,PREFACE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,PREFACE 

  

,?IS ESSAY ATTEMPTS TO PROVIDE A MEAN+FUL P]SPECTIVE ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CITY4 ,IT BEG9S ) A REMOTE ]A :5 ! L& DOM9AT$ ! T[N & TRACES URBAN EVOLUTION 9 ! PRES5T1 :5 GREAT METROPOLITAN 5TITIES DOM9ATE ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( DEAL+ ) ?IS HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5T & ITS CONSEQU5CES = US1 ! BOOK EXAM9ES C]TA9 TRADITIONS ( URBANISM ,?AT HAVE BE5 VIRTUALLY =GOTT5 TODAY4 ,MY PURPOSE IS TO PROVIDE ! READ] ) AN IDEA ( :AT ! CITY WAS ONCE LIKE AT ITS BE/1 TO RECOV] HI< /&>DS ( URBANISM ALL ! MORE TO QUE/ION ! PRES5T LACK ( /&>DS 9 JUDG+ ! MOD]N METROPOLIS & ! SOCIETY ?AT FO/]S ITS GR[?4 

,?IS BOOK IS RADICALLY CRITICAL2 IT (F]S NO RECIPES = URBAN REVITALIZATION )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! PRES5T SOCIAL ORD]1 NOR DOES IT MAKE ?OSE ES!TICALLY T5D] CONCESSIONS TO DESIGN PROJECTS ?AT EV5 RADICAL URBANI/S (F] AS SUB/ITUTES = MEAN+FUL SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,IF ! MOD]N METROPOLIS IS VIEW$ AGA9/ ! L>G] BACKGR\ND ( URBAN HI/ORY1 IT WILL BE SEEM AS ! COMPLETE NEGATION ( CITY LIFE AS IT WAS ,CONCEIV$ DUR+ ! MORE CIVILIZ$ ]AS1 ( ! PA/4 ,MY PURPOSE IS TO /R5G!N SU* A COMP>ISON1 & TO EMPHASIZE AS /RONGLY AS ,I CAN ?AT ! ROOTS ( ! URBAN CRISIS TODAY LIE NOT M]ELY 9 POOR DESIGN+1 BAD LOGI/ICS1 NEGLECT$ NEI<BORHOODS1 & 9ADEQUATE MAT]IAL SUPPORT1 BUT 9 ! SOCIAL SY/EM :I* HAS CREAT$ !SE PROBLEMS 9 ! FIR/ PLACE -- & PRODUC$ ! MOD]N METROPOLIS4 ,?IS BOOK TRIES TO %[ ?AT ! CITY MU/ BE VIEW$ NOT ONLY AS A SPECIAL >5A = HUMAN SOCIATION CALL$ 0URBAN0 -- ONE ?AT HAS *ANG$ 9 *>ACT] ,FROM ONE HI/ORICAL P]IOD TO ANO!R -- BUT ALSO AS ! PRODUCT ( DI/9CT SOCIAL RELATIONS & MODES ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,ACCORD+LY1 TO RESCUE URBAN LIFE TODAY W\LD REQUIRE A FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE 9 SOCIETY1 NOT JU/ A NEW URBAN DESIGN4 ,IMPORTANT AS DESIGN MAY BE1 IT IS A FUNCTION ( SOCIAL LIFE ITSELF2 & S9CE MOD]N SOCIETY IS BASICALLY IRRATIONAL1 IT %\LD NOT SURPRISE US ?AT ! CITY REFLECTS & OV5 EXAGG]ATES ! SOCIAL IRRATIONALITIES ( \R TIME4 

,TO DRAW %>P CONTRA/S BETWE5 ! DEGRAD$ /&>DS ( CONTEMPOR>Y URBANISM & ! HI< /&>DS A*IEV$ BY E>LI] CITIES SEAMS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT TODAY IF ONLY TO RESCUE ! LATT] FROM OBLIVION4 ,WE >E SL[LY LOS+ A HUMANI/IC CONCEPTION ( ! V]Y MEAN+ ( ! WORD 0CITY40 ,P>ADOXICALLY1 WE LIVE 9 A WORLD M>K$ BY RAMPANT URBANIZATION -- BUT ONE ?AT LACKS REAL CITIES4 ,AS ! ONCE CLE>LY DEM>CAT$ CITIES 9H]IT$ FROM ! PA/ >E DEV\R$ BY ! EXP&+ METROPOLIS1 ! CITY BEG9S TO LOSE ITS DEF9ITION & SPECIFICITY1 AS WELL AS ITS FUNCTION AS AN AU!NTIC >5A = COMMUNITY & SOLID>ITY4 ,! CITY DISAPPE>S 9 ! GREAT URBAN BELTS :I* SPREAD ACROSS ! LAUD ,EV5 ! C\NTRYSIDE IS TRANS=M$ 9TO URBAN P>KL& OR A COMPLEX1 ( HI<LY 9DU/RIALIZ$ AGRICULTURAL FACTORIES4 ,CONTEMPOR>Y CITY PLANN+1 9S(> AS IT HYPO/ATIZES ! DESIGN OR LOGI/ICAL ASPECTS ( URBANISM AT ! EXP5SE ( ITS HUMAN & COMMUNIT>IAN GOALS1 BECOMES TRULY ATAVI/IC4 ,IF ! PRIE/S ( ! ANCI5T MONUM5TAL CITIES W]E CITY PLANN]S :O IMPOS$ A COSMOLOGICAL DESIGN ON URBANIZ$ >EAS TO GLORIFY ! P[] ( DEIFI$ MON>*IES1 ! MOD]N CITY PLANN]S HAVE BECOME PRIE/S :OSE URBAN DESIGNS >E CRASSLY 9/ITUTIONAL & UTILIT>IAN4 ,BO? >E >*ITECTS ( ! MY?IC 9 ?AT !Y SUBS]VE ! CITY -- ITS HUMAN SCALE & ITS COMMUNIT>IAN DIM5SION -- TO SUPRAHUMAN & NONHUMAN 5DS4 

,9 ! PAGES ?AT FOLL[1 DETAILS & SIDE DEVELOPM5TS ( URBAN HI/ORY HAVE BE5 DELIB]ATELY SACRIFIC$ = BREVITY & CL>ITY ( PRES5TATION4 ,F> TOO MANY WORKS ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CITY OV]:ELM ! READ] ) A D5SE UND]GR[? ( FACTUAL MAT]IAL & ES!TIC OP9ION1 ) ! RESULT ?AT ! READ] LOSES ALL P]SPECTIVE ( ! ESS5TIAL TR5DS 9 URBAN HI/ORY & ! MAK+ ( ! MOD]N METROPOLIS4 ,?IS BOOK TRIES TO MA9TA9 A CLE> FOCUS ?R\<\T & DEALS ) :AT ,I REG>D AS VITAL ASPECTS ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY1 ! EM]G5CE ( ! MOD]N CITY1 & ! SOCIAL & CIVIC DET]IORATION :I* REA*ES 9TO ! V]Y M>R[ ( MOD]N URBANISM4 

,! FIR/ TWO *APT]S1 0,L& & ,CITY0 & 0,! ,RISE ( ! ,B\RGEOIS ,CITY10 AS WELL AS ! 0,9TRODUCTION0 & ! OP5+ PAGES ( 0,! ,LIMITS ( ! ,B\RGEOIS ,CITY0 W]E WRITT5 9 ! LATE #a#i#eS & PUBLI%$ 9 ABBREVIAT$ =M 9 ,MAY #aif 9 ! ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN QU>T]LY ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,ISSUES4 ,?OSE *APT]S HAD AN UND]GR\ND CIRCULATION AMONG FRI5DS :O CONT9UALLY URG$ ME TO PUBLI% !M 9 FULL4 ,!Y APPE> H]E 9 COMPLETE =M = ! FIR/ TIME4 ,! ANALYSIS !Y CONTA9 ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY P>ALLELS 9 SO MANY WAYS ,M>S'S MORE FRAGM5T>Y DISCUSSION ( ! SAME SUBJECT 9 ! NEW-FAM\S ,GRUNDRISSE D] ,KRITIK D] POLITIS*5 ,OKONOMIE ?AT ,I WAS MORE ?AN PLEASANTLY SURPRIS$ TO NOTE ! SIMIL>ITIES :5 ,M>S'S WORK APPE>$ 9 ,HOBSBAWM'S ,M>X ON ,PRE-,CAPITALI/ ,=MATIONS4 ,YET ,M>S'S WORK WAS UNAVAILABLE TO ME :5 ,I WROTE !SE *APT]S2 9DE$1 ! ,GRUNDRISSE WAS G5]ALLY UNKN[N AT ?AT TIME1 AT LEA/ 9 ! ,5GLI%-SPEAK+ WORLD4 ,! FRAGM5T>Y ,HOBSBAWM $ITION WAS NOT PUBLI%$ UNTIL #a#i#f#d1 MORE ?AN SIX YE>S AFT] ,! ,LIMITS ( ! ,CITY HAD BE5 WRITT5 & MORE ?AN F\R YE>S AFT] IT APPE>$ 9 ITS ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,ISSUES V]SION14 ,ACCORD+LY1 READ]S :O F9D ,M>X'S WORK ON ! RELATION%IP ( ! T[N TO ! C\NTRYSIDE 9 ! ,GRUNDRISSE AS VALUABLE AS ,I DO WILL PROBABLY B5EFIT GREATLY FROM A CLOSE READ+ ( ,! ,LIMITS ( ! ,CITY4 ,I'VE LEFT !SE OP5+ *APT]S UNT\*$ EXCEPT = V]Y M9OR /YLI/IC *ANGES4 ,9 ! REMA9D] ( ?IS BOOK -- :I* IS TO SAY1 MO/ ( IT -- ! MAT]IAL IS 5TIRELY NEW & C>RIES ! ANALYSIS ( ! CITY 9TO \R [N TIMES4 

,TODAY1 MY [N SOCIAL VIEWS >E MORE COMMITT$ TO A LIB]T>IAN P]SPECTIVE ?AN !Y W]E 9 ! #a#i#eS4 ,!SE VIEWS >C DEVELOP$ 9 CONSID]ABLE DETAIL 9 MY ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM 7,RAMP>TS ,BOOKS1 #a#i#g#a7 & >E UND]GO+ /ILL FUR!R DEVELOPM5T 9 A WORK 6 EXPECT TO COMPLETE %ORTLY1 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM4 ,DESPITE ?IS %IFT 9 P]SPECTIVE1 H[EV]1 ,I W\LD BE ! LA/ TO D5Y ! 9FLU5CE ,M>X HAS HAD ON MY ?9K+ & ,I W\LD WILL+LY REG>D ?IS VOLUME AS AN ELABORATION ( ! VIEWS HE SO BRILLIANTLY DEVELOP$ 9 ! ,GRUNDRISSE4 ,I SUSPECT ?AT ! OP5+ *APT]S ( ,! ,LIMITS ( ! ,CITY WILL BE ( P>TICUL> 9T]E/ TO READ]S :O >E CONC]N$ ) ,M>XI/ /UDIES4 ,= MY P>T1 ,I W\LD CALL ,! ,LIMITS ( ! ,CITY A DIALECTICAL WORK ?AT DEALS ) CITIES OR ! PA/ ACID PRES5T AS PHASES OR MOM5TS ( A L>G] URBAN PROCESS1 A PROCESS 9 :I* ! POT5TIALITIES ( ! URBAN DEVELOPM5T >E 9T]NALLY UNFOLD$1 5RI*$1 & REA* !IR ULTIMATE NEGATION 9 ! MOD]N METROPOLIS4 ,! MA9 PURPOSE ( ?IS BOOK IS TO 5ABLE ! READ] TO SEE ?IS PROCESS -- ! 9T]NAL CONNECTIONS BETWE5 DIFF]5T P]IODS ( URBAN HI/ORY -- & TO RECOGNIZE ?AT URBANISM MU/ BE VIEW$ AS A DEVELOPM5T ?AT PLACES US 9 A UNIQUE POSITION TO GO BEYOND ! CITY AS SU* & PRODUCE A NEW TYPE ( COMMUNITY1 ONE ?AT COMB9ES ! BE/ FEATURES ( URBAN & RURAL LIFE 9 A H>MONIZ$ FUTURE SOCIETY4 ,! CONCLUD+ PAGES ( ,! ,LIMITS ( ! ,CITY H9T AT :AT SU* A COMMUNITY MI<T BE4 ,= A MORE DETAIL$ DISCUSSION1 ,I MU/ REF] ! READ] TO 0,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM0 & MY =?COM+ ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM4 ,BUT ?IS LITTLE VOLUME CLE>LY /&S ON ITS [N GR\ND4 ,9DE$1 IT PROVIDES ! NECESS>Y OV]ALL P]SPECTIVE & MANY ( ! CRIT]IA :I* MAKE ! CONCEPT ( A H>MONIZ$ COMMUNITY MEAN+FUL4 

,M>* #aigc  

 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9  

 ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY ,/UDIES ,PROGRAM  

 ,GODD>D ,COLLEGE  

 ,PLA9FIELD1 ,V]MONT  

 ,C5T] = ,NEW ,/UDIES  

 ,RAMAPO ,COLLEGE  

 ,MAHWAH1 ,N4,J4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,PREFACE -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,PREFACE -- ,UPDAT$4 

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