,! ,MANIFE/O ( ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE 
,SECOND ,$ITION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS 

,TEXT 3 

      ,PREFATORY ,NOTE 
     
     

      ,! SPREAD ( ,SOCIALISM S9CE ! FIR/ ISSUE ( ?IS 
      ,MANIFE/O MAKES A NEW $ITION NECESS>Y2 ALL ! MORE1 AS ! WORD ,SOCIALISM IS 
      N[ FREELY US$ BY ,M9I/]S & EX-,M9I/]S1 :O CANNOT BE EXPECT$ TO UND]/& 
      IT1 & :O NEV]!LESS TAKE CR$IT TO !MSELVES = !IR AUDACITY 9 
      PATRONIZ+ IT BE=E VA/ POPUL> AUDI5CES1 SO ?AT ! WORD HAS GOT TO BE US$ 
      LOOSELY & 9 A MISLEAD+ MANN]4 
     
     

      ,IT IS HOP$ ?AT ?IS NEW ISSUE MAY BE A CORRECTIVE AGA9/ MISUND]/&+S ?AT 
      MAY >ISE FROM ALL ?IS4 
     
     

      ,! ,NOTES APP5D$ TO ?IS $ITION WILL AT ANY RATE1 WE HOPE1 CLE> UP ANY POSSIBLE 
      AMBIGUITIES 9 ! TEXT AS WELL AS WE ! UND]SIGN$ CAN CLE> !M UP4 
     
     

      ,E4 ,B,E,L,=,T ,B,A,X4 & ,W,I,L,L,I,A,M ,M,O,R,R,I,S1 ,OCTOB]1 #a#h#h#e4 
     
     
      ,! ,MANIFE/O ( ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE 
     
     

      ,FELL[ ,CITIZ5S1 
     
     

      ,WE COME BE=E Y\ AS A BODY ADVOCAT+ ! PR9CIPLES ( ,REVOLUTION>Y 
      ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALISM2 ?AT IS1 WE SEEK A *ANGE 9 ! BASIS ( ,SOCIETY - A 
      *ANGE :I* W\LD DE/ROY ! DI/9CTIONS ( CLASSES & NATIONALITIES4 
     
     

      ,AS ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD IS AT PRES5T CON/ITUT$1 !RE >E TWO CLASSES ( ,SOCIETY 
      - ! ONE POSSESS+ WEAL? & ! 9/RUM5TS ( ITS PRODUCTION1 ! O!R 
      PRODUC+ WEAL? BY MEANS ( ?OSE 9/RUM5TS BUT ONLY BY ! LEAVE & = ! 
      USE ( ! POSSESS+ CLASSES4 
     
     

      ,!SE TWO CLASSES >E NECESS>ILY 9 ANTAGONISM TO ONE ANO!R4 ,! POSSESS+ 
      CLASS1 OR NON-PRODUC]S1 CAN ONLY LIVE AS A CLASS ON ! UNPAID LABOR ( ! 
      PRODUC]S - ! MORE UNPAID LABOR !Y CAN WR+ \T ( !M1 ! RI*] !Y WILL 
      BE2 !RE=E ! PRODUC+ CLASS - ! WORK]S - >E DRIV5 TO /RIVE TO BETT] 
      !MSELVES AT ! EXP5SE ( ! POSSESS+ CLASS1 & ! CONFLICT BETWE5 ! TWO 
      IS CEASELESS4 ,SOMETIMES IT TAKES ! =M ( OP5 REBELLION1 SOMETIMES ( /RIKES1 
      SOMETIMES ( M]E WIDESPREAD M5DICANCY & CRIME2 BUT IT IS ALWAYS GO+ ON 9 ONE 
      =M OR O!R1 ?\< IT MAY NOT ALWAYS BE OBVI\S TO ! ?\<TLESS LOOK]-ON 
      7SEE ,NOTE ,A74 
     
     

      ,WE HAVE SPOK5 ( UNPAID LABOR3 IT IS NECESS>Y TO EXPLA9 :AT ?AT MEANS4 ,! 
      SOLE POSSESSION ( ! PRODUC+ CLASS IS ! P[] ( LABOR 9H]5T 9 !IR 
      BODIES2 BUT S9CE1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY SAID1 ! RI*] CLASSES POSSESS ALL ! 
      9/RUM5TS ( LABOR1 ?AT IS1 ! L&1 CAPITAL1 & MA*9]Y1 ! PRODUC]S OR 
      WORK]S >E =C$ TO SELL !IR SOLE POSSESSION1 ! P[] ( LABOR1 ON SU* 
      T]MS AS ! POSSESS+ CLASS WILL GRANT !M4 
     
     

      ,!SE T]MS >E1 ?AT AFT] !Y HAVE PRODUC$ 5\< TO KEEP !M 9 WORK+ 
      ORD]1 & 5ABLE !M TO BEGET *ILDR5 TO TAKE !IR PLACES :5 !Y >E WORN 
      \T1 ! SURPLUS ( !IR PRODUCTS %ALL BELONG TO ! POSSESSORS ( PROP]TY1 
      :I* B>GA9 IS BAS$ ON ! FACT ?AT EV]Y MAN WORK+ 9 A CIVILIZ$ COMMUNITY 
      CAN PRODUCE MORE ?AN HE NE$S = HIS[N SU/5ANCE 7,NOTE ,B74 
     
     

      ,?IS RELATION ( ! POSSESS+ CLASS TO ! WORK+ CLASS IS ! ESS5TIAL BASIS 
      ( ! SY/EM ( PRODUC+ = A PR(IT1 ON :I* \R MOD]N ,SOCIETY IS F\ND$4 
      ,! WAY 9 :I* IT WORKS IS AS FOLL[S4 ,! MANUFACTUR] PRODUCES TO SELL AT A 
      PR(IT TO ! BROK] OR FACTOR1 :O 9 HIS TURN MAKES A PR(IT \T ( HIS DEAL+S 
      ) ! M]*ANT1 :O AGA9 SELLS = A PR(IT TO ! RETAIL]1 :O MU/ MAKE HIS 
      PR(IT \T ( ! G5]AL PUBLIC1 AID$ BY V>I\S DEGREES ( FRAUD & 
      ADULT]ATION & ! IGNORANCE ( ! VALUE & QUALITY ( GOODS TO :I* ?IS 
      SY/EM HAS R$UC$ ! CONSUM]4 
     
     

      ,! PR(IT-GR9D+ SY/EM IS MA9TA9$ BY COMPETITION1 OR VEIL$ W>1 NOT ONLY 
      BETWE5 ! CONFLICT+ CLASSES1 BUT ALSO )9 ! CLASSES !MSELVES3 !RE IS 
      ALWAYS W> AMONG ! WORK]S = B>E SUBSI/5CE1 & AMONG !IR MA/]S1 ! 
      EMPLOY]S & MIDDLE-M51 = ! %>E ( ! PR(IT WRUNG \T ( ! WORK]S2 
      LA/LY1 !RE IS COMPETITION ALWAYS1 & SOMETIMES OP5 W>1 AMONG ! NATIONS ( 
      ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD = !IR %>E ( ! WORLD-M>KET4 ,= N[1 9DE$1 ALL ! 
      RIVALRIES ( NATIONS HAVE BE5 R$UC$ TO ?IS ONE - A DEGRAD$ /RUGGLE = !IR 
      %>E ( ! SPOILS ( B>B>\S C\NTRIES TO BE US$ AT HOME = ! PURPOSE ( 
      9CREAS+ ! RI*ES ( ! RI* & ! POV]TY ( ! POOR4 
     
     

      ,=1 [+ TO ! FACT ?AT GOODS >E MADE PRIM>ILY TO SELL1 & ONLY SECOND>ILY 
      = USE1 LABOR IS WA/$ ON ALL H&S2 S9CE ! PURSUIT ( PR(IT COMPELS ! 
      MANUFACTUR] COMPET+ ) HIS FELL[S TO =CE HIS W>ES ON ! M>KETS BY MEANS 
      ( !IR *EAPNESS1 :E!R !RE IS ANY REAL DEM& = !M OR NOT4 ,9 ! WORDS 
      ( ! ,COMMUNI/ MANIFE/O ( #a#h#d#g3- 
     
     
       

        0,*EAP GOODS >E ! >TILL]Y = BATT]+ D[N ,*9ESE WALLS & = OV]COM+ 
        ! OB/9ATE HATR$ 5T]TA9$ AGA9/ =EIGN]S BY SEMI-CIVILIZ$ NATIONS3 
        UND] P5ALTY ( RU9 ! ,B\RGEOISIE COMPEL BY COMPETITION ! UNIV]SAL ADOPTION 
        ( !IR SY/EM ( PRODUCTION2 !Y =CE ALL NATIONS TO ACCEPT :AT IS CALL$ 
        CIVILIZATION - TO BECOME ,B\RGEOIS - & ?US ! MIDDLE-CLASS %APES ! WORLD 
        AFT] ITS [N IMAGE40 
       
     
     

      ,MOREOV]1 ! :OLE ME?OD ( DI/RIBUTION UND] ?IS SY/EM IS FULL ( WA/E2 = 
      IT EMPLOYS :OLE >MIES ( CL]KS1 TRAVEL]S1 %OPM51 ADV]TIZ]S1 & :AT NOT1 
      M]ELY = ! SAKE ( %IFT+ MONEY FROM ONE P]SON'S POCKET TO ANO!R'S2 & 
      ?IS WA/E 9 PRODUCTION & WA/E 9 DI/RIBUTION1 ADD$ TO ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! 
      USELESS LIVES ( ! POSSESS+ & NON-PRODUC+ CLASS1 MU/ ALL BE PAID = \T 
      ( ! PRODUCTS ( ! WORK]S1 & IS A CEASELESS BURD5 ON !IR LIVES4 
     
     

      ,!RE=E ! NECESS>Y RESULTS ( ?IS SO-CALL$ CIVILIZATION >E ONLY TOO OBVI\S 
      9 ! LIVES ( ITS SLAVES1 ! WORK+-CLASS - 9 ! ANXIETY & WANT ( LEISURE 
      AMID :I* !Y TOIL1 9 ! SQUALOR & WRET*$NESS ( ?OSE P>TS ( \R GREAT 
      T[NS :]E !Y DWELL2 9 ! DEGRADATION ( !IR BODIES1 !IR WRET*$ HEAL?1 
      & ! %ORTNESS ( !IR LIVES2 9 ! T]RIBLE BRUTALITY SO COMMON AMONG !M1 
      & :I* IS 9DE$ BUT ! REFLECTION ( ! CYNICAL SELFI%NESS F\ND AMONG ! 
      WELL-TO-DO CLASSES1 A BRUTALITY AS HIDE\S AS ! O!R2 & LA/LY1 9 ! CR[D 
      ( CRIM9ALS :O >E AS MU* MANUFACTURES ( \R COMM]CIAL SY/EM AS ! *EAP & 
      NA/Y W>ES :I* >E MADE AT ONCE = ! CONSUMPTION & ! 5SLAVEM5T ( ! 
      POOR4 
     
     

      ,:AT REM$Y1 !N1 DO WE PROPOSE = ?IS FAILURE ( \R CIVILIZATION1 :I* IS N[ 
      ADMITT$ BY ALMO/ ALL ?\<TFUL PEOPLE8 
     
     

      ,WE HAVE ALREADY %[N ?AT ! WORK]S1 AL?\< !Y PRODUCE ALL ! WEAL? ( 
      SOCIETY1 HAVE NO CONTROL OV] ITS PRODUCTION OR DI/RIBUTION3 ! PEOPLE1 
      :O >E ! ONLY REALLY ORGANIC P>T ( SOCIETY1 >E TREAT$ AS A M]E APP5DAGE TO 
      CAPITAL - AS A P>T ( ITS MA*9]Y4 ,?IS MU/ BE ALT]$ FROM ! F\NDATION3 ! 
      L&1 ! CAPITAL1 ! MA*9]Y1 FACTORIES1 WORK%OPS1 /ORES1 MEANS ( TRANSIT1 
      M9ES1 BANK+1 ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL?1 MU/ BE 
      DECL>$ & TREAT$ AS ! COMMON PROP]TY ( ALL4 ,EV]Y MAN WILL !N RECEIVE ! 
      FULL VALUE ( HIS LABOR1 )\T D$UCTION = ! PR(IT ( A MA/]1 & AS ALL 
      WILL HAVE TO WORK1 & ! WA/E N[ 9CURR$ BY ! PURSUIT ( PR(IT WILL BE AT 
      AN 5D1 ! AM\NT ( LABOR NECESS>Y = EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL TO P]=M 9 ORD] TO 
      C>RY ON ! ESS5TIAL WORK ( ! WORLD WILL BE R$UC$ TO SOME?+ LIKE TWO OR 
      ?REE H\RS DAILY2 SO ?AT EV]Y ONE WILL HAVE ABUNDANT LEISURE = FOLL[+ 
      9TELLECTUAL OR O!R PURSUITS CONG5IAL TO HIS NATURE 7,NOTE ,C74 
     
     

      ,?IS *ANGE 9 ! ME?OD ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION W\LD 5ABLE EV]Y ONE TO 
      LIVE DEC5TLY1 & FREE FROM ! SORDID ANXIETIES = DAILY LIVELIHOOD :I* AT 
      PRES5T WEI< SO HEAVILY ON ! GREATE/ P>T ( MANK9D 7,NOTE ,D74 
     
     

      ,BUT1 MOREOV]1 M5'S SOCIAL & MORAL RELATIONS W\LD BE S]I\SLY MODIFI$ BY ?IS 
      GA9 ( ECONOMICAL FRE$OM1 & BY ! COLLAPSE ( ! SUP]/ITIONS1 MORAL & 
      O!R1 :I* NECESS>ILY ACCOMPANY A /ATE ( ECONOMICAL SLAV]Y3 ! TE/ ( DUTY 
      W\LD N[ RE/ ON ! FULFILLM5T ( CLE> & WELL-DEF9$ OBLIGATIONS TO ! 
      COMMUNITY RA!R ?AN ON ! MOLD+ ( ! 9DIVIDUAL *>ACT] & ACTIONS TO 
      SOME PRECONCEIV$ /&>D \TSIDE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES 7,NOTE 
      ,E74 
     
     

      ,\R MOD]N B\RGEOIS PROP]TY-M>RIAGE1 MA9TA9$ AS IT IS BY ITS NECESS>Y 
      COMPLEM5T1 UNIV]SAL V5AL PRO/ITUTION1 W\LD GIVE PLACE TO K9DLY & HUMAN 
      RELATIONS BETWE5 ! SEXES 7,NOTE ,F74 
     
     

      ,$UCATION FRE$ FROM ! TRAMMELS ( COMM]CIALISM ON ! ONE H& & SUP]/ITION 
      ON ! O!R1 W\LD BECOME A REASONABLE DRAW+ \T ( M5'S V>I$ FACULTIES 9 
      ORD] TO FIT !M = A LIFE ( SOCIAL 9T]C\RSE & HAPP9ESS2 = M]E WORK 
      W\LD NO LONG] BE PROPOS$ AS ! 5D ( LIFE1 BUT HAPP9ESS = EA* & ALL4 
     
     

      ,ONLY BE SU* FUNDAM5TAL *ANGES 9 ! LIFE ( MAN1 ONLY BY ! TRANS=MATION ( 
      ,CIVILIZATION 9TO ,SOCIALISM1 CAN ?OSE MIS]IES ( ! WORLD BE=E M5TION$ BE 
      AM5D$ 7,NOTE ,G74 
     
     

      ,AS TO M]E POLITICS1 ,ABSOLUTISM1 ,CON/ITUTIONALISM1 ,REPUBLICANISM1 HAVE ALL BE5 
      TRI$ 9 \R DAY & UND] \R PRES5T SOCIAL SY/EM1 & ALL HAVE ALIKE FAIL$ 9 
      DEAL+ ) ! REAL EVILS ( LIFE4 
     
     

      ,NOR1 ON ! O!R H&1 WILL C]TA9 9COMPLETE S*EMES ( SOCIAL RE=M N[ BE=E 
      ! PUBLIC SOLVE ! QUE/ION4 
     
     

      ,COOP]ATION SO-CALL$ - ?AT IS1 COMPETITIVE COOP]ATION = PR(IT - W\LD 
      M]ELY 9CREASE ! NUMB] ( SMALL JO9T-/OCK CAPITALI/S1 UND] ! MASK ( 
      CREAT+ AN >I/OCRACY ( LABOR1 :ILE IT W\LD 9T5SIFY ! SEV]ITY ( LABOR 
      BY ITS TEMPTATIONS TO OV]WORK 7,NOTE ,H74 
     
     

      ,NATIONALIZATION ( ! L& ALONE1 :I* MANY E>NE/ & S9C]E P]SONS >E N[ 
      PREA*+1 W\LD BE USELESS SO LONG AS LABOR WAS SUBJECT TO ! FLEEC+ ( 
      SURPLUS VALUE 9EVITABLE UND] ! ,CAPITALI/ SY/EM 7,NOTE ,I74 
     
     

      ,NO BETT] SOLUTION W\LD BE ?AT ( ,/ATE ,SOCIALISM1 BY :ATEV] NAME IT MAY BE 
      CALL$1 :OSE AIM IT W\LD BE TO MAKE CONCESSIONS TO ! WORK+ CLASS :ILE 
      LEAV+ ! PRES5T SY/EM ( CAPITAL & WAGES /ILL 9 OP]ATION3 NO NUMB] ( 
      M]ELY ADM9I/RATIVE *ANGES1 UNTIL ! WORK]S >E 9 POSSESSION ( ALL POLITICAL 
      P[]1 W\LD MAKE ANY REAL APPROA* TO ,SOCIALISM 7,NOTE ,J74 
     
     

      ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE !RE=E AIMS AT ! REALIZATION ( COMPLETE ,REVOLUTION>Y 
      ,SOCIALISM1 & WELL KN[S ?AT ?IS CAN NEV] HAPP5 9 ANY ONE C\NTRY )\T ! 
      HELP ( ! WORK]S ( ALL CIVILIZATION4 ,= US NEI!R GEOGRAPHICAL B\ND>IES1 
      POLITICAL HI/ORY1 RACE1 NOR CRE$ MAKES RIVALS OR 5EMIES2 = US !RE >E NO 
      NATIONS1 BUT ONLY V>I$ MASSES ( WORK]S & FRI5DS1 :OSE MUTUAL SYMPA?IES >E 
      *ECK$ OR P]V]T$ BY GR\PS ( MA/]S & FLEEC]S :OSE 9T]E/ IT IS TO /IR 
      UP RIVALRIES & HATR$S BETWE5 ! DWELL]S 9 DIFF]5T L&S4 
     
     

      ,IT IS CLE> ?AT = ALL !SE OPPRESS$ & *EAT$ MASSES ( WORK]S & !IR 
      MA/]S A GREAT *ANGE IS PREP>+3 ! DOM9ANT CLASSES >E UNEASY1 ANXI\S1 
      T\*$ 9 CONSCI5CE EV51 AS TO ! CONDITION ( ?OSE !Y GOV]N2 ! M>KETS 
      ( ! WORLD >E BE+ COMPET$ = ) AN EAG]NESS NEV] BE=E KN[N2 
      EV]Y?+ PO9TS TO ! FACT ?AT ! GREAT COMM]CIAL SY/EM IS BECOM+ 
      UNMANAGEABLE1 & IS SLIPP+ FROM ! GRASP ( ITS PRES5T RUL]S4 
     
     

      ,! ONE *ANGE POSSIBLE \T ( ALL ?IS IS ,SOCIALISM4 ,AS *ATTEL-SLAV]Y PASS$ 
      9TO S]FDOM1 & S]FDOM 9TO ! SO-CALL$ FREE-LABOR SY/EM1 SO MO/ SURELY 
      WILL ?IS LATT] PASS 9TO SOCIAL ORD]4 
     
     

      ,TO ! REALIZATION ( ?IS *ANGE ! ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE ADDRESSES ITSELF ) ALL 
      E>NE/NESS4 ,AS A MEANS !RETO IT WILL DO ALL 9 ITS P[] T[>DS ! $UCATION 
      ( ! PEOPLE 9 ! PR9CIPLES ( ?IS GREAT CAUSE1 & WILL /RIVE TO ORGANIZE 
      ?OSE :O WILL ACCEPT ?IS $UCATION1 SO ?AT :5 ! CRISIS COMES1 :I* ! 
      M>* ( EV5TS IS PREP>+1 !RE MAY BE A BODY ( M5 READY TO /EP 9TO !IR 
      DUE PLACES & DEAL ) & DIRECT ! IRRESI/IBLE MOVEM5T4 
     
     

      ,CLOSE FELL[%IP ) EA* O!R1 & /EADY PURPOSE = ! ADVANCEM5T ( ! 
      ,CAUSE1 WILL NATURALLY BR+ AB\T ! ORGANIZATION & DISCIPL9E AMONG \RSELVES 
      ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y TO SUCCESS2 BUT WE %ALL LOOK TO IT ?AT !RE %ALL BE NO 
      DI/9CTIONS ( RANK OR DIGNITY AMONG US TO GIVE OPPORTUNITIES = ! SELFI% 
      AMBITION ( LEAD]%IP :I* HAS SO (T5 9JUR$ ! CAUSE ( ! WORK]S4 ,WE >E 
      WORK+ = EQUALITY & BRO!RHOOD = ALL ! WORLD1 & IT IS ONLY 
      ?R\< EQUALITY & BRO!RHOOD ?AT WE CAN MAKE \R WORK EFFECTIVE4 
     
     

      ,LET US ALL /RIVE1 !N1 T[>DS ?IS 5D ( REALIZ+ ! *ANGE T[>DS SOCIAL 
      ORD]1 ! ONLY CAUSE WOR?Y ! ATT5TION ( ! WORK]S ( ALL ?AT >E PR(F]$ 
      TO !M3 LET US WORK 9 ?AT CAUSE PATI5TLY1 YET HOPEFULLY1 & NOT %R9K FROM 
      MAK+ SACRIFICES TO IT4 ,9DU/RY 9 LE>N+ ITS PR9CIPLES1 9DU/RY 9 TEA*+ 
      !M1 >E MO/ NECESS>Y TO \R PROGRESS2 BUT TO !SE WE MU/ ADD1 IF WE WI% TO 
      AVOID SPE$Y FAILURE1 FRANKNESS & FRAT]NAL TRU/ 9 EA* O!R1 & 
      S+LE-HE>T$ DEVOTION TO ! RELIGION ( ,SOCIALISM1 ! ONLY RELIGION :I* ! 
      ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE PR(ESSES4 
     
     
      ,NOTES ON ! ,MANIFE/O 
     
     

      ,A4 ,! DI/RIBUTION ( W>ES IS AS 
      NECESS>Y 9 A COMMUNITY AS !IR PRODUCTION2 ! NECESS>Y DI/RIBUTORS 
      !RE=E BELONG REALLY TO ! CLASS ( ! PRODUC]S1 SO LONG AS !Y >E 
      G5U9ELY FULFILL+ ?IS FUNCTION1 >E NOT OV]-PAID1 >E SP5D+ !IR E>N+S 
      ON !IR [N LIVELIHOOD1 & >E NOT LIV+ ON ! 9T]E/ ( 9VE/$ MONEY2 ! 
      SAME ?+ MAY BE SAID ( ?OSE :O FOLL[ SU* PR(ESSIONS AS M$IC9E & 
      TEA*+4 ,IT MAY BE ADD$ AS TO ! M$ICAL M51 ?AT ! COMPETITION :I* RUNS 
      ?R\< ALL LIFE AT ! PRES5T DAY KEEPS MO/ ( !M POOR 5\< - = !IR 
      POSITION 9 ! MIDDLE-CLASS - SOME ( !M NOT E>N+ MORE ?AN AN AV]AGE 
      SKILL$ WORKMAN4 ,SU* M5 HAVE NO?+ TO LOSE & EV]Y?+ TO GA9 FROM A SOCIAL 
      REVOLUTION2 !Y1 ALONG ) ! POOR] ( ! LIT]>Y M51 MAY BE SAID TO BELONG 
      TO ! 9TELLECTUAL PROLET>IAT2 & >E SLAVES TO ,CAPITAL 9 !IR WAY JU/ AS ! 
      ME*ANICS >E 9 !IRS4 
     
     

      ,A WORD OR TWO ON ?OSE ( ! WORK+-CLASS1 :O BY D9T ( ! MU*-PRAIS$ 
      0?RIFT & 9DU/RY0 HAVE RAIS$ !MSELVES 9TO ! POSITION ( SMALL 
      CAPITALI/S1 :O HAVE1 = EXAMPLE1 MONEY 9 SAV+S BANKS OR BUILD+-SOCIETIES4 
      ,!SE 0>I/OCRATS ( LABOR0 HAVE 9 FACT A D\BLE QUALITY1 & >E BO? 
      SLAVE-DRIV]S & SLAVE-DRIV53 LIV+ 9 COMP>ATIVE COM=T1 YET )\T 
      ASPIRATIONS = A LIFE ( TRUE REF9EM5T1 !Y (F] GOOD MAT]IAL = ! S*EMES 
      ( REACTION>IES2 IT IS ACCORD+LY ON ! WIDESPREAD CREATION ( SU* A SUB-CLASS 
      ?AT ! MORE =ESEE+ ( ! DOM9ANT CLASSES BASE !IR HOPES ( ! 
      CONT9UANCE ( ! PRES5T SY/EM1 ) ITS NECESS>Y F\NDATION ( M]E HEW]S ( 
      WOOD & DRAW]S ( WAT]4 
     
     

      ,B4 ,! /&>D ( LIVELIHOOD V>IES AT 
      DIFF]5T TIMES & 9 DIFF]5T C\NTRIES3 IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 A SUBJECT ( BITT] 
      CONT5TION BETWE5 EMPLOY]S & EMPLOY$1 SOMETIMES LEAD+ TO ACTUAL W> BETWE5 
      !M1 & CONT9UALLY TO /RIKES & O!R BICK]+2 BUT ! :OLE RESULT ( ?IS 
      HIGGL+ HAS ALWAYS BE5 TO LEAVE AT LEA/ A L[E/ CLASS ( LABOR 
      EXI/+ ONLY A LITTLE ABOVE ACTUAL />VATION4 ,ON ! O!R H& NO GR\P ( ! 
      WORK]S CAN PROP]LY BE SAID TO HAVE EV5 A SUBSI/5CE-WAGE IF !IR /&>D 
      FALLS BEL[ ?AT ( ! HEAL?Y MIDDLE-CLASS2 !Y LIVE1 IT IS TRUE1 BUT ! 
      /ATI/ICS ( ! AV]AGE ( LIFE 9 ! V>I\S CLASSES %[ ?AT !Y DO NOT LIVE 
      AS LONG AS ! BETT] F$ & LESS WORK$ CLASSES DO 7IF 9DE$ /ATI/ICS BE 
      NECESS>Y TO SUPPORT SU* AN OBVI\S FACT74 ,!Y DIE BE=E !IR TIME4 
     
     

      ,C4 ,! 5D :I* TRUE ,SOCIALISM SETS BE=E 
      US IS ! REALIZATION ( ABSOLUTE EQUALITY ( CONDITION HELP$ BY ! DEVELOPM5T 
      ( V>IETY ( CAPACITY1 ACCORD+ TO ! MOTTO1 FROM EA* ONE ACCORD+ TO 
      HIS CAPACITY1 TO EA* ONE ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S2 BUT IT MAY BE NECESS>Y1 
      & PROBABLY WILL BE1 TO GO ?R\< A TRANSITIONAL P]IOD1 DUR+ :I* CURR5CY 
      WILL /ILL BE US$ AS A M$IUM ( EX*ANGE1 ?\< ( C\RSE IT WILL NOT BE> ) 
      IT ! IMPRESS ( SURPLUS VALUE4 ,V>I\S SUGGE/IONS HAVE BE5 MADE AS TO ! 
      PAYM5T ( LABOR DUR+ ?IS P]IOD4 ,! COMMUNITY MU/ COMPEL A C]TA9 AM\NT ( 
      LABOR FROM EV]Y P]SON NOT 9 NONAGE1 OR PHYSICALLY OR M5TALLY 9CAPABLE1 SU* 
      COMPULSION BE+ 9 FACT BUT ! COMPULSION ( NATURE1 :O GIVES US NO?+ = 
      NO?+4 #a/4 ,?IS LABOR MAY BE >RANG$ ON ! UND]/&+ ?AT EA* P]SON 
      DOES AN AM\NT ( WORK CALCULAT$ ON ! AV]AGE ?AT AN ORD9>Y HEAL?Y P]SON 
      CAN TURN \T 9 A GIV5 TIME1 ! /&>D BE+ ! TIME NECESS>Y = ! 
      PRODUCTION ( A DEF9ITE QUANTITY ( BREAD/UFF4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT UND] ?IS 
      SY/EM1 [+ TO ! DIFF]5CE ( CAPACITY ONE MAN MAY HAVE TO WORK A LONG] & 
      ANO!R A %ORT] TIME ?AN ! E/IMAT$ AV]AGE1 & ?US ! RESULT W\LD FALL 
      %ORT ( ! ,COMMUNI/IC IDEAL ( ABSOLUTE EQUALITY2 BUT IT IS PROBABLE ?AT !SE 
      DIFF]5CES W\LD NOT HAVE MU* PRACTICAL EFFECT ON SOCIAL LIFE2 BECAUSE ! 
      ADVANTAGES GA9$ BY ! BETT] WORK]S C\LD NOT BE TRANSMUT$ 9TO ! P[] ( 
      COMPELL+ UNPAID LABOR FROM O!RS1 S9CE R5T1 PR(IT1 & 9T]E/ W\LD HAVE 
      CEAS$ TO EXI/4 ,?OSE :O OBTA9$ ! EXTRA GOODS W\LD HAVE TO CONSUME !M 
      !MSELVES1 O!RWISE !Y W\LD BE ( NO USE TO !M4 ,IT %\LD ALSO BE REMEMB]$ 
      ?AT ! T5D5CY ( MOD]N PRODUCTION IS TO EQUALIZE ! CAPACITIES ( LABOR BY 
      MEANS ( MA*9]Y1 SO ?AT ! UNSKILL$1 ! WEAK MAN1 ! WOMAN1 OR EV5 ! 
      *ILD1 >E R$UC$ TO SOME?+ LIKE AN EQUALITY ( CAPACITY4 ,( C\RSE IT WILL BE 
      UND]/OOD ?AT ?IS IS AN ILLU/RATION DRAWN FROM \R PRES5T /ATE ( 9DU/RIAL 
      PRODUCTION1 :I* = ?IS REASON EMPLOYS WOMAN OR *ILD-LABOR 9 PREF]5CE TO 
      ?AT ( ADULTS4 
     
     

      ,BUT #bNDLY1 LABOR MI<T BE SO >RANG$ ?AT AN E/IMAT$ NECESS>Y AV]AGE ( TIME 
      %\LD BE ITS BASIS1 SO ?AT NO ONE W\LD HAVE TO WORK LONG] ?AN ANO!R1 & ! 
      COMMUNITY W\LD HAVE TO PUT UP ) ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 V>I\S CAPACITIES1 & 
      ! NECESS>Y %ORT-COM+S ( SOME :I* W\LD BE COMP5SAT$ BY ! SUP]IORITY 
      ( O!RS4 ,! B\RGEOIS WILL ( C\RSE CRY \T ?AT ?IS W\LD BE (F]+ A 
      PREMIUM TO IDL5ESS & /UPIDITY2 BUT ONCE MORE WE MU/ NOT =GET ?AT ! USE ( 
      MA*9]Y W\LD MU* R$UCE ! DIFFICULTY2 & FUR!R1 ?AT AS EA* W\LD BE 
      5C\RAG$ TO DEVELOP HIS SPECIAL CAPACITY2 A POSITION ( USEFULNESS C\LD BE F\ND 
      = EV]YONE2 & ?IS FACT W\LD ALMO/ 5TIRELY GET RID ( ! ABOVE DIFFICULTY4 
      ,:ATEV] RESIDUUM ( DISADVANTAGES WAS LEFT W\LD BE MET BY ! REVOLUTIONIZ$ 
      E?ICS ( A ,SOCIALI/ EPO*1 :I* W\LD MAKE ALL FEEL !IR FIR/ DUTY TO BE ! 
      5]GETIC P]=MANCE ( SOCIAL FUNCTIONS3 %IRK+ WORK W\LD BE FELT TO BE AS 
      MU* ( A DISGRACE !N TO AN ORD9>Y MAN AS C[>DICE 9 ! FACE ( AN 5EMY IS 
      N[ TO AN (FIC] 9 ! >MY1 & W\LD BE AVOID$ ACCORD+LY4 
     
     

      ,F9ALLY1 WE LOOK =W>D TO ! TIME :5 ANY DEF9ITE EX*ANGE WILL HAVE 5TIRELY 
      CEAS$ TO EXI/2 JU/ AS IT NEV] EXI/$ 9 ?AT PRIMITIVE ,COMMUNISM :I* 
      PREC$$ ,CIVILIZATION4 
     
     

      ,! 5EMY WILL SAY1 0,?IS IS RETROGRESSION NOT PROGRESS02 TO :I* WE ANSW]1 ,ALL 
      PROGRESS1 EV]Y DI/9CTIVE /AGE ( PROGRESS1 9VOLVES A BACKW>D AS WELL AS A 
      =W>D MOVEM5T2 ! NEW DEVELOPM5T RETURNS TO A PO9T :I* REPRES5TS ! OLD] 
      PR9CIPLE ELEVAT$ TO A HI<] PLANE2 ! OLD PR9CIPLE REAPPE>S TRANS=M$1 
      PURIFI$1 MADE /RONG]1 & READY TO ADVANCE ON ! FULL] LIFE IT HAS GA9$ 
      ?R\< ITS SEEM+ DEA?4 ,AS AN ILLU/RATION 7IMP]FECT AS ALL ILLU/RATIONS MU/ 
      BE7 TAKE ! CASE ( ADVANCE ON A /RAI<T L9E & ON A SPIRAL1 - ! PROGRESS ( 
      ALL LIFE MU/ BE NOT ON ! /RAI<T L9E1 BUT ON ! SPIRAL4 
     
     

      ,D4 ,! FRE$OM FROM !SE SORDID ANXIETIES 
      (F]S ! ONLY *ANCE TO ESCAPE FROM ! 9SIPIDITY OR ! BITT]NESS1 9TO ONE ( 
      :I* ! LIVES ( MO/ M5 FALL AT PRES5T4 ,!N W\LD REAL V>IETY & HEAL?Y 
      EXCITEM5T BE 9TRODUC$ 9TO HUMAN LIFE4 ,!N W\LD COME TO AN 5D ?AT 0DULL 
      LEVEL ( M$IOCRITY0 :I* IS A NECESS>Y *>ACT]I/IC ( AN EPO* ( 
      ,CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 :I* =CES ALL BUT A V]Y SMALL M9ORITY TO BECOME M]E 
      MA*9ES4 ,9DIVIDUALITY ( *>ACT] IS ! REAL *ILD ( COMMUNAL PRODUCTION2 IT 
      IS ! RECKLESS SCRAMBLE = 9DIVIDUAL GA9 :I* R$UCES ALL *>ACT] TO A LEVEL 
      BY GIV+ IT ONE OBJECT 9 LIFE1 AN OBJECT SORDID 9 ITSELF1 & TO :I* ALL O!R 
      OBJECTS & ASPIRATIONS1 H[EV] NOBLE1 MU/ B5D & BE SUBSIDI>Y4 
     
     

      ,E4 ,A NEW SY/EM ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION 
      MU/ NECESS>ILY BE> ) IT ITS [N MORALITY4 ,MORALITY1 :I* 9 A DUE /ATE ( 
      ,SOCIETY %\LD MEAN NO?+ MORE ?AN ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL MAN TO 
      ! SOCIAL :OLE ( :I* HE =MS A P>T1 HAS COME TO MEAN HIS RESPONSIBILITY TO A 
      SUP]NATURAL BE+ :O >BITR>ILY CREATES & DIRECTS HIS CONSCI5CE & ! LAWS 
      :I* >E TO GOV]N IT2 AL?\< ! ATTRIBUTES ( ?IS BE+ >E BUT ! REFLEX ( 
      SOME PASS+ PHASE ( MAN'S EXI/5CE1 & *ANGE MORE OR LESS ) ?AT PHASE4 ,A 
      PURELY !OLOGICAL MORALITY1 !RE=E1 MEANS SIMPLY A SURVIVAL FROM A PA/ 
      CONDITION ( ,SOCIETY2 IT MAY BE ADD$ ?AT1 H[EV] SACR$ IT MAY BE DEEM$ 
      CONV5TIONALLY1 IT IS SET ASIDE ) LITTLE SCRUPLE :5 IT CLA%ES ) ! 
      NECESSITIES 7UN=ESE5 AT ITS BIR?7 :I* BELONG TO ! !N EXI/+ /ATE ( 
      ?+S4 
     
     

      ,! ECONOMICAL *ANGE :I* WE ADVOCATE1 !RE=E1 W\LD NOT BE /ABLE UNLESS 
      ACCOMPANI$ BY A CORRESPOND+ REVOLUTION 9 E?ICS1 :I*1 H[EV]1 IS C]TA9 TO 
      ACCOMPANY IT1 S9CE ! TWO ?+S >E 9SEP>ABLE ELEM5TS ( ONE :OLE1 TO WIT 
      SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 
     
     

      ,F4 ,UND] A ,SOCIALI/IC SY/EM CONTRACTS 
      BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS W\LD BE VOLUNT>Y & UN5=C$ BY ! COMMUNITY4 ,?IS W\LD 
      APPLY TO ! M>RIAGE CONTRACT AS WELL AS O!RS1 & IT W\LD BECOME A MATT] ( 
      SIMPLE 9CL9ATION4 ,WOM5 ALSO W\LD %>E 9 ! C]TA9TY ( LIVELIHOOD :I* 
      W\LD BE ! LOT ( ALL2 & *ILDR5 W\LD BE TREAT$ FROM !IR BIR? AS MEMB]S 
      ( ! COMMUNITY 5TITL$ TO %>E 9 ALL ITS ADVANTAGES2 SO ?AT ECONOMICAL 
      COMPULSION C\LD BE NO MORE BR\<T TO BE> ON ! CONTRACT ?AN LEGAL COMPULSION 
      C\LD BE4 ,NOR W\LD A TRULY 5LI<T5$ PUBLIC OP9ION1 FRE$ FROM M]E !OLOGICAL 
      VIEWS AS TO *A/ITY1 9SI/ ON ITS P]MAN5TLY B9D+ NATURE 9 ! FACE ( ANY 
      DISCOM=T OR SUFF]+ ?AT MI<T COME ( IT4 
     
     

      ,G4 ,! FIR/ DISCOV]ABLE /AGE ( HUMAN 
      SOCIETY WAS F\ND$ ON A ,COMMUNI/IC BASIS4 ,RELIGI\S1 E?ICAL1 POLITICAL1 
      ECONOMIC1 >TI/IC ACTIVITIES W]E NOT DEVELOP$ 9TO SEP>ATE EXI/5CE1 BUT W]E 
      M]ELY LAT5T4 ,CIVILIZATION1 :I* AT BOTTOM MEANT ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! GREAT 
      ANTAGONISM BETWE5 9DIVIDUALISM & ,SOCIETY1 9 ! C\RSE ( ITS EVOLUTION 
      BR\<T !SE DI/9CTIONS 9 ! SEV]AL DEP>TM5TS ( HUMAN LIFE 9TO RELIEF AT 
      ! CO/ ( ALL ! MIS]IES :I* ?AT ANTAGONISM NECESS>ILY PRODUC$4 ,HI/ORICAL 
      PROGRESS 7I4E4 ! ,HI/ORICAL ,P]IOD ( HUMAN EVOLUTION7 SIMPLY MEANS ! 
      DIS5TANGLEM5T ( !SE V>I\S DEP>TM5TS ) ! ANTAGONISMS 9VOLV$ 9 !M2 
      0,HAPPY10 SAYS ! PROV]B1 0IS ! PEOPLE :I* HAS NO HI/ORY40 ,SOCIALISM CLOSES 
      .<?IS.< ]A ( ANTAGONISMS1 &1 :ATEV] MAY BE ! CASE AS TIME GOES ON1 & 
      ?\< WE CANNOT ACCEPT F9ALITY1 AT PRES5T WE CAN SEE NO?+ BEYOND IT4 
     
     

      ,H4 ,! SO-CALL$ COOP]ATIVE BODIES1 
      :ATEV] MI<T BE !IR >RANGEM5TS )9 !MSELVES1 W\LD1 AS F> AS !IR 
      EXT]NAL DEAL+S W]E CONC]N$1 HAVE TO ACT AS BODIES JU/ LIKE O!R 
      CAPITALI/S2 ALSO !IR 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]S \TSIDE !IR [N BODIES W\LD BE EA* 
      ( !M A CAPITALI/4 ,IT IS TO BE UND]/OOD ?AT ?IS IS SAID ( ! ,COOP]ATIVE 
      SOCIETIES IF !Y CAME UP TO !IR [N /&>D1 & DIVID$ ALL !IR PR(ITS 
      EQUITABLY AMONG !IR WORK]S2 BUT WE BELIEVE NONE ( !M REA*ES ?IS /&>D1 
      & MO/ ( ?OSE EXI/+ >E M]E JO9T-/OCK COMPANIES WORK$ ON IMPROV$ 
      BUS9ESS PR9CIPLES4 
     
     

      ,I4 ,N[ ?AT ! FEUDAL SY/EM ) ! 
      CONSEQU5T PUBLIC DUTIES ( ! L&[N] IS ABOLI%$1 L& IS BUT ONE ( 
      ! =MS ( CAPITAL4 ,! L& ?AT A FACTORY /&S UPON IS P>T ( ! CON/ANT 
      CAPITAL ( ! MANUFACTUR]1 JU/ AS MU* AS ! BUILD+ IS1 OR ! MA*9]Y 
      )9 IT4 ,A L&[N]'S R5T = HIS L& IS EXACTLY ANALOG\S TO A MONEY-L5D]'S 
      9T]E/ ON HIS MONEY2 IT IS ONE ( ! MANY =MS ( SQUEEZ+ SURPLUS VALUE FROM 
      LABOR4 
     
     

      ,J4 ,BY POLITICAL P[] WE DO NOT MEAN ! 
      EX]CISE ( ! FRAN*ISE1 OR EV5 ! FULLE/ DEVELOPM5T ( ! REPRES5TATIVE 
      SY/EM1 BUT ! DIRECT CONTROL BY ! PEOPLE ( ! :OLE ADM9I/RATION ( ! 
      COMMUNITY1 :ATEV] ! ULTIMATE DE/9Y ( ?AT ADM9I/RATION IS TO BE4 ,WE 
      V5TURE TO SUGGE/ ?AT ! FIR/ /EP 9 ! /ATE ( TRANSITION 9TO ,COMMUNISM 
      MI<T PROBABLY BE ! 5ACTM5T ( A LAW ( A M9IMUM ( WAGES & A MAXIMUM ( 
      PRICE APPLI$ TO ALL 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION1 9CLUD+ ! DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS2 IT 
      SEEMS TO US ?AT ?IS1 C\PL$ ) ! IMM$IATE ABOLITION ( ALL LAWS 5=C+ 
      CONTRACT1 W\LD AT ONCE DE/ROY ! POSSIBILITY ( PR(IT-MAK+1 & W\LD GIVE US 
      OPPORTUNITY = GETT+ 9TO WORK+ ORD] ! DEC5TRALIZ$ VOLUNT>Y ORGANIZATION 
      ( PRODUCTION :I* WE HOPE TO SEE TAKE ! PLACE ( ! PRES5T ,HI]>*Y ( 
      ,COMPULSION4 
     
     

      ,! ,MANIFE/O ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE1 #bND ,$ITION1 #a#h#h#e4 
     

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,! ,MANIFE/O ( ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,! ,MANIFE/O ( ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE -- ,UPDAT$4 

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