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,! ,MASS ,/RIKE1 ,A ,HI/ORICAL & ,NOT AN ,>TIFICIAL ,PRODUCT 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,! FIR/ REVISION ( ! QUE/ION ( ! MASS /RIKE :I* RESULTS FROM ! EXP]I5CE ( ,RUSSIA RELATES TO ! G5]AL CONCEPTION ( ! PROBLEM4 ,TILL ! PRES5T TIME ! ZEAL\S ADVOCATES ( AN 0ATTEMPT ) ! MASS /RIKE0 9 ,G]MANY ( ! /AMP ( ,B]N/E91 ,EISN]1 ETC41 & ALSO ! /RONGE/ OPPON5TS ( SU* AN ATTEMPT AS REPRES5T$ 9 ! TRADE-UNION CAMP BY1 = EXAMPLE1 ,BOMBELBURG1 /& :5 ALL IS SAID & DONE1 ON ! SAME CONCEPTION1 & ?AT IS ! AN>*I/ ONE4 ,! APP>5T POL> OPPOSITES DO NOT MUTUALLY EXCLUDE EA* O!R BUT1 AS ALWAYS1 CONDITION1 & AT ! SAME TIME1 SUPPLEM5T EA* O!R4 ,= ! AN>*I/ MODE ( ?\<T IS DIRECT SPECULATION ON ! 0GREAT ,KLADD]ADATS*10 ON ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION M]ELY AS AN EXT]NAL & 9ESS5TIAL *>ACT]I/IC4 ,ACCORD+ TO IT1 :AT IS ESS5TIAL IS ! :OLE AB/RACT1 UNHI/ORICAL VIEW ( ! MASS /RIKE & ( ALL ! CONDITIONS ( ! PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE G5]ALLY4 

,= ! AN>*I/ !RE EXI/ ONLY TWO ?+S AS MAT]IAL SUPPOSITIONS ( HIS 0REVOLUTION>Y0 SPECULATIONS - FIR/1 IMAG9ATION1 & SECOND GOODWILL & C\RAGE TO RESCUE HUMANITY FROM ! EXI/+ CAPITALI/ VALE ( TE>S4 ,?IS FANCIFUL MODE ( REASON+ SIXTY YE>S AGO GAVE ! RESULT ?AT ! MASS /RIKE WAS ! %ORTE/1 SURE/ & EASIE/ MEANS ( SPR++ 9TO ! BETT] SOCIAL FUTURE4 ,! SAME MODE ( REASON+ REC5TLY GAVE ! RESULT ?AT ! TRADE-UNION /RUGGLE WAS ! ONLY REAL 0DIRECT ACTION ( ! MASSES0 & ALSO ! ONLY REAL REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE - :I*1 AS IS WELL KN[N1 IS ! LATE/ NOTION ( ! ,FR5* & ,ITALIAN 0SYNDICALI/S40 ,! FATAL ?+ = AN>*ISM HAS ALWAYS BE5 ?AT ! ME?ODS ( /RUGGLE IMPROVIS$ 9 ! AIR W]E NOT ONLY A RECKON+ )\T !IR HO/1 ?AT IS1 !Y W]E PURELY UTOPIAN1 BUT ?AT !Y1 :ILE NOT RECKON+ 9 ! LEA/ ) ! DESPIS$ EVIL REALITY1 UNEXPECT$LY BECAME 9 ?IS EVIL REALITY1 PRACTICAL HELPS TO ! REACTION1 :]E PREVI\SLY !Y HAD ONLY BE51 = ! MO/ P>T1 REVOLUTION>Y SPECULATIONS4 

,ON ! SAME GR\ND ( AB/RACT1 UNHI/ORICAL ME?ODS ( OBS]VATION /& ?OSE TODAY :O W\LD1 9 ! MANN] ( A BO>D ( DIRECTORS1 PUT ! MASS /RIKE 9 ,G]MANY ON ! CAL5D> ON AN APPO9T$ DAY1 & ?OSE :O1 LIKE ! P>TICIPANTS 9 ! TRADE-UNION CONGRESS AT ,COLOGNE1 W\LD BY A PROHIBITION ( 0PROPAG&A0 ELIM9ATE ! PROBLEM ( ! MASS /RIKE FROM ! FACE ( ! E>?4 ,BO? T5D5CIES PROCE$ ON ! COMMON PURELY AN>*I/IC ASSUMPTION ?AT ! MASS /RIKE IS A PURELY TE*NICAL MEANS ( /RUGGLE :I* CAN BE 0DECID$0 AT !IR PLEASURE & /RICTLY ACCORD+ TO CONSCI5CE1 OR 0=BIDD50 - A K9D ( POCKETKNIFE :I* CAN BE KEPT 9 ! POCKET CLASP$ 0READY = ANY EM]G5CY10 & ACCORD+ TO ! DECISION1 CAN BE UNCLASP$ & US$4 ,! OPPON5TS ( ! MASS /RIKE DO 9DE$ CLAIM = !MSELVES ! M]IT ( TAK+ 9TO CONSID]ATION ! HI/ORICAL GR\NDWORK & ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( ! PRES5T CONDITIONS 9 ,G]MANY 9 OPPOSITION TO ! 0REVOLUTION>Y ROMANTICI/S0 :O HOV] 9 ! AIR1 & DO NOT AT ANY PO9T RECKON ) ! H>D REALITIES & ! POSSIBILITIES & IMPOSSIBILITIES4 0,FACTS & FIGURES2 FIGURES & FACTS60 !Y CRY1 LIKE ,MR4 ,GRADGR9D 9 ,DICK5S' ,H>D ,TIMES4 

,:AT ! TRADE-UNION OPPON5T ( ! MASS /RIKE UND]/&S BY ! 0HI/ORICAL BASIS0 & 0MAT]IAL CONDITIONS0 IS TWO ?+S - ON ! ONE H& ! WEAKNESS ( ! PROLET>IAT1 & ON ! O!R H&1 ! /R5G? ( ,PRUSSIAN-,G]MAN MILIT>ISM4 ,! 9ADEQUATE ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S & ! IMPOS+ ,PRUSSIAN BAYONET - !SE >E ! FACTS & FIGURES UPON :I* !SE TRADE-UNION LEAD]S BASE !IR PRACTICAL POLICY 9 ! GIV5 CASE4 ,N[ IT IS QUITE TRUE ?AT ! TRADE-UNION CA% BOX & ! ,PRUSSIAN BAYONET >E MAT]IAL & V]Y HI/ORICAL PH5OM5A1 BUT ! CONCEPTION BAS$ UPON !M IS NOT HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM 9 ,M>X'S S5SE BUT A POLICEMANLIKE MAT]IALISM 9 ! S5SE ( ,PUTTKAMM]4 ,! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! CAPITALI/ POLICE /ATE RECKON ON MU*1 & 9DE$1 EXCLUSIVELY1 ) ! OCCASIONAL REAL P[] ( ! ORGANIZ$ PROLET>IAT AS WELL AS ) ! MAT]IAL MI<T ( ! BAYONET1 & FROM ! COMP>ATIVE EXAMPLE ( !SE TWO R[S ( FIGURES ! COM=T+ CONCLUSION IS ALWAYS DRAWN ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y LABOR MOVEM5T IS PRODUC$ BY 9DIVIDUAL DEMAGOGUES & AGITATORS2 & ?AT !RE=E !RE IS 9 ! PRISONS & BAYONETS AN ADEQUATE MEANS ( SUBDU+ ! UNPLEASANT 0PASS+ PH5OM5A40 

,! CLASS-CONSCI\S ,G]MAN WORK]S HAVE AT LA/ GRASP$ ! HUMOR ( ! POLICEMANLIKE !ORY ?AT ! :OLE MOD]N LABOR MOVEM5T IS AN >TIFICIAL1 >BITR>Y PRODUCT ( A H&FUL ( CONSCI5CELESS 0DEMAGOGUES & AGITATORS40 

,IT IS EXACTLY ! SAME CONCEPTION1 H[EV]1 ?AT F9DS EXPRESSION :5 TWO OR ?REE WOR?Y COMRADES UNITE 9 A VOLUNT>Y COLUMN ( NI<T-WAT*M5 9 ORD] TO W>N ! ,G]MAN WORK+-CLASS AGA9/ ! DANG]\S AGITATION ( A FEW 0REVOLUTION>Y ROMANTICI/S0 & !IR 0PROPAG&A ( ! MASS /RIKE02 OR1 :5 ON ! O!R SIDE1 A NOISY 9DIGNATION CAMPAIGN IS 5G9E]$ BY ?OSE :O1 BY MEANS ( 0CONFID5TIAL0 AGREEM5TS BETWE5 ! EXECUTIVE ( ! P>TY & ! G5]AL COMMISSION ( ! TRADE UNIONS1 BELIEVE !Y CAN PREV5T ! \TBREAK ( ! MASS /RIKE 9 ,G]MANY4 

,IF IT DEP5D$ ON ! 9FLAMMATORY 0PROPAG&A0 ( REVOLUTION>Y ROMANTICI/S OR ON CONFID5TIAL OR PUBLIC DECISIONS ( ! P>TY DIRECTION1 !N WE %\LD NOT EV5 YET HAVE HAD 9 ,RUSSIA A S+LE S]I\S MASS /RIKE4 ,9 NO C\NTRY 9 ! WORLD - AS ,I PO9T$ \T 9 ,M>* #aie 9 ! ,SA*SIS*E ,>BEIT]ZEITUNG - WAS ! MASS /RIKE SO LITTLE 0PROPAGAT$0 OR EV5 0DISCUSS$0 AS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,& ! ISOLAT$ EXAMPLES ( DECISIONS & AGREEM5TS ( ! ,RUSSIAN P>TY EXECUTIVE :I* REALLY S\<T TO PROCLAIM ! MASS /RIKE ( !IR [N ACCORD - AS1 = EXAMPLE1 ! LA/ ATTEMPT 9 ,AUGU/ ( ?IS YE> AFT] ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,DUMA - >E ALMO/ VALUELESS4 

,IF1 !RE=E1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION TEA*ES US ANY?+1 IT TEA*ES ABOVE ALL ?AT ! MASS /RIKE IS NOT >TIFICIALLY 0MADE10 NOT 0DECID$0 AT R&OM1 NOT 0PROPAGAT$10 BUT ?AT IT IS A HI/ORICAL PH5OM5ON :I*1 AT A GIV5 MOM5T1 RESULTS FROM SOCIAL CONDITIONS ) HI/ORICAL 9EVITABILITY4 ,IT IS NOT1 !RE=E1 BY AB/RACT SPECULATIONS ON ! POSSIBILITY OR IMPOSSIBILITY1 ! UTILITY OR ! 9JURI\SNESS ( ! MASS /RIKE1 BUT ONLY BY AN EXAM9ATION ( ?OSE FACTORS & SOCIAL CONDITIONS \T ( :I* ! MASS /RIKE GR[S 9 ! PRES5T PHASE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE - 9 O!R WORDS1 IT IS NOT BY SUBJECTIVE CRITICISM ( ! MASS /RIKE FROM ! /&PO9T ( :AT IS DESIRABLE1 BUT ONLY BY OBJECTIVE 9VE/IGATION ( ! S\RCES ( ! MASS /RIKE FROM ! /&PO9T ( :AT IS HI/ORICALLY 9EVITABLE1 ?AT ! PROBLEM CAN BE GRASP$ OR EV5 DISCUSS$4 

,9 ! UNREAL SPH]E ( AB/RACT LOGICAL ANALYSIS IT CAN BE %[N ) EXACTLY ! SAME =CE ON EI!R SIDE ?AT ! MASS /RIKE IS ABSOLUTELY IMPOSSIBLE & SURE TO BE DEFEAT$1 & ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE & ?AT ITS TRIUMPH CANNOT BE QUE/ION$4 ,& !RE=E ! VALUE ( ! EVID5CE L$ ON EA* SIDE IS EXACTLY ! SAME - & ?AT IS NIL4 ,!RE=E1 ! FE> ( ! 0PROPAGATION0 ( ! MASS /RIKE1 :I* HAS EV5 L$ TO =MAL ANA?AMAS AGA9/ ! P]SONS ALLEG$ TO BE GUILTY ( ?IS CRIME1 IS SOLELY ! PRODUCT ( ! DROLL CONFUSION ( P]SONS4 ,IT IS JU/ AS IMPOSSIBLE TO 0PROPAGATE0 ! MASS /RIKE AS AN AB/RACT MEANS ( /RUGGLE AS IT IS TO PROPAGATE ! 0REVOLUTION40 0,REVOLUTION0 LIKE 0MASS /RIKE0 SIGNIFIES NO?+ BUT AN EXT]NAL =M ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 :I* CAN HAVE S5SE & MEAN+ ONLY 9 CONNECTION ) DEF9ITE POLITICAL SITUATIONS4 

,IF ANYONE W]E TO UND]TAKE TO MAKE ! MASS /RIKE G5]ALLY1 AS A =M ( PROLET>IAN ACTION1 ! OBJECT ( ME?ODOLOGICAL AGITATION1 & TO GO H\SE-TO-H\SE CANVAS+ ) ?IS 0IDEA0 9 ORD] TO GRADUALLY W9 ! WORK+-CLASS TO IT1 IT W\LD BE AS IDLE & PR(ITLESS & ABSURD AN OCCUPATION AS IT W\LD BE TO SEEK TO MAKE ! IDEA ( ! REVOLUTION OR ( ! FI<T AT ! B>RICADES ! OBJECT ( A SPECIAL AGITATION4 ,! MASS /RIKE HAS N[ BECOME ! C5T] ( ! LIVELY 9T]E/ ( ! ,G]MAN & ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK+-CLASS BECAUSE IT IS A NEW =M ( /RUGGLE1 & AS SU* IS ! SURE SYMPTOM ( A ?OR\<GO+ 9T]NAL REVOLUTION 9 ! RELATIONS ( ! CLASSES & 9 ! CONDITIONS ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,IT IS A TE/IMONY TO ! S\ND REVOLUTION>Y 9/9CT & TO ! QUICK 9TELLIG5CE ( ! MASS ( ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT ?AT1 9 SPITE ( ! OB/9ATE RESI/ANCE ( !IR TRADE-UNION LEAD]S1 !Y >E APPLY+ !MSELVES TO ?IS NEW PROBLEM ) SU* KE5 9T]E/4 

,BUT IT DOES NOT MEET ! CASE1 9 ! PRES5CE ( ?IS 9T]E/ & ( ?IS F9E1 9TELLECTUAL ?IR/ & DESIRE = REVOLUTION>Y DE$S ON ! P>T ( ! WORK]S1 TO TREAT !M TO AB/RACT M5TAL GYMNA/ICS ON ! POSSIBILITY OR IMPOSSIBILITY ( ! MASS /RIKE2 !Y %\LD BE 5LI<T5$ ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ! 9T]NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE ( ?AT REVOLUTION1 ! %>P5+ ( CLASS ANTAGONISMS 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 ! WID] POLITICAL P]SPECTIVES ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ,G]MANY1 & ! ROLE & ! TASKS ( ! MASSES 9 ! COM+ /RUGGLES4 ,ONLY 9 ?IS =M WILL ! DISCUSSION ON ! MASS /RIKE LEAD TO ! WID5+ ( ! 9TELLECTUAL HORIZON ( ! PROLET>IAT1 TO ! %>P5+ ( !IR WAY ( ?9K+1 & TO ! /EEL+ ( !IR 5]GY4 

,VIEW$ FROM ?IS /&PO9T H[EV]1 ! CRIM9AL PROCE$+S DESIR$ BY ! 5EMIES ( 0REVOLUTION>Y ROMANTICISM0 APPE> 9 ALL !IR ABSURDITY1 BECAUSE1 9 TREAT+ ( ! PROBLEM1 ONE DOES NOT ADH]E /RICTLY TO ! TEXT ( ! ,J5A RESOLUTION4 ,! 0PRACTICAL POLITICIANS0 AGREE TO ?IS RESOLUTION IF NE$ BE1 BECAUSE !Y C\PLE ! MASS /RIKE *IEFLY ) ! FATE ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 FROM :I* IT FOLL[S ?AT !Y CAN BELIEVE 9 TWO ?+S - FIR/1 ?AT ! MASS /RIKE IS ( A PURELY DEF5SIVE *>ACT]1 & SECOND1 ?AT ! MASS /RIKE IS EV5 SUBORD9ATE TO P>LIAM5T>ISM1 ?AT IS1 HAS BE5 TURN$ 9TO A M]E APP5DAGE ( P>LIAM5T>ISM4 ,BUT ! REAL K]NEL ( ! ,J5A RESOLUTION 9 ?IS CONNECTION IS ?AT 9 ! PRES5T POSITION ( ,G]MANY AN ATTEMPT ON ! P>T ( ! PREVAIL+ REACTION ON ! P>LIAM5T>Y VOTE W\LD 9 ALL PROBABILITY BE ! MOM5T = ! 9TRODUCTION (1 & ! SIGNAL =1 A P]IOD ( /ORMY POLITICAL /RUGGLES 9 :I* ! MASS /RIKE AS A MEANS ( /RUGGLE 9 ,G]MANY MI<T WELL COME 9TO USE = ! FIR/ TIME4 

,BUT TO SEEK TO N>R[ & TO >TIFICIALLY SMO!R ! SOCIAL IMPORTANCE1 & TO LIMIT ! HI/ORICAL SCOPE1 ( ! MASS /RIKE AS A PH5OM5ON & AS A PROBLEM ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE BY ! WORD+ ( A CONGRESS RESOLUTION IS AN UND]TAK+ :I* = %ORT-SI<T$NESS CAN ONLY BE COMP>$ ) ! VETO ON DISCUSSION ( ! TRADE-UNION CONGRESS AT ,COLOGNE4 ,9 ! RESOLUTION ( ! ,J5A ,CONGRESS1 ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY HAS (FICIALLY TAK5 NOTICE ( ! FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE :I* ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION .<( #a#i#e.> HAS EFFECT$ 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL CONDITIONS ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE1 & HAS ANN\NC$ ITS CAPACITY = REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T & ITS P[] ( ADAPTABILITY TO ! NEW DEM&S ( ! COM+ PHASE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,!RE9 LIES ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! ,J5A RESOLUTION4 ,AS = ! PEACEFUL APPLICATION ( ! MASS /RIKE 9 ,G]MANY1 HI/ORY WILL DECIDE ?AT AS IT DECID$ IT 9 ,RUSSIA - HI/ORY 9 :I* ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY ) ITS DECISIONS IS1 IT IS TRUE1 AN IMPORTANT FACTOR1 BUT1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ONLY ONE FACTOR AMONG MANY4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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