE ON ! CU/OMS T>IFF - EX]CIS$ A SC>CELY P]CEPTIBLE DIRECT 9FLU5CE UPON ! C\RSE & ! 9T5SITY ( ! WAGE /RUGGLES BE+ CONDUCT$ AT ! SAME TIME 9 ,G]MANY1 EV]Y POLITICAL ACTION ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ,RUSSIA IMM$IATELY EXPRESSES ITSELF 9 ! EXT5SION ( ! >EA & ! DEEP5+ ( ! 9T5SITY ( ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE4 

,! REVOLUTION ?US FIR/ CREATES ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS 9 :I* ?IS SUDD5 *ANGE ( ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE 9TO ! POLITICAL & ( ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE 9TO ! ECONOMIC IS POSSIBLE1 A *ANGE :I* F9DS ITS EXPRESSION 9 ! MASS /RIKE4 ,& IF ! VULG> S*EME SEES ! CONNECTION BETWE5 MASS /RIKE & REVOLUTION ONLY 9 BLOODY /REET 5C\NT]S ) :I* ! MASS /RIKES CONCLUDE1 A SOME:AT DEEP] LOOK 9TO ! ,RUSSIAN EV5TS %[S AN EXACTLY OPPOSITE CONNECTION3 9 REALITY ! MASS /RIKE DOES NOT PRODUCE ! REVOLUTION BUT ! REVOLUTION PRODUCES ! MASS /RIKE4 

#d4 ,IT IS SUFFICI5T 9 ORD] TO COMPREH5D ! =EGO+ TO OBTA9 AN EXPLANATION ( ! QUE/ION ( ! CONSCI\S DIRECTION & 9ITIATIVE 9 ! MASS /RIKE4 ,IF ! MASS /RIKE IS NOT AN ISOLAT$ ACT BUT A :OLE P]IOD ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 & IF ?IS P]IOD IS ID5TICAL ) A P]IOD ( REVOLUTION1 IT IS CLE> ?AT ! MASS /RIKE CANNOT BE CALL$ AT WILL1 EV5 :5 ! DECISION TO DO SO MAY COME FROM ! HI<E/ COMMITTEE ( ! /RONGE/ SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TY4 ,AS LONG AS ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY HAS NOT ! P[] TO /AGE & C\NT]M& REVOLUTIONS ACCORD+ TO ITS FANCY1 EV5 ! GREATE/ 5?USIASM & IMPATI5CE ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC TROOPS WILL NOT SUFFICE TO CALL 9TO BE+ A REAL P]IOD ( MASS /RIKE AS A LIV+1 P[]FUL MOVEM5T ( ! PEOPLE4 ,ON ! BASIS ( A DECISION ( ! P>TY LEAD]%IP & ( P>TY DISCIPL9E1 A S+LE %ORT DEMON/RATION MAY WELL BE >RANG$ SIMIL> TO ! ,SW$I% MASS /RIKE1 OR TO ! LATE/ ,AU/RIAN /RIKE1 OR EV5 TO ! ,HAMBURG MASS /RIKE ( ,JANU>Y #a#g4 ,!SE DEMON/RATIONS1 H[EV]1 DIFF] FROM AN ACTUAL P]IOD ( REVOLUTION>Y MASS /RIKES 9 EXACTLY ! SAME WAY ?AT ! WELL-KN[N DEMON/RATIONS 9 =EIGN PORTS DUR+ A P]IOD ( /RA9$ DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS DIFF] FROM A NAVAL W>4 ,A MASS /RIKE BORN ( PURE DISCIPL9E & 5?USIASM WILL1 AT BE/1 M]ELY PLAY ! ROLE ( AN EPISODE1 ( A SYMPTOM ( ! FI<T+ MOOD ( ! WORK+ CLASS UPON :I*1 H[EV]1 ! CONDITIONS ( A PEACEFUL P]IOD >E REFLECT$4 

,( C\RSE1 EV5 DUR+ ! REVOLUTION1 MASS /RIKES DO NOT EXACTLY FALL FROM HEAV54 ,!Y MU/ BE BR\<T AB\T 9 SOME WAY OR ANO!R BY ! WORK]S4 ,! RESOLUTION & DET]M9ATION ( ! WORK]S ALSO PLAY A P>T & 9DE$ ! 9ITIATIVE & ! WID] DIRECTION NATURALLY FALL TO ! %>E ( ! ORGANIZ$ & MO/ 5LI<T5$ K]NEL ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,BUT ! SCOPE ( ?IS 9ITIATIVE & ?IS DIRECTION1 = ! MO/ P>T1 IS CONF9$ TO APPLICATION TO 9DIVIDUAL ACTS1 TO 9DIVIDUAL /RIKES1 :5 ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD IS ALREADY BEGUN1 & 9DE$1 9 MO/ CASES1 IS CONF9$ )9 ! B\ND>IES ( A S+LE T[N4 ,?US1 = EXAMPLE1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS HAVE ALREADY1 ON SEV]AL OCCASIONS1 SUCCESSFULLY ISSU$ A DIRECT SUMMONS = A MASS /RIKE 9 ,BAKU1 9 ,W>SAW1 9 ,LODZ1 & 9 ,PET]SBURG4 ,BUT ?IS SUCCE$S MU* LESS FREQU5TLY :5 APPLI$ TO G5]AL MOVEM5TS ( ! :OLE PROLET>IAT4 

,FUR!R1 !RE >E QUITE DEF9ITE LIMITS SET TO 9ITIATIVE & CONSCI\S DIRECTION4 ,DUR+ ! REVOLUTION IT IS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT = ANY DIRECT+ ORGAN ( ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T TO =ESEE & TO CALCULATE :I* OCCASIONS & FACTORS CAN LEAD TO EXPLOSIONS & :I* CANNOT4 ,H]E ALSO 9ITIATIVE & DIRECTION DO NOT CONSI/ 9 ISSU+ COMM&S ACCORD+ TO ONE'S 9CL9ATIONS1 BUT 9 ! MO/ ADROIT ADAPTABILITY TO ! GIV5 SITUATION1 & ! CLOSE/ POSSIBLE CONTACT ) ! MOOD ( ! MASSES4 ,! ELEM5T ( SPONTANEITY1 AS WE HAVE SE51 PLAYS A GREAT P>T 9 ALL ,RUSSIAN MASS /RIKES )\T EXCEPTION1 BE IT AS A DRIV+ =CE OR AS A RE/RA9+ 9FLU5CE4 ,?IS DOES NOT OCCUR 9 ,RUSSIA1 H[EV]1 BECAUSE SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IS /ILL Y\NG OR WEAK1 BUT BECAUSE 9 EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL ACT ( ! /RUGGLE SO V]Y MANY IMPORTANT ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL & SOCIAL1 G5]AL & LOCAL1 MAT]IAL & PSY*ICAL1 FACTORS REACT UPON ONE ANO!R 9 SU* A WAY ?AT NO S+LE ACT CAN BE >RANG$ & RESOLV$ AS IF IT W]E A MA!MATICAL PROBLEM4 ,! REVOLUTION1 EV5 :5 ! PROLET>IAT1 ) ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS AT !IR HEAD1 APPE> 9 ! LEAD+ ROLE1 IS NOT A MANEUV] ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ! OP5 FIELD1 BUT A FI<T 9 ! MID/ ( ! 9CESSANT CRA%+1 DISPLAC+ & CRUMBL+ ( ! SOCIAL F\NDATION4 ,9 %ORT1 9 ! MASS /RIKES 9 ,RUSSIA ! ELEM5T ( SPONTANEITY PLAYS SU* A PR$OM9ANT P>T1 NOT BECAUSE ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT >E 0UN$UCAT$10 BUT BECAUSE REVOLUTIONS DO NOT ALL[ ANYONE TO PLAY ! S*OOLMA/] ) !M4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 WE SEE 9 ,RUSSIA ?AT ! SAME REVOLUTION :I* R5D]$ ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS' COMM& ( ! MASS /RIKE SO DIFFICULT1 & :I* /RUCK ! CONDUCTOR'S BATON FROM1 OR PRESS$ 9TO1 !IR H& AT ALL TIMES 9 SU* A COMICAL FA%ION - WE SEE ?AT IT RESOLV$ ( ITSELF ALL ?OSE DIFFICULTIES ( ! MASS /RIKE :I*1 9 ! !ORETICAL S*EME ( ,G]MAN DISCUSSION >E REG>D$ AS ! *IEF CONC]N ( ! 0DIRECT+ BODY03 ! QUE/ION ( 0PROVISION+10 0DISCOV]Y ( CO/10 & 0SACRIFICE40 ,IT GOES )\T SAY+ ?AT IT DOES NOT RESOLVE !M 9 ! WAY ?AT !Y W\LD BE RESOLV$ 9 A QUIET CONFID5TIAL DISCUSSION BETWE5 ! HI<] DIRECT+ COMMITTEES ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 ! MEMB]S SITT+ P5CIL 9 H&4 ,! 0REGULATION0 ( ALL !SE QUE/IONS CONSI/S 9 ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT ! REVOLUTION BR+S SU* AN 5ORM\S MASS ( PEOPLE UPON ! /AGE ?AT ANY COMPUTATION OR REGULATION ( ! CO/ ( ! MOVEM5T SU* AS CAN BE EFFECT$ 9 A CIVIL PROCESS1 APPE>S TO BE AN ALTOGE!R HOPELESS UND]TAK+4 

,! LEAD+ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,RUSSIA C]TA9LY ATTEMPT TO SUPPORT ! DIRECT VICTIMS TO ! BE/ ( !IR ABILITY4 ,?US1 = EXAMPLE1 ! BRAVE VICTIMS ( ! GIGANTIC LOCK\T 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 :I* FOLL[$ UPON ! EI<T-H\R DAY CAMPAIGN1 W]E SUPPORT$ = WEEKS4 ,BUT ALL !SE MEASURES >E1 9 ! 5ORM\S BALANCE ( ! REVOLUTION1 BUT AS A DROP 9 ! OCEAN4 ,AT ! MOM5T ?AT A REAL1 E>NE/ P]IOD ( MASS /RIKES BEG9S1 ALL !SE 0CALCULATIONS0 ( 0CO/0 BECOME M]ELY PROJECTS = EXHAU/+ ! OCEAN ) A TUMBL]4 ,& IT IS A V]ITABLE OCEAN ( FRI<TFUL PRIVATIONS & SUFF]+S :I* IS BR\<T BY EV]Y REVOLUTION TO ! PROLET>IAN MASSES4 ,& ! SOLUTION :I* A REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD MAKES ( ?IS APP>5TLY 9V9CIBLE DIFFICULTY CONSI/S 9 ! CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT SU* AN IMM5SE VOLUME ( MASS IDEALISM IS SIMULTANE\SLY RELEAS$ ?AT ! MASSES >E 9S5SIBLE TO ! BITT]E/ SUFF]+S4 ,) ! PSY*OLOGY ( A TRADE UNIONI/ :O WILL NOT /AY (F HIS WORK ON ,MAY ,DAY UNLESS HE IS ASSUR$ 9 ADVANCE ( A DEF9ITE AM\NT ( SUPPORT 9 ! EV5T ( HIS BE+ VICTIMIZ$1 NEI!R REVOLUTION NOR MASS /RIKE CAN BE MADE4 ,BUT 9 ! /ORM ( ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD EV5 ! PROLET>IAN IS TRANS=M$ FROM A PROVID5T PAT] FAMILAS DEM&+ SUPPORT1 9TO A 0REVOLUTION>Y ROMANTICI/10 = :OM EV5 ! HI<E/ GOOD1 LIFE ITSELF1 TO SAY NO?+ ( MAT]IAL WELL-BE+1 POSSESSES BUT LITTLE 9 COMP>ISON ) ! IDEALS ( ! /RUGGLE4 

,IF1 H[EV]1 ! DIRECTION ( ! MASS /RIKE 9 ! S5SE ( COMM& OV] ITS ORIG91 & 9 ! S5SE ( ! CALCULAT+ & RECKON+ ( ! CO/1 IS A MATT] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD ITSELF1 ! DIRECT+ ( ! MASS /RIKE BECOMES1 9 AN ALTOGE!R DIFF]5T S5SE1 ! DUTY ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & ITS LEAD+ ORGANS4 ,9/EAD ( PUZZL+ !IR HEADS ) ! TE*NICAL SIDE1 ) ! ME*ANISM1 ( ! MASS /RIKE1 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS >E CALL$ UPON TO ASSUME POLITICAL LEAD]%IP 9 ! MID/ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD4 

,TO GIVE ! CUE =1 & ! DIRECTION TO1 ! FI<T2 TO SO REGULATE ! TACTICS ( ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE 9 ITS EV]Y PHASE & AT ITS EV]Y MOM5T ?AT ! 5TIRE SUM ( ! AVAILABLE P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT :I* IS ALREADY RELEAS$ & ACTIVE1 WILL F9D EXPRESSION 9 ! BATTLE >RAY ( ! P>TY2 TO SEE ?AT ! TACTICS ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS >E DECID$ ACCORD+ TO !IR RESOLUT5ESS & ACUT5ESS & ?AT !Y NEV] FALL BEL[ ! LEVEL DEM&$ BY ! ACTUAL RELATIONS ( =CES1 BUT RA!R RISE ABOVE IT - ?AT IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT TASK ( ! DIRECT+ BODY 9 A P]IOD ( MASS /RIKES4 ,& ?IS DIRECTION *ANGES ( ITSELF1 TO A C]TA9 EXT5T1 9TO TE*NICAL DIRECTION4 ,A CONSI/5T1 RESOLUTE1 PROGRESSIVE TACTIC ON ! P>T ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS PRODUCES 9 ! MASSES A FEEL+ ( SECURITY1 SELF-CONFID5CE & DESIRE = /RUGGLE2 A VACILLAT+ WEAK TACTIC1 BAS$ ON AN UND]E/IMATION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 HAS A CRIPPL+ & CONFUS+ EFFECT UPON ! MASSES4 ,9 ! FIR/ CASE MASS /RIKES BREAK \T 0( !MSELVES0 & 0OPPORTUNELY02 9 ! SECOND CASE !Y REMA9 9EFFECTIVE AMID DIRECT SUMMONSES ( ! DIRECT+ BODY TO MASS /RIKES4 ,& ( BO? ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION AF=DS /RIK+ EXAMPLES4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #e1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/