,*APT] #d 
,! ,IMPORTANCE ( ,MEET+ ,PEOPLE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>NE ,ROSS 

,TEXT 3 

#d4 ,! ,IMPORTANCE ( ,MEET+ ,PEOPLE 

,DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 MORE ?AN ?IRTY ?\S& PEOPLE FROM OV] FIFTY NATIONS VOLUNTE]$ TO FI<T ! ,NATIONALI/ >MIES ( ,G5]AL ,FRANCO4 ,MANY GAVE UP JOBS & LEFT FAMILIES 9 ORD] TO FI<T ! EM]G+ GLOBAL ?REAT ( FASCISM1 & TO DEF5D A NASC5T SOCIALI/1 EV5 AN>*I/ REPUBLIC4 

,!Y JO9$ ,REPUBLICAN =CES ?AT W]E 9 MANY CASES UND]TRA9$ & EQUIPP$ ) ANTIQUE & 9ADEQUATE WEAPONS4 ,9 ,HOMAGE TO ,CATALONIA1 ,GEORGE ,ORWELL VIVIDLY DESCRIBES ! MIS]ABLE CONDITIONS ( ! FRONT-L9E TROOPS1 DUG 9TO FECES-/REWN TR5*ES ) NEI!R ! CLO?+ NOR >MS PROP]LY TO FI<T ! ,FRANCO'S >MIES1 :I* BY CONTRA/ RECEIV$ SUB/ANTIAL 9T]NATIONAL SUPPORT FROM ,ITALY & ,NAZI ,G]MANY4.<#a#f#g.> ,YET ,ORWELL COMPELL+LY EVOKES ! COMRADE%IP AMONG ! ,REPUBLICAN TROOPS1 ! ABOLITION ( TRADITIONAL HI]>*IES & ! APPEAL+ IDEALISM ( BO? ! ,SPANI% & 9T]NATIONAL VOLUNTE]S4 ,HE REC\NTS TOO ?AT AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES W]E NO OB/ACLE TO EFFECTIVE MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION3 ,AL?\< !RE WAS DEBATE )9 >MY UNITS--& A WELCOME ABS5CE ( ! CR++ DEF]5CE ( MANY MILIT>Y ORGANIZATIONS--!RE WAS ALSO DISCIPL9E1 NOT LEA/ ?ANKS TO ! UNITY ( PURPOSE AMONG ! TROOPS4 

,MU* HI/ORY S9CE HAS GIV5 ! IMPRESSION ?AT ! 9T]NATIONAL VOLUNTE]S W]E MA9LY MIDDLE-CLASS 9TELLECTUALS4 ,BUT 9 FACT !Y CAME FROM ALL WALKS ( LIFE4.<#h#h.>  ,! 0,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADE0 ( =EIGN VOLUNTE]S F\<T 9 SEV]AL KEY BATTLES ( ! CIVIL W>1 9CLUD+ A NOTABLE ROLE 9 ! F]OCI\S ,BATTLE ( ,MADRID1 :]E ,REPUBLICAN =CES SUCCESSFULLY BEAT BACK A ,NATIONALI/ ASSAULT 9 ! AUTUMN ( #a#i#c#f4 ,! FI<T+ WAS 9T5SE & BLOODY3 ,9FANTRY F\<T AT CLOSE QU>T]S1 ROOM BY ROOM1 ) BAYONETS & GR5ADES4 

,( ! ?IRTY ?\S& OR SO =EIGN VOLUNTE]S :O W5T TO FI<T = !IR BELIEFS1 NE>LY T5 ?\S& W]E KILL$ 9 ACTION & ANO!R EI<T ?\S& OR SO W\ND$4 ,( ?OSE :O SURVIV$1 MANY RETURN$ TO A LESS ?AN WELCOM+ RECEPTION 9 !IR HOME C\NTRIES4 ,SOME W]E IMPRISON$1 O!RS W]E D5I$ CITIZ5%IP1 :ILE SOME1 SU* AS ! ?REE ?\S& OR SO ANTIFASCI/ ,G]MANS1 W]E UNABLE TO RETURN HOME AT ALL4 

,! W> 9 ! ,D>FUR REGION ( ,SUDAN HAS BE5 RAG+ S9CE #b#c4 ,CIVILIAN CASUALTIES >E 5ORM\S1 ) SOME E/IMAT+ ?AT SEV]AL HUNDR$ ?\S& PEOPLE HAVE BE5 KILL$1 & P]HAPS ?REE MILLION REFUGEES DISPLAC$4 ,! KILL+ HAS BE5 SU/A9$ & DELIB]ATE1 LEAD+ MANY TO DEPICT ! CONFLICT AS A PLANN$ G5OCIDE ( ! 9DIG5\S 9HABITANTS ( ,D>FUR1 5G9E]$ & L$ BY ! ,SUDANESE GOV]NM5T 9 ,KH>T\M & EXECUT$ BY MILITIAS UND] ITS CONTROL1 9CLUD+ ! NOTORI\S ,JANJAWE$4 ,9 #b#h1 ! PRESID5T ( ,SUDAN1 ,OM> ,HASSAN AL-,BA%IR1 WAS 9DICT$ = W> CRIMES BY ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,CRIM9AL ,C\RT 9 ,! ,HAGUE4 ,AT ! TIME ( ?IS WRIT+1 H[EV]1 ,BA%IR HAS NOT BE5 H&$ OV] TO ! C\RT = TRIAL2.<#a#f#h.> ALL ! SIGNS 9DICATE ?AT ! 09T]NATIONAL COMMUNITY10 9CLUD+ ! ,U4,S41 IS PREP>$ TO ALL[ ! 9DICTM5TS TO BE QUIETLY =GOTT54 

,BUT NONGOV]NM5TAL REACTION TO ! KILL+S 9 ,D>FUR HAS BE5 VOCIF]\S4 ,ACROSS ! WORLD1 HUNDR$S ( PROTE/ GR\PS HAVE DEM&$ ACTION TO /OP ! KILL+1 CALL+ = ! 9T]V5TION ( =EIGN TROOPS EI!R UND] ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS OR ,AFRICAN ,UNION AUSPICES4 ,SOME PROTE/ GR\PS1 SU* AS ,NOT ON ,\R ,WAT*1 W]E SET UP BY FAM\S FILM />S1 9CLUD+ ,GEORGE ,CLOONEY & ,BRAD ,PITT4.<#h#i.>  ,/UD5TS FROM ,SW>?MORE ,COLLEGE SET UP A TELEPHONE HOTL9E ?AT IMM$IATELY CONNECTS ! CALL] TO ! (FICE ( !IR REPRES5TATIVE 9 ,CONGRESS1 :OM !Y CAN DEM& TAKE ACTION AB\T ,D>FUR4 ,!RE HAVE BE5 A L>GE NUMB] ( ,9T]NET PETITIONS AB\T ,D>FUR1 SOME ATTRACT+ MANY MILLIONS ( SIGNATORIES4 

,BUT ?IS VA/ EXP5DITURE ( CAMPAIGN+ 5]GY HAS RESULT$ 9 SCANT ADDITIONAL PROTECTION = ,D>FURI CIVILIANS4 ,AS ! W> RAG$1 ! 09T]NATIONAL COMMUNITY'S0 RESPONSE AM\NT$ TO A SMALL & UND]EQUIPP$ ,AFRICAN ,UNION =CE :I*1 SEV]AL YE>S AFT] ! CONFLICT BEGAN1 COMPRIS$ ONLY A FEW ?\S& LI<TLY >M$ TROOPS TO PROVIDE SECURITY 9 AN >EA APPROXIMATELY ! SIZE ( ,SPA94 ,EV5 ! =CE'S DEF5D]S MAKE NO CLAIM ?AT ! ,A,U =CE IS 9 ANY WAY ADEQUATE TO DET] OR PREV5T ATTACKS AGA9/ CIVILIANS4 ,& 9DE$ ! KILL+ HAS CONT9U$ UP TO ! TIME ( ?IS WRIT+4 

,SOME COMM5TATORS HAVE SUGGE/$ ?AT ! RHETORICAL HEAT G5]AT$ BY ,WE/]N PRESSURE GR\PS1 & 9 P>TICUL> !IR USE ( ! WORD 0G5OCIDE10 MAY HAVE MADE ! *ANCES ( F9D+ A PEACEFUL \TCOME LOCALLY MORE DIFFICULT4.<#i.>  ,JU/ AS DI/ANT GOV]NM5TS MU/ SIMPLIFY ! COMPLEX REALITIES ( =EIGN CONFLICTS 9 ORD] TO PRON\NCE POLICY AB\T !M1 SO TOO DID ! SIMPLIFY+ L5S ( DI/ANCE 5ABLE CAMPAIGN]S TO TURN A COMPLICAT$ & FLUID SITUATION 9TO A COMPELL+ BLACK-&-:ITE N>RATIVE ( GOOD & EVIL1 LEAD+ SOME TO >GUE ?AT ! SIMPLIFICATIONS ( CELEBRITY CAMPAIGN+ HAVE ACTUALLY HELP$ PROLONG ! CONFLICT4.<#i#a.>  ,NO =EIGN CITIZ5 HAS TAK5 UP >MS !MSELVES TO DEF5D ! ,D>FURIS4 

,! ADV5T ( ! ,9T]NET HAS RELEAS$ A WAVE ( 5?USIA/S :O BELIEVE ?AT DEMOCRACY CAN BE IMPROV$--SAV$1 P]HAPS--BY TE*NOLOGY ALONE4 ,!RE >E N[ 9NUM]ABLE WEBSITES :]E ONL9E PETITIONS CAN BE CREAT$ & PROPAGAT$ ON ANY TOPIC1 FROM FREE+ IMPRISON$ ,BURMESE DEMOCRACY LEAD] ,AUNG ,SAN ,SUU ,KYI TO LIB]AT+ SOCIALITE ,P>IS ,HILTON FROM H] BRIEF 9C>C]ATION = DRUNK DRIV+4 ,POLITICIANS HAVE BE5 QUICK TO GLOM ON TO ! PETITION TR5D4 ,! WEBSITE ( ! ,BRITI% PRIME M9I/]1 LIKE ?AT ( ! ,:ITE ,H\SE1 5C\RAGES !IR SUBMISSION ?\< !RE IS LITTLE M5TION ( :AT BECOMES ( ANY PETITION ?US DELIV]$4 ,! WOEFULLY UNDEMOCRATIC ,BRITI% ,H\SE ( ,LORDS1 :]E EV]Y MEMB] IS EI!R APPO9T$ OR 9H]ITS !IR SEAT1 REC5TLY E/ABLI%$ AN EQUALLY PITIFUL BLOG SITE TO 5C\RAGE 0DIALOGUE0 BETWE5 !IR ,LORD%IPS & ! GRATEFUL PUBLIC4.<#i#b.>  ,EV5 ! ,BRITI% SOV]EIGN1 TO :OM ALL ,BRITONS >E SUBJECT1 N[ HAS A ,FACEBOOK PAGE :]E ! ,QUE5'S SUBJECTS CAN V5TILATE !IR FEEL+S4 

,NOT ONE TO MISS \T ON A TR5D1 ,*9A'S ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 A BODY NOT BE/ KN[N = ACC\NTABILITY & TRANSP>5CY1 HAS LAUN*$ ITS [N DISCUSSION =UM1 0,DIRECT L9E TO ,ZHONGNANHAI40 ,ZHON<NANHAI IS ! HUGE & SECRETIVE COMP\ND 9 ! HE>T ( ,BEIJ+ :]E ,*9A'S LEAD]S LIVE & WORK4 ,AS ONE COMM5TATOR APTLY PUT IT1 0,! SITE APPE>S TO BE AN EF=T TO P]SUADE PEOPLE ?AT ! LEAD]%IP IS LI/5+ TO !IR V]Y P]SONAL CONC]NS4444 ,IT IS CLE>LY DESIGN$ TO DEMON/RATE ?AT ! LEAD]%IP IS ATT5TIVE & S5SITIVE40.<#i#c.>  ,BUT AS ! ,F9ANCIAL ,TIMES REPORT$1 AL?\< ! NEW MESSAGE BO>D IS TRY+ TO DEMON/RATE RESPONSIV5ESS1 IT DOES NOT ACTUALLY PROVIDE RESPONSES FROM ! LEAD]S ADDRESS$4 ,A FUR!R PROBLEM ) 0,9T]NET DEMOCRACY0 WAS REVEAL$ :5 SU* AN ATTEMPT WAS M\NT$ DUR+ ! TRANSITION P]IOD AFT] ! ,U4,S4 PRESID5TIAL ELECTION ( #b#h4 ,:5 ! NEW ADM9I/RATION ( ,PRESID5T-ELECT ,B>ACK ,OBAMA CREAT$ AN ONL9E 0,CITIZ5'S ,BRIEF+ ,BOOK0 = PEOPLE TO SUBMIT IDEAS 0VIRTUALLY0 TO ! PRESID5T1 !Y RECEIV$ OV] =TY ?\S& PROPOSALS & NE>LY A MILLION & A HALF PEOPLE VOT$ ON !IR PREF]5CES AMONG ?OSE PROPOSALS4 ,! MO/ POPUL> IDEA WAS TO LEGALIZE M>IJUANA4 ,LEGALIZ+ ONL9E POK] TOPP$ ! CONTRIBUTIONS 9 ! TE*NOLOGY CATEGORY4 ,REVOK+ ! ,*UR* ( ,SCI5TOLOGY'S TAX-EXEMPT /ATUS G>N]$ ?REE TIMES MORE VOTES ?AN RAIS+ FUNDS = *ILDHOOD CANC]4 ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES' CONCLUSION FROM ?IS EPISODE WAS ?AT ADVOCATES ( ! ,9T]NET AS ! 9C>NATION ( REAL-TIME P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY--0,A!NS ON ! ,NET0--/ILL HAD SOME >GUM5TS TO ANSW]4.<#i#d.> 

,!RE >E N[ WEBSITES ?AT 9VITE VIEWS ON PROPOS$ LEGISLATION1 SCRUT9Y ( CAMPAIGN F9ANCES & DETAILS ( Y\R REPRES5TATIVES' VOT+ PATT]NS4 0,SEE1 CLICK1 FIX0 ALL[S CITIZ5S TO ID5TIFY LOCAL PROBLEMS ONL9E = GOV]NM5T ACTION4.<#i#e.>  ,BUT ALL !SE SUPPOS$LY NEW =MS ( POLITICAL ACTION RELY ON A V]Y TRADITIONAL ME*ANISM ( POLITICAL *ANGE--UP_/D[N3 PRESSUR+1 SCRUT9IZ+1 DEM&+ ?AT REPRES5TATIVES & GOV]NM5T TAKE ACTION4 ,!RE HAS BE5 NO *ANGE TO ! FUNDAM5TAL MODEL ( POLITICS4 

,IT IS CORRESPOND+LY EASY = GOV]NM5T & O!R EMBODIM5TS ( ! /ATUS QUO TO ADOPT !SE NEW TE*NOLOGICAL TOOLS1 & ?US NEUTRALIZE ANY B5EFIT4 ,GOV]NM5TS >E N[ REPLETE ) !IR [N TE* FETI%I/S1 WITT]+ ON 7OR TWITT]+ ON7 AB\T 0,GOV]NM5T #b40 & ORGANIZ+ PODCA/S1 TWEETS & BLOGS SAY+ MORE OR LESS ! SAME ?+S ?AT POLITICIANS HAVE ALWAYS SAID1 ALBEIT ?R\< A DIFF]5T M$IUM4 

,DESPITE ! REPEAT$ CLAIM FROM GOV]NM5T ?AT ! FL[ ( 9=MATION IS FROM PEOPLE TO GOV]NM5T1 ! EVID5CE SUGGE/S ?AT ! TRUE DIRECTION IS ! OPPOSITE4 ,!RE IS SCANT EVID5CE TO SUGGE/ ?AT ANY SIGNIFICANT GOV]NM5T POLICY HAS BE5 9=M$ OR ALT]$ BY TWEET+ OR ! FANCY ONL9E TOOLS SET UP1 = 9/ANCE1 BY ! ,U4,S4 ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T TO 5C\RAGE A 0GLOBAL CONV]SATION40 ,! BASIC P[] /RUCTURE IS UN*ANG$--UP_/D[N--! ONLY DIFF]5CE IS ! =M ( COMMUNICATION4 ,REVEAL+LY1 ! MO/ PALPABLE RESULTS ( ?IS 0NEW0 ,WEB ACTIVISM >E TO BE F\ND 9 ! MO/ TRADITIONAL MANIFE/ATIONS ( 0OLD0 POLITICS3 ORGANIZ+ GET-\T-!-VOTE VOLUNTE]S &1 9EVITABLY1 RAIS+ MONEY4 

,CELEBRANTS ( ! NEW TE*NOLOGICAL DEMOCRACY (T5 CITE EXAMPLES FROM 0ABROAD0 :]E TE*NOLOGY HAS BR\<T AB\T POLITICAL *ANGE1 LIKE ! 0COLOR0 REVOLUTIONS 9 ,UKRA9E OR ,GEORGIA1 OR ! 0,TWITT]0 PROTE/S AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T 9 ,IRAN 9 #b#i1 & MO/ REC5TLY ! REVOLUTIONS 9 ,TUNISIA & ,EGYPT 9 ! 0,>AB SPR+0 ( #b#a#a1 :]E 9DE$ IT IS CLE> ?AT SOCIAL M$IA PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE4 

,!Y R>ELY M5TION ?AT !RE >E EQUALLY MANY EXAMPLES :]E TE*NOLOGY HAS HAD A MORE MALIGN EFFECT4 ,9 ,NIG]IA1 DEADLY RIOTS 9 ! CITY ( ,JOS W]E FUEL$1 ACCORD+ TO ONE AU?ORITY1 BY TEXT MESSAGES S5T BETWE5 RAMPAG+ MOBS2.<#i#f.>  ! SAME ?+ HAPP5$ 9 ! VIOL5CE ?AT GRIPP$ ,KOSOVO 9 #bd 7DESCRIB$ 9 ! PREVI\S *APT]74 ,9 ,LONDON1 ! KILL+ ( A FIFTE5-YE>-OLD BOY WAS COORD9AT$ BY HIS ATTACK]S ON ,FACEBOOK4.<#a#f#i.> ,! 0,TWITT]0 PROTE/S 9 ,IRAN DID NOT LEAD1 YET1 TO ! OV]?R[ ( GOV]NM5T2 MANY PROTE/]S 5D$ UP 9 ! SAME PRISON V]Y TRADITIONALLY US$ BY DIFF]5T REGIMES TO H\SE POLITICAL PRISON]S--,TEHRAN'S NOTORI\S ,EV9 JAIL4 ,!SE PRISON]S N[ 9CLUDE ,IRAN'S BE/-KN[N BLOGG]1 ,HOSSE9 ,D]AKH%AN1 :O 9 #ba WAS S5T5C$ TO N9ETE5 YE>S 9 JAIL = ALLEG$ COLLABORATION ) =EIGN GOV]NM5TS1 SPREAD+ 0PROPAG&A0 AGA9/ ! ,ISLAMIC REGIME & SETT+ UP 0OBSC5E0 WEBSITES4 

,9 E>LY #b#a#a1 ! DICTATORIAL REGIME 9 ,SUDAN LE>N$ QUICKLY FROM ! ,MUB>AK REGIME'S MI/AKES 9 MANAG+ ,9T]NET-BAS$ PROTE/ 9 ,EGYPT4 ,KH>T\M TURN$ ! ,9T]NET AGA9/ ! PROTE/]S1 SETT+ UP FAKE PRO-DEMOCRACY PAGES ON ,FACEBOOK & >RE/+ ALL ?OSE :O %[$ UP = ! DEMON/RATIONS ADV]TIS$ ON ! SITE4 ,EV5TUALLY1 ACTIVI/S AVOID$ US+ ,9T]NET-BAS$ TOOLS AT ALL1 RETURN+ TO MORE TRADITIONAL & COV]T =MS ( ORGANIZATION4.<#i#g.>  ,! LESSON IS />K3 ,P[] ADAPTS TO NEW TE*NOLOGY1 & SWIFTLY4 

,AFT] AN 9ITIAL SPASM ( EXCITEM5T AT ! LIB]AT+ POSSIBILITIES ( ! ,WORLD ,WIDE ,WEB1 IT IS N[ EM]G+ ?AT ,*9A'S ADOPTION ( ! ,9T]NET DOES NOT NECESS>ILY H]ALD A NEW DAWN ( TRANSP>5CY & 9CIPI5T DEMOCRACY4 ,EV]Y MAJOR ,9T]NET COMPANY 9 ,*9A EMPLOYS SCORES & SOMETIMES HUNDR$S ( ,9T]NET 0ADM9I/RATORS0 TO SE>* = SUBV]SIVE CONT5T4 ,! CITY ( ,BEIJ+ REC5TLY ADV]TIS$ = T5 ?\S& VOLUNTE]S TO ACT AS MONITORS4.<#i#h.>  ,TWITT]1 ,FACEBOOK & ,Y\,TUBE REMA9 BLOCK$4 ,*9A IS ADAPT+ SE>* TE*NOLOGY SIMIL> TO ,GOOGLE'S TO HUNT & PROSECUTE DISS5T4 ,! SE>* COMPANY ?AT PIONE]$ ! ANTIDISSID5T ALGORI?MS IS N[ A SUCCESSFUL COMM]CIAL COMPANY1 LI/$ ON ! ,*9ESE /OCK EX*ANGE--A NEAT REBUTTAL ( ! NAIVE EQUATION ?AT FREE M>KETS IPSO FACTO PRODUCE FRE$OM ( SPEE*4 

,9 G5]AL1 ! PROTECTION ( BASIC FRE$OMS ON ! ,WEB RELIES ON ! GOODWILL & GOOD 9T5TIONS ( ! V]Y SMALL NUMB] ( PEOPLE :O CONTROL ITS MO/ P[]FUL 9/ITUTIONS3 ! V]Y OPPOSITE ( ! IDEAL CONDITION REQUIR$ = ! MA9T5ANCE ( FRE$OM & DEMOCRACY4 ,L>GE COMPANIES--,YAHOO1 ,A,O,L1 ,GOOGLE--DOM9ATE DECISIONS AB\T :AT CONT5T MAY APPE> ON ! ,WEB2 ONE CAN ONLY HOPE !Y >E B5EFIC5T4 ,GOOGLE ALONE CONTROLS #fc P]C5T ( ,9T]NET SE>*ES4 ,9 DECID+ :AT CAN OR CANNOT BE PUBLI%$ ON ! ,WEB & LI/$ 9 ITS SE>*ES1 & :E!R TO COMPLY ) C5SOR+ GOV]NM5TS1 ,GOOGLE IS TAK+ DECISIONS ( IMM5SE CONSEQU5CE = FRE$OM ( SPEE*4 ,ITS DECISION TO CONFRONT C5SOR%IP 9 ,*9A 9 E>LY #ba WAS A DECISION ( GREAT POLITICAL1 & NOT M]ELY COMM]CIAL1 CONSEQU5CE4 

,AS ,GOOGLE /OOD UP TO ,*9A1 ,MICROS(T )\T APOLOGY CONT9U$ TO (F] A C5SOR$ SE>* S]VICE4 ,YAHOO6 & ,MICROS(T HAVE BE5 ACCUS$ BY ,AMNE/Y ,9T]NATIONAL ( ABETT+ C5SOR%IP & REPRESSION 9 ,*9A BY SUPPLY+ EQUIPM5T & ADAPT+ !IR SE>* 5G9ES TO BLOCK C]TA9 SITES &1 9 ,YAHOO6'S CASE1 ASSI/+ ! ,*9ESE AU?ORITIES 9 ID5TIFY+ ONL9E ANTIGOV]NM5T CRITICS4 ,9 RESPONSE1 !Y HAVE >GU$ ?AT NO COMPANY ALONE CAN *ANGE ,*9ESE LAW1 BY :I* !Y MU/ ABIDE4 

,ELI ,P>IS] ( ,MOVE,ON HAS W>N$ ( A MORE SUBTLE DANG]3 ?AT ,GOOGLE & ,FACEBOOK'S FILT]+ ME*ANISMS >E CREAT+ A 0FILT] BUBBLE0 >\ND US2 ! ALGORI?MS APPLI$ BY !SE SITES TO 0P]SONALIZE0 \R ,WEB EXP]I5CE >E EFFECTIVELY R5D]+ MU* ( ! ,WEB 9VISIBLE4.<#i#i.>  ,WE ?9K WE >E BR[S+ ! 5TIRE ,WORLD ,WIDE ,WEB1 BUT 9 FACT WE >E ONLY SEE+ ! SITES ,GOOGLE & ,FACEBOOK'S FILT]S DEEM APPROPRIATE TO \R 9T]E/S4 ,! ,WEB SURF] 9 ,*9A EXP]I5CES ! SAME PH5OM5ON4 ,!RE IS NO \TW>D SIGN ?AT ! SITES !Y >E VISIT+ HAVE BE5 VETT$--OR FILT]$--= !IR CONSUMPTION BY ! SOPHI/ICAT$ FILT]+ TE*NOLOGY US$ BY ! ,*9ESE GOV]NM5T4 ,UNWITT+1 !Y ?9K ?AT !Y >E SURF+ ! :OLE ,WEB4 ,9 ?IS REG>D1 !Y >E JU/ LIKE ,WEB US]S 9 ! ,WE/4 

,AS ,/AN=D ,UNIV]SITY'S ,PR(ESSOR ,LAWR5CE ,LESSIG HAS >GU$1 IT IS H>D ALWAYS TO SQU>E ! 9T]E/S ( A COMM]CIAL COMPANY SEEK+ TO EXP& M>KET %>E ) ! PROTECTION ( FRE$OM ( SPEE*3 0.<,GOOGLE HAS.> 5ORM\S CONTROL OV] A PLAT=M ( ALL ! WORLD'S DATA1 & EV]Y?+ !Y DO IS DESIGN$ TO IMPROVE !IR CONTROL ( ! UND]LY+ DATA4 ,IF Y\R :OLE GAME IS TO 9CREASE M>KET %>E1 IT'S H>D TO DO GOOD1 & TO GA!R DATA 9 WAYS ?AT DON'T RAISE PRIVACY CONC]NS OR ?AT MI<T HELP REPRESSIVE GOV]NM5TS TO BLOCK CONTROV]SIAL CONT5T40.<#a.> 

,AT LEA/ ! ,9T]NET1 IT IS >GU$1 WILL 5C\RAGE DEBATE & 9T]ACTION1 ALBEIT VIRTUALLY RA!R ?AN 9 P]SON4 ,BUT H]E1 IT APPE>S ?AT 9/EAD ( 5C\RAG+ DEBATE AMONG ?OSE ( DIFF]+ VIEWS & ?US CONV]G5CE1 ! OPPOSITE MAY BE HAPP5+4 ,! ,WEB (F]S MULTIPLE LOCATIONS TO F9D ?OSE ONE AGREES )1 & TO AVOID ?OSE ONE DOESN'T4 ,AS COLUMNI/ ,NI*OLAS ,KRI/( HAS COMM5T$1 WE SELECT ! K9D ( NEWS & OP9IONS ?AT REFLECT \R [N PREJUDICES BACK TO US1 AN EM]G+ NEWS PRODUCT ,NI*OLAS ,NEGROPONTE ( ,M,I,T HAS CALL$ 0,! ,DAILY ,ME40.<#a#a.> 

,ONE RESULT IS ?AT ANY CLA% ( OP9IONS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! ANY?+-GOES ANONYMITY ( ! ,WEB1 IS 9CREAS+LY VIOL5T1 HO/ILE & 9SULT+4 ,NAME-CALL+ IS FREQU5T2 REASON$ DEBATE R>E4 ,P>TICUL>LY :5 OP9IONS DIFF] FROM ! P>TY L9E--:E!R ( LEFT OR RI<T--CRITICISM T5DS TO ESCALATE1 & CO>S54 ,IT'S NOT ONLY DOME/IC DEBATES ?AT WITNESS SU* GR[+ VITUP]ATION4 ,9 ,*9A1 :5 A ,*9ESE FI<T] PLANE CRA%$1 KILL+ ITS PILOT1 AFT] COLLID+ ) A ,U4,S4 RECONNAISSANCE AIRCRAFT OV] ! ,S\? ,*9A ,SEA1 ! ,*9ESE BLOGOSPH]E ]UPT$ ) VIOL5TLY ANTI-,AM]ICAN & NATIONALI/ S5TIM5T3 VIEWS ?AT ! ,*9ESE GOV]NM5T WAS HAPPY1 AT LEA/ AT FIR/1 TO ALL[1 P]HAPS AS A MEANS TO V5TILATE MORE G5]AL POLITICAL FRU/RATIONS4 ,DEMON/RATIONS FOLL[$1 & ! ,AM]ICAN EMBASSY 9 ,BEIJ+ WAS ATTACK$ BY /ONE-?R[+ HORDES4 ,SOME DEM&$ ?AT ,*9A DECL>E W> ON ! ,U4,S4 ,! TRADITIONAL /ATE-CONTROLL$ PRESS1 :ILE CRITICAL ( ! ,U4,S41 HAD TAK5 A MORE MEASUR$ TONE4 ,! ,*9ESE AU?ORITIES /RUGGL$ TO CONTA9 ! SITUATION & BEGAN TO D[NPLAY ! ISSUE 9 PUBLIC4 ,SOME ( ! MORE RABID BLOGS W]E CLOS$ D[N4 ,EV5TUALLY1 ! RIOTS /OPP$4 ,BACK 9 ! ,U4,S41 ! GOV]NM5T'S DIRECTOR ( ,NATIONAL ,9TELLIG5CE HAS OBS]V$ ?AT ! ,9T]NET IS A F]TILE BRE$+ GR\ND = T]RORISM1 W>N+ ?AT1 0,:5 IT COMES TO SUSCEPTIBILITY TO RADICALIZATION1 VIRTUAL COMMUNITIES HAVE BECOME AS IMPORTANT AS PHYSICAL COMMUNITIES40.<#a#b.> 

,! ANTAGONISM & HO/ILITY ( POLITICAL DEBATE ON ! ,9T]NET REVEALS AN ESS5TIAL TRU? ( ! MOD]N CONDITION1 :I* IS 9 FACT A P]PETUAL CONDITION ( HUMANITY1 BUT ONE :I* MOD]NITY PLACES 9 />K] RELIEF3 ,! MORE DETA*$ PEOPLE >E FROM ONE ANO!R1 ! MORE !Y CAN CLOAK !MSELVES 9 ANONYMITY & BE %IELD$ FROM ! CONSEQU5CES ( !IR VIEWS1 ! MORE VIOL5T1 HO/ILE & IRRESPONSIBLE !Y >E LIKELY TO BE4 ,IT IS A PECULI> BUT RETROGRADE FEATURE ( MOD]NITY ?AT ITS FACETS--! NATURE ( MOD]N WORK1 COMMUNICATIONS1 POLITICAL 9T]ACTION & ! MOD]N /ATE ITSELF--HAVE HEI<T5$ ?AT DETA*M5T4 

,!RE IS A =M ( POLITICS :I* PRODUCES MORE CONS5SUS1 A BETT] UND]/&+ & RESPECT = ALT]NATIVE PO9TS ( VIEW & A DEEP] ACKN[L$GM5T ( FACTS OV] OP9ION4 ,IT DOES NOT REQUIRE AN EXP5SIVE COMPUT] OR ANY TE*NICAL EQUIPM5T AT ALL1 = ! ,9T]NET (T5 EXCLUDES ! POOR & O!RWISE M>G9ALIZ$4.<#a#g.> ,IT IS AS OLD-FA%ION$ AS ! E>LIE/ P>LIAM5TS1 :]E PEOPLE GA!R$ ON A HILLSIDE TO >BITRATE !IR COMMON BUS9ESS4 ,! ACADEMIC :O HAS PIONE]$ ! TE*NIQUE CALLS IT 0DELIB]ATIVE DEMOCRACY10 BUT REALLY IT CAN BE CALL$ SOME?+ SIMPL]3 MEET+ PEOPLE4 

,AFT] ,HURRICANE ,KATR9A1 MU* ( ! 9FRA/RUCTURE ( ,NEW ,ORLEANS WAS DEVA/AT$3 ,MORE ?AN #g P]C5T ( H\S+ WAS DAMAG$ & 5TIRE NEI<BORHOODS W]E ALMO/ COMPLETELY DE/ROY$2 S*OOLS1 HOSPITALS & POLICE /ATIONS W]E %UT D[N4 ,NE>LY A HUNDR$ ?\S& JOBS W]E LO/1 & EI<TE5 MON?S AFT] ! HURRICANE1 MORE ?AN HALF ( ! CITY'S POPULATION HAD NOT RETURN$4 

,9 ! AFT]MA?1 PLANS TO REBUILD ,NEW ,ORLEANS CONFRONT$ A RAVAG$ 9FRA/RUCTURE1 5ORM\S F9ANCIAL LOSSES1 A LOCAL GOV]NM5T 9 DIS>RAY & A CITIZ5RY :OSE TRU/ 9 GOV]NM5T HAD BE5 SORELY UND]M9$4 ,! E>LY PLANN+ EF=TS BY CITY (FICIALS W]E MET ) ANG] & PROTE/ AS ! COMMUNITY /RUGGL$ ) ! *ALL5GES ( DI/RIBUT+ RES\RCES & REVIV+ AN 5TIRE CITY4 

,FAC$ ) ?IS CRISIS ( CONFID5CE1 CITY (FICIALS DECID$ TO 9VOLVE ! CITIZ5S 9 A FULL DISCUSSION1 9 DEP? & FACE-TO-FACE1 ON ! PRIORITIES = ! CITY4 ,MO/ ( ! CITY'S 9HABITANTS W]E /ILL SPREAD ACROSS ! ,U4,S41 NOT YET ABLE TO RETURN4 ,F\R ?\S& ,NEW ,ORLEANIANS MET 9 0,COMMUNITY ,CONGRESSES0 /AG$ ACROSS ! C\NTRY TO DISCUSS RECOV]Y PRIORITIES = !IR CITY4 ,AS DECISION MAK]S LI/5$1 CITIZ5S DISCUSS$ H[ TO 5SURE SAFETY FROM FUTURE FLOOD+1 EMP[] RESID5TS TO REBUILD SAFE & /ABLE NEI<BORHOODS1 PROVIDE 9C5TIVES & H\S+ SO PEOPLE C\LD RETURN1 & E/ABLI% SU/A9ABLE & EQUITABLE PUBLIC S]VICES4.<#a#c.> 

,AT ! 5D ( ! DELIB]ATIONS1 FULLY #ib P]C5T ( P>TICIPANTS AGRE$ ON ! 0,UNIFI$ ,PLAN0 = ! CITY4 ,CRITICALLY1 ?IS APPROVAL RAT+ REPRES5T$ ! COLLECTIVE VIEW ( ! CITIZ5RY3 ,P>TICIPANTS REFLECT$ PRE-,KATR9A ,NEW ,ORLEANS--9 PROPORTION TO BO? RACE & 9COME4 ,AT E>LI] SIMIL> EV5TS1 BLACK & POOR CITIZ5S W]E (T5 SEV]ELY UND]REPRES5T$4 ,?IS TIME1 CITIZ5S HAD P>TICIPAT$ NOT ONLY AT HOME BUT 9 CITIES ACROSS ! C\NTRY :]E HURRICANE REFUGEES W]E !N LIV+4 ,?US1 ! CITY'S NEW PLAN WAS DISCUSS$ & 5DORS$ NOT ONLY BY ITS (FICIALS1 BUT ALSO BY ITS CITIZ5S1 :O OV]:ELM+LY COMMITT$ TO SUPPORT ! PLAN4 

,!RE HAS BE5 A MORE SU/A9$ EXP]IM5T 9 SU* 0P>TICIPATIVE0 OR 0DELIB]ATIVE0 DEMOCRACY 9 ,PORTO ,ALEGRE1 ONE ( ,BRAZIL'S L>GE/ CITIES4 0,! ,PORTO ,ALEGRE ,EXP]IM5T0 AGA9 %[S ?AT BETT] \TCOMES RESULT :5 CITIZ5S >E DIRECTLY 9VOLV$ 9 DECISIONS OV] !IR [N LIVES4 ,9 #a#i#h#i1 :5 ! EXP]IM5T BEGAN1 ! CITY SUFF]$ SOME ( ! WOR/ 9EQUALITY 9 ! CONT95T4 ,! POOR--ONE-?IRD ( ! CITY'S POPULATION--LIV$ 9 SLUMS >\ND ! P]IPH]Y2 ! RI* CONTROLL$ ! CITY'S GOV]NM5T & BUDGET4 ,OV] ! LA/ T5 YE>S1 ! CITY HAS GRADUALLY DEVELOP$ A MULTILAY]$ APPROA* TO P>TICIPATORY BUDGET+4 ,/>T+ AT ! MO/ LOCAL LEVEL1 CITIZ5S >E 5C\RAG$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 DEBATES AB\T LOCAL SP5D+ PRIORITIES--WAT]1 S*OOLS1 HOSPITALS1 H\S+1 ROADS4 ,( ! CITY'S #a4#e MILLION 9HABITANTS1 EV]Y CITIZ5 IS 9=M$ AB\T ! BUDGET PROCESS & >\ND FIFTY ?\S& N[ TAKE P>T4 

,ACCORD+ TO A ,WORLD ,BANK /UDY1 ! P>TICIPATORY PROCESS HAS FO/]$ DIRECT IMPROVEM5TS 9 FACILITIES 9 ,PORTO ,ALEGRE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 SEW] & WAT] CONNECTIONS 9CREAS$ FROM #ge P]C5T ( H\SEHOLDS 9 #aihh TO #ih P]C5T 9 #a#i#i#g4 ,! NUMB] ( S*OOLS HAS 9CREAS$ F\RFOLD S9CE #a#i#h#f4 ,! CITY IS AT ! CUTT+ $GE 9 DEVELOP+ PROGRESSIVE RECYCL+ & R5EWABLE 5]GY PROJECTS4 ,! P>TICIPATORY PROCESS IS OV]:ELM+LY SUPPORT$ BY ! CITY'S POPULATION4 ,IT HAS ALSO1 REPORT$LY1 5C\RAG$ A *ANGE 9 ! T5OR ( LOCAL POLITICS4 ,LESS & LESS A P>TIZAN CONTE/1 ! COMMON 5EMY IS ! OCCASIONAL CRISIS4 ,EV]Y?+ IS TRANSP>5T1 FROM DECISION MAK+ TO ! AW>D+ ( CONTRACTS4 

,!SE NEW DELIB]ATIVE PROCESSES >E LOCALLY DRIV5 & DESIGN$ = LOCAL CIRCUM/ANCES2 !RE IS NO 0ONE SIZE FITS ALL40 ,! G5]AL B5EFITS--( GREAT] CITIZ5 EMP[]M5T1 ( GREAT] CONS5SUS OV] LOCAL SP5D+-->E CLE>3 ,!Y FL[ DIRECTLY & CRUCIALLY FROM ! AG5CY ( ?OSE 9VOLV$4 ,PEOPLE P>TICIPATE NOT TO BE CONSULT$ BY GOV]NM5T & S]VICE-PROVID]S BUT TO MAKE REAL DECISIONS !MSELVES AB\T !IR CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,& :5 PEOPLE >E TRU/$ & 9=M$ TO MAKE DECISIONS1 !Y T5D TO MAKE GOOD ONES4 ,SU* DELIB]ATIVE PROCESSES1 ) REAL DECISIONS AS !IR RESULT1 >E NOT TO BE CONFUS$ ) ,AM]ICA'S OV]HEAT$ 0T[N HALL0 MEET+S ( REC5T MEMORY1 OR ! VULG> >GUM5TS ON ,9T]NET 0=UMS40 ,:ILE POLITICIANS CLAIM ?AT !Y >E 9T5D$ AS A PLACE TO HE> ! VIEWS ( ! PUBLIC1 ! T[N HALL MEET+S >E NOT PLACES :]E DECISIONS >E MADE4 ,TYPICALLY1 ! LOCAL ANGRY BRIGADES L9E UP TO D5\NCE ELECT$ (FICIALS & !IR PLANS1 PROVID+ AN UNPLEASANT EXP]I5CE = EV]YONE EXCEPT ?OSE :O 5JOY PUBLIC CONFRONTATION4 ,RATIONAL DISCUSSION & RESPECT = ! FACTS >E1 UNSURPRIS+LY1 R>ELY ! RESULT4 

,9 A REC5T BOOK1 LEGAL S*OL> ,CASS ,SUN/E9 HAS NOT$ ?AT V]Y (T5 :5 GR\PS ( PEOPLE >E PLAC$ TOGE!R TO DEBATE AN ISSUE1 !Y (T5 5D UP MORE POL>IZ$ ?AN AT ! BEG9N+4.<#a#d.>  ,BUT ,SUN/E9'S WORK ALSO SUGGE/S H[ TO CREATE GREAT] UNITY4 ,! MORE DETA*$ GR\PS >E FROM SOCIETY1 ! MORE EXTREME !IR DECISIONS >E LIKELY TO BECOME4 ,! LESS ?AT A DECISION DEBAT$ )9 A GR\P ACTUALLY MATT]S1 ! GREAT] ! LIKELIHOOD ( DISPUTE & CONFLICT4 ,A LESSON BECOMES CLE>3 ,:5 NO?+ IS AT /AKE1 & :5 NO ONE HAS AG5CY1 IT IS PR$ICTABLE ?AT HEAT$ DISAGREEM5T WILL BE ! \TCOME4 

,IT IS NOT ONLY HURRICANE-/RUCK ,NEW ,ORLEANS ?AT SUFF]S A CRISIS 9 DEMOCRACY4 ,) TURN\TS FALL+ & DISAFFECTION ) 0POLITICS0 GR[+ 9 ALL DEMOCRATIC C\NTRIES1 ITS MODEL1 LIKE ?AT ( ,PORTO ,ALEGRE1 (F]S LESSONS APPLICABLE BEYOND ! OCCASIONAL MANAGEM5T ( DISA/]S4 

,ONE P>TICUL> EXAMPLE ( ?AT CRISIS IS F\ND AT ! ,EUROPEAN ,P>LIAM5T4 ,ORIG9ALLY CONCEIV$ & EMP[]$ TO GIVE ,EUROPEAN PEOPLES A VOICE 9 ,E,U DECISIONS L>GELY DOM9AT$ BY GOV]NM5TS1 ITS PROBLEMS HI<LI<T WEAKNESSES 9CREAS+LY APP>5T 9 O!R DEMOCRATIC LEGISLATURES4 

,AT ! MO/ REC5T ELECTIONS TO ! P>LIAM5T1 EXTREMI/ P>TIES JUMP$ AT ! OPPORTUNITY (F]$ BY ! DISMAL TURN\T ( ,EUROPE'S VOT]S--! L[E/ 9 ! P>LIAM5T'S HI/ORY4 ,REALIZ+ ?AT MANY MA9/REAM VOT]S W\LD /AY AWAY1 EXTREME & F>-RI<T P>TIES MADE SPECIAL EF=TS TO MOBILIZE !IR SUPPORT]S4 ,! RESULT WAS ?AT SU* P>TIES W]E REPRES5T$ 9 GREAT] NUMB] H]E ?AN 9 !IR [N NATIONAL P>LIAM5TS4 ,! RI<T-W+ ,BRITI% ,NATIONAL ,P>TY JO9$ ,ITALIAN & ,LI?UANIAN PROTO-FASCI/S1 ,DUT* ANTI-IMMIGRANT P>TIES & O!R ASSORT$ REPRES5TATIVES ( ! FR+E 9 ! HOME ( ,EUROPEAN 0DEMOCRACY40 

,NEI!R PH5OM5ON--L[ TURN\T1 EXTREME POLITICAL P>TIES--BODES WELL = ! LEGITIMACY1 POPUL>ITY OR EFFECTIV5ESS ( ! DECISIONS >IS+ FROM ! P>LIAM5T4 ,BO? PH5OM5A1 H[EV]1 PO9T TO A FUTURE ( DEMOCRATIC POLITICS1 ( BO? DIS5*ANTM5T & EXTREMISM1 ?AT MAY BECOME MORE & MORE EVID5T1 9 MORE E/ABLI%$ P>LIAM5TS & CONGRESSES TOO4 ,:AT IS TO BE DONE8 

,! ,F9ANCIAL ,TIMES REC5TLY REPORT$ AN EX]CISE :I* S\<T TO ADDRESS ?IS PROBLEM1 ASK+ ! QUE/ION3 ,H[ MU* LONG] CAN ! ,E,U CONT9UE AS A PROJECT CONTROLL$ BY ELITES & DISREG>D$ BY ! MASSES8.<#a#e.>  ,:AT IS ! SOLUTION TO ?IS 0DEMOCRATIC DEFICIT08 

,ONE ANSW] WAS ATTEMPT$ BY ,PR(ESSOR ,JAMES ,FI%K91 A SOCIAL SCI5TI/ AT ,/AN=D ,UNIV]SITY4 ,HE CONDUCT$ AN EXP]IM5T 9 :I* A BALANC$ SAMPLE ( #cdh ,EUROPEANS FROM ! ,E,U'S TW5TY-SEV5 C\NTRIES W]E BR\<T TO ,BRUSSELS = A ?REE-DAY DIALOGUE ON ! ELECTIONS & ! POLICY ISSUES SURR\ND+ !M4 ,?IS IS A PROC$URE KN[N AS 0DELIB]ATIVE POLL+10 A CONCEPT ,PR(ESSOR ,FI%K9 9TRODUC$ 9 #a#i#h#h4 

,ONE \TCOME ( ! EX]CISE WAS ?AT MANY P>TICIPANTS *ANG$ !IR VOT+ 9T5TIONS AS A RESULT ( ! DIALOGUE4 ,BE=EH&1 #d P]C5T SAID !Y W\LD VOTE = MA9/REAM C5T]-RI<T P>TIES1 #bb P]C5T = SOCIALI/S1 #i P]C5T = C5TRI/ LIB]ALS & #h P]C5T = ,GRE5S4 ,AFT] ! EX]CISE1 SUPPORT = ! C5T]-RI<T DROPP$ TO #c P]C5T1 ! SOCIALI/S & LIB]ALS W]E ALMO/ UN*ANG$ AT #ba P]C5T & #h P]C5T RESPECTIVELY1 & ! ,GRE5S %OT UP TO #ah P]C5T4 ,! RISE 9 SUPPORT = ! ,GRE5S CAME AB\T AS A RESULT ( DETAIL$ DISCUSSIONS AMONG ! P>TICIPANTS ON CLIMATE *ANGE4 ,P>TICIPANTS W]E ASK$ TO *OOSE BETWE5 ! VIEW ?AT 0WE %\LD DO EV]Y?+ POSSIBLE TO COMBAT CLIMATE *ANGE EV5 IF ?AT HURTS ! ECONOMY0 & ! ALT]NATIVE VIEW ?AT 0WE %\LD DO EV]Y?+ POSSIBLE TO MAXIMIZE ECONOMIC GR[?1 EV5 IF ?AT HURTS EF=TS TO COMBAT CLIMATE *ANGE40 ,BE=E ! DISCUSSIONS1 #di P]C5T WANT$ TO EMPHASIZE ! FI<T AGA9/ CLIMATE *ANGE4 ,AFT]W>DS1 ?IS FIGURE ROSE TO #fa P]C5T4 

,EX]CISES LIKE ?AT P]=M$ BY ,PR(ESSOR ,FI%K91 & ! ,NEW ,ORLEANS RECON/RUCTION PLAN TOO1 HAVE %[N REPEAT$LY ?AT :5 A GR\P ( PEOPLE GA!RS TOGE!R TO CONSID] !IR AFFAIRS & COLLECTIVE RESPONSE TO !M--&1 CRUCIALLY1 MAKE DECISIONS--A NUMB] ( VALUABLE B5EFITS FOLL[3 

,P>TICIPANTS PAY GREAT] HE$ TO EA* O!R'S POSITIONS & >E MORE LIKELY TO ACKN[L$GE ! CONC]NS ?AT UND]LIE O!R PEOPLE'S POLITICAL VIEWS4 

,!RE IS A DEEP] CONSID]ATION ( FACTS--9CLUD+ SCI5TIFIC DATA--?AN NORMAL POLITICAL DEBATE1 COMPOS$ L>GELY ( OP9IONS1 ALL[S4 

,P>TLY AS RESULT ( NUMB]S #a & #b1 SU* EX]CISES USUALLY PRODUCE A GREAT] DEGREE ( CONS5SUS )9 ! GR\P4 

,! GR\P FEELS A MU* GREAT] COMMITM5T TO DECISIONS REA*$ COLLECTIVELY 9 ?IS MANN] ?AN TO DECISIONS IMPOS$ BY ANY O!R AU?ORITY4 

,FI%K9 CALLS ?IS 0DELIB]ATIVE DEMOCRACY40 ,IT IS A PROCESS ( A DIFF]5T ORD] FROM ! CURR5T SY/EM1 PREVAL5T 9 ALL DEMOCRATIC /ATES1 ( REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY1 :]EBY CITIZ5S ELECT REPRES5TATIVES TO MAKE DECISIONS ON !IR BEHALF4 ,9DE$1 DELIB]ATIVE DEMOCRACY 9 ITS FULLE/ =M1 :]E PEOPLE MAKE G5U9E DECISIONS ( CONSEQU5CE AS A GR\P1 OR A GRASSROOTS1 COMMUNITY-BAS$ DEMOCRACY1 IS 9 FACT ULTIMATELY 9COMPATIBLE ) REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY4 ,IF TWO ME*ANISMS MAKE DECISIONS1 :AT IF !IR *OICES >E CONTRADICTORY8 ,ONE MU/ BE SUPREME4 

,PR(ESSOR ,FI%K9 ATTEMPTS TO BRIDGE ?IS PROBLEM1 & R5D] DELIB]ATIVE TE*NIQUES COMPATIBLE1 BY PROPOS+ ?AT DELIB]ATIVE POLL+1 ( ! K9D DESCRIB$ ABOVE1 %\LD HELP 9=M ! REGUL> /RUCTURES ( REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY--! LEGISLATORS & MEMB]S ( ! EXECUTIVE :O MAKE UP ! DECISION MAK]S4 ,BUT DESPITE HIS EF=TS TO CON/RUCT SU* GR\PS AS REPRES5TATIVE ( ! G5]AL POPULACE--BY SELECT+ !IR MEMB]S 9 PROPORTION TO ! POLITICAL SUPPORT = DIFF]5T P>TIES 9 ! BROAD] POPULATION--SU* 0DELIB]ATIVE POLL+0 GR\PS FAIL 9 ONE FUNDAM5TAL REG>D3 ,!Y LACK LEGITIMACY4 ,!Y >E NOT ELECT$1 SO :Y %\LD !IR VOICE1 H[EV] PROPORTIONATELY IT MI<T REPRES5T ! RE/1 BE HE>D ABOVE O!RS8 

,POLL+--LIKE FREQU5T REF]5DUMS--FAILS 9 ANO!R REG>D TOO4 ,:ILE POLLS MAY PROVIDE AN 9DICATION ( :AT PEOPLE ?9K ON A P>TICUL> QUE/ION AT A P>TICUL> MOM5T1 !Y LEAVE \T ONE CRUCIAL COMPON5T ( ,FI%K9'S EXP]IM5TS--! DELIB]ATION3 ! TALK+1 ! TO-&-FRO1 ! LI/5+1 ! COMPROMISE4 ,ANY CITIZ5 ( ,CALI=NIA1 :]E REF]5DUMS >E FREQU5T1 WILL RECOGNIZE ?AT !Y HAVE DONE LITTLE TO CONTRIBUTE TO RESPONSIBLE & EFFECTIVE GOV]NM5T ( ! /ATE--RA!R ! OPPOSITE4 ,?IS IS ALSO :Y ,9T]NET SURVEYS ( OP9ION1 OR PETITIONS1 T5D TO ! EXTREME1 & >E SO PA!TICALLY 9ADEQUATE AS A NEW =M ( DEMOCRACY4 

,9 HIS ESSAY 0,! ,PURSUIT ( ! ,IDEAL10 ,ISAIAH ,B]L9 CONCLUDES ?AT 9 DECID+ :AT TO DO1 ! ONLY OPTION1 9 PRIVATE LIFE AS 9 PUBLIC POLICY1 IS TO 5GAGE 9 TRADE(FS--RULES1 VALUES1 PR9CIPLES MU/ YIELD TO EA* O!R 9 V>Y+ DEGREES 9 SPECIFIC SITUATIONS1 ADD+ ?AT 0A C]TA9 HUMILITY 9 !SE MATT]S IS V]Y NECESS>Y0 S9CE WE HAVE NO GU>ANTEE ?AT ANY P>TICUL> C\RSE WE *OOSE WILL BE RI<T4 ,?IS IS ! ESS5CE ( DEMOCRACY3 DISCUSSION ( DIFF]+ VIEWS & OPTIONS ON H[ WE TOGE!R MU/ LIVE1 ) A VIEW--ULTIMATELY--TO COLLECTIVE DECISION4 ,! M]E V5TILATION ( OP9IONS1 :E!R 9 P]SON OR ONL9E1 DOES NOT QUALIFY4 

,9 MICROCOSM1 IT IS SELF-EVID5T ?AT 5C\NT]S & NEGOTIATION (F] A GREAT] POSSIBILITY = RESPECT & AGREEM5T ?AN EI!R ! VIRTUAL *AT ROOM OR A DI/ANT AU?ORITY4 ,DIFFICULT DISCUSSIONS ) FRI5DS OR FAMILY CAN QUICKLY DEG5]ATE ONL9E AS MISUND]/&+S2 WILLFUL MIS9T]PRETATIONS MULTIPLY4 ,NO ONE PRET5DS ?AT MEET+S 9 P]SON >E NECESS>ILY EASI]1 OR LESS PA9FUL1 BUT SOMEH[ WE >E ABLE TO SEE & FEEL MORE & ?US A*IEVE A GREAT] COMPREH5SION4 ,P]HAPS1 ABOVE ALL1 WE SIMPLY SP5D MORE TIME4 

,PR(ESSOR ,FI%K9'S EXCELL5T BOOKS >E FILL$ ) EXAMPLES ( DELIB]ATIVE DEMOCRACY1 & HIS COMPREH5SIVE ANALYSIS ( :Y & H[ IT WORKS & ! IMPRESSIVE RESULTS IT CLE>LY DELIV]S4 ,BUT BY & L>GE1 DELIB]ATIVE DEMOCRACY HAS REMA9$ A MATT] = ACADEMIC DISCUSSION1 & OCCASIONAL ILLU/RATIVE1 YET TANTALIZ+1 EX]CISES ( ! K9D ?AT TOOK PLACE 9 ,NEW ,ORLEANS OR ,PORTO ,ALEGRE1 OR ! EXP]IM5TS PRACTIC$ BY ,PR(ESSOR ,FI%K94 

,! TR\BLE ) DELIB]ATIVE DEMOCRACY IS1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT IT POSES A DIRECT *ALL5GE TO ! EXI/+ CON/ITUTIONAL ORD] ( REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY1 :]E ! FEW >E ELECT$ TO >BITRATE ! AFFAIRS ( ! MANY4 ,DELIB]ATIVE POLL+1 :ILE IMAG9ATIVE & REVEAL+ 9 ITS 9SI<TS1 FAILS TO BRIDGE ! GAP4 ,= 9 ! EXI/+ SY/EM1 IT IS NOT TOL]ABLE TO ! EXI/+ AU?ORITY = CITIZ5S TO GA!R TO SORT \T !IR AFFAIRS & MAKE DECISIONS ) REAL EFFECTS3 ?AT IS :AT GOV]NM5TS >E =6 

,= DELIB]ATIVE DECISION MAK+ TO FUNCTION PROP]LY1 & = CITIZ5S TO 5JOY ITS FULL & EVID5T B5EFITS1 A CONDITION MU/ APPLY :I*1 ODDLY1 EV5 ! MO/ >D5T ACADEMIC PROPON5TS ( DELIB]ATIVE TE*NIQUES SEEM LOA! TO CONFESS3 ,!RE MU/ BE NO O!R AU?ORITY1 AT ALL4 

,?\< IT IS R>ELY M5TION$1 EV5 9 ! HI/ORIES ( ?AT P]IOD1 ! ,SPANI% CIVIL W> SAW A MOM5T1 TRAGICALLY BRIEF1 ( REAL EXI/+ AN>*ISM4 ,9 ! >EA ( ,SPA9 UND] ,REPUBLICAN CONTROL1 AN>*I/S = A %ORT :ILE HELD SWAY1 AS F> AS ?AT T]M MEANS ANY?+ :5 NO ONE WAS COMPLETELY 9 *>GE4 ,?IS WAS NOT AN>*Y1 AN ABS5CE ( ORD]1 IT WAS A SOCIETY ?AT = A P]IOD DECID$ TO GOV]N ITSELF NOT BY C5TRALIZ$ AU?ORITY1 BUT BY ! WI%ES ( LOCAL COMMUNITIES1 WORK]S1 M5 & WOM51 L$ BY VALUES ( EQUALITY & MUTUAL RESPECT4 

,?IS HAPP5$ BETWE5 #aicf & #a#i#c#h1 & WAS CONF9$ MO/LY TO P>TS ( ,CATALONIA 9 NOR!RN ,SPA91 9CLUD+ ,CATALONIA'S CAPITAL1 ,B>CELONA4 ,IT WAS E/IMAT$ ?AT P]HAPS T5 MILLION PEOPLE P>TICIPAT$ 9 ?IS 0,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION0 :]E F>MS & FACTORIES1 & EV5 %OPS & B>B]S1 W]E COLLECTIVIZ$ & RUN ALONG COMMUNAL L9ES--NEI!R [N$ BY ! /ATE NOR PRIVATE CAPITAL1 BUT RUN BY ! PEASANTS & WORK]S !MSELVES4 ,DECISIONS W]E MADE ON LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES--BY ?OSE AFFECT$1 )\T BUREAUCRACY4 ,9 MANY >EAS1 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SIGNIFICANTLY 9CREAS$4 

,BY #a#i#c#h1 IT WAS OV]4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 ,MOSC[ DECID$ ?AT ,SPA9 WAS NOT READY = PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION--AT LEA/ NOT ?IS K9D--& ORD]$ ITS COHORTS 9 ,SPA91 ! LOCAL ,COMMUNI/S1 TO SUPPRESS ! AN>*I/S4 ,!RE W]E MASS >RE/S1 /REET FI<T+ & EXECUTIONS4 ,AN>*I/ LEAD]S & P>TIES W]E D5\NC$4 ,?IS REPRESSION WAS ONE ( ! REASONS = ! ULTIMATE DEFEAT ( ! ,REPUBLICANS1 & ! 5SU+ F\R DECADES ( FASCI/ DICTATOR%IP UND] ,FRANCO4 

,GEORGE ,ORWELL'S MEMOIR ( HIS EXP]I5CE 9 ,CATALONIA CONTA9S VIVID DEPICTIONS ( :AT AN>*ISM1 9 PRACTICE1 WAS REALLY LIKE4 ,:5 PUBLI%$1 ,HOMAGE TO ,CATALONIA WAS ATTACK$ 9 ,BRITA9 & ELSE:]E1 ABOVE ALL BY ,COMMUNI/S & ! LEFT 9 G5]AL1 :O REJECT$ ITS ACC\NT ( ,COMMUNI/ SUPPRESSION ( ! AN>*I/S1 PREF]R+ ,MOSC['S PROPAG&A ?AT ! AN>*I/S W]E SOMEH[ 9 ,FRANCO'S PAY OR O!RWISE TO BLAME = ! 9-FI<T+ 9 ! ANTIFASCI/ RANKS4 

,HOMAGE SOLD V]Y FEW COPIES ON 9ITIAL PUBLICATION4 ,EV5 N[1 ! BOOK IS R>ELY SE5 = :AT IT TRULY IS1 & IS 9/EAD 9T]PRET$ AS A TRAGIC & PICTURESQUE ACC\NT ( FAIL$ RESI/ANCE AGA9/ FASCISM4.<#a#f.>  ,ORWELL HAD JO9$ A SMALL ,M>XI/-ORI5T$ P>TY1 ,P,\,M1.<#a#g#a.> 9 ORD] TO FI<T FASCISM1 BUT LAT] 9 ! BOOK CONFESSES ?AT IF HE HAD ! *OICE AGA91 HE W\LD HAVE BE5 AN AN>*I/4 ,HE DESCRIBES LIFE 9 ,B>CELONA DUR+ AN>*ISM3 

,MANY ( ! NORMAL MOTIVES ( CIVILIZ$ LIFE--SNOBBI%NESS1 MONEY-GRUBB+1 FE> ( ! BOSS1 ETC4--HAD SIMPLY CEAS$ TO EXI/4 ,! ORD9>Y CLASS DIVISION ( SOCIETY HAD DISAPPE>$ TO AN EXT5T ?AT IS ALMO/ UN?9KABLE 9 ! MONEY-TA9T$ AIR ( ,5GL&2 !RE WAS NO ONE !RE EXCEPT ! PEASANTS & \RSELVES1 & NO ONE [N$ ANYONE ELSE AS HIS MA/]4 ,( C\RSE SU* A /ATE ( AFFAIRS C\LD NOT LA/4 ,IT WAS SIMPLY A TEMPOR>Y & LOCAL PHASE 9 AN 5ORM\S GAME ?AT IS BE+ PLAY$ \T OV] ! :OLE SURFACE ( ! ,E>?4 ,BUT IT LA/$ LONG 5\< TO HAVE ITS EFFECT UPON ANYONE :O EXP]I5C$ IT4 ,H[EV] MU* ONE CURS$ AT ! TIME1 ONE REALIZ$ AFT]W>DS ?AT ONE HAD BE5 9 CONTACT ) SOME?+ /RANGE & VALUABLE4 ,ONE HAD BE5 9 A COMMUNITY :]E HOPE WAS MORE NORMAL ?AN APA?Y OR CYNICISM1 :]E ! WORD 0COMRADE0 /OOD = COMRADE%IP & NOT1 AS 9 MO/ C\NTRIES1 = HUMBUG4 ,ONE HAD BREA!D ! AIR ( EQUALITY4.<#a#g.> 

,?IS DESCRIPTION TANTALIZES ) ITS SUGGE/ION ( :AT MI<T BE POSSIBLE IF SELF-ORGANIZ$ GOV]NM5T W]E TO BECOME REALITY4 ,HOMAGE TO ,CATALONIA ALSO TELLS A VIVID /ORY AB\T H[ ONE G5]ATION *OSE V]Y DIRECTLY TO TACKLE ! PROBLEMS ( ! WORLD1 9 ?IS CASE FASCISM4 ,& IT IS TO ?IS GLOBAL /AGE ?AT WE MU/ N[ TURN4 ,= H]E P>TICUL>LY1 P]HAPS EV5 MORE ?AN 9 ! DOME/IC REALM1 GOV]NM5TS & !IR ORGANIZATIONS CLAIM TO HAVE MATT]S 9 H&4 ,& 9 G5]AL1 IT SEEMS1 WE >E HAPPY TO BELIEVE !M4 ,ON ! WORLD /AGE1 9 G5]AL1 ! MANAGEM5T ( 09T]NATIONAL AFFAIRS0 IS LEFT TO PRACTITION]S LIKE /ATESM5 & DIPLOMATS1 :I* ,I ONCE WAS4 

,IT SEEMS AT FIR/ SI<T A REASONABLE B>GA94 ,! WORLD IS COMPLICAT$2 IT REQUIRES PR(ESSIONALS TO SORT IT \T4 ,BUT AS WE %ALL SEE 9 LAT] *APT]S1 ! B>GA91 LIKE ! PACT BETWE5 GOV]NM5T & VOT] AT HOME1 SEEMS TO BE BREAK+ D[N4 ,E/ABLI%$ SY/EMS ( 9T]/ATE COOP]ATION DO NOT SEEM TO BE PRODUC+ ! SOLUTIONS ! WORLD NE$S4 ,BUT !RE IS A WORSE & MORE P]NICI\S EFFECT TOO4 

,SOME:]E ALONG ! WAY1 IT HAS BECOME ACCEPT$ ?AT 9 REPRES5T+ A /ATE1 NORMAL MORAL RULES >E SUSP5D$4 ,UND] ! CAT*-ALL MORAL P]MISSION ( DROIT D'ETAT1 (FICIALS ACT+ 9 ! NAME ( ! /ATE1 EV5 LAW-ABID+ DEMOCRACIES LIKE ,BRITA9 OR ! ,U4,S4 >E 5TITL$ TO =SAKE NORMAL MORAL 9HIBITIONS1 LIKE ?OSE AGA9/ KILL+ OR CAUS+ H>M TO O!RS4 ,IF SU* ACTIONS >E JU/IFI$ BY ! NE$S ( ! /ATE1 !Y >E NOT ONLY EXCUS$1 !Y >E EXPLICITLY AVAILABLE4 ,9DE$1 ! GOOD DIPLOMAT IS TOLD TO REJECT ! S(T-HEAD$ MORALITY ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE IF HE IS TO PRACTICE HIS TRADE AS IT MU/ BE PRACTIC$--REALPOLITIK4 ,IF DEA? & ! SUFF]+ ( O!RS >E ! RESULT1 ?IS IS A NECESS>Y PRICE ( PROTECT+ \R [N4 

,I HAVE NOT COME BY ?IS CRITICISM BY WAY ( ACADEMIC /UDY OR HI/ORICAL RESE>*4 ,I KN[ ?IS1 BECAUSE ONCE ,I DID IT4 ,I HELP$ DO H>M TO 9NOC5T O!RS1 ) ! EXPLICIT MORAL COV] ( ! /ATE1 SAFE 9 ! KN[L$GE ?AT ,I W\LD NEV] BE HELD TO ACC\NT4 ,) ! COM=T ( IMPUNITY1 ,I ONCE COMMITT$ VIOL5CE 9 ! NAME ( ! /ATE4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #a#d1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/