,! ,MANIFE/O ( ,! ,MAKHNOVI/S 

#aiah 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,JANNES ,POCKELE1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE  
,VICTORY OR DEA?4 ,?IS IS :AT CONFRONTS ! PEASANTS ( ! ,UKRA9E AT ! PRES5T MOM5T 9 HI/ORY4 ,BUT WE %ALL NOT ALL P]I%4 ,!RE >E TOO MANY ( US4 ,WE >E HUMANITY4 ,SO WE MU/ W9 -- W9 NOT SO ?AT WE MAY FOLL[ ! EXAMPLE ( PA/ YE>S & H& OV] \R FATE TO SOME NEW MA/]1 BUT TO TAKE IT 9 \R [N H&S & CONDUCT \R LIVES ACCORD+ TO \R [N WILL & \R [N CONCEPTION ( TRU?4 

,! MON?S ( ,FEBRU>Y & ,M>* .<#a#i#a#h.> W]E A TIME = DI/RIBUT+ LIVE/OCK & EQUIPM5T SEIZ$ FROM ! L&[N]S 9 ! AUTUMN ( #aiag & = DIVID+ UP ! L&$ E/ATES AMONG ! VOLUNTE]S1 ! PEASANTS & WORK]S ORGANIZ$ 9 AGRICULTURAL COMMUNES4 ,?AT ?IS WAS A DECISIVE MOM5T1 BO? 9 ! CON/RUCTION ( A NEW LIFE & 9 ! DEF5SE CON/RUCTION1 WAS APP>5T TO ALL ! TOIL]S ( ! DI/RICT4 ,=M] L9E SOLDI]S1 UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE OCCUPI$ ) ! TRANSF] 9TO A COMMUNAL FUND ( ALL ! EQUIPM5T & LIVE/OCK FROM ! L&LORDS' E/ATES & FROM ! WEAL?Y SMALLHOLD]S1 LEAV+ !IR [N]S TWO PAIRS ( HORSES1 ONE OR TWO C[S 7DEP5D+ ON ! SIZE ( ! FAMILY71 A PL[1 A SE$]1 A M[] & A PIT*=K1 :ILE ! PEASANTS W5T 9TO ! FIELDS TO F9I% ! JOB ( R$I/RIBUT+ ! L& BEGUN ! PREVI\S AUTUMN4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 SOME ( ! PEASANTS & WORK]S1 HAV+ ALREADY ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES 9TO RURAL COMMUNES 9 ! AUTUMN1 LEFT !IR VILLAGES ) !IR FAMILIES & OCCUPI$ ! =M]1 L&LORDS' E/ATES1 IGNOR+ ! FACT ?AT ! ,R$ ,GU>D DETA*M5TS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK-,LEFT ,S,R BLOC HAD1 9 ACCORDANCE ) !IR TREATY ) ! ,AU/RIAN & ,G]MAN EMP]ORS1 ALREADY EVACUAT$ ! ,UKRA9E1 LEAV+ IT TO FI<T ) ITS SMALL REVOLUTION>Y-MILIT>Y =MATIONS AN UNEQUAL BATTLE AGA9/ REGUL> ,AU/RIAN & ,G]MAN UNITS ASSI/$ BY DETA*M5TS ( ! ,UKRA9IAN ,C5TRAL ,RADA4 ,!Y SETTL$ !RE1 NEV]!LESS1 LOS+ NO TIME 9 PREP>+ !IR =CES3 P>T TO C>RY ON ! SPR+ WORK 9 ! COMMUNES1 & P>T TO =M BATTLE DETA*M5TS TO DEF5D ! REVOLUTION & ITS GA9S1 :I* ! REVOLUTION>Y TOIL]S1 IF NOT EV]Y:]E1 !N 9 MANY DI/RICTS1 HAD WON BY !MSELVES /EP BY /EP1 !REBY SETT+ AN EXAMPLE = ! :OLE C\NTRY4 

,! AGRICULTURAL COMMUNES W]E 9 MO/ CASES ORGANIZ$ BY PEASANTS1 ?\< SOMETIMES !IR COMPOSITION WAS A MIXTURE ( PEASANTS & WORKM54 ,!IR ORGANIZATION WAS BAS$ ON ! EQUALITY & SOLID>ITY ( ! MEMB]S4 ,ALL MEMB]S ( !SE COMMUNES -- BO? M5 & WOM5 APPLI$ !MSELVES WILL+LY TO !IR TASKS1 :E!R 9 ! FIELD OR ! H\SEHOLD4 ,! KIT*5S & D9+ ROOMS W]E COMMUNAL4 ,BUT ANY MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNE :O WANT$ TO COOK SEP>ATELY = !MSELVES & !IR *ILDR51 OR TO TAKE FOOD FROM ! COMMUNAL KIT*5 & EAT IT 9 !IR [N QU>T]S1 MET ) NO OBJECTION FROM ! O!R MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNE4 

,EV]Y MEMB] ( ! COMMUNE1 OR EV5 A :OLE GR\P ( MEMB]S1 MI<T >RANGE MATT]S ( FOOD AS !Y ?\<T BE/1 AS LONG AS !Y 9=M$ ! COMMUNE 9 ADVANCE1 SO ?AT ALL ! MEMB]S W\LD KN[ AB\T IT & C\LD MAKE ! NECESS>Y PREP>ATIONS 9 ! COMMUNAL KIT*5 & /OREH\SE4 ,FROM EXP]I5CE IT WAS NECESS>Y = ! MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNE TO RISE 9 GOOD TIME 9 ! MORN+ TO T5D ! OX51 HORSES1 AN O!R ANIMALS1 & TO P]=M O!R K9DS ( WORK4 ,A MEMB] C\LD AT ANY TIME ABS5T HIMSELF FROM ! COMMUNE AS LONG AS HE GAVE ADVANCE NOTICE ( ?IS TO ! COMRADES ) :OM HE WORK$ MO/ CLOSELY ON COMMUNAL TASKS1 SO ?AT ! LATT] C\LD COPE ) ! WORK DUR+ HIS ABS5CE4 ,?IS WAS ! CASE DUR+ WORK+ P]IODS4 ,BUT DUR+ P]IODS ( RE/ 7,SUNDAY WAS CONSID]$ A DAY ( RE/7 ALL MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNE TOOK IT 9 TURNS TO GO (F ON TRIPS4 

,! MANAGEM5T ( EA* COMMUNE WAS CONDUCT$ BY A G5]AL MEET+ ( ALL ITS MEMB]S4 ,AFT] !SE MEET+S1 EA* MEMB]1 HAV+ HIS APPO9T$ TASK1 KNEW :AT *ANGES TO MAKE 9 IT & SO ON4 ,ONLY ! MATT] ( S*OOL+ 9 ! COMMUNE WAS NOT PRECISELY DEF9$1 BECAUSE ! COMMUNES DID NOT WANT TO RESURRECT ! OLD TYPE ( S*OOL4 ,AS A NEW ME?OD !Y SETTL$ ON ! AN>*I/ S*OOL ( ,F4 ,F]R] .<#a.> 7AB\T :I* REPORTS W]E FREQU5TLY READ & BRO*URES DI/RIBUT$ BY ! ,GR\P ( ,AN>*I/-,COMMUNI/S71 BUT NOT HAV+ PROP]LY TRA9$ PEOPLE = ?IS !Y S\<T ?R\< ! ,GR\P ( ,AN>*I/-,COMMUNI/S TO OBTA9 BETT] $UCAT$ COMRADES FROM ! T[NS & ONLY AS A LA/ RESORT TO 9VITE TO !IR COMMUNAL S*OOLS TEA*]S :O KNEW ONLY ! TRADITIONAL ME?ODS ( 9/RUCTION4 

,!RE W]E F\R SU* AGRICULTURAL COMMUNES )9 A ?REE- OR F\R-MILE RADIUS ( ,GULYAI-,POLYE4 ,9 ! :OLE DI/RICT1 H[EV]1 !RE W]E MANY4 ,BUT ,I %ALL DWELL ON !SE F\R COMMUNES BECAUSE ,I MYSELF PLAY$ A DIRECT P>T 9 ORGANIZ+ !M4 ,9 ALL ( !M ! FIR/ FRUITFUL BEG9N+S TOOK PLACE UND] MY SUP]VISION1 OR1 9 A FEW CASES1 9 CONSULTATION ) ME4 ,TO ONE ( !M1 P]HAPS ! L>GE/1 ,I GAVE MY PHYSICAL LABOR TWO DAYS A WEEK1 DUR+ ! SPR+ S[+ 9 ! FIELDS BEH9D A PL[ OR SE$]1 & BE=E & AFT] S[+ 9 DOME/IC WORK ON ! PLANTATIONS OR 9 ! MA*9E %OP & SO ON4 ,! REMA9+ F\R DAYS ( ! WEEK ,I WORK$ 9 ,GULYAI-,POLYE 9 ! ,GR\P ( ,AN>*I/-,COMMUNI/S & 9 ! DI/RICT ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE4 ,?IS WAS DEM&$ ( ME BY MEMB]S ( ! GR\P & BY ALL ! COMMUNES4 ,IT WAS DEM&$ TOO BY ! V]Y FACT ( REVOLUTION1 :I* REQUIR$ ! GR\P+ & DRAW+ TOGE!R ( REVOLUTION>Y =CES AGA9/ ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION ADVANC+ FROM ! WE/ 9 ! =M ( ,G]MAN & ,AU/RO-,HUNG>IAN MON>*I/ >MIES & ! ,UKRA9IAN ,C5TRAL ,RADA4 

,9 ALL ( ! COMMUNES !RE W]E SOME PEASANT AN>*I/S1 BUT ! MAJORITY ( ! MEMB]S W]E NOT AN>*I/S4 ,NEV]!LESS1 9 !IR COMMUNAL LIFE !Y FELT AN AN>*I/ SOLID>ITY SU* AS MANIFE/S ITSELF ONLY 9 ! PRACTICAL LIFE ( ORD9>Y TOIL]S :O HAVE NOT YET TA/$ ! POLITICAL POISON ( ! CITIES1 ) !IR ATMOSPH]E ( DECEPTION & BETRAYAL ?AT SMO!RS EV5 MANY :O CALL !MSELVES AN>*I/S4 ,EA* COMMUNE CONSI/$ ( T5 FAMILIES ( PEASANTS & WORK]S1 TOTAL+ A HUNDR$1 TWO HUNDR$ OR ?REE HUNDR$ MEMB]S4 ,!SE COMMUNES TOOK AS MU* L& AS !Y W]E ABLE TO WORK ) !IR [N LABOR4 ,LIVE/OCK & F>M EQUIPM5T W]E ALLOTT$ BY DECISION ( ! DI/RICT CONGRESSES ( L& COMMITTEES4 

,& SO ! FREE TOIL]S ( ! COMMUNES SET TO WORK1 TO ! TUNE ( FREE & JOY\S SONGS :I* REFLECT$ ! SPIRIT ( ! REVOLUTION & ( ?OSE FI<T]S :O PROPHESI$ IT & DI$ = IT OR :O LIV$ & REMA9$ /EADFA/ 9 ! /RUGGLE = ITS 'HI<] JU/ICE'1 :I* MU/ TRIUMPH OV] 9JU/ICE1 GR[ /RONG1 & BECOME ! BEACON ( HUMAN LIFE4 ,!Y S[$ !IR FIELDS & CULTIVAT$ !IR G>D5S1 CONFID5T 9 !MSELVES & 9 !IR FIRM RESOLVE NOT TO ALL[ ! RETURN ( ?OSE :O HAD NEV] LABOR$ ON ! L& BUT :O HAD [N$ IT BY ! LAWS ( ! /ATE & W]E SEEK+ TO [N IT AGA94 

,! 9HABITANTS ( ! VILLAGES & HAMLETS BORD]+ ON !SE COMMUNES1 :O W]E LESS POLITICALLY CONSCI\S & NOT YET LIB]AT$ FROM !IR S]VILITY TO ! KULAKS1 5VI$ ! COMMUN>DS & REPEAT$LY EXPRESS$ ! DESIRE TO TAKE AWAY ALL ! LIVE/OCK & EQUIPM5T ?AT !Y HAD OBTA9$ FROM ! =M] L&LORDS & DI/RIBUTE IT AMONG !MSELVES4 ',LET ! FREE COMMUN>DS BUY IT BACK FROM US1' !Y W\LD SAY4 ,BUT ?IS IMPULSE WAS SEV]ELY CONDEMN$ BY AN ABSOLUTE MAJORITY ( ! TOIL]S AT !IR VILLAGE ASSEMBLIES & AT ALL ! CONGRESSES4 ,= ! MAJORITY ( ! TOIL+ POPULATION SAW 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( RURAL COMMUNES ! HEAL?Y G]M ( A NEW SOCIAL LIFE :I*1 AS ! REVOLUTION TRIUMPH$ & APPROA*$ ITS CREATIVE CLIMAX1 W\LD GR[ & PROVIDE A MODEL ( A FREE & COMMUNAL =M ( LIFE1 IF NOT = ! :OLE C\NTRY1 !N AT LEA/ = ! HAMLETS & VILLAGES ( \R DI/RICT4 

,! FREE COMMUNAL ORD] WAS ACCEPT$ BY ! 9HABITANTS ( \R DI/RICT AS ! HI<E/ =M ( SOCIAL JU/ICE4 ,= ! TIME BE+1 H[EV]1 ! MASS ( PEOPLE DID NOT GO OV] TO IT1 CIT+ AS !IR REASONS ! ADVANCE ( ! ,G]MAN & ,AU/RIAN >MIES1 !IR [N LACK ( ORGANIZATION1 & !IR 9ABILITY TO DEF5D ?IS ORD] AGA9/ ! NEW 'REVOLUTION>Y' & C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y AU?ORITIES4 ,= ?IS REASON ! TOIL+ POPULATION ( ! DI/RICT LIMIT$ !IR REAL REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY TO SUPPORT+ 9 EV]Y WAY ?OSE BOLD SPIRITS AMONG !M :O HAD SETTL$ ON ! OLD E/ATES & ORGANIZ$ !IR P]SONAL & ECONOMIC LIFE ON FREE COMMUNAL L9ES4 

.<#a.> ,FRANCISCO ,F]R] 7#a#h#e#i-#a#i#i71 F\ND] ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL1 :I* FO/]$ A SPIRIT ( 9DEP5D5CE & SPONTANEITY AMONG ! PUPILS4 ,F]R]1 A RESPECT$ LIB]T>IAN1 WAS C\RT-M>TIAL$ & EXECUT$ 9 #aii ON *>GES ( PLOTT+ AGA9/ ! ,SPANI% K+ & FOM5T+ REBELLION 9 ,B>CELONA4 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiag 3 ,! ,MANIFE/O ( ,! ,MAKHNOVI/S -- ,PUBLICATION4 
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