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,! ,MEANS ,>E ! ,5DS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>NE ,ROSS 

,TEXT 3 

#g4 ,! ,MEANS ,>E ! ,5DS 

,9 COLONIAL ,9DIA1 ! ,BRITI% =BADE ,9DIANS FROM MAK+ !IR [N SALT1 & *>G$ /EEPLY = IT AS A =M ( 9DIRECT TAXATION ON ! SUBJECT PEOPLE1 A TAX ?AT HIT ! POORE/ ESPECIALLY H>D4 ,9 #a#i#c1 ,MAHATMA ,G&HI DECID$ TO ATTACK ?IS 9JU/ICE DIRECTLY1 & ORGANIZ$ A M>* TO ,9DIA'S COA/1 :]E SALT C\LD BE MADE FROM SEAWAT]--= FREE--DIRECTLY *ALL5G+ ! ,BRITI% MONOPOLY ( SALT PRODUCTION4 ,G&HI'S 0SALT M>*0 OR 0,SALT ,SATYAGRAHA0 IS RI<TLY R5[N$ AS ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT ACTS ( POLITICAL PROTE/ 9 REC5T HI/ORY4 

,G&HI *OSE TO ATTACK ! SALT TAX1 AGA9/ ! ADVICE ( SOME ( HIS POLITICAL COLLEAGUES1 BECAUSE IT WAS BO? A TOOL & A SYMBOL ( ,BRITA9'S OPPRESSION4 ,?US1 ! ACTION TO UND]M9E ! TAX ASSUM$ BO? A PRACTICAL & SYMBOLIC VALUE4 ,G&HI C>EFULLY PLANN$ ! M>*1 *OOS+ ONLY HIS MO/ DISCIPL9$ COHORTS FROM HIS [N A%RAM1 & S5D+ SC\TS TO RECONNOIT] VILLAGES AHEAD4 ,HE BUILT UP PUBLIC EXPECTATIONS & ATT5TION ) PRESS CONF]5CES BE=E & DUR+ ! M>*4 ,! SALT M>* ABOVE ALL MANIFE/$ A CORE PR9CIPLE ( ,G&HI'S POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY--?AT ( SATYAGRAHA--A SYN!SIS ( ! ,SANSKRIT WORDS SATYA 7TRU?7 & AGRAHA 7HOLD+ FIRMLY TO74 ,9 ! COMMON %OR?& ( TODAY'S TIMES1 ,G&HI'S PHILOSOPHY IS (T5 SUMM>IZ$ AS 0NONVIOL5CE0 OR 0PASSIVE RESI/ANCE10 & 9DE$ IT 5COMPASSES !SE ELEM5TS4 ,BUT = ,G&HI1 SATYAGRAHA HAD A DEEP] & MORE POSITIVE SIGNIFICANCE1 NOT M]ELY AN ABS5CE ( VIOL5CE BUT MORE A /R5G?4 ,9 HIS WORDS3 

,TRU? 7SATYA7 IMPLIES LOVE1 & FIRMNESS 7AGRAHA7 5G5D]S & !RE=E S]VES AS A SYNONYM = =CE4 ,I ?US BEGAN TO CALL ! ,9DIAN MOVEM5T ,SATYAGRAHA1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ! ,=CE :I* IS BORN ( ,TRU? & ,LOVE OR NONVIOL5CE1 & GAVE UP ! USE ( ! PHRASE 0PASSIVE RESI/ANCE10 9 CONNECTION ) IT1 SO MU* SO ?AT EV5 9 ,5GLI% WRIT+ WE (T5 AVOID$ IT & US$ 9/EAD ! WORD 0SATYAGRAHA40.<#a#b#h.> 

,ABOVE ALL1 ,G&HI BELIEV$ ?AT MEANS W]E 9TIMATELY CONNECT$ ) 5DS4 ,9DE$1 !Y W]E TO HIM ! SAME ?+1 AS CONNECT$ AS A TREE TO ITS SE$4 ,IF Y\ US$ VIOL5CE1 Y\ C\LD EXPECT NO?+ BUT FUR!R VIOL5CE 9 RETURN4 ,SATYAGRAHA BY CONTRA/ 5GAG$ A =CE--LOVE--TO :I* !RE WAS NO RESI/ANCE4 ,! SALT M>* DEMON/RAT$ CLE>LY H[ !SE CONCEPTS1 COMB9$ ) AN ACUTE POLITICAL 9TELLIG5CE1 PLAY$ \T 9 PRACTICE4 

,! ,BRITI%1 AT FIR/ DISMISSIVE1 W]E CONFUS$ AS TO H[ TO RESPOND TO ! M>*1 :I* GA9$ HUGE PUBLICITY 9 ,9DIA & WORLDWIDE4 ,IT WAS REPORT$ ?AT SIXTY ?\S& ,9DIANS CAME TO HE> ,G&HI SPEAK ON ! EVE ( ! M>*4 ,NOT ONE TO ES*EW MELODRAMA1 ,G&HI W>N$ ?AT HIS SPEE* MI<T COMPRISE ! LA/ WORDS ( HIS LIFE2 HE 9VOK$ A COMPELL+ SPIRIT ( SELF-SACRIFICE3 0,MY TASK %ALL BE DONE IF ,I P]I% & SO DO MY COMRADES40 ,AS ! M>* PROGRESS$1 CR[DS ( T5S & SOMETIMES HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S GA!R$ ALONG ! WAY4 ,G&HI'S M>*]S SLEPT 9 ! OP5 9 ! VILLAGES !Y PASS$ ?R\<1 ASK+ ONLY FOOD & WAT]1 ! BETT]1 ,G&HI JUDG$1 TO RECRUIT ,9DIA'S POOR :OSE SUPPORT W\LD BE VITAL TO IMP]IALISM'S DEFEAT4 

,AFT] A M>* LA/+ NE>LY ?REE WEEKS & NE>LY TWO HUNDR$ FIFTY MILES1 BUILD+ UP EXPECTATIONS & POLITICAL T5SION ALL ! WAY1 ,G&HI >RIV$ AT ! COA/AL VILLAGE ( ,D&I 9 ,GUJ>AT1 :]E RAIS+ A H&FUL ( MUD :I* HE !N BOIL$ TO MAKE SALT1 ,G&HI DECL>$1 0,) ?IS1 ,I AM %AK+ ! F\NDATIONS ( ! ,BRITI% ,EMPIRE40 ,G&HI IMPLOR$ HIS FOLL[]S & ALL ,9DIANS TO FOLL[ HIS EXAMPLE & MAKE ILLEGAL SALT1 BREAK+ ! ,BRITI% MONOPOLY & DEPRIV+ ! EMPIRE ( AN IMPORTANT S\RCE ( REV5UE4 ,9 ! WEEKS ?AT FOLL[$1 SIXTY ?\S& PEOPLE W]E >RE/$ = MAK+ SALT4 ,AT ,PE%AW>1 ,BRITI% TROOPS KILL$ OV] TWO HUNDR$ PEACEFUL DEMON/RATORS4 ,G&HI WAS >RE/$ :ILE PLANN+ HIS NEXT SATYAGRAHA AT ! ,DH>ASANA SALT WORKS4 ,! M>* W5T AHEAD1 EV5TUALLY UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,S>OJ9I ,NAIDU1 A FEMALE POET & FRE$OM FI<T]4 ,%E W>N$ H] FELL[ ,SATYAGRAHIS TO EXPECT TO BE BEAT51 BUT ?AT 0Y\ MU/ NOT EV5 RAISE A H& TO F5D (F BL[S40 ,SURE 5\<1 SOLDI]S BEAT ! M>*]S ) /EEL-TIPP$ CLUBS4 ,AS ,UNIT$ ,PRESS REPORT$3 

,NOT ONE ( ! M>*]S EV5 RAIS$ AN >M TO F5D (F ! BL[S4 ,!Y W5T D[N LIKE T5-P9S4 ,FROM :]E ,I /OOD ,I HE>D ! SICK5+ :ACKS ( ! CLUBS ON UNPROTECT$ SKULLS4 ,! WAIT+ CR[D ( WAT*]S GROAN$ & SUCK$ 9 !IR BREA?S 9 SYMPA!TIC PA9 AT EV]Y BL[4 ,?OSE /RUCK D[N FELL SPRAWL+1 UNCONSCI\S OR WRI?+ 9 PA9 ) FRACTUR$ SKULLS OR BROK5 %\LD]S4 ,9 TWO OR ?REE M9UTES ! GR\ND WAS QUILT$ ) BODIES4 ,GREAT PAT*ES ( BLOOD WID5$ ON !IR :ITE CLO!S4 ,! SURVIVORS )\T BREAK+ RANKS SIL5TLY & DOGG$LY M>*$ ON UNTIL /RUCK D[N4.<#a#b#i.> 

,DESPITE ITS RECEIV+ WORLDWIDE ATT5TION1 ?IS SACRIFICE FAIL$ TO W9 ANY IMM$IATE CONCESSIONS FROM ! ,BRITI%1 & IT W\LD BE ANO!R SEV5TE5 YE>S BE=E ,9DIA W\LD AT LA/ BE 9DEP5D5T4 ,?\< ,9DIA'S FIR/ PRIME M9I/]1 ,JAWAH>LAL ,NEHRU1 ACKN[L$G$ ! 5ORM\S IMPORTANCE ( ! SALT M>* 9 MOBILIZ+ ,9DIA'S MASSES >\ND ! GOAL ( 9DEP5D5CE1 HIS ,CONGRESS ,P>TY1 TO :I* ,G&HI !N BELONG$1 EV5TUALLY AB&ON$ SATYAGRAHA AS A POLITICAL TE*NIQUE4 ,HI/ORIANS TODAY T5D TO VIEW ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> AS ! MORE SIGNIFICANT FACTOR 9 5D+ IMP]IAL RULE 9 ,9DIA4.<#a#c.>  ,BUT ! ,SALT ,SATYAGRAHA IS REMEMB]$ /ILL = ITS SIGNAL A*IEVEM5T 9 ONE CRUCIAL ASPECT4 ,AS ONE ,BRITI% COLONIAL ADM9I/RATOR NOT$ AT ! TIME1 0,5GL& CAN HOLD ,9DIA ONLY BY CONS5T2 WE CAN'T RULE IT BY ! SWORD40 ,& ?ANKS TO ! SALT M>*1 !Y HAD LO/ ?AT CONS5T4 

,?\< TE*NICALLY ! MORE P[]FUL ( ! TWO ANTAGONI/S--) ! P[] ( ! /ATE1 ( >RE/ & ULTIMATELY ( =CE--,BRITA9 LO/ ! CONTE/ AGA9/ ,G&HI'S =CE ( WILL1 SATYAGRAHA4 ,?OSE :O W]E CLUBB$ TO ! GR\ND 5D$ UP VICTORI\S1 = BY !IR REACTION TO ! M>*1 ! ,BRITI% LO/ ! CONS5T ( ! ,9DIAN POPULATION1 UPON :I* !Y RELI$ TO MA9TA9 !IR COLONIAL RULE4 ,! ,SALT ,SATYAGRAHA ?US QUALIFIES AS ONE ( ! MO/ EFFECTIVE POLITICAL ACTIONS ( REC5T TIMES4 ,IT IS WOR? SUMM>IZ+ :Y3 

,IT CONFRONT$ ITS POLITICAL T>GET--,BRITA9'S COLONIAL RULE--DIRECTLY3 ,! GOAL ( ! SALT M>* WAS TO MAKE SALT1 DIRECTLY CONFRONT+ ! ,BRITI% SALT TAX & D5Y+ ! COLONIALI/S REV5UE1 ?US ! ACTION ITSELF CONTRIBUT$ TO ! POLITICAL RESULT 9T5D$4 

,IT CONF\ND$ & CONFUS$ ! ,BRITI% BY US+ NONVIOL5T ME?ODS2 ONE ,BRITI% ADM9I/RATOR LAT] CONFESS$ 9 AN 9T]NAL MEMO ?AT !Y W\LD HAVE PREF]R$ VIOL5CE4 

,BY COMB9+ MEANS & 5DS NONVIOL5TLY1 ! M>* ATTRACT$ & CREAT$ 5ORM\S MORAL =CE1 :I* NOT ONLY HELP$ RECRUIT FOLL[]S BUT WAS ALSO CRUCIAL 9 G>N]+ MASSIVE 9T]NATIONAL ATT5TION & SYMPA?Y4 

,9 AN AGE ( T]RORISM & VIOL5T C\NT]REACTION1 SU* EXAMPLES CAN SEEM QUA9T & IRRELEVANT1 BUT SURVEYS SUGGE/ ?AT EV5 9 ! ,MUSLIM WORLD1 ,AL ,QA$A'S USE ( VIOL5CE1 & 9 P>TICUL> ITS T>GET+ ( CIVILIANS1 ALI5ATES MORE FOLL[]S ?AN IT ATTRACTS4 ,! P]SUASIVE P[] ( SELF-SACRIFICE & NONVIOL5CE REMA9S UNDIM9I%$1 EV5 IF VIOL5CE SEEMS ONCE AGA9 ! MORE FA%IONABLE4 

,9 HIS %ORT MANUAL ,GU]RILLA ,W>F>E1 ,*E ,GUEV>A DISMISSES T]RORI/ VIOL5CE AS 9EFFECTIVE3 

,WE S9C]ELY BELIEVE ?AT T]RORISM IS ( NEGATIVE VALUE1 ?AT IT BY NO MEANS PRODUCES ! DESIR$ EFFECTS1 ?AT IT CAN TURN A PEOPLE AGA9/ A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 & ?AT IT CAN BR+ A LOSS ( LIVES TO ITS AG5TS \T ( PROPORTION TO :AT IT PRODUCES4.<#a#c#a.> 

,GUEV>A PREF]R$ DIRECT MILIT>Y CONFRONTATION ) ! REPRESSIVE =CES ( ,BATI/A1 ,CUBA'S !N DICTATOR4 ,9 MOD]N ,MEXICO1 RECOGNIZ+ ?AT CONDITIONS1 ?\< UNJU/1 W]E LESS REPRESSIVE ?AN 9 PR]EVOLUTION>Y ,CUBA1 ! LEAD] ( ! ,ZAPATI/A REBELS 9 ,MEXICO'S ,*IAPAS REGION1 ,SUBCOM&ANTE ,M>COS1 PREF]S IRONY & NONVIOL5CE TO BR+ HOME ! ,ZAPATI/AS' MESSAGE ( ! EXPLOITATION ( ,MEXICO'S 9DIG5\S PEOPLES4 ,AS ,M>COS PUT IT3 

,WE DON'T WANT TO IMPOSE \R SOLUTIONS BY =CE1 WE WANT TO CREATE A DEMOCRATIC SPACE4 ,WE DON'T SEE >M$ /RUGGLE 9 ! CLASSIC S5SE ( PREVI\S GU]RILLA W>S1 ?AT IS AS ! ONLY WAY & ! ONLY ALL-P[]FUL TRU? >\ND :I* EV]Y?+ IS ORGANIZ$4 ,9 A W>1 ! DECISIVE ?+ IS NOT ! MILIT>Y CONFRONTATION BUT ! POLITICS AT /AKE 9 ! CONFRONTATION4 ,WE DIDN'T GO TO W> TO KILL OR BE KILL$4 ,WE W5T TO W> 9 ORD] TO BE HE>D4.<#a#c#b.> 

,G&HI HIMSELF SOMETIMES DESPAIR$ ( ! ,9DIAN PEOPLE'S PROP5SITY = VIOL5CE4 ,EXPLOIT+ HIS IMM5SE PUBLIC /&+ & MORAL AU?ORITY1 ON SEV]AL OCCASIONS HE US$ HUNG] /RIKES AS A TOOL ( POLITICAL P]SUASION1 9CLUD+ TO SEEK AN 5D TO FI<T+ BETWE5 ,MUSLIMS & ,H9DUS4 

,?IS TE*NIQUE TOO HAS MOD]N RELEVANCE4 ,! HUNG] /RIKES BY ,REPUBLICAN 9MATES 9 ! ,MAZE PRISON 9 ,NOR!RN ,IREL& 9 #aiha RESULT$ 9 ! DEA?S ( SEV]AL /RIK]S1 MO/ FAM\SLY ,BOBBY ,S&S1 :O WAS ELECT$ AS A MEMB] ( ! ,BRITI% ,P>LIAM5T DUR+ HIS HUNG] /RIKE4 ,AFT] T5 9MATES DI$1 ! ,BRITI% GOV]NM5T (F]$ SOME CONCESSIONS4 ,! MO/ LA/+ IMPACT1 H[EV]1 WAS1 LIKE ! ,SALT ,SATYAGRAHA1 DEEP] 9 ITS EFFECTS ON ?AT 9TANGIBLE3 WILL4 ,BY #a#i#h#e1 ! ,BRITI% GOV]NM5T1 HAD NEGOTIAT$ ! ,ANGLO-,IRI% AGREEM5T ?AT GAVE ! ,IRI% ,REPUBLIC = ! FIR/ TIME A CONSULTATIVE ROLE 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ,NOR!RN ,IREL&1 & H]ALD$ ! PEACE PROCESS ?AT RESULT$ 9 ! ,GOOD ,FRIDAY AGREEM5T ( #a#i#i#h1 :I* L>GELY BR\<T AN 5D1 ?\< SADLY NOT YET F9AL1 TO ! VIOL5CE & SECT>IAN /RIFE ?AT HAD B5I<T$ ! PROV9CE = OV] ?IRTY YE>S4 

,9 #b#i1 A =TY-TWO-YE>-OLD WOMAN NAM$ ,AM9AT\ ,HAID> US$ ! HUNG] /RIKE = SIMIL> EFFECT4 ,A NATIVE ( ! ,WE/]N ,SAH>A1 :I* HAS BE5 OCCUPI$ BY ,MOROCCO S9CE #a#i#g#e1 ,HAID> HAS CEASELESSLY CAMPAIGN$ = ! RI<T ( H] PEOPLE1 ! ,SAHRAWI1 TO SELF-DET]M9ATION4.<#a#c#c.>  ,= !SE EF=TS1 %E HAS BE5 REPEAT$LY IMPRISON$ & ABUS$4 ,RETURN+ FROM ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :]E %E HAD BE5 AW>D$ V>I\S HUMAN RI<TS PRIZES1 ,HAID> WAS PREV5T$ BY ,MOROCCO FROM RE5T]+ ! T]RITORY :]E %E & H] *ILDR5 LIVE4 ,! ,MOROCCANS SEIZ$ H] PASSPORT & DEM&$ %E SIGN AN OA? ( ALLEGIANCE TO ,MOROCCO'S K+ 9 ORD] TO GET IT BACK4 ,HAID> REFUS$ & W5T ON A HUNG] /RIKE TO DEM& ITS RETURN4 ,AS ,HAID> APPROA*$ DEA?1 9T]NATIONAL EF=TS ON H] BEHALF /EPP$ UP & EV5 ,MOROCCO'S ALLIES1 ,FRANCE & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 W]E =C$ TO 9T]V5E4 ,AFT] ?IRTY-TWO DAYS )\T FOOD1 ,HAID> WAS TAK5 TO ! HOSPITAL1 H] RESPIRATION & BLOOD PRESSURE DANG]\SLY L[4 ,%E REMA9$1 H[EV]1 COMMITT$ TO ! 5D1 DET]M9$1 %E SAID1 TO RETURN UNIMP$$ & )\T CONDITIONS OR TO DIE 9 DIGNITY4 ,MOROCCO AT LA/ CAPITULAT$ & P]MITT$ H] RETURN1 A PUBLIC HUMILIATION = A MON>*Y ?AT HAD SWORN IT W\LD NOT BACK D[N4 ,?ANKS TO H] WILL+NESS TO />VE H]SELF TO ! 5D1 ,HAID> NOT ONLY SECUR$ H] [N RETURN TO H] HOMEL&1 %E ALSO SUCCE$$ 9 ATTRACT+ UNPREC$5T$ 9T]NATIONAL ATT5TION TO ,MOROCCO'S OCCUPATION ( ,AFRICA'S 0LA/ COLONY40 

,SOMETIMES PROTE/ CAN TAKE ! SIMPLE/ =M4 ,9 ,EA/ ,TIMOR1 !N OCCUPI$ BY ,9DONESIA1 ! 9DIG5\S ,EA/ ,TIMORESE W\LD APPROA* EV]Y ,9DONESIAN SOLDI] OR SETTL] !Y CAME ACROSS & ASK1 0,:5 >E Y\ LEAV+ MY C\NTRY80.<#a#c#d.>  ,! MO/ BASIC DECL>ATION ( DISCONT5T1 REPEAT$1 S5DS A SIGNAL ?AT ! /ATUS QUO CANNOT 5DURE4 

,9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#f#d1 AB\T A ?\S& ,AM]ICAN /UD5TS MA9LY FROM NOR!RN COLLEGES--MO/ ( !M :ITE--TRAVEL$ TO ,MISSISSIPPI AS P>T ( A CAMPAIGN BY ! ,/UD5T ,NONVIOL5T ,COORD9AT+ ,COMMITTEE 7,S,N,C,C7 TO FI<T AGA9/ RACIAL SEGREGATION 9 ! S\!RN /ATES4 ,! /UD5TS LIV$ 9 COMMUNES--0,FRE$OM ,H\SES0--OR ) LOCAL BLACK FAMILIES4 ,!Y REGI/]$ VOT]S & TAU<T 9 ,FRE$OM ,S*OOLS4 ,9 ONE ( ! MO/ NOTORI\S CRIMES ( ! CIVIL RI<TS ]A1 ?REE REC5TLY >RIV$ /UD5TS W]E BEAT5 TO DEA? BY SEGREGATIONI/S ASSI/$ BY ! LOCAL POLICE1 KILL+S MADE FAM\S 9 ! MOVIE ,MISSISSIPPI ,BURN+4 ,! MURD]S %OCK$ ! WORLD4 ,AS ) ,CLAUDETTE ,COLV91 :O REFUS$ TO *ANGE SEATS ON H] BUS1 ! /UD5TS' ACTIONS DIRECTLY CONTRIBUT$ TO ! REPEAL ( ! NOTORI\S RACI/ ,JIM ,CR[ LAWS & ! 5D ( LEGALIZ$ SEGREGATION 9 ! ,S\?1 A REM9D] ?AT LAWS FOLL[ ACTION1 NOT VICE V]SA4 

,!SE DRAMATIC ACTIONS W]E (T5 TAK5 TO ADDRESS GRAVE 9JU/ICES1 LIKE OCCUPATION & SY/EMATIC REPRESSION4 ,! HUNG] /RIKE IS AN EXTREME ACTION TAK5 9 RESPONSE TO EXTREME CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,MOREOV]1 AS ,G&HI & ,HAID> BO? ILLU/RATE1 IT HELPS ?AT ! /RIK] ALREADY 5JOYS SOME /&+ 9 PUBLIC1 & IDEALLY1 AS 9 BO? CASES1 MORAL AU?ORITY4 

,POLITICAL ACTIONS :I* PRODUCE1 EV5 9 SMALL P>T1 ! POLITICAL 5D !Y SEEK C>RY A P]SUASIVE =CE F> GREAT] ?AN ANY M]E CAMPAIGN1 BO? = !IR DEMON/RATIVE & SYMBOLIC =CE1 & = ! SIMPLE REASON ?AT SU* ACTIONS1 EV5 IF ONLY ON SMALL SCALE1 CONTRIBUTE TO ! DESIR$ SOLUTION4 

,= EXAMPLE1 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY'S ,B$=D-,/UYVESANT1 AFT] A SPATE ( ROBB]IES1 A GR\P ( LOCAL M5 DECID$ TO ESCORT P$E/RIANS HOME FROM ! SUBWAY4 ,ONE ( ! F\ND]S ( 0,WE ,MAKE ,US ,BETT]0 SAID1 0,I DECID$ WE CAN'T HAVE !SE PEOPLE T]RORIZ+ \R Y\NG WOM5 & *ILDR51 & WE'RE NOT SPEAK+ UP & MAK+ \R PRES5CE FELT40 ,! MEMB]S ( ! GR\P DON'T REG>D !MSELVES AS POLITICAL OR ACTIVI/2 !Y >E JU/ TRY+ TO MAKE !IR COMMUNITY BETT] BY !IR EXAMPLE4.<#a#c#e.>  ,!Y PLAN SOON TO SET UP A M5TOR+ PROGRAM4 

,?IS ILLU/RATES AN IMPORTANT MESSAGE--?AT IT IS *ANG+ ATTITUDES & DEMON/RAT+ NEW =MS ( BEHAVIOR1 AS MU* AS LAWS1 ?AT MATT]S4 ,?IS LESSON IS ALSO EVID5T 9 ,NAPLES1 ! HE>TL& ( ! ,CAMORRA ORGANIZ$ CRIME R+4 ,H]E1 LOCAL PEOPLE HAVE TAK5 ! 9ITIATIVE TO RESI/ EXTORTION & CORRUPTION1 SOME PA/+ 0ANTI-PIZZO0 /ICK]S ON !IR %OPS TO 9DICATE ?AT !Y DO NOT PAY 0PROTECTION0 MONEY1 & AS A SIGNAL ( SOLID>ITY ) ?OSE :O DO ! SAME4 ,O!RS >E E/ABLI%+ COOP]ATIVES TO RUN ! F>MS & BUS9ESSES SEIZ$ BY PROSECUTORS FROM ! MAFIA4 

,9 A C\NTRY :]E SEV]AL LEGISLATORS & ! PRIME M9I/] >E ACCUS$ ( L9KS TO ! MOB1 A JUDGE MADE ! SAME PO9T1 0,! BATTLE IS NOT JU/ WON BY =CE & SEQUE/RATIONS1 BUT BY A SOCIAL /RUGGLE4 ,IT IS A CULTURAL BATTLE40.<#a#c#f.> 

,9 ,BRITA91 ,PRIME ,M9I/] ,DAVID ,CAM]ON HAS MADE GREAT PLAY ( A CONCEPT HE CALLS 0,! ,BIG ,SOCIETY10 (F]+ A RA!R SKET*Y BL5D ( A VAGUE LOCALISM ) MORE FAMILI> ,CONS]VATIVE MORAL PHILOSOPHY AB\T 9DIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ?AT ! GOV]NM5T HAS MADE SEV]E CUTS 9 PUBLIC SP5D+1 ,CAM]ON HAS >GU$ ?AT PEOPLE %\LD PLAY A GREAT] ROLE 9 LOCAL ACTIVITIES1 HI!RTO ! PRES]VE ( GOV]NM5T1 9CLUD+ S*OOLS1 P>KS & O!R PUBLIC S]VICES4 ,! CONJUNCTION ( CUTS ) ! MORAL S]MONIZ+ IS NOT ! ONLY ASPECT ( ! ,BIG ,SOCIETY ?AT J>S4 ,?IS BOOK >GUES ?AT PEOPLE WILL B5EFIT BY TAK+ *>GE ( !IR %>$ AFFAIRS LOCALLY1 BUT CRUCIALLY ?IS MEANS ?AT !Y MU/ ALSO HAVE AG5CY OV] !SE DECISIONS3 CONTROL4 ,! B5EFITS \TL9$ H]E--( BETT] & MORE EQUITABLE \TCOMES1 & SOCIAL CONS5SUS--FROM LOCAL & P>TICIPATORY DECISION MAK+ >E NOT AVAILABLE 9 ! ,BIG ,SOCIETY BECAUSE 9 ,CAM]ON'S VISION1 C5TRAL GOV]NM5T RETA9S OV]ALL CONTROL4 ,IF TAXES & REV5UES >E COLLECT$ & DI/RIBUT$ C5TRALLY1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = PEOPLE AT ! LOCAL LEVEL TO HAVE REAL CONTROL OV] BUDGETS & ?US POLICY4 

,! ,PORTO ,ALEGRE EXP]IM5T DESCRIB$ E>LI] IS AN EXAMPLE ( :AT REAL LOCAL AG5CY LOOKS LIKE1 & ITS B5EFITS >E CLE>--ABOVE ALL 9 ! MORE EQUITABLE DI/RIBUTION ( GOV]NM5T S]VICES1 BUT ALSO 9 GREAT] SOCIAL CONS5SUS UND]P9N+ POLICY *OICES4 ,! ,BIG ,SOCIETY1 BY CONTRA/1 HAS YET TO AM\NT TO REAL AUTONOMY AT ! LOCAL LEVEL4 ,LOCAL PEOPLE MAY PROVIDE1 BUT NOT DECIDE4 ,IT IS ?IS CONTRADICTION ?AT P]HAPS EXPLA9S ,CAM]ON'S 9ABILITY TO EXPLA9 HIS CONCEPT ) ANY CL>ITY1 & SUGGE/S ?AT IT WILL AM\NT TO LITTLE MORE ?AN 5C\RAG+ VOLUNTE]S AT ! LOCAL LIBR>Y4 ,= ?IS HALF-BAK$ PHILOSOPHY 5TIRELY MISSES ! PO9T ( REAL DEVOLUTION ( P[]4 ,9DE$1 IT REPRES5TS NO SU* DEVOLUTION 9 SUB/ANTIVE T]MS AT ALL4 ,ALL ?AT IT (F]S IS RESPONSIBILITY )\T P[]4 

,9 #a#i#h1 ,C,E,OS ( ! L>GE/ ,AM]ICAN COMPANIES E>N$ AN AV]AGE ( =TY-TWO TIMES AS MU* AS ! AV]AGE WORK]2 9 #b#a1 !Y E>N$ #eca TIMES AS MU*4 ,IT IS H>D TO IMAG9E ?AT !SE BOSSES HAVE 9 TW5TY YE>S 9CREAS$ !IR CONTRIBUTION TO COMPANY P]=MANCE BY SU* A REM>KABLE DEGREE4 ,9/EAD1 !RE APPE>S TO BE AN EM]G+ CULTURE AMONG ! TOP EXECUTIVES ?AT1 BECAUSE !Y CAN PAY !MSELVES SO MU*1 !Y %\LD4 ,?IS SELF-9T]E/$ BELIEF PIGGYBACKS UPON & EXPLOITS A VAGUE CULTURAL NOTION ?AT COMPETITIVE ECONOMIES SOMEH[ REQUIRE EXCEPTIONAL REW>DS = ! SUCCESSFUL4 ,?US CAPITALISM TAKES ON ! QUALITIES NOT ONLY ( AN ECONOMIC SY/EM1 BUT ALSO A MORAL CODE4 

,!RE IS NO?+ 9EVITABLE AB\T SU* EXCESSES1 OR 9EQUALITY4 ,SU* IRRESPONSIBLE GRE$ IS NOT NECESS>Y = A COMPETITIVE COMPANY1 NOR 9TR9SIC TO AN EFFICI5T ECONOMY4 ,9DE$1 ! OPPOSITE SEEMS TO BE ! CASE4 ,SOME ECONOMI/S1 9CLUD+ A =M] ,I,M,F *IEF ECONOMI/1 N[ BELIEVE ?AT ,AM]ICA'S GROSS WEAL? 9EQUALITY LAY AT ! ROOT ( ! F9ANCIAL MELTD[N3 ,MIDDLE-CLASS FAMILIES1 :OSE 9COMES HAVE BE5 /AGNANT = A DECADE1 W]E =C$ TO BORR[ MORE & MORE TO BUY H\SES & MA9TA9 ACCEPTABLE LIV+ /&>DS4.<#a#c#g.>  ,MEAN:ILE1 ! RI*1 :O 5JOY$ A F> GREAT] %>E ( ! REW>DS ( ,AM]ICA'S ECONOMIC GR[? OV] ! LA/ DECADE1 SP5D F> LESS AS A PROPORTION ( !IR OV]ALL 9COME1 DEPRESS+ ! CONSUMPTION NECESS>Y TO FUEL SU/A9$ GR[?4.<#a#g#e.> 

,BUT :AT MI<T BE DONE8 

,JOHN ,LEWIS SET UP HIS FIR/ DRAP]'S %OP 9 #a#h#f#d4 ,HIS SON ,SP$AN JO9$ ! BUS9ESS T[>D ! 5D ( ! C5TURY4 ,:ILE CONVALESC+ FROM A RID+ ACCID5T1 HE REALIZ$ ?AT HIS FA!R1 HIS BRO!R & HE TOGE!R E>N$ MORE ?AN ALL ! HUNDR$S ( O!R EMPLOYES 9 ! FAMILY'S TWO /ORES PUT TOGE!R4 ,SP$AN ,LEWIS 9/IGAT$ NEW SY/EMS & PRACTICES AS SOON AS HE RETURN$ TO WORK3 ,HE (F]$ %ORT5$ WORK+ DAYS1 SET UP A /AFF COMMITTEE1 & A ?IRD WEEK'S PAID HOLIDAY1 AN 9NOVATION = RETAIL TRADE AT ! TIME4 ,HE F\ND$ A H\SE MAGAZ9E1 ,! ,GAZETTE1 :I* IS /ILL PUBLI%$ TODAY4 

,9 #a#i#b1 ,SP$AN 9TRODUC$ A PR(IT-%>+ S*EME4 ,TW5TY YE>S LAT]1 IT WAS EXP&$ 9TO A P>TN]%IP3 ,9 EFFECT1 ,LEWIS H&$ OV] ! BUS9ESS TO ITS WORK]S4 ,TODAY1 NE>LY SEV5TY ?\S& P>TN] EMPLOYES [N ! SCORES ( MAJOR /ORES & SUP]M>KETS OP]AT$ BY ,JOHN ,LEWIS ACROSS ,BRITA94 ,EV]Y BRAN* HOLDS =UMS TO DISCUSS LOCAL ISSUES4 ,!SE AGGREGATE TO =M DIVISIONAL C\NCILS2 P>TN]S ELECT ! L>GE MAJORITY ( MEMB]S ( ! ,P>TN]%IP ,C\NCIL4 ,! C\NCILS HAVE ! P[] TO DISCUSS 0ANY ISSUE :ATSOEV]02 ! P>TN]%IP PUTS 0! HAPP9ESS ( ,P>TN]S AT ! C5T] ( EV]Y?+ IT DOES40 

,! P>TN]%IP'S CON/ITUTION SETS \T TO BE BO? COMM]CIAL & DEMOCRATIC4 ,! ANNUAL BONUS = P>TN]S 9 #bh WAS EQUIVAL5T TO T5 WEEKS' WAGES4 ,! P>TN]S [N TWO C\NTRY E/ATES1 SAIL+ CLUBS1 GOLF C\RSES1 HOTELS & O!R EXT5SIVE RECREATIONAL & SOCIAL FACILITIES4 ,P5SION S*EMES >E G5]\S2 AFT] TW5TY-FIVE YE>S' S]VICE P>TN]S >E REW>D$ ) SIX MON?S' PAID LEAVE4 ,) ITS WELL-KN[N SLOGAN ( 0,NEV] KN[+LY UND]SOLD0 & A GU>ANTEE ?AT IT WILL REPAY CU/OM]S ! DIFF]5CE IF !Y CAN F9D A L[] PRICE ELSE:]E 7?\< NOT ONL9E71 ,JOHN ,LEWIS HAS BE5 CONSI/5TLY PR(ITABLE1 DESPITE ! CUT?ROAT COMPETITION ( ! RETAIL SECTOR4 ,ITS REV5UES 9 #bh W]E NE>LY ,G,B,P#g BILLION4 

,SPEAK+ 9 #a#i#f#c1 %ORTLY BE=E HE DI$1 ,SP$AN ,LEWIS EXPLA9$ :Y HE SET UP ! P>TN]%IP & H&$ OV] :AT HAD BE5 ! FAMILY BUS9ESS TO ITS EMPLOYES4.<#a#c#h.> 

,IT WAS SOON CLE> TO ME ?AT MY FA!R'S SUCCESS HAD BE5 DUE TO HIS TRY+ CON/ANTLY TO GIVE V]Y GOOD VALUE TO PEOPLE :O WI%$ TO EX*ANGE !IR MONEY = HIS M]*&ISE BUT IT ALSO BECAME CLE> TO ME ?AT ! BUS9ESS W\LD HAVE GR[N FUR!R & ?AT MY FA!R'S LIFE W\LD HAVE BE5 MU* HAPPI] IF HE HAD DONE ! SAME = ?OSE :O WI%$ TO EX*ANGE !IR WORK = HIS MONEY4 

,! PR(IT444 WAS EQUAL TO ! :OLE ( ! PAY ( ! /AFF1 ( :OM !RE W]E AB\T ?REE HUNDR$4 ,TO HIS TWO *ILDR5 MY FA!R SEEM$ TO HAVE ALL ?AT ANYONE C\LD WANT4 ,YET = YE>S HE HAD BE5 SP5D+ NO MORE ?AN A SMALL FRACTION ( HIS 9COME4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 = V]Y NE>LY ALL ( HIS /AFF ANY SAV+ WOR? M5TION+ WAS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,!Y W]E GETT+ H>DLY MORE ?AN A B>E LIV+4 ,! PAY-%EET WAS SMALL EV5 = ?OSE DAYS4 

,NOTE ?AT ,LEWIS SUGGE/S ?AT HIS FA!R W\LD HAVE BE5 HAPPI] HIMSELF IF HE HAD PAID HIS WORK]S MORE FAIRLY1 AN OBS]VATION BORNE \T 9 ! #bi BOOK ,! ,SPIRIT ,LEVEL1 BY ,RI*>D ,WILK9SON & ,KATE ,PICKETT 7,P5GU971 :I* F\ND ?AT EV]YONE 9 SOCIETY IS BETT] (F--9 T]MS ( M5TAL HEAL?1 CRIME & O!R 9DICATORS--9 ECONOMIES ) GREAT] WEAL? EQUALITY4 ,SP$AN ,LEWIS CONT9U$ ?AT ! /ATE ( AFFAIRS 9 ! C\NTRY WAS A 0P]V]SION ( CAPITALISM03 

,IT IS ALL WRONG TO HAVE MILLIONAIRES BE=E Y\ HAVE CEAS$ TO HAVE SLUMS4 ,CAPITALISM HAS DONE 5ORM\S GOOD & SUITS HUMAN NATURE F> TOO WELL TO BE GIV5 UP AS LONG AS HUMAN NATURE REMA9S ! SAME4 ,BUT ! P]V]SION HAS GIV5 US TOO UN/ABLE A SOCIETY4 ,DIFF]5CES ( REW>D MU/ BE L>GE 5\< TO 9DUCE PEOPLE TO DO !IR BE/ BUT ! PRES5T DIFF]5CES >E F> TOO GREAT4 ,IF WE DO NOT F9D SOME WAY ( CORRECT+ ?AT P]V]SION ( CAPITALISM1 \R SOCIETY WILL BREAK D[N4 ,WE %ALL F9D \RSELVES BACK 9 SOME =M ( GOV]NM5T )\T ! CONS5T ( ! GOV]N$1 SOME =M ( POLICE /ATE4 

,COOP]ATIVE BUS9ESSES1 SU* AS ,JOHN ,LEWIS & ,SPA9'S ,MONDRAGON1 :I* PAYS ITS EXECUTIVES NO MORE ?AN EI<T TIMES ITS L[E/ PAID EMPLOYES1 HAVE %[N ?AT BUS9ESSES [N$ BY !IR EMPLOYES CAN BE AS SUCCESSFUL AS ! MO/ HI]>*ICAL1 PR(IT-DRIV5 5T]PRISE4 ,AT SU* COMPANIES1 WAGE DIFF]5TIALS >E L[]1 B5EFITS >E MORE WIDELY %>$ &1 ABOVE ALL1 EMPLOYES :O >E ALSO [N]S FEEL NOT ONLY MORE AG5CY OV] ! FUTURE ( !IR BUS9ESS1 & ?US !IR [N1 BUT ALSO MORE SATISFACTION4 ,!SE COMPANIES >E NOT COMPELL$ TO A MORE EGALIT>IAN APPROA* BY LEGISLATION2 !Y W]E SET UP ?AT WAY BY ! FREE *OICE ( !IR F\ND]S4 

,F\ND$ 9 #ahhd BY ,K>L ,EIS5]1 :O WANT$ TO PROVIDE LONG-T]M JOBS TO DISC\RAGE ! ,SWISS FROM EMIGRAT+ BECAUSE ( POOR ECONOMIC CONDITIONS1 ! KNIFE COMPANY ,VICTOR9OX IS GO+ /RONG1 ) A RESPECT$ GLOBAL BR& NE>LY A HUNDR$ TW5TY YE>S LAT]4.<#a#c#i.>  ,/ILL1 IT SUFF]$ A SEV]E CRISIS :5 P5KNIVES W]E BANN$ FROM AIRPORTS1 HI!RTO IMPORTANT SALES *ANNELS1 UND] PO/-#i_/#a#a AIRPORT SECURITY MEASURES4 ,! COMPANY RESPOND$ BY REF]R+ TO ITS VALUES ( 9CLUSIV5ESS & LOYALTY TO ITS WORK]S4 ,DESPITE A /EEP DECL9E 9 SALES1 NO ONE WAS LAID (F4 ,! COMPANY 9/EAD /OPP$ HIR+1 5C\RAG$ WORK]S TO TAKE E>LY VACATIONS & R$UC$ %IFTS1 :ILE EXP&+ ITS PRODUCT RANGES1 P>TICUL>LY 9 WAT*ES4 ,! COMPANY HAD SUFF]$ SIMIL> CRISES BE=E1 SU* AS A %>P DECREASE 9 ORD]S FROM ! ,SWISS >MY AFT] ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>4 

,VICTOR9OX1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! PREVAIL+ HIRE-&-FIRE MODEL1 TREATS ITS WORK]S ! SAME1 9 GOOD TIMES AS WELL AS BAD4 ,IT ACTS ACCORD+ TO ITS PRON\NC$ VALUES 7MEANS & 5DS AGA97 BY E/ABLI%+ EMPLOYEE-ORI5T$ MANAGEM5T S*EMES & AN 9TEGRATION POLICY ?AT BETT] 9CORPORATES Y\NG] & OLD] WORK]S1 IMMIGRANTS & PEOPLE ) DISABILITIES4 ,IT PAYS ! HI<E/ PAID WORK]S NO MORE ?AN FIVE TIMES ! WAGES ( ! AV]AGE4 

,9 ! F9ANCIAL SECTOR1 MUTUAL BANKS & 9SURANCE COMPANIES 5DUR$ ! DEPR$ATIONS ( ! F9ANCIAL CRISIS MU* BETT] ?AN PUBLICLY [N$ BANKS & COMPANIES4 ,MUTUALS1 BY !IR V]Y NATURE1 DISC\RAGE EXCESSIVE RISK-TAK+ & 9DE$ EXCESSIVE PAY4 ,!Y RETURN BANKS TO ! OLD-FA%ION$ NOTION ?AT L5D+ %\LD NOT GROSSLY \TPACE DEPOSITS4 ,! TR\BLE IS ?AT /OCK-M>KET LI/+ 5C\RAGES ! EMPHASIS ON %ORT-T]M PR(ITS--& ?US RISK-TAK+--?AT CONTRIBUT$ TO SU* PROBLEMS 9 ! CR$IT CRUN*4 ,! 5SU+ GOV]NM5T BAIL\T ( ! BANKS REAFFIRM$ ! IMPLICIT GU>ANTEE ?AT NO MAJOR BANK W\LD BE ALL[$ TO FAIL & RISK WID] ECONOMIC MELTD[N4 ,?US1 ! CURR5T SY/EM1 EV5 AFT] ! MU*-H]ALD$ 0BILL TO CONTROL ,WALL ,/REET0 9 #b#i1 & ?ANKS TO GOV]NM5T ACTION1 REW>DS ! MO/ DE/RUCTIVE ,WALL ,/REET BEHAVIOR4 

,BO/ON ,UNIV]SITY PR(ESSOR ,LAUR5CE ,KOTLIK(F HAS PROPOS$ ?AT ALL F9ANCIAL PRODUCTS BE MUTUALIZ$ AS 0LIMIT$ PURPOSE BANK+0 7,L,P,B7 ) B5EFITS 9 R$UC$ RISK1 GREAT] TRANSP>5CY & LESS EXCESSIVE EXECUTIVE COMP5SATION4 ,UND] ,L,P,B1 MORTGAGE L5D+1 = EXAMPLE1 W\LD TAKE PLACE ?R\< 0MORTGAGE MUTUAL FUNDS0 :OSE MANAG]S W\LD PICK LOANS TO 9VE/ 94 ,MORTGAGE APPLICANTS W\LD PROVIDE ! 9=MATION !Y DO TODAY1 & DIFF]5T FUNDS C\LD BID = !IR CU/OM4 ,! L5D]S W\LD BE 9VE/ORS [N+ %>ES 9 ! MUTUAL FUNDS4 ,AT NO PO9T W\LD ANY BANK ACTUALLY HOLD ! MORTGAGE ON ITS BOOKS4 ,9DE$1 BANKS W\LD NOT HOLD ANY?+ ON !IR BOOKS AT ALL EXCEPT ! MODE/ ASSETS NE$$ TO MANAGE A FUND--COMPUT]S & (FICES--& ! MAT*+ EQUITY4 ,!Y W\LD NEI!R BORR[ NOR TRADE ) BORR[$ FUNDS4 ,KOTLIK(F EXT5DS ?IS PR9CIPLE TO ALL ( F9ANCE1 9CLUD+ 9SURANCE & D]IVATIVES4 ,HIS PROPOS$ SY/EM1 CRUCIALLY1 W\LD MEAN ?AT ALL CONT+5T LIABILITIES W\LD BE FULLY BACK$ BY CAPITAL4.<#a#d.> 

,9 DEF5D+ ! 9EQUITIES & EXCESSES ( ! CURR5T SY/EM1 ! B5EFICI>IES ( !SE 9JU/ICES T\T HALF-BAK$ ECONOMIC >GUM5TS REM>KABLY (T5--SU* AS ! ECONOMIC NECESSITY ( 5ORM\S EXECUTIVE 0COMP5SATION40 ,9 PUBLIC DEBATE1 ! M]ITS ( PRIVATE 5T]PRISE >E 9V>IABLY PRES5T$ AS SUP]IOR TO GOV]NM5T PROVISION4 ,!SE >GUM5TS COME TO A HEAD OV] 0PUBLIC GOODS0 SU* AS ! NATION'S HEAL? OR ! WORLD'S OCEANS1 :]E ! *OICE IS USUALLY PRES5T$ AS BETWE5 PRIVATE [N]%IP OR PUBLIC PROVISION & REGULATION3 M>KET V]SUS ! /ATE4 ,EVID5T 9 !SE DEBATES IS AN ASSUMPTION ?AT !RE >E ONLY TWO OPTIONS--PUBLIC OR PRIVATE--TO RESOLVE ! 0TRAG$Y ( ! COMMONS10 :]EBY COMMON RES\RCES SU* AS WAT]1 L& OR OCEANS WILL BE ABUS$ BY SOME1 & NEGLECT$ BY ALL1 )\T SOME =M ( ORD]4 

,9 FACT1 PIONE]+ ECONOMI/S HAVE %[N ?AT O!R SPONTANE\S =MS ( VOLUNT>Y MANAGEM5T & %>+ ( SU* RES\RCES HAVE SPRUNG UP & >E1 IF ANY?+1 MORE SUCCESSFUL AT HUSB&+ !SE COMMON GOODS ?AN EI!R ( ! TWO CONV5TIONAL MODELS4 ,ONE SU* ECONOMI/ WAS AW>D$ ! ,NOBEL ,PRIZE = ECONOMICS 9 #b#i4 ,PR(ESSOR ,EL9OR ,O/ROM'S WORK HAS %[N ?AT SOCIETIES & GR\PS REGUL>LY DEVISE RULES & 5=CEM5T ME*ANISMS ?AT /OP ! DEGRADATION ( NATURE4 ,! TRADITIONAL !ORY HOLDS ?AT POLLUTION & DEPLETION ( RES\RCES W\LD OCCUR BECAUSE 9DIVIDUALS FAIL TO RECOGNIZE--OR DO NOT C>E AB\T--!IR EFFECT ON O!RS4 ,H[EV]1 H] RESE>* HAS %[N ?AT PEOPLE CAN MANAGE RES\RCES TOL]ABLY WELL )\T RULES IMPOS$ BY ! AU?ORITIES IF RULES EVOLV$ OV] TIME1 5TITLEM5TS W]E CLE>1 CONFLICT RESOLUTION MEASURES W]E AVAILABLE & AN 9DIVIDUAL'S DUTY TO MA9TA9 ! COMMON RES\RCE WAS 9 PROPORTION TO ! B5EFITS FROM EXPLOIT+ IT4 ,NOTABLY1 %E F\ND ?AT ! MO/ IMPORTANT CRIT]ION = ! SUCCESS ( SU* S*EMES WAS ?IS3 ACTIVE P>TICIPATION 9 SETT+ & 5=C+ ! COLLECTIVE RULES TO MANAGE ! COMMON GOOD4.<#a#d#a.> 

,! TORTUR$ DEBATE OV] HEAL? C>E ILLU/RATES ?IS PROBLEM4 ,9 ! ,U4,S41 A SY/EM DOM9AT$ BY MASSIVE PRIVATE 9SURANCE COMPANIES HAS CREAT$ 5ORM\S & ESCALAT+ CO/S = ,AM]ICAN BUS9ESS & MANY O!R DI/ORTIONS & 9EQUITIES1 P>TICUL>LY = ! POOR1 :O HAVE BE5 EXCLUD$ FROM PRIVATE 9SURANCE PROVISION4 ,VA/ SUMS MAY BE SP5T TO PROLONG ! LIVES ( ! WELL-9SUR$ = M]ELY A FEW DAYS1 :ILE MANY MILLIONS ( ! POOR 5DURE *RONIC OR EV5 FATAL ILLNESS )\T TREATM5T4 ,IDEOLOGUES FROM ! RI<T1 BUT ALSO ! HEAVILY LOBBI$ REPRES5TATIVES ( BO? ,DEMOCRATS & ,REPUBLICANS1 SUCCESSFULLY DE/ROY$ ! 0PUBLIC OPTION0--?AT GOV]NM5T %\LD PROVIDE 9SURANCE--9 ! #bi HEAL? C>E BILL4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ! 5ORM\S HEAL? 9SURANCE 9DU/RY SP5T OV] @s#f MILLION ON LOBBY+ 9 ! TWO YE>S BE=E ! BILL4 

,MEAN:ILE1 9 ! ,U,K1 :]E PUBLIC PROVISION--& UNIV]SAL COV]AGE--( HEAL? C>E IS 5TR5*$ 9 ! =M ( ! ,NATIONAL ,HEAL? ,S]VICE1 !RE IS V]Y APPROPRIATE CONC]N1 AMONG BO? DOCTORS & PATI5TS1 AT ! OV]WE5+ & B>ELY ACC\NTABLE BUREAUCRACY SEEM+LY NECESS>Y TO RUN ! SY/EM1 & ! SOMETIMES >BITR>Y *OICES IT MU/ MAKE1 = 9/ANCE1 ?AT C]TA9 DRUGS BE D5I$ TO ! SICK BECAUSE !Y >E TOO EXP5SIVE4 

,9 BO? C\NTRIES1 ! FUNDAM5TAL TRU? ( ANY HEAL? C>E SY/EM1 :E!R PUBLIC OR PRIVATE1 IS B>ELY ACKN[L$G$--?AT !RE MU/ BE SOME SY/EM ( RATION+ C>E4 ,O!RWISE1 DEM& = HEAL? C>E IS 9SATIABLE2 ITS CO/S W\LD EV5TUALLY CONSUME ! 5TIRE ECONOMY1 AS ! CO/S ( ,AM]ICA'S 9SURANCE-BAS$ SY/EM 9DE$ ?REAT5 TO DO IF UN*ECK$4 

,>RANGEM5TS TO 9CLUDE BO? DOCTORS & PATI5TS EQUALLY 9 ! PROVISION ( HEAL? C>E HAVE WORK$ 9 ! PA/1 & WORK TODAY4 ,9 E>LI] ]AS1 COOP]ATIVE OR 0FRI5DLY0 SOCIETIES POOL$ ! CONTRIBUTIONS ( WORK+ FAMILIES TO PROVIDE C>E :5 ILLNESS OR DEA? /RUCK4 ,TODAY1 HEAL? C>E COOP]ATIVES >E ABLE SUCCESSFULLY TO MANAGE & DEPLOY !IR AVAILABLE RES\RCES ACCORD+ TO :AT !IR MEMB]S 7I4E41 PATI5TS7--& NOT ! 9SURANCE COMPANIES OR BUREAUCRATS--REG>D AS IMPORTANT4 ,?IS POSSIBILITY IS B>ELY M5TION$ 9 ! ,U4,S4 DEBATE1 PRESUMABLY BECAUSE COOP]ATIVES HAVE NO LOBBYI/S4 ,IF IT DOES >ISE1 ! IDEA ( COOP]ATIVES IS (T5 HY/]ICALLY ATTACK$ BY BO? ! 9SURANCE 9DU/RY1 :I* CLAIMS COOP]ATIVES >E PUBLIC PROVISION 9 DISGUISE1 OR BY ADVOCATES = ! 0PUBLIC OPTION10 :O >GUE ?AT NONPR(ITS CANNOT POSSIBLY COMPETE ) ! MASSIVE C>TELS ( ! 9SURANCE GIANTS4 ,NEI!R >GUM5T /&S UP TO SCRUT9Y1 = COOP]ATIVES W\LD OP]ATE )\T TAXPAY] SUPPORT1 & BY !IR NONPR(IT NATURE W\LD BE LESS EXP5SIVE ?AN PR(IT-MAXIMIZ+ PRIVATE 9SURANCE COMPANIES3 ,! ,C,E,O ( ONE ( ! L>GE/ ,U4,S4 HEAL? C>E COMPANIES E>NS OV] @s#c#c MILLION4.<#a#d#b.> 

,! COMPANY1 ! PRIM>Y UNIT ( ECONOMIC ACTIVITY1 IS NOT A FIX$ 5TITY2 IT CAN BE1 & IS BE+1 TRANS=M$4 ,! DI/9CTION BETWE5 =-PR(IT COMPANIES & NOT-=-PR(IT *>ITIES IS BLURR+ AS COMPANIES 9CORPORATE SOCIAL & 5VIRONM5TAL RESPONSIBILITIES 9TO !IR BUS9ESS MODEL1 NOT AS ADDONS BUT AS 9TR9SIC TO ! WAY ?AT !Y WORK4 ,*RIS ,MEY] ( ! ,H>V>D ,BUS9ESS ,REVIEW HAS CALL$ ?IS 09T]NALIZ+ ! EXT]NALITIES0 ( ! TRADITIONAL ECONOMIC MODEL ( ! FIRM4 ,:ILE IT IS EASY TO BE CYNICAL AB\T ?IS DEVELOPM5T1 & IT IS RI<T TO CRITICIZE ! 0GRE5WA%+0 ( O!RWISE UN*ANG$ CORPORATE PRACTICE1 !RE IS ALSO H]E UN>GUABLY AN OPPORTUNITY4 ,5C\RAG$ BY AN ,N,G,O1 SCORES ( COMPANIES >E *OOS+ TO ES*EW HI< C>BON FUEL S\RCES1 LIKE OIL S&S4.<#a#d#c.> 

,9 ANO!R 9ITIATIVE1 ?\S&S ( ! WORLD'S L>GE/ COMPANIES >E VOLUNT>ILY PUBLI%+ DATA ON !IR ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION & C>BON EMISSIONS 9 A COLLECTIVE EF=T TO R$UCE EMISSIONS1 ORGANIZ$ BY ANO!R SMALL ,N,G,O1 ! ,C>BON ,DISCLOSURE ,PROJECT4.<#a#d#d.>  ,UTILIZ+ ! P[] ( PE] & 9VE/OR PRESSURE RA!R ?AN GOV]NM5T REGULATION1 ! PROJECT ORGANIZES LETT]S TO COMPANIES REPRES5T+ 9VE/ORS HOLD+ @s#e#e TRILLION1 PRESS+ !M TO P>TICIPATE & ?US BE SCRUT9IZ$ ON !IR 5VIRONM5TAL RECORDS4 ,O!R BANKS >E CEAS+ TO L5D TO ! M9+ COMPANIES ?AT BLA/ ! TOPS (F ,APPALA*IAN M\NTA9S 9 ,VIRG9IA1 NOT BECAUSE ?IS ACTIVITY IS ILLEGAL--IT IS NOT--BUT BECAUSE ( ! GR[+ DAMAGE TO !IR REPUTATIONS4.<#a#d#e.> 

,CONSUM]S ?R\< !IR [N *OICES CAN RE9=CE !SE TR5DS3 0,:5 Y\'RE BUY+1 Y\'RE VOT+10 AS ! F\ND] ( ,/ONYFIELD ,F>MS1 ! ORGANIC DAIRY PRODUC]1 ONCE EXHORT$4 ,EV]Y *OICE C>RIES ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL & 5VIRONM5TAL EFFECTS4 ,IT WILL SOON BE EASY TO MONITOR ! LABOR & 5VIRONM5TAL RECORDS ( MANUFACTUR]S ON ! ,WEB1 & P]HAPS AT ! PO9T ( PUR*ASE4 ,AT PROJECTLABEL4ORG & O!R SITES1 ! EMBRYONIC =M ( SU* 9DICES IS ALREADY VISIBLE4.<#a#d#f.>  ,! SPACE IS AVAILABLE TO RE?9K :AT COMPANIES DO1 TO REALIZE AT LA/ ?AT !IR IMPACTS >E 9H]5TLY POLITICAL1 BUT ALSO TO EMBRACE & EXPLOIT ?AT REALITY4 ,:E!R ?IS TRANS=MATION IS POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE WILL BE DET]M9$ BY SIMPLE1 SMALL EV]YDAY *OICES3 ! ACTIONS ( ?OSE :O COMPOSE !SE NEW COMM]CIAL1 SOCIAL & 9 FACT HI<LY POLITICAL 5TITIES4 

,A ,FR5* PHILOSOPH] WAS ONCE ASK$ AB\T ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ,MAY #a#i#f#h1 ! DEMON/RATIONS & ]UPTION ( SPONTANE\S PUBLIC ANG] 9 ,FRANCE & ELSE:]E4.<#a#d#g.>  ,HE REPLI$ ?AT ! IMPORTANCE ( ,MAY '#f#h WAS ?AT IT WAS ! OPPOSITE ( :AT ! ,COMMUNI/S HAD SAID WAS ! CORRECT MANN] ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,! ,COMMUNI/S HAD SAID ?AT ! REVOLUTION %\LD BE3 

,NOT H]E BUT SOME:]E ELSE1 LIKE ,CUBA1 ,VIETNAM OR ELSE:]E4 

,NOT N[ BUT TOMORR[1 9 ! FUTURE4 

,& NOT Y\ BUT ! ,COMMUNI/S 9/EAD1 ! APPO9T$ CADRES4 

,REJECT+ ?IS 9JUNCTION1 ! ,MAY '#f#h]S HAD DECL>$ 9/EAD1 0,H]E1 ,N[1 ,US60 

,! NEXT *APT] SUGGE/S SOME CORE PR9CIPLES ?AT MI<T GUIDE AN 9DIVIDUAL OR GR\P WANT+ TO TAKE UP ! FLAG ON ANY ISSUE4 ,?IS IS A POLITICS ?AT (F]S ! POSSIBILITY ( YET-UNIMAG9$ \TCOMES1 NOT ?OSE DEF9$ BY \R CURR5T /RUCTURES & WAYS ( DO+ BUS9ESS4 

,?IS MANIFE/O IS RA!R %ORT & SIMPLE4 ,IT DOES NOT PROCLAIM A P>TICUL> 5D-/ATE OR UTOPIA1 BUT 9/EAD A S]IES ( ME?ODS = H[ ! 9DIVIDUAL MI<T 5GAGE UPON ! ISSUES ?AT MO/ CONC]N !M4 ,! ME?ODS !MSELVES >E ! MESSAGE3 A WAY ( DO+ ?+S ?AT PROMISES GREAT] MUTUAL CONC]N1 MEAN+ & COMMUNITY ( PURPOSE4 

,! 5DS >E 9DE$ ! MEANS4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #a#d1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #g -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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