,9TRODUCTION ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 ,TEXT 3 ,9TRODUCTION ,A WELL-KN[N M$IEVAL ADAGE HAS IT ?AT 0CITY AIR MAKES PEOPLE FREE40 ,AL?\< ! FRE$OM AF=D$ BY M$IEVAL CITIES G5]ALLY MEANT EMANCIPATION FROM S]FDOM1 ! SAME ADAGE MIKETPLACES & ! CLOSE LIV+ QU>T]S !Y R5D] POSSIBLE1 CITIES COLLECT ?OSE 5]GIZ+ ,=CE8 ( SOCIAL LIFE ?AT C\NTRY LIFE T5DS TO DISSIPATE OV] WIDE EXPANSES ( L& & SCATT]$ POPULATIONS4 ,SEASONAL R5EWALS ( NATURE ?AT S5D HUNT]S & FOOD GA!R]S ON MIGRATIONS & RECLO! ! WORKS ( ! PEASANT >E REPLAC$ 9 CITIES BY A MORE PALPABLE H]ITAGE4 ,FROM A CULTURAL /&PO9T1 ! L&1 YE>S AGO1 WAS REG>D$ AS FUGITIVE1 ! CITY AS P]MAN5T2 ! L& AS NATURAL1 ! CITY AS SOCIAL4 ,:ILE ?IS DI*OTOMY MAY BE GREATLY EXAGG]AT$1 IT IS C]TA9TY TRUE ?AT ! FULL'D6MOOT ( 9DIVIDUALITY & 9TELLECT WAS ! HI/ORIC PRIVILEGE ( ! URBAN DWELL] OR ( 9DIVIDUALS 9FLU5C$ BY URBAN LIFE4 ,9DE$1 SOME K9D ( URBAN COMMUNITY IS NOT ONLY ! 5VIRONM5T ( HUMANITY6 IT IS ITS DE/9Y4 ,ONLY 9 A COMPLETE URBAN 5VIRONM5T CAN !RE BE COMPLETE PEOPLE2 ONLY 9 A RATIONAL URBAN SITUATION CAN ! HUMAN SPIRIT ADVANCE ITS MO/ VITAL CULTURAL & SOCIAL TRADITIONS4 ,:AT1 !N1 IS A COMPLETE URBAN 5VIRONM5T8 ,?IS WORK WILL TRY TO ANSW] ! QUE/ION P>TLY BY MEANS ( A HI/ORICAL ACC\NT ( ! LIMITS ( E>LI] CITIES 9 ORD] TO E/ABLI% SOME /&>DS BY :I* URBAN DEVELOPM5T CAN BE JUDG$8 P>TLY1 TOO1 BY MEANS ( A CRITICISM ( MANY CONTEMPOR>Y URBAN *>ACT]I/ICS1 ! REMOVAL ( :I* >E NECESS>Y ,= ! EM]G5CE ( A NEW L& ( HUMAN COMMUNITY4 ,A HI/ORICAL DISCUSSION ( ! CITY SEEMS ALL ! MORE NECESS>Y BECAUSE M]E URBAN ACCRETION !SE DAYS IS (T5 A POPUL> JU/IFICATION = ! SUP]IORITY ( ONE CITY OV] ANO!R4 ,! SIZE ( URBAN POPULATIONS1 ! NUMB] ( SQU>E MILES A CITY OCCUPIES1 ! FACILITIES IT HAS TO SUPPORT !SE DIM5SIONS -- ALL >E TREAT$ AS VIRTUES ?AT F9D !IR CULM9ATION 9 ! MOD]N CITY4 ,?IS APPROA* TELLS US ?AT DUR+ ! PA/ C5TURY OR TWO1 CITIES1 LIKE ! \TPUT ( MA*9ES1 HAVE EXP&$ TREM5D\SLY4 ,CITIES N[ APPROXIMATE T]RITORIES RA!R ?AN COMMUNITIES4 ,! MO/ VITAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( URBAN LIFE1 AS !SE HAVE BE5 UND]/OOD OV] ?\S&S ( YE>S1 G5]ALLY REMA9 UNKN[N OR UNNOTIC$1 REPOS+ 9 ! WRIT+S ( A FEW URBAN SPECIALI/S & CRITICS4 ,!RE SEEMS LO BE LITTLE WIDESPREAD UND]/&+ ?AT ! QUANTITATIVE *ANGES TO :I* ,I HAVE ALLUD$ HAVE DECISIVELY WORS5$ ! QUALITY ( URBAN LIFE1 SUPPLY+ MOD]N ,CITIES ) *>ACT]I/ICS ?AT >E RADICALLY DIFF]5T FROM ! BE/ TRAITS & TRADITIONS ( URBANISM4 ,JU/ AS !RE IS A PO9T BEYOND :I* A VILLAGE BECOMES A CITY1 SO !RE IS A PO9T BEYOND :I* A CITY NEGATES ITSELF1 *URN+ UP A HUMAN CONDITION ?AT IS MORE ATOMIZ+ -- & CULTURALLY OR SOCIALLY MORE DESICCAT$ -- ?AN ANY?+ ATTRIBUT$ TO RURAL LIFE4 ,AL?\< WE ?9K ( CITIES AS AUTONOM\S 5TITIES ?AT HAVE A LIFE & HI/ORY ( !IR [N1 !Y >E NO DIFF]5T FROM O!R >5AS ( SOCIAL ACTIVITY2 AS ,M>X OBS]V$1 !Y DEVELOP ) ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS :I* %APE SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,9 TIME1 ONE BODY ( MAT]IAL CONDITIONS IS EXHAU/$1 (T5 LEAD+ TO ANO!R ?AT MAY REHABILITATE A GIV5 SITE = CITY LIFE ON AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T SOCIAL BASIS4 ,! NEW] CITY MAY EV5 9H]IT ! NAME ( ! OLD] ONE1 BUT BY NO MEANS1 CAN !Y BE REG>D$ AS ! SAME CITIES4 ,R5AISSANCE & MOD]N ,ROME DIFF] AS FUNDAM5TALLY FROM EA* O!R AS ANCI5T & M$IEVAL ,ROME4 ,!Y EXPRESS 5TIRELY DIFF]5T ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL1 & CULTURAL CONDITIONS1 AL?\< !Y %>E ! SAME NAME & OCCUPY ! SAME LOCALE4 ,MOD]N CITIES OCCUPY A UNIQUE POSITION 9 URBAN HI/ORY -- A FACT ?AT ,I ,FEEL IS NOT DE>LY UND]/OOD BY ?OSE :O DWELL 9 !M4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! IMM5SE DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RY OV] ! PA/ C5TURY HAS CREAT$ A REM>KABLE OPPORTUNITY = BR++ L& & CITY 9TO A RATIONAL & ECOLOGICAL SYN!SIS4 ,! TWO C\LD BE BL5D$ 9TO AN >TI/IC UNITY ?AT W\LD OP5 A NEW VISION ( ! HUMAN & NATURAL EXP]I5CE4 ,ON ! ,O!R H&1 ! MOD]N CITY -- P>TICUL>LY ! METROPOLIS -- DEVELOPS ! HI/ORIC LIMITS ( CITY LIFE AS SU*1 BR++ ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 L& & CITY TO A BREAK+ PO9T4 ,GIV5 ITS GROTESQUELY DI/ORT$ =M1 IT IS QUE/IONABLE :E!R ! CITY IS ANY LONG] ! PROP] >5A = SOCIAL & CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,?US1 BY EXHAU/+ ! ONE-SID$NESS ( CITY LIFE BAS$ ON A VA/ & MALLEABLE 9DU/RY1 ! METROPOLIS1 BY ITS [N 9N] LOGIC1 T5DS TO RAISE ! ISSUE ( DEVELOP+ ALL ?AT IS DESIRABLE 9 URBANITY 9TO A QUALITATIVELY NEW HUMAN COMMUNITY4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( A RATIONAL & ECOLOGICAL HUMAN COMMUNITY IS1 9 FACT1 BECOM+ A NECESSITY4 ,= IF 9 ,M>X'S VIEW ! 0:OLE ECONOMICAL HI/ORY ( SOCIETY IS SUMM$ UP0 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ANTI!SIS BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY1 IT IS FAIR TO ADD ?AT ! DE/9Y ( ! MOD]N CITY MAY WELL SUMM>IZE ! FUTURE ( HUMANITY4 .<#a.> ,EI!R ! LIMITS IMPOS$ ON ! CITY BY MOD]N SOCIAL LIFE WILL BE OV]COME1 OR ,=MS ( CITY LIFE MAY >ISE ?AT >E CONGRU5T ) ! B>B>ISM 9 /ORE = HUMANITY IF PEOPLE ( ?IS AGE %\LD FAIL TO RESOLVE !IR SOCIAL PROBLEMS4 ,! EVID5CE = ?IS T5D5CY CAN BE SE5 NOT ONLY 9 ! METROPOLIS1 *OK+ ) AN ALI5AT$ & ATOMIZ$ AGGREGATE ( HUMAN BE+S1 BUT 9 ! 0WELL-POLIC$0 TOTALIT>IAN CITY COMPOS$ ( />V$ BLACK *I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,JANU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,9TRODUCTION -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,9TRODUCTION -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/