,*APT] #e 
,! ,MAN 9 ! ,:ITE ,COAT 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>NE ,ROSS 

,TEXT 3 

#e4 ,! ,MAN 9 ! ,:ITE ,COAT 

,! EXP]IM5TS CONDUCT$ 9 ! E>LY #a#i#fS BY ! ,YALE PSY*OLOGI/ ,/ANLEY ,MILGRAM >E A WELL-KN[N DEMON/RATION ( H[ AU?ORITY CAN 9CITE PEOPLE TO UND]TAKE HE9\S ACTS4 ,CONDUCT$ SOON AFT] ! #aifa TRIAL ( ! ,NAZI ,ADOLF ,EI*MANN1 ,MILGRAM'S EXP]IM5T %[$ H[ O!RWISE NORMAL 9DIVIDUALS C\LD BE 9/RUCT$ TO COMMIT HORRIFIC ACTS 9CLUD+ TORTURE & MURD]1 IF COMM&$ TO DO SO BY A P]SON ( SUFFICI5T1 EV5 IF FEIGN$1 AU?ORITY4 

,BUT ! EXP]IM5T ALSO ILLU/RATES A PROBLEM ?AT P]VADES ! CURR5T 9T]NATIONAL SY/EM & ! CURR5T PRACTICE ( DIPLOMACY4 ,?AT PROBLEM HAS A NAME--AMORALITY3 ! PR(\NDLY NEGATIVE MORAL CONSEQU5CES ( (FICIALS1 9 ?IS CASE DIPLOMATS1 ( NOT TAK+ RESPONSIBILITY = :AT !Y DO4 ,& AS WE %ALL SEE1 IT IS NOT ONLY A PROBLEM ( DIPLOMACY1 IT IS A PROBLEM ( ANY SY/EM ?AT SUPPRESSES PEOPLE'S S5SE ( AG5CY4 

,MILGRAM >RANG$ A FAKE EXP]IM5T :]EBY VOLUNTE]S W]E 9/RUCT$ TO GIVE EV] GREAT] ELECTRIC %OCKS TO ANO!R P>TICIPANT 9 ! EXP]IM5T1 UNKN[N TO ! VOLUNTE]1 AN ACTOR4 ,AS ! SUBJECT FAIL$ TO GIVE CORRECT ANSW]S TO ! 9/RUCTOR'S QUE/IONS1 ! VOLUNTE] WAS TOLD TO GIVE HI<] & HI<] ELECTRIC %OCKS4 ,AS ! %OCKS 9CREAS$1 ! ACTOR PRET5D+ TO BE ! SUBJECT W\LD BANG ON ! WALL 9 FEIGN$ AGONY1 COMPLA9 AB\T HIS HE>T CONDITION &1 EV5TUALLY1 AS ! %OCKS 9CREAS$ TO ! NORMALLY FATAL LEVEL ( #de VOLTS1 FALL SIL5T4 ,IF ! VOLUNTE] HESITAT$ 9 ADM9I/]+ ! ELECTRIC %OCKS1 A :ITE-COAT$ 09/RUCTOR0 79 REALITY1 ANO!R ACTOR7 TOLD ! VOLUNTE] ?AT !Y MU/ CONT9UE4 ,IF AT ANY TIME ! UNWITT+ VOLUNTE] ASK$ TO HALT ! EXP]IM5T1 HE WAS TOLD1 SUCCESSIVELY1 BY ! 09/RUCTOR03 

,PLEASE CONT9UE4 

,! EXP]IM5T REQUIRES ?AT Y\ CONT9UE4 

,IT IS ABSOLUTELY ESS5TIAL ?AT Y\ CONT9UE4 

,Y\ HAVE NO O!R *OICE1 Y\ MU/ GO ON4 

,IF ! VOLUNTE] /ILL WI%$ TO /OP AFT] ALL F\R SUCCESSIVE V]BAL 9JUNCTIONS1 ! EXP]IM5T WAS HALT$4 ,O!RWISE1 IT WAS HALT$ AFT] ! VOLUNTE] HAD GIV5 ! MAXIMUM #d#e-VOLT %OCK ?REE TIMES 9 SUCCESSION4 ,( ,MILGRAM'S SUBJECTS1 #fe P]C5T 7TW5TY-SIX \T ( =TY7 ADM9I/]$ ! EXP]IM5T'S F9AL--& !ORETICALLY FATAL--#d#e-VOLT %OCK4 ,ONLY ONE P>TICIPANT REFUS$ TO ADM9I/] %OCKS BE=E ! #c-VOLT LEVEL4 ,NOTABLY1 ALL W]E TOLD DUR+ ! EXP]IM5T ?AT !Y W\LD NOT BE HELD RESPONSIBLE = :AT HAPP5$4 

,TRADITIONALLY1 & BY ,MILGRAM HIMSELF1 ?IS EXP]IM5T HAS BE5 CIT$ TO DEMON/RATE ! P]NICI\S EFFECTS ( AU?ORITY UPON MORAL CONDUCT4 ,IF PEOPLE >E TOLD TO DO SOME?+ AWFUL BY SOMEONE :O IS CLE>LY 9 AU?ORITY--9 ?IS CASE1 A PR(ESSORIAL TYPE 9 A :ITE COAT--ALL TOO (T5 !Y DO IT4 ,BUT ANO!R LESSON IS ALSO EVID5T 9 ! FACT ?AT ! VOLUNTE]S :O ADM9I/]$ ! ELECTRIC %OCKS1 CRUCIALLY1 W]E TOLD ?AT !Y HAD NO RESPONSIBILITY = ! RESULTS4 

,! NA/Y HUMAN TRU? ( ,MILGRAM'S EXP]IM5T HAS BE5 DEMON/RAT$ MANY TIMES 9 REC5T HI/ORY4 ,MASS W>F>E (F]S MANY EXAMPLES4 ,DUR+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 ,G]MAN RES]VI/S W]E CALL$ UP BY ! GOV]NM5T TO JO9 REGUL> MILIT>Y UNITS BUT ALSO POLICE UNITS1 LIKE ,RES]VE ,POLICE ,BATTALION #a#a4 ,! MEMB]S ( ?IS UNIT W]E 0ORD9>Y0 M53 TEA*]S1 BANK]S & PLUMB]S DRAWN FROM A WIDE V>IETY ( BACKGR\NDS1 FROM ACROSS ,G]MANY4 ,AS IS ! WAY ) GR\PS PUT 9TO DIFFICULT CIRCUM/ANCES TOGE!R1 ! BATTALION QUICKLY BOND$ 9TO A CLOSE-KNIT TEAM4 ,! BATTALION WAS DEPLOY$ TO ! ,EA/]N ,FRONT1 :]E IT FOLL[$ CLOSELY BEH9D ! ,WEHRMA*T ADVANCE ACROSS ,EA/]N ,EUROPE & 9TO ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 

,! BATTALION WAS NOT RECRUIT$ ON ANY P>TICUL> IDEOLOGICAL BASIS1 ?\< SOME W]E ALSO MEMB]S ( ! ,NAZI P>TY 7A GOOD P]C5TAGE ( ,G]MANS W]E AT ! TIME74 ,BUT !SE W]E NOT ,WAFF5-,S,S IDEOLOGUES2 !Y W]E L>GELY MIDDLE-AG$ M5 ) WIVES & FAMILIES1 G>D5S & PET DOGS4 

,! BATTALION1 9 O!R WORDS1 WAS UNEXCEPTIONAL1 BANAL 7AS ,HANNAH ,>5DT MI<T HAVE PUT IT74.<#a#h.>  ,9 A LITTLE OV] A YE>1 ?IS BATTALION ( APPROXIMATELY FIVE HUNDR$ 0ORD9>Y M50 KILL$ ?IRTY-EI<T ?\S& ,JEWS & DISPAT*$ APPROXIMATELY =TY-FIVE ?\S& MORE TO EXT]M9ATION CAMPS4.<#a#i.>  ,! BATTALION DID MO/ ( ITS KILL+ BY %OOT+ CIVILIANS AT CLOSE RANGE AFT] R\ND+ !M UP FROM VILLAGES & T[NS OV]RUN BY ,G]MAN =CES4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( ?IS MURD]\S SPREE1 NOT ONE MEMB] ( ! BATTALION QUE/ION$ !IR ORD]S OR S\<T TO LEAVE ! UNIT4 ,:5 GIV5 ! OPTION BY COMM&]S TO OPT \T ( SPECIFIC OPPORTUNITIES = MASS MURD]1 FEW] ?AN FIFTE5 M5 ( FIVE HUNDR$ DID SO4 

,! ,MILGRAM EXP]IM5TS W]E REC5TLY REPEAT$1 TO TE/ H[ PEOPLE TODAY MI<T SUBMIT TO AU?ORITY :5 ORD]$ TO 9FLICT PA9 UPON 9NOC5T O!RS4.<#a#a.>  ,AS REPORT$ 9 ! J\RNAL ,AM]ICAN ,PSY*OLOGI/1 ,PR(ESSOR ,J]RY ,BURG] REPLICAT$ P>T ( ! ,MILGRAM /UDIES--BUT /OPP+ AT #ae VOLTS1 ! MOM5T AT :I* ! SUBJECT CRIES \T TO /OP--TO SEE :E!R PEOPLE TODAY W\LD /ILL OBEY4.<#a#a#a.>  ,!RE W]E SOME *ANGES TO ACC\NT = MOD]N E?ICAL RULES & SOCIAL S5SIBILITIES4 ,UNIV]SITY E?ICS COMMITTEES B>R$ RESE>*]S FROM PU%+ ! UNWITT+ SUBJECTS ?R\< TO AN IMAG9>Y & 0LE?AL0 #de VOLTS1 AS ,MILGRAM DID4 

,BUT DESPITE !SE RE/RICTIONS1 ! RESULTS W]E V]Y MU* ! SAME4 ,AS 9 ! #a#i#fS1 MORE ?AN HALF ! P>TICIPANTS AGRE$ TO PROCE$ ) ! EXP]IM5T PA/ ! #a#e-VOLT M>K4 ,BURG] 9T]VIEW$ ! P>TICIPANTS AFT]W>DS & F\ND ?AT ?OSE :O /OPP$ G5]ALLY BELIEV$ !MSELVES TO BE RESPONSIBLE = ! %OCKS1 :]EAS ?OSE :O KEPT GO+ T5D$ TO HOLD ! EXP]IM5T] ACC\NTABLE4 ,?IS REVEALS A CRUCIAL DI/9CTION3 ,IT WAS ! P>TICIPANTS' ASSUMPTION = REL9QUI%+ ( AG5CY ?AT DET]M9$ !IR ACTIONS4 

,MILGRAM'S EXP]IM5T IS TODAY SO WELL KN[N ?AT IT HAS 5T]$ ! COLLECTIVE CONSCI\SNESS--BUT = ! WRONG REASON4 ,AL?\< ! EXP]IM5T IS G5]ALLY VIEW$ AS DEMON/RAT+ ! P]NICI\S EFFECTS ( AU?ORITY1 9 FACT IT REVEALS A MORE IMPORTANT TRU?3 ?AT :5 PEOPLE FEEL NO AG5CY & NO RESPONSIBILITY = !IR ACTIONS1 !Y CAN COMMIT HORRIFIC CRIMES4 ,! ,MILGRAM EXP]IM5T NEV]!LESS SEEMS REMOTE FROM \R NORMAL LIVES4 ,ONE PROBLEM ) SU* AN EXP]IM5T IS ?AT IT IS H>D TO IMAG9E \RSELVES 9 A SITUATION :]E WE W\LD HAVE TO GIVE ELECTRIC %OCKS TO AN 9NOC5T P]SON4 ,BUT ! UNCOM=TABLE TRU? IS ?AT SU* SITUATIONS DO NOT COME ANN\NC$2 ! *ANCE TO P]=M CRUELTY UPON O!RS COMES DISGUIS$4 ,I KN[ ?IS N[ BECAUSE ,I WAS ONCE 9 A POSITION ( ONE ( ,MILGRAM'S TE/ SUBJECTS1 ASK$ TO 9FLICT SUFF]+ UPON O!RS4 ,EXCEPT 9 MY CASE1 UNLIKE HIS EXP]IM5T1 ! SUFF]+ WAS REAL4 

,= ALMO/ AS LONG AS ,I REMEMB]1 ,I HAVE WANT$ TO BE A DIPLOMAT4 ,AS A S*OOLBOY1 ,I READ ,! ,TIMES 7( ,LONDON7 EV]Y DAY1 PRETTY MU* ALL ! WAY ?R\<1 GRIPP$ BY ITS ACC\NTS ( DET5TE1 ! PROXY W>S BETWE5 ,EA/ & ,WE/ & ! T]RIFY+1 YET 9TRIGU+1 CALCULUS ( NUCLE> W>3 FIR/ /RIKES1 ! 0MISSILE GAP0 & ! /RANGE BUT COMPELL+ LOGIC ( ,MUTUALLY ,ASSUR$ ,DE/RUCTION4 ,?ANKS TO 9H]IT$ COLOR-BL9DNESS1 ,I C\LDN'T FULFILL MY ORIG9AL AMBITION TO BECOME A FI<T] PILOT4 ,! NEXT BE/ ?+ W\LD BE TO BECOME A DIPLOMAT & 5T] ?IS WEI<TY BUT >CANE & CLOS$ WORLD1 TO LE>N ITS T]M9OLOGIES & CODES4 

,I WAS1 MOREOV]1 FIR$ BY EMOTIONAL URGES4 ,MY FAMILY EXUD$ A C]TA9 AWE ( 0! ,=EIGN ,(FICE0 :]E ,BRITI% DIPLOMATS WORK$3 ,SEV]AL RELATIONS HAD TRI$ & FAIL$ TO 5T] ! ELITE RANKS ( ! DIPLOMATIC CORPS4 ,ONE *ILDHOOD MEMORY /&S \T4 ,AT P]HAPS AGE TWELVE1 ,I ANN\NC$ TO MY FAMILY ?AT ,I WANT$ TO BECOME A DIPLOMAT4 ,MY FA!R1 :O LAT] D5I$ HAV+ SAID ?IS1 TURN$ TO ME & SAID1 0,Y\ HAVE TO BE V]Y CLEV] TO BECOME A DIPLOMAT40 ,?US WAS MY AMBITION SEAL$4 

,UNIV]SITY CAME & W5T4 ,EV5TUALLY1 ,I MANAG$ TO 5T] ! FA/ /REAM ( ! ,=EIGN ,(FICE1 A T9Y GR\P3 SOME TW5TY-ODD ( ! MANY ?\S&S :O APPLI$4 ,WE W]E A *OS5 ELITE1 GIV5 TO EXPECT ?AT 9 DUE C\RSE WE W\LD BECOME AMBASSADORS & UND]SECRET>IES1 ! MO/ S5IOR EXPON5TS ( \R C\NTRY'S WI%ES4 ,I WAS ELAT$ TO JO9 ?IS EXCLUSIVE CLUB & HAPPY TO UND]GO ! MANY COMPROMISES MEMB]%IP 9 ?IS GR\P 5TAIL$4 

,AMONG !M WAS ! PROCESS ?AT ALL NEW 5TRANTS MU/ UND]TAKE 9 ORD] TO JO9 ! =EIGN S]VICE1 & !RE9 BECOME P>TY TO ! /ATE'S SECRETS4 0,POSITIVE VETT+0 IS A DEEPLY 9TRUSIVE EXAM9ATION ( FRI5D%IPS1 FAMILY RELATIONS1 HABITS & P]SONAL HI/ORY DESIGN$ TO DISCOV] :E!R ! PROPOS$ NEW DIPLOMAT POSES ANY K9D ( SECURITY RISK4 

,TO *ECK ITS PROSPECTIVE %>]S ( SECRETS1 ! ,SECURITY ,DEP>TM5T ( ! ,=EIGN ,(FICE ASSIGN$ AN 9VE/IGATOR TO EXAM9E MY P]SONAL BACKGR\ND1 QUIZ ACQUA9TANCES & FRI5DS1 9 ORD] TO F9D \T :E!R MY BEHAVIOR1 PA/ OR PRES5T1 MI<T R5D] ME VULN]ABLE TO APPROA*ES FROM =EIGN 9TELLIG5CE S]VICES4 ,)\T ?IS CLE>ANCE1 ! W\LD-BE DIPLOMAT CANNOT BEG9 WORK S9CE A GREAT DEAL ( WORK 9 ! 0(FICE10 AS IT SOON BECAME KN[N TO ME1 9VOLVES ACCESS TO ,TOP ,SECRET MAT]IAL1 ! COMPROMISE ( :I*1 9 !ORY AT LEA/1 POSES A GRAVE RISK TO ! SECURITY ( ! /ATE4 

,O!RS :O HAD GONE BE=E TOLD ME ?AT ! PROCESS WAS /RAI<T=W>D 0AS LONG AS Y\ DON'T TELL !M ANY?+40 ,UN=TUNATELY = ME1 MY P]SONAL REF]EES HAD ALREADY TOLD MY 9VE/IGATOR V>I\S ?+S1 9CLUD+ ! FACT ?AT ,I OCCASIONALLY DRANK TOO MU* AT UNIV]SITY1 PLAY$ POK] & ?AT ,I WAS %>+ A FLAT ) A GAY MAN4 ,I TOOK ! NAIVE VIEW ?AT S9CE ,I HAD NO?+ 9 MY LIFE TO BE A%AM$ (1 ,I W\LD TELL !M ! TRU?4 ,?IS APPROA* PROV$ TO BE A S]I\S MI/AKE4 

,MY VETT+ TOOK PLACE ALMO/ EXACTLY AS ! ,COLD ,W> WAS 5D+1 9 #a#i#h#i4 ,BUT ! ,=EIGN ,(FICE /ILL FE>$ ! CORRUPT+ ATT5TIONS ( ! ,K,G,B & O!RS1 & IT WAS FELT ?AT BE+ HOMOSEXUAL1 :I* ,I AM NOT1 RISK$ EXPOS+ ! (FIC] TO BLACKMAIL4 ,IT DID NOT SEEM TO HAVE OCCURR$ TO ! M&>9S 9 *>GE ( ,SECURITY ,DEP>TM5T ?AT A BLANKET PROHIBITION ON HOMOSEXUALITY WAS MORE LIKELY TO =CE S]V+ OR POT5TIAL =EIGN S]VICE (FIC]S TO LIE AB\T !IR TRUE SEXUAL NATURES & ?US 9CREASE !IR VULN]ABILITY TO BLACKMAIL4 ,SO MY VETT+ (FIC] SUBJECT$ ME TO A LONG S]IES ( ABSURD & 9SULT+ QUE/IONS AB\T MY SEXUALITY1 CULM9AT+ 9 ! CONCLUSIVE1 0,SO Y\'VE NEV] BE5 TEMPT$ (F ! /RAI<T & N>R[1 !N80 

,MEAN:ILE1 MY 9VE/IGATOR HAD F\ND \T FROM APPLICATION =MS ?AT MY GR&MO!R WAS ,POLI%4 ,POL& WAS AT ?AT TIME UND]GO+ ITS TRANS=MATION TO DEMOCRACY4 ,BUT ,SECURITY ,DEP>TM5T SUSPECT$1 FOLL[+ POLICY1 ?AT ! M]E FACT ?AT ,I HAD ,POLI% RELATIONS POS$ A SECURITY RISK1 S9CE ! ,K,G,B MI<T 0GET AT0 !M & USE !M TO 0GET AT0 ME 7IT HAD HAPP5$ 9 ! PA/ :5 ,POL& WAS A VASSAL ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION74 ,MY FAMILY WAS ?US =C$ TO DIG UP LONG-BURI$ RECORDS & TELL ! AWFUL 9VE/IGATOR EXACTLY :51 :]E & H[ ALL MY ,POLI% ANCE/ORS HAD DI$1 9 ORD] ?AT ! ,K,G,B C\LDN'T DISCOV] !IR NAMES & IMP]SONATE !M TO 0GET AT0 ME4 ,?IS L$ TO ! UPSETT+ DISCOV]Y ?AT SOME ( MY ,POLI% =EBE>S1 CAPTUR$ AS MEMB]S ( ! ,POLI% RESI/ANCE1 HAD DI$ 9 ,AUS*WITZ4 

,I WAS OBLIG$ TO ATT5D SEV]AL 9T]VIEWS ) ! 9VE/IGATOR 9 A SP>SE (FICE 9 AN ANONYM\S BUILD+ NE> ,P>LIAM5T ,SQU>E1 FURNI%$ ) S9I/]-LOOK+ /EEL FIL+ CAB9ETS4 ,HIS DESK1 LIKE ?AT ( AN 9T]ROGATOR1 WAS B>E BUT = ONE GOV]NM5T-ISSUE SWIVEL LAMP1 ! ONLY LI<T 9 ! O!RWISE GLOOMY ROOM4 ,SOMETIMES ! 9T]VIEWS W\LD LA/ = H\RS4 ,MY FAMILY & FRI5DS1 :O W]E SUBJECT$ TO SEP>ATE QUE/ION+S1 W]E AT FIR/ AMUS$ BY HIS QUE/IONS1 BUT SOON BECAME IRRITAT$ & 9 SOME CASES UPSET4 

,! PLANN$ />T DATE ( MY WORK AT ! ,=EIGN ,(FICE CAME & W5T & ,I HAD NOT PASS$ MY 0,P,V10 AS POSITIVE VETT+ IS KN[N4 ,! P]SONNEL (FIC] ASSIGN$ TO MY CASE TOOK SOME PLEASURE 9 TELL+ ME ?AT IT WAS EXTREMELY UNLIKELY ?AT ,I W\LD EV5TUALLY BE ALL[$ 94 ,I CONSID]$ )DRAW+ FROM ! PROCESS & AB&ON+ MY APPLICATION TO JO91 BUT ,I DECID$ 9/EAD TO SWALL[ !SE HUMILIATIONS4 ,TOO BADLY ,I WANT$ TO BECOME ?AT R>EFI$ SPECIES1 A DIPLOMAT4 

,9 RETROSPECT1 ?IS PROCESS WAS AK9 TO A K9D ( 0HAZ+0 RITUAL1 ( ! K9D PRACTIC$ 9 C]TA9 ,AM]ICAN COLLEGES1 ! MILIT>Y OR SIMIL> 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IT WAS A =M ( RITUAL HUMILIATION1 :]E MY SEXUAL HABITS1 P]SONAL F9ANCES & MO/ 9TIMATE RELATIONS W]E PROB$ & EXPOS$4 ,ONCE COMPLETE1 NOT ONLY WAS ,I P]MITT$ TO JO9 ! ELITE CLUB ( ?OSE P]MITT$ TO SEE /ATE SECRETS2 ,I FELT ?AT ,I HAD %>$ ) !M--?R\< MY 9VE/IGATOR--SOME?+ ( ME1 SOME?+ PRIVATE & P]SONAL4 ,?IS WAS MORE1 MU* MORE ?AN A REGUL> 9DUCTION 9TO A JOB4 

,! 9CULCATION W5T FUR!R :5 ! NEW 5TRANT TO ! DIPLOMATIC S]VICE 5T]$ TRA9+4 ,IMM$IATELY1 WE W]E 5C\RAG$ TO UND]GO A SUBTLE BUT CRUCIAL TRANS=MATION3 ! 0,I0 BECAME 0WE40 ,9 DESCRIB+ TO US ! >CANE & FETI%IZ$ PRACTICES ( ! =EIGN S]VICE 7! USE1 = 9/ANCE1 ( SPECIAL PAP] = M9I/]S & S5IOR (FICIALS3 GRE5-COLOR$ PAP] CALL$1 P]V]SELY1 0BLUE071 \R 9/RUCTORS DID NOT TALK ( H[ !Y SAW ?+S ) ! P]SONAL & 9DIVIDUAL 0,I40 ,9/EAD1 !Y TALK$ AB\T H[ 0WE0 SAW ! WORLD4 ,TELEGRAMS1 !N ! PR9CIPAL =M ( COMMUNICATION BETWE5 ! ,=EIGN ,(FICE & ,BRITI% EMBASSIES WORLDWIDE 7!RE >E N[ 0E-GRAMS071 W]E WRITT5 9 ! FIR/ P]SON PLURAL4 ,! AU?OR DID NOT DESCRIBE HIS OR H] [N VIEW ( POLITICS 9 ,IRAN2 9/EAD !Y DESCRIB$ H[ 0WE0 SAW ! PROSPECTS = 5GAGEM5T ) ! ,ISLAMIC REGIME4 

,A Y\NG DIPLOMAT FROM ! ,BRITI% ,HI< ,COMMISSION.<#a#g#b.> 9 ,PRETORIA LECTUR$ ! NEW 5TRANTS AB\T H[ 0WE0 ?\<T SANCTIONS ON AP>!ID ,S\? ,AFRICA W]E A BAD IDEA 7!SE W]E ! DAYS ( ,M>G>ET ,?AT*]'S POLICY ( 0CON/RUCTIVE 5GAGEM5T0 ) ! :ITE M9ORITY REGIME74 ,A DIPLOMATIC DISPAT* WAS PRES5T$ TO US AS AN EXAMPLE ( H[ TO WRITE SU* PIECES4 ,9 IT1 ! AMBASSADOR WROTE AB\T H[ 0WE0 HAD GOT ,IRAN 0WRONG0 & 0WE0 NE$$ A NEW APPROA*4 ,9 A NUMB] ( DIFF]5T WAYS1 ! NEW RECRUITS W]E TAU<T H[ 0WE0 SAW ! WORLD4 ,:AT WE W]E NEV] TAU<T1 H[EV]1 WAS :Y IT WAS ?AT 0WE0 SAW ! WORLD ?AT WAY4 ,?IS ME?OD WAS ASSUM$1 IMPLI$1 NEV] CONFESS$ BUT NONE!LESS SUPREME4 

,ONE TRA9+ EX]CISE 9VOLV$ A GAME REVOLV+ >\ND A CRISIS 9 A FICTIONAL C\NTRY1 ,BOREMEYA1 & :AT 0WE10 MEAN+ ,BRITA91 %\LD DO AB\T IT4 ,IT WAS A GOOD GAME1 & FUN4 ,IT LA/$ AB\T A DAY & CONSI/$ ( CRISIS MEET+S1 SUBMISSIONS TO M9I/]S 70,MAKE SURE TO USE 'BLUE' PAP]607 & DIFFICULT 5C\NT]S ) ! ,BOREMEYAN =EIGN M9I/]1 PLAY$ BY ONE ( \R 9/RUCTORS4 ,?R\<\T ! GAME1 ! NEW 5TRANTS W]E TOLD TO CONSID] :AT 0WE0 WANT$ OR NE$$ 9 ! SITUATION4 ,)9 SU* EX]CISES1 & 9FUS$ 9 ALL \R TRA9+1 WAS A CLE>1 IF ONLY R>ELY EXPLICIT1 ASSUMPTION4 ,AS DIPLOMATS1 0WE0 W]E ! EMBODIM5T ( ! /ATE1 ,BRITA94 ,:AT WE ?\<T WAS RI<T WAS ?US IMPLICITLY RI<T = ,BRITA94 

,IT IS OBVI\S TO ! READ] ?AT SU* A TRANS=MATION FROM ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ! GR\P MU/ IMPLY A LOSS BO? ( 9DIVIDUAL AG5CY & ( MORAL AUTONOMY4 ,PROCESSES SU* AS ?AT ,I UND]W5T TO JO9 ! ,=EIGN ,(FICE HAVE P>ALLELS 9 MILIT>Y 9DUCTION1 9CLUD+ 9 MORE /RIK+ =M1 ,RES]VE ,POLICE ,BATTALION #a#a4 ,BUT IT WAS NOT OBVI\S TO ME AT ! TIME4 ,I /ILL FELT ! SAME P]SON4 ,I /ILL BELIEV$ ?AT ,I WAS AUTONOM\S & FREE TO MAKE MY [N *OICES1 )9 C]TA9 LIMITS ?AT ,I FREELY ACCEPT$4 ,I CONV9C$ MYSELF ?AT IF FAC$ ) A MORALLY UNACCEPTABLE 9/RUCTION1 SU* AS MURD]+ ,JEWS1 ,I W\LD HAVE ! C\RAGE TO REFUSE4 ,LITTLE DID ,I KN[ ?AT TODAY'S MORAL *OICES R>ELY COME SO CLE>LY SIGNAL$4 

,I HAD BE5 9 ! =EIGN S]VICE SOME N9E YE>S BY ! TIME ,I WAS PO/$ TO ! ,BRITI% MISSION TO ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS 9 ,NEW ,YORK4 ,BY !N ,I WAS DEEPLY /EEP$ 9 ! CULTURE & M9D-HABITS ( MY 9/ITUTION4 ,MANY ( MY FRI5DS W]E 9 ! ,=EIGN ,(FICE4 ,! 0(FICE10 AS WE CALL$ IT1 WAS A K9D ( BRO!R-&-SI/]HOOD3 ,ALL OV] ! WORLD !RE W]E CO-MEMB]S ) :OM ,I %>$ A COMMON LANGUAGE & EXP]I5CE4 ,I HAD EXP]I5C$ ) !M EXCITEM5T & BOR$OM1 FROM ! CORRIDORS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS TO ! M\NTA9S ( ! ,H9DU ,KU%4 ,I WAS ) !M AS !Y WEPT AT ! FRU/RATIONS ( NEGOTIATIONS1 & AS GUNFIRE CRACKL$ ON ! /REETS ( ,PRI/9A4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 AT MY SIDE 9 ,HEBRON & ,DRESD51 ,OSLO & ,ISLAMABAD4 ,) !M1 ,I WAT*$ W>S BEG9 & 5D1 WROTE & >GU$ 9T]NATIONAL LAW1 & %>$ ! MANY JOYS & MIS]IES ( A LIFE LIV$ 9 ! GLAM\R ( OV]SEAS EMBASSIES1 ( HI<-LEVEL MEET+S & ! D+9ESS ( ,:ITEHALL (FICES4 ,IT WAS NOT AN ORD9>Y JOB4 

,& MY JOB 9 ,NEW ,YORK WAS NOT ORD9>Y EI!R4 ,I WAS TO BE ! HEAD ( ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ SECTION AT ! ,BRITI% ,MISSION TO ! ,U,N4 ,IT WAS AN EXCIT+ & *ALL5G+ TASK4 ,MY RESPONSIBILITIES COV]$ ! ,>AB-,ISRAEL DISPUTE1 ! #aihh ,LOCK]BIE BOMB+ BY ,LIBYAN AG5TS1 & ! LONG-/&+ & UNRESOLV$ 9JU/ICE ( ,MOROCCO'S OCCUPATION ( ! ,WE/]N ,SAH>A4 ,BUT MY PRIM>Y RESPONSIBILITY WAS ,IRAQ--5SUR+ ITS DIS>MAM5T & CONTA9M5T AFT] ! #aii W>1 & ! SANCTIONS AGRE$ AT ! ,U,N ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL TO EFFECT !SE GOALS4 ,= ,BRITA9 AT ! ,U,N 9 ?OSE DAYS1 !RE WAS NO MORE IMPORTANT TASK1 & IT WAS MY RESPONSIBILITY4 ,9 ! E>LY DAYS ( MY PO/+1 ,I WAS SO EXCIT$ BY ! PROSPECT ( MY WORK ?AT ,I W\LD :OOP ) JOY AS WAT] P\R$ OV] ME 9 MY MORN+ %[]4 

,ONE C5TRAL P>T ( MY JOB WAS TO MA9TA9 ! ,U,N ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL'S SUPPORT ( RE/RICTIVE ECONOMIC SANCTIONS AGA9/ ,IRAQ4 ,:5 FIR/ TOLD ( ?IS TASK1 ,I RELI%$ IT4 ,I HAD NO QUE/ION ?AT ! SANCTIONS W]E JU/IFI$4 ,!IR PURPOSE WAS1 AFT] ALL1 TO PUNI% & CONTA9 ?AT MO/ EVIL & LAWLESS ( DICTATORS1 ,SADDAM ,HUSSE94 ,:5 BRIEF$ 9 ,LONDON BE=E MY PO/+1 H[EV]1 ! FIR/ D\BTS BEGAN TO ASS]T !MSELVES4 ,SANCTIONS ON ,IRAQ HAD BE5 IMPOS$1 ,I NAIVELY ?\<T1 BECAUSE ,IRAQ HAD NOT DIS>M$ ITSELF ( ITS 9FAM\S 0WEAPONS ( MASS DE/RUCTION0 7,W,M,D71 9 ?IS CASE DEF9$ AS NUCLE>1 *EMICAL & BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS1 & BALLI/IC MISSILES ) A RANGE ( OV] #ae KILOMET]S4 ,?IS FAILURE PRES5T$ A CLE> CASE = ! MA9T5ANCE ( SANCTIONS4 ,H[EV]1 :5 ,I ASK$ ONE ( MY BRIEF+ (FIC]S 9 ,LONDON :E!R ! ,U,K BELIEV$ ,IRAQ MA9TA9$ SIGNIFICANT /OCKS ( ,W,M,D1 HE LOOK$ A LITTLE %EEPI%4 0,NOT REALLY10 HE REPLI$4 ,H[1 !N1 DO WE JU/IFY SANCTIONS1 ,I ASK$1 TRY+ TO CONTA9 MY A/ONI%M5T4 ,HE REPLI$1 ON ! BASIS ?AT ,IRAQ HAD FAIL$ TO ANSW] MULTIPLE QUE/IONS AB\T ! DE/RUCTION ( ITS E>LI] /OCKS4 ,9 SUMM>Y1 SANCTIONS W]E 9 PLACE BECAUSE ,IRAQ HAD NOT CORRECTLY ANSW]$ QUE/IONS4 

,BY ! 5D ( #a#i#i#g1 :5 ,I JO9$ ! MISSION1 ,BRITI% & ,AM]ICAN POLICY AT ! ,U,N ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL WAS UND] SEV]E PRESSURE4 ,IRAQ'S ALLIES ON ! C\NCIL1 P>TICUL>LY ,FRANCE & ,RUSSIA1 W]E >GU+ = AN EAS+ ( SANCTIONS ON ! GR\NDS ?AT ,IRAQ HAD COMPLI$ FULLY ) ITS OBLIGATIONS1 FOLL[+ ! ,GULF ,W> CEASE-FIRE1 TO DIS>M COMPLETELY ( ITS NUCLE> PROGRAM1 *EMICAL & BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS & LONG-RANGE MISSILES4 ,! ,U,N WEAPONS 9SPECTORS W]E1 H[EV]1 CLE>LY SAY+ ?AT ?IS WAS NOT ! CASE1 & ?AT !RE REMA9$ MANY UNRESOLV$ ISSUES AB\T ,IRAQ'S ,W,M,D4 ,WE1 ! ,U4,S4 & ! ,U,K1 DEPLOY$ !SE UNRESOLV$ ISSUES TO >GUE SUPPORT = SANCTIONS--:AT HAD HAPP5$ TO ALL ! MISSILES ,IRAQ HAD IMPORT$8 ,:Y ! DISCREPANCY BETWE5 *EMICAL BOMBS PRODUC$ & ?OSE V]IFIABLY DE/ROY$8 ,ET CET]A1 ET CET]A4 ,SANCTIONS1 WE >GU$ ) GREAT VIGOR1 W]E NECESS>Y TO =CE ,IRAQ TO DIS>M1 FULLY & V]IFIABLY1 AS IT HAD DEMON/RABLY NOT YET DONE4 ,IT WAS A T\< DIPLOMATIC FI<T1 NOT HELP$ BY ! ABS5CE ( H>D EVID5CE4 

,?\< OPPON5TS ( SANCTIONS >GU$ ?AT !Y W]E UNJU/IFI$ & CAUS$ IMM5SE HUMAN SUFF]+ 9 ,IRAQ1 \R C\NT]>GUM5TS W]E PLAUSIBLE3 ,IRAQ HAD FAIL$ ON MANY OCCASIONS TO COOP]ATE FULLY ) ! WEAPONS 9SPECTORS1 LEAV+ IMPORTANT QUE/IONS UNANSW]$2 ,SADDAM ,HUSSE9 OB/RUCT$ ! OP]ATION ( ! ,U,N'S OIL-=-FOOD PROGRAM1 :I* WAS DESIGN$ TO LESS5 ! HUMANIT>IAN SUFF]+4 

,IT WAS MY JOB TO CULL & COLLATE ! 9NUM]ABLE /ATI/ICS1 REPORTS & TE/IMONIES 9 SUPPORT ( ?IS LATT] V]SION ( ! /ORY & TO DEPLOY !M 9 SPEE*ES & DEBATES 9 ! ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL4 ,ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! TABLE1 ! DIPLOMATS OPPOS+ SANCTIONS--L$ BY ,RUSSIA & ,FRANCE--C\LD CITE MYRIAD REPORTS DETAIL+ ! SUFF]+ UND] ! SANCTIONS REGIME & ! 9EQUITIES ( ! OIL-=-FOOD PROGRAM4 

,IT WAS1 ( C\RSE1 A COMPLEX /ORY ?AT WE MANAG$ TO DIVIDE 9TO TWO DI/9CT & OPPOS+ N>RATIVES4 ,! ATMOSPH]E BETWE5 ! DELEGATIONS ON ! ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL WAS AGGRESSIVE & ADV]S>IAL1 AS IT REMA9$ UNTIL--& AFT]--! #bc 9VASION4 ,POLITICAL DIVISIONS W]E ALL[$ TO DEG5]ATE 9TO P]SONAL ANIMOSITIES4 ,! C\NCIL1 ITS *AMB]S & CORRIDORS BECAME A DIPLOMATIC BATTLE ZONE :]E ! MORE WE F\<T1 ! MORE WE 5TR5*$ \R POSITIONS 9TO COMPET+ BLACKS & :ITES4 ,?US W]E WE ABLE TO OBSCURE ! DEEP] TRU?4 

,GOV]NM5TS & !IR (FICIALS CAN COMPOSE CONV9C+ V]SIONS ( ! TRU?1 FILL$ ) MORE OR LESS V]IFIABLE FACTS1 & YET BE 5TIRELY WRONG4 ,I DID NOT MAKE UP LIES AB\T ,HUSSE9'S SMUGGL+ OR OB/RUCTION ( ! ,U,N'S HUMANIT>IAN PROGRAM4 ,! SPEE*ES ,I DRAFT$ = MY AMBASSADOR TO DELIV] TO ! ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL & MY TELEGRAMS BACK TO ,LONDON W]E COMPOS$ ( FACTS FILT]$ FROM ! /ACKS ( REPORTS & 9TELLIG5CE ?AT DAILY HIT MY DESK4 ,AS ,I READ !SE REPORTS1 FACTS & JUDGM5TS ?AT CONTRADICT$ 0\R0 V]SION ( EV5TS W\LD FADE 9TO NO?+NESS4 ,FACTS ?AT RE9=C$ \R N>RATIVE W\LD /& \T TO ME AS IF HI<LI<T$1 TO BE LAT] DEPLOY$ BY ME1 MY AMBASSADOR & MY M9I/]S1 LIKE H& GR5ADES 9 ! DIPLOMATIC TR5* W>F>E4 ,DETAILS 9 O!RWISE COMPLICAT$ REPORTS W\LD BE EXTRACT$ TO BE TELEGRAPH$ BACK TO ,LONDON1 :]E !Y W\LD BE 9S]T$ 9TO M9I/]IAL BRIEF+S OR PRESS >TICLES4 ,A COMPLICAT$ PICTURE WAS R$UC$ TO A SELECTION ( FACTS ?AT BECAME FACTOIDS1 SU* AS ! SUGGE/ION ?AT ,SADDAM ,HUSSE9 IMPORT$ HUGE QUANTITIES ( :ISKEY OR BUILT A DOZ5 PALACES1 VALIDAT$ BY CON/ANT REPETITION3 TRUE1 BUT NOT ! :OLE TRU?4 

,9 ! 5D1 IT BECAME CLE> EV5 TO US ?AT COMPREH5SIVE SANCTIONS W]E C\NT]PRODUCTIVE4 ,!Y T>GET$ ! WRONG GR\P ( PEOPLE1 & !IR EFFECTS UND]M9$ ! NECESS>Y 9T]NATIONAL SUPPORT = ! CONTA9M5T ( ! ,SADDAM REGIME4 ,?IS REALITY SL[LY P]COLAT$ 9TO \R SMALL POLICY-MAK+ GR\P1 & EV5TUALLY L$ TO A *ANGE 9 POLICY4 ,AS ! C5TURY TURN$1 ! ,U4,S4 & 9ITIAT$ A %IFT 9 ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL POLICY T[>D :AT BECAME KN[N AS 0SM>T SANCTIONS0--:]EBY ,IRAQ C\LD IMPORT ALL CIVILIAN GOODS EXCEPT ?OSE ) POT5TIAL MILIT>Y APPLICATION3 SO-CALL$ DUAL-USE GOODS4 ,BUT BY !N1 ! DAMAGE HAD BE5 DONE4 

,?AT DAMAGE HAS BE5 MORE FULLY REVEAL$ S9CE ! #bc ,U4,S4-L$ 9VASION ( ,IRAQ4 ,ONE ASSUMPTION ( ?OSE PLANN+ ?AT W> WAS ?AT ,IRAQ'S MIDDLE CLASS W\LD QUICKLY RECOV] FROM ,SADDAM'S REMOVAL1 & ,IRAQ'S ECONOMY W\LD RAPIDLY ?RIVE4 ,?AT ASSUMPTION QUICKLY MET ! BRUTE =CE ( ! REALITY ?AT !RE WAS NO LONG] AN ,IRAQI MIDDLE CLASS & NO ECONOMY TO SPEAK (4 ,IRAQ'S NON-OIL ECONOMY HAD BE5 MORE OR LESS COMPLETELY DE/ROY$ BY ! DOZ5 YE>S ( SANCTIONS ?AT ,I1 & O!RS1 HAD HELP$ 5=CE4 ,ANYONE ) ! *ANCE--MO/LY ! $UCAT$ & PR(ESSIONAL CLASSES--HAD LEFT4 ,)9 A YE> ( ! IMPOSITION ( SANCTIONS1 ,IRAQ'S ,G,D,P HAD DROPP$ BY AB\T ?REE-QU>T]S ( ITS #aii VALUE TO APPROXIMATELY ?AT ( ! #a#i#dS4 ,BY #a#i#i#f1 ONE MILLION *ILDR5 UND] FIVE W]E MALN\RI%$4 ,9 A C\NTRY ?AT HAD BE5 *OL]A FREE1 BY #aiid !RE W]E #a1#c#d#d CASES P] #a1 PEOPLE4 ,EV5 AFT] ! OIL-=-FOOD PROGRAM CAME 9TO OP]ATION1 WAT] TREATM5T PLANTS LACK$ ! PROP] SP>E P>TS & MA9T5ANCE2 !RE W]E EXT5D$ P[] CUTS4 ,! POPULATION HAD NO *OICE BUT TO OBTA9 WAT] DIRECTLY FROM CONTAM9AT$ RIV]S1 RESULT+ 9 TURN 9 MASSIVE 9CREASES 9 WAT]-BORNE DISEASES SU* AS TYPHOID & *OL]A4 ,?\< ! /ATI/ICS >E DEBAT$ /ILL1 & DATA FROM ,IRAQ DUR+ ?IS P]IOD >E UNRELIABLE1 A REC5T & ?OR\< ACADEMIC HI/ORY ( ! SANCTIONS ]A CONCLUDES FROM A REVIEW ( EPIDEMIOLOGICAL /UDIES ?AT = ! P]IOD FROM #aii TO #b#c1 !RE WAS AN 0EXCESS MORTALITY RATE0 ( MORE ?AN #e1 = *ILDR5 UND] FIVE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 HALF A MILLION *ILDR5 DI$4.<#a#a#b.>  ,?\< ,SADDAM ,HUSSE9 D\BTLESS HAD A H& TOO1 ,I CANNOT AVOID MY [N RESPONSIBILITY4 ,?IS WAS MY WORK2 ?IS IS :AT ,I DID4 

,I HAVE NO WAY TO ASSUAGE ! %AME ,I FEEL :5 ,I CONTEMPLATE ?IS EPISODE4 ,I WAS AW>E ( ! REPORTS ( HUMANIT>IAN SUFF]+1 BUT ,I DID LITTLE AB\T !M4 ,9 DISCUSSION )9 MY M9I/RY1 ,I MAY HAVE OCCASIONALLY >GU$ = EAS+ ! EFFECTS ( COMPREH5SIVE SANCTIONS4 ,BUT IF ,I DID1 ,I SUSPECT ?AT ,I >GU$ ! POLITICAL GR\NDS = SU* A %IFT--! LOSS ( SUPPORT = \R POLICIES--RA!R ?AN ! URG5T MORAL & HUMANIT>IAN >GUM5TS4 ,9 \R M9I/RY'S CULTURE1 IT WAS (T5 DEEM$ 0EMOTIONAL0 OR 0IMMATURE0 TO BURD5 >GUM5TS ) MORAL S5TIM5T4 ,REAL DIPLOMATS W]E COLD-EY$ & H>D-HEAD$1 IMMUNE TO ! >GUM5TS ( LIB]AL PROTE/]S1 J\RNALI/S & O!R S(!ADS :O DID NOT UND]/& H[ ! 0REAL WORLD0 WORK$4 

,= YE>S AFT]W>DS1 ,I WOND]$ H[ ?IS MI<T HAVE HAPP5$4 ,:Y DID WE P]MIT ?IS8 ,OR1 RA!R1 ! ACTUAL1 DIRECT BUT MORE UNCOM=TABLE QUE/ION3 ,:Y DID ,I DO ?IS8 ,MY COLLEAGUES & ,I W]E DEC5T PEOPLE1 OR SO ,I PREF]R$ TO ?9K4 ,LIKEWISE1 MY M9I/]S & (FICIALS :O 5DORS$ ! POLICY & DEF5D$ IT 9 ,P>LIAM5T & BE=E AN 9CREAS+LY CRITICAL PRESS4 ,IT WAS ?IS V]Y DEC5CY ?AT HELP$ /ILL MY D\BTS1 ?AT P]SUAD$ ME ?AT WE C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 DO+ WRONG4 ,LAT]1 9 REC\NT+ ?IS /ORY1 MY =M] COLLEAGUES OR FRI5DS W\LD SAY1 0,Y\ W]E DO+ :AT Y\ W]E TOLD10 IMPLY+ !REBY ?AT ,I BORE NO GUILT &1 NE$LESS TO SAY1 ?AT !Y BORE NONE EI!R4 

,& AS 9 ALL 9/ITUTIONS UNSCRUT9IZ$ FROM \TSIDE1 ! HOLD ( 0GR\P?9K0 WAS A FIRM ONE UPON \R LITTLE GR\P ( POLICY MAK]S--NO MORE ?AN HALF A DOZ5 OR SO PEOPLE 9 ! ,BRITI% GOV]NM5T1 A FEW MORE 9 ! ,U4,S4 ,WE REASSUR$ ONE ANO!R ?AT WE W]E DO+ ! RI<T ?+4 ,\R >GUM5TS S\ND$ ALL ! BETT] ! MORE WE REHE>S$ !M TO ONE ANO!R4 

,! COM=TABLE SUCCOR ( MY 9/ITUTION1 9 ?IS CASE ! ,BRITI% ,=EIGN ,(FICE1 ALL[$ ME TO IGNORE ! DICTATES ( MY [N CONSCI5CE4 ,MY BOSSES & COLLEAGUES W]E TO ME AS ! :ITE-COAT$ 9/RUCTOR 9 ! ,MILGRAM EXP]IM5T4 ,! MAN :O KNEW BETT]4 ,! MAN :O HELD AU?ORITY4 ,PAID & COMMITT$ TO MY PR(ESSION & ITS 5VELOP+ P]SONA1 ,I WAS MORE ?AN HAPPY TO PRESS ! BUTTON4 

,BUT H]E ! P>ALLEL ) ,MILGRAM 5DS4 ,MILGRAM WAS AN EXP]IM5T4 ,NO ONE WAS HURT4 ,NO?+ REALLY HAPP5$ EXCEPT A PO9T WAS PROV54 ,SANCTIONS ON ,IRAQ W]E1 UN=TUNATELY1 NO EXP]IM5T4 ,?\< ! >GUM5TS WE PLAY$ \T 9 /UFFY ROOMS 9 ! ,U,N 9 ,NEW ,YORK (T5 SEEM$ AB/RACT1 ! EFFECTS ( SANCTIONS ON ORD9>Y M51 WOM5 & *ILDR5 W]E TO !M ALL TOO PA9FUL4 ,9 ! 5D1 ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 :AT ,I DID & ! ,MILGRAM EXP]IM5T WAS ?IS3 ,9 ,MILGRAM1 ! VICTIM BE+ ELECTROCUT$ WAS AN ACTOR4 ,9 MY CASE1 ! SCREAMS ( PA9 & ANGUI% COM+ FROM ! O!R SIDE ( ! WALL W]E REAL4 

,! 0MAN 9 ! :ITE COAT0 PROBLEM1 AS ! 9SI<T FROM ,MILGRAM'S EXP]IM5T MI<T BE CALL$1 IS NOT JU/ A PROBLEM ( DIPLOMACY4 ,IT TAKES LITTLE IMAG9ATION TO SEE H[1 TO V>Y+ DEGREES1 IT IS A PROBLEM 9TR9SIC TO ANY SY/EM :]E PEOPLE FEEL DISSOCIAT$ FROM ! CONSEQU5CES ( !IR ACTIONS--:]E !Y FEEL ?AT SOMEONE ELSE1 NOT !M1 IS REALLY 9 CONTROL4 ,?US1 ! ULTIMATE P>ADOX ( GOV]NM5T1 H[EV] WELL-MEAN+ 9 9T5T1 IS REVEAL$4 ,! MORE GOV]NM5T SEEKS TO ACT TO TACKLE P>TICUL> PROBLEMS1 ! LESS 9DIVIDUALS >E LIKELY TO FEEL RESPONSIBLE = !M4 ,:ATEV] IS LEGAL IS ?US R5D]$ MORALLY P]MISSIBLE4 ,EVID5CE = ?IS IS ALL >\ND US 9 ! DECAY+ /&>DS ( PUBLIC BEHAVIOR 9 MANY REALMS1 FROM ! %AMELESS GRE$ ( ,WALL ,/REET BANK]S1 TO ! BRUTALITY & EXPLOITATION P]PETUAT$ 9 ! ANONYMITY ( ! ,WORLD ,WIDE ,WEB1 TO ! ?UGGI% ANTICS TO BE WITNESS$ ON PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION4 

,! ANSW] IS OBVI\S4 ,CONFRONT 9DIVIDUALS ) ! CONSEQU5CES ( !IR ACTIONS4 ,RE/ORE ! MORAL UND]/&+ ?AT EA* ( US IS RESPONSIBLE = ! WORLD AS IT IS1 & = EA* O!R4 ,TAKE AWAY ! MAN 9 ! :ITE COAT4 

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