,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #f1 ,SECTION #c 

#aheeahee 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LYS&] ,SPOON] 

,TEXT 3 

,S,E,C,T,I,O,N ,I,I,I4 

,REVIEW ( ! ,CASE ( ,MILL> VS4 ,TAYLOR4 

,! QUE/ION ( AN AU?OR'S COPYRI<T AT ,COMMON ,LAW1 FIR/ CAME TO A DECISION BY ! C\RT ( ,K+'S ,B5* 9 #a#g#f#i1 9 ! CASE ( ,MILL> VS4 ,TAYLOR4"9 ,?REE ( ! ,JU/ICES1 ,WILLES1 ,A/ON1 & ,LORD ,MANSFIELD1 DECID$ 9 FAVOR ( ! RI<T2 ONE1 ,JU/ICE ,YATES1 OPPOS$ IT4 

,EA* ( ! JUDGES GAVE A WRITT5 >GUM5T ON ! QUE/ION4 ,! WANT ( UNANIMITY 9 ! C\RT1 & ! 9CONSI/5CY & DEFICI5CY ( ! >GUM5TS ( ! ?REE ,JU/ICES 9 FAVOR ( ! RI<T1 HAVE PREV5T$ !IR DECISION FROM BE+ RECEIV$ AS A SETTLEM5T ( ! QUE/ION2 & !RE HAS PROBABLY BE5 NE>LY OR QUITE AS MU* D\BT ON ! PO9T1 AMONG LAWY]S1 S9CE ?AT DECISION AS BE=E4 

,! ,JU/ICES >GU$ ! QUE/ION1 BO? ON PREC$5T1 & AS AN AB/RACT ONE ( NATURAL1 OR COMMON LAW4 ,! PREC$5TS W]E FROM ! C\RT ( *ANC]Y2 & ! MO/ ( !M W]E 5CUMB]$ ) SO MANY COLLAT]AL QUE/IONS1 ?AT1 AL?\< !Y 9DICAT$ V]Y /RONGLY1 & P]HAPS QUITE CLE>LY1 ?AT ! *ANCELLORS HAD1 9 SOME 9/ANCES AT LEA/1 ASSUM$ ?AT !RE WAS A ,COMMON ,LAW COPYRI<T1 /ILL1 AS ! DECREES HAD NEV] BE5 R5D]$ ON A DISCUSSION ( ?AT PO9T1 !Y C\LD NOT BE HELD AS DECISIVE ( ! AB/RACT QUE/ION4 

,! OBJECTIONS ( ,YATES1 ON AB/RACT GR\NDS1 SO F> AS !Y W]E WOR?Y ( NOTICE1 HAVE BE5 NOTIC$1 & REPLI$ TO1 9 0,P>T ,FIR/10 ( ?IS ,ESSAY4 

,! >GUM5TS ( ! ?REE ,JU/ICES1 :O FAVOR$ ! RI<T1 W]E ]RONE\S & DEFICI5T TO SU* A DEGREE1 ?AT IT CAN H>DLY BE SAID ?AT !Y ?REW ANY LI<T UPON ! PO9TS :]E ! REAL DIFFICULTIES LAY4 ,?IS IS P]HAPS NOT TO BE WOND]$ AT4 ,! QUE/ION WAS ESS5TIALLY A NEW ONE1 SO F> AS ANY CRITICAL 9VE/IGATION ( IT WAS CONC]N$4 ,BE+ A NEW ONE1 AN AB/RUSE ONE1 & LIABLE TO OBJECTIONS1 :I* C\LD NOT ALL BE ANSW]$ )\T MU* REFLECTION1 IT IS P]HAPS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT1 9 ! HURRI$ & SUP]FICIAL EXAM9ATION1 :I* ALONE JUDGES CAN GIVE TO NEW QUE/IONS1 !IR VIEWS %\LD BE1 AS !Y W]E1 CRUDE1 9CONSI/5T1 SUP]FICIAL1 & UNSATISFACTORY2 & ?AT1 9/EAD ( SETTL+ ! QUE/IONS 9VOLV$1 !Y DID LITTLE OR NO?+ MORE ?AN BR+ TO LI<T ! REAL QUE/IONS TO BE SETTL$4 

,SOME ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( ! ]RORS & DEFICI5CIES ( !IR >GUM5TS W]E ! FOLL[+4 

#a4 ,:ILE ASS]T+ ?AT AU?ORS HAD A ,COMMON ,LAW RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 !IR WORKS1 !Y CONC$$ & ASS]T$ ?AT 9V5TORS HAD NO ,COMMON ,LAW RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 !IR 9V5TIONS2 ?AT !IR RI<TS DEP5D$ :OLLY ON ! PAT5TS GRANT$ !M BY ! K+4 

,SO GL>+ AN 9CONSI/5CY AS ?IS WAS ( C\RSE :OLLY 9DEF5SIBLE2 & IT WAS TURN$ AGA9/ !M1 9 ! FOLL[+ T]MS1 BY ,YATES1 :O OPPOS$ ! RI<T4 ,HE SAID3 

0,! 9V5TOR ( ! AIR PUMP HAD C]TA9LY A PROP]TY 9 ! MA*9E :I* HE =M$2 BUT DID HE !REBY GA9 A PROP]TY 9 ! AIR1 :I* IS COMMON TO ALL8 ,OR DID HE GA9 ! SOLE PROP]TY 9 ! AB/RACT PR9CIPLES UPON :I* HE CON/RUCT$ HIS MA*9E8 ,& YET !SE MAY BE CALL$ ! 9V5TOR'S IDEAS1 & AS MU* HIS SOLE PROP]TY AS ! IDEAS ( AN AU?OR40 #d ,BURR[S #b#c#e#g4 

,ALSO1 0,EXAMPLES MI<T BE M5TION$1 ( AS GREAT AN EX]TION ( NATURAL FACULTIES1 & ( AS M]ITORI\S LABOR1 9 ! ME*ANICAL 9V5TIONS1 AS 9 ! CASE ( AU?ORS4 ,WE HAVE A REC5T 9/ANCE 9 ,MR4 ,H>RISON'S TIME-PIECE2 :I* IS SAID TO HAVE CO/ HIM TW5TY YE>S APPLICATION4 ,& MI<T HE NOT 9SI/ UPON ! SAME >GUM5TS1 ! SAME *A9 ( REASON+1 ! SAME F\NDATION ( MORAL RI<T1 = PROP]TY 9 HIS 9V5TION1 AS AN AU?OR CAN = HIS8 

0,IF ! PUBLIC %\LD RIVAL HIM 9 HIS 9V5TION1 AS SOON AS IT COMES \T1 MI<T NOT HE AS WELL EXCLAIM AS AN AU?OR1 '?AT !Y HAVE ROBB$ HIM ( HIS PRODUCTION1 & HAVE 9IQUIT\SLY REAP$ :]E !Y HAVE NOT S[N8' ,& YET WE ALL KN[1 :5EV] A MA*9E IS PUBLI%$1 7BE IT EV] SO USEFUL & +5I\S17 ! 9V5TOR HAS NO RI<T TO IT1 BUT ONLY BY PAT5T2 :I* CAN ONLY GIVE HIM A TEMPOR>Y PRIVILEGE40 ,SAME1 P4 #b#c#f4 

,& AGA91 0,! :OLE CLAIM ?AT AN AU?OR CAN REALLY MAKE1 IS ON ! PUBLIC B5EVOL5CE1 BY WAY ( 5C\RAGEM5T2 BUT NOT AS AN ABSOLUTE CO]CIVE RI<T4 ,HIS CASE IS EXACTLY SIMIL> TO ?AT ( AN 9V5TOR ( A NEW ME*ANICAL MA*9E2 IT IS ! RI<T ( EV]Y PUR*AS] ( ! 9/RUM5T TO MAKE :AT USE ( IT HE PLEASES4 ,IT IS1 9DE$1 9 ! P[] ( ! ,CR[N TO GRANT HIM A PROVISION = A LIMIT$ TIME2 BUT IF ! 9V5TOR HAS NO PAT5T = IT1 EV]Y ONE MAY MAKE IT1 & SELL IT4 

0,LET US CONSID]1 A LITTLE1 ! CASE ( ME*ANICAL 9V5TIONS4 

0,BO? ORIG9AL 9V5TIONS /& UPON ! SAME FOOT+1 9 PO9T ( PROP]TY2 :E!R ! CASE BE ME*ANICAL1 OR LIT]>Y2 :E!R IT BE AN EPIC POEM1 OR AN ORR]Y4 ,! 9V5TOR ( ! ONE1 AS WELL AS ! AU?OR ( ! O!R1 HAS A RI<T TO DET]M9E ':E!R ! WORLD %ALL SEE IT OR NOT2' & IF ! 9V5TOR ( ! MA*9E *OOSE TO MAKE A PROP]TY ( IT1 BY SELL+ ! 9V5TION TO AN 9/RUM5T MAK]1 ! 9V5TION WILL PROCURE HIM B5EFIT4 ,BUT :5 ! 9V5TION IS ONCE MADE KN[N TO ! WORLD1 IT IS LAID OP52 IT IS BECOME A GIFT TO ! PUBLIC2 EV]Y PUR*AS] HAS A RI<T TO MAKE :AT USE ( IT HE PLEASES4 ,IF ! 9V5TOR HAS NO PAT5T1 ANY P]SON :ATEV] MAY COPY ! 9V5TION1 & SELL IT4 ,YET EV]Y REASON ?AT CAN BE URG$ = ! 9V5TION ( AN AU?OR1 MAY BE URG$ ) EQUAL /R5G? & =CE1 = ! 9V5TOR ( A MA*9E4 ,! V]Y SAME >GUM5TS '( HAV+ A RI<T TO HIS [N PRODUCTIONS1' & ALL O!RS1 WILL HOLD EQUALLY1 9 BO? CASES2 & ! IMMORALITY ( PIRAT+ ANO!R MAN'S 9V5TION IS FULL AS GREAT1 AS ?AT ( PURLO9+ HIS IDEAS4 ,& ! PUR*AS] ( A BOOK & ( A ME*ANICAL 9V5TION HAS EXACTLY ! SAME MODE ( ACQUISITION2 & !RE=E ! JUS FRU5DI .<! RI<T ( 5JOYM5T.> \<T TO BE EXACTLY ! SAME4 

0,MR4 ,H>RISON 7:OM ,I M5TION$ BE=E7 EMPLOY$ AT LEA/ AS MU* TIME & LABOR & /UDY UPON HIS TIME-KEEP]1 AS ,MR4 ,?OMPSON C\LD DO 9 WRIT+ HIS ,SEASONS2 =1 9 PLANN+ ?AT MA*9E1 ALL ! FACULTIES ( ! M9D MU/ BE FULLY EX]T$4 ,& AS F> AS VALUE IS A M>K ( PROP]TY1 ,MR4 ,H>RISON'S TIME-PIECE IS SURELY AS VALUABLE 9 ITSELF1 AS ,MR4 ,?OMPSON'S ,SEASONS4 

0,SO ! O!R >GUM5TS WILL EQUALLY APPLY4 ,! 9V5TORS ( ! ME*ANISM MAY AS PLAUSIBLY 9SI/1 '?AT 9 PUBLI%+ !IR 9V5TION1 !Y GAVE NO?+ MORE TO ! PUBLIC ?AN M]ELY ! USE ( !IR MA*9ES2' '?AT ! 9V5TOR HAS ! SOLE RI<T ( SELL+ ! MA*9ES HE 9V5T$2' '& ?AT ! PUR*AS] HAS NO RI<T TO MULTIPLY OR SELL ANY COPIES4' ,HE MAY >GUE1 '?AT ?\< HE IS NOT ABLE TO BR+ BACK ! PR9CIPLES TO HIS [N SOLE POSSESSION1 YET ! PROP]TY ( SELL+ ! MA*9ES JU/LY BELONGS TO ! ORIG9AL 9V5TOR4' 

0,YET ) ALL !SE >GUM5TS1 IT IS WELL KN[N1 NO SU* PROP]TY CAN EXI/1 AFT] ! 9V5TION IS PUBLI%$4 

0,FROM H5CE IT IS PLA91 ?AT ! M]E LABOR & /UDY ( ! 9V5TOR1 H[ 9T5SE & +5I\S SOEV] IT MAY BE1 WILL E/ABLI% NO PROP]TY 9 ! 9V5TION2 WILL E/ABLI% NO RI<T TO EXCLUDE O!RS FROM MAK+ ! SAME 9/RUM5T1 :5 ONCE ! 9V5TOR %ALL HAVE PUBLI%$ IT4 

0,ON :AT GR\ND !N CAN AN AU?OR CLAIM ?IS RI<T8 ,H[ COMES HIS RI<T TO BE SUP]IOR TO ?AT ( ! +5I\S 9V5TOR ( A NEW & USEFUL ME*ANICAL 9/RUM5T8 ,ESPECIALLY :5 WE CONSID] ?IS ISL& AS ! SEAT ( COMM]CE1 & NOT MU* ADDICT$ TO LIT]ATURE 9 ANCI5T DAYS2 & !RE=E CAN H>DLY SUPPOSE ?AT \R LAWS GIVE A HI<] RI<T1 OR MORE P]MAN5T PROP]TY1 TO ! AU?OR ( A BOOK1 ?AN TO ! 9V5TOR ( A NEW & USEFUL MA*9E40 ,SAME1 P4 #b#c#h#f-#g4 

,TO !SE >GUM5TS ! ?REE ,JU/ICES (F]$ ONLY !SE REPLIES4 

,WILLES SAID1 0,BUT ! DEF5DANT'S 9SI/1 '?AT BY ! AU?OR'S SALE ( PR9T$ BOOKS1 ! COPY .<RI<T.> NECESS>ILY BECOMES OP52 9 LIKE MANN] AS BY ! 9V5TOR'S COMMUNICAT+ A TRADE1 MANUFACTURE1 OR ME*ANICAL 9/RUM5T1 ! >T BECOMES FREE TO ALL :O HAVE LE>N$1 FROM SU* COMMUNICATION1 TO EX]CISE IT4' 

0,! RESEMBLANCE HOLDS ONLY 9 ?IS--,AS BY ! COMMUNICATION ( AN 9V5TION 9 TRADE1 MANUFACTURE1 OR MA*9ES1 M5 >E TAU<T ! >T OR SCI5CE1 !Y HAVE A RI<T TO USE IT2 SO ALL ! KN[L$GE1 :I* CAN BE ACQUIR$ FROM ! CONT5TS ( A BOOK1 IS FREE = EV]Y MAN'S USE2 IF IT TEA*ES MA!MATICS1 PHYSIC1 HUSB&RY2 IF IT TEA*ES TO WRITE 9 V]SE OR PROSE2 IF1 BY READ+ AN EPIC POEM1 A MAN LE>NS TO MAKE AN EPIC POEM ( HIS [N2 HE IS AT LIB]TY4 

0,BUT PR9T+ IS A TRADE OR MANUFACTURE4 ,! TYPES & PRESS >E ! ME*ANICAL 9/RUM5TS2 ! LIT]>Y COMPOSITION IS AS ! MAT]IAL1 :I* IS ALWAYS PROP]TY4 ,! BOOK CONVEYS KN[L$GE1 9/RUCTION1 OR 5T]TA9M5T2 BUT MULTIPLY+ COPIES 9 PR9T IS QUITE A DI/9CT ?+ FROM ALL ! BOOK COMMUNICATES4 ,& !RE IS NO 9CONGRUITY1 TO RES]VE ?AT RI<T1 & YET CONVEY ! FREE USE ( ALL ! BOOK TEA*ES40 #d ,BURR[S #b#c#c#a4 

,?IS >GUM5T IS UTT]LY ABSURD1 9ASMU* AS IT ASSUMES--:AT IS NOT TRUE--?AT IF AN 9V5TOR EMPLOY A ME*ANIC1 TO CON/RUCT A MA*9E1 9 ACCORDANCE ) HIS 9V5TION1 & !REBY LE>N HIM H[ TO CON/RUCT SIMIL> MA*9ES1 ! ME*ANIC !REBY ACQUIRES A RI<T TO CON/RUCT SU* MA*9ES 9 FUTURE1 )\T ! CONS5T ( ! 9V5TOR6 ,IT IS TRUE SU* AN IDEA ONCE PREVAIL$ 9 ,5GL&1 & WAS ACT$ UPON BY C\RTS4 ,BUT !RE W\LD BE JU/ AS MU* S5SE 9 SAY+ ?AT1 IF AN AU?OR EMPLOY A PR9T] TO PR9T HIS BOOK1 & !REBY LE>N HIM H[ TO PR9T SIMIL> BOOKS1 ! PR9T] !REBY ACQUIRES A RI<T TO PR9T SIMIL> BOOKS1 7?AT IS1 ! SAME LIT]>Y COMPOSITION17 )\T ! AU?OR'S CONS5T4 

,! >GUM5T IS JU/ AS /RONG 9 FAVOR ( ! RI<T ( ! PR9T] TO PR9T ! BOOK1 AS IT IS 9 FAVOR ( ! RI<T ( ! ME*ANIC TO CON/RUCT ! MA*9E4 ,OR1 RA!R1 ! >GUM5T IS JU/ AS WEAK1 9/EAD ( /RONG1 9 ONE CASE AS 9 ! O!R4 

,A/ON SAID1 0,?AT ! COMP>ISON MADE BETWIXT A LIT]>Y WORK & A ME*ANICAL PRODUCTION2 & ?AT ! RI<T TO PUBLI% ! ONE1 IS AS FREE & FAIR1 AS TO IMITATE ! O!R2 C>RIES NO CONVICTION ( ! TRU? ( ?AT POSITION1 TO MY JUDGM5T4 ,!Y APPE> TO ME V]Y DIFF]5T 9 !IR NATURE4 ,& ! DIFF]5CE CONSI/S 9 ?IS1 ?AT ! PROP]TY ( ! MAK] ( A ME*ANICAL 5G9E IS CONF9$ TO ?AT 9DIVIDUAL ?+ :I* HE HAS MADE2 ?AT ! MA*9E MADE 9 IMITATION OR RESEMBLANCE ( IT1 IS A DIFF]5T WORK 9 SUB/ANCE1 MAT]IALS1 LABOR1 & EXP5SE1 9 :I* ! MAK] ( ! ORIG9AL MA*9E CANNOT CLAIM ANY PROP]TY2 = IT IS NOT HIS1 BUT ONLY A RESEMBLANCE ( HIS2 :]EAS ! REPR9T$ BOOK IS ! V]Y SAME SUB/ANCE2 BECAUSE ITS DOCTR9E & S5TIM5TS & ITS ESS5TIAL & SUB/ANTIAL P>T >E4 ,! PR9T+ ( IT IS A M]E ME*ANICAL ACT1 & ! ME?OD ONLY ( PUBLI%+ & PROMULGAT+ ! CONT5TS ( ! BOOK4 

0,! COMPOSITION !RE=E IS ! SUB/ANCE2 ! PAP]1 9K1 TYPE1 ONLY ! 9CID5TS OR VEHICLE4 

0,! VALUE PROVES IT4 ,& ?\< ! DEF5DANT MAY SAY '?OSE MAT]IALS >E M9E1' YET !Y CANNOT GIVE HIM A RI<T TO ! SUB/ANCE1 .<! LIT]>Y COMPOSITION1.> & TO ! MULTIPLY+ ( ! COPIES ( IT2 :I* 7ON :OSE PAP] OR P>*M5T SOEV] IT IS IMPRESS$7 MU/ EV] BE 9V>IABLY ! SAME4 ,NAY1 HIS MIX+1 IF ,I MAY SO CALL IT1 HIS SU* LIKE MAT]IALS ) ! AU?OR'S PROP]TY1 DOES NOT 7AS 9 COMMON CASES7 R5D] ! AU?OR'S PROP]TY LESS DI/+UI%ABLE ?AN IT WAS BE=E2 = ! ID5TICAL WORK OR COMPOSITION WILL /ILL APPE>1 BEYOND A POSSIBILITY ( MI/AKE4 

0,! IMITAT$ MA*9E1 !RE=E1 IS A NEW & DIFF]5T WORK2 ! LIT]>Y COMPOSITION1 PR9T$ ON ANO!R MAN'S PAP]1 IS /ILL ! SAME4 

0,?IS IS SO EVID5T TO MY [N COMPREH5SION1 ?AT ! UTMO/ LABOR ,I CAN USE 9 EXPRESSIONS1 CANNOT /R5G!N IT 9 MY [N IDEA40 #d ,BURR[S #b#c#d#h4 

,?IS >GUM5T ( ,A/ON IS EQUALLY ABSURD ) ?AT ( ,WILLES2 BECAUSE TWO BOOKS1 ( ! SAME K9D1 >E JU/ AS MU* TWO DIFF]5T ?+S1 7& NOT 0! SAME10 AS ,A/ON ASS]TS17 AS >E TWO MA*9ES1 ( ! SAME K9D4 ,! IDEAS ALSO1 DESCRIB$ 9 A BOOK1 >E JU/ AS MU* DI/9CT 5TITIES FROM ! BOOK ITSELF1 AS ! IDEA1 AFT] :I* A MA*9E IS CON/RUCT$1 IS A DI/9CT 5TITY FROM ! MA*9E ITSELF4 ,! IDEAS1 DESCRIB$ 9 A BOOK1 NO MORE COMPOSE ! 0SUB/ANCE0 ( ! BOOK1 & >E NO MORE 0MIX$0 ) ! 0MAT]IALS0 ( ! BOOK1 AS ,A/ON ASS]TS1 ?AN ! IDEA1 AFT] :I* A MA*9E IS CON/RUCT$1 COMPOSES ! 0SUB/ANCE0 ( ! MA*9E1 OR IS 0MIX$0 ) ! 0MAT]IALS0 ( ! MA*9E4 ,BUT ?IS PO9T HAS BE5 SUFFICI5TLY EXPLA9$ 9 A PREVI\S *APT]4"9 

,! OBJECTS ( A BOOK & A MA*9E >E SOME:AT DIFF]5T4 ,! OBJECT ( A BOOK IS SIMPLY TO COMMUNICATE IDEAS4 ,A MA*9E COMMUNICATES IDEAS EQUALLY AS WELL AS A BOOK 7TO ?OSE :O UND]/& ! LANGUAGE ( ME*ANICS72 BUT IT ALSO HAS ANO!R OBJECT1 :I* A BOOK HAS NOT1 VIZ43 ! P]=MANCE ( LABOR4 ,?IS IS ! MO/ NOTICEABLE DIFF]5CE BETWE5 !M2 A DIFF]5CE ( NO LEGAL IMPORTANCE :ATEV]1 UNLESS IT BE TO PROVE ?AT ! ME*ANICAL IDEA IS ! MORE VALUABLE ( ! TWO1 & !RE=E ! MORE WOR?Y ( PROTECTION AS PROP]TY4 

,LORD ,MANSFIELD MADE NO >GUM5T ( HIS [N1 AS TO ! RESEMBLANCE1 OR DIFF]5CE1 BETWE5 ME*ANICAL 9V5TIONS & LIT]>Y COMPOSITIONS2 BUT HE MU/ BE CONSID]$ TO HAVE 5DORS$ ! >GUM5TS ( ,WILLES & ,A/ON1 ON ?IS PO9T1 AS WELL AS ON ALL O!RS2 = HE SAID HE HAD READ !M 7?R\<\T71 & 0FULLY ADOPT$ !M40 P4 #b#c#i#e-#f4 

,!RE CAN C]TA9LY1 ,I ?9K1 BE NO NECESSITY = ANY ADDITIONAL REM>KS ON ?IS SUBJECT4 ,! ID5TITY ( PR9CIPLE1 9 ! TWO CASES1 IS SO P]FECT1 & SO PALPABLE1 ?AT ANY !ORY1 ?AT EXCLUDES AN 9V5TOR'S IDEAS FROM ! CATEGORY ( PROP]TY1 MU/ EQUALLY EXCLUDE ?OSE ( AU?ORS4 ,& ANY !ORY1 ?AT 9CLUDES ! IDEAS ( AU?ORS 9 ! CATEGORY ( PROP]TY1 MU/ EQUALLY 9CLUDE ?OSE ( 9V5TORS4 ,A/ON HIMSELF1 FIVE YE>S AFT]W>DS1 9 ! CASE ( ,DONALDSON VS4 ,BECKET1 HAD *ANG$ HIS M9D SO F> AS TO SAY1 ?AT 0,HE ?\<T IT W\LD BE MORE LIB]AL TO CONCLUDE1 ?AT PREVI\S TO ! MONOPOLY /ATUTE1 !RE EXI/$ A COMMON LAW RI<T1 EQUALLY TO AN 9V5TOR ( A MA*9E1 & AN AU?OR ( A WORK40"9 

,WE1 ( ?IS DAY1 MAY WELL FEEL AMAZ$ ?AT ?REE \T ( F\R1 ( ! JUDGES1 OCCUPY+ SO HI< A SEAT AS ?AT ( ! ,K+'S ,B5*1 C\LD FALL 9TO AN ]ROR SO ABSURD 9 ITSELF1 & SO EVID5TLY FATAL TO ! CAUSE !Y W]E ADVOCAT+4 ,! FACT1 ?AT !Y DID SO1 IS ONE ( ! NUMB]LESS 9/ANCES1 ?AT %[ H[ ! M9DS ( JUDICIAL TRIBUNALS >E FETT]$ BY ! AU?ORITY1 OR !IR CONSCI5CES SW]V$ BY ! 9FLU5CE1 ( ! GOV]NM5T1 :OSE S]VANTS !Y >E2 & CONSEQU5TLY H[ LITTLE RELIANCE IS TO BE PLAC$ UPON ! CORRECTNESS ( JUDICIAL DECISIONS4 

,MANY P]SONS1 NO D\BT1 WILL ?9K ?AT 9 ?IS CASE1 ! CONSCI5CES ( ! JUDGES W]E SW]V$1 RA!R ?AN ?AT !IR JUDGM5TS W]E FETT]$2 ?AT 9ASMU* AS ! GRANT+ ( PAT5TS HAD1 = HUNDR$S ( YE>S1 BE5 HELD TO BE A BRAN* ( ! ROYAL PR]OGATIVE2 & 9 SOME REIGNS1 IF NOT 9 ALL1 A SOME:AT LUCRATIVE BRAN*2 ! JUDGES HAD NOT ! C\RAGE TO /RIKE SU* A PALPABLE BL[ AT ! AU?ORITY1 DIGNITY1 & REV5UES ( ! K+1 AS !Y W\LD DO BY DECL>+ ?AT 9V5TORS C\LD HOLD !IR PROP]TY 9DEP5D5TLY ( HIS 0GRACI\S PLEASURE & CONDESC5SION40 

,O!R P]SONS MAY P]HAPS IMAG9E1 ?AT AN UNWILL+NESS1 ON ! P>T ( ! JUDGES1 TO IMPEA* !IR [N 9FALLIBILITY1 & ?AT ( !IR C\RT1 BY ACKN[L$G+ ! ]ROR ( ALL !IR =M] DECISIONS1 9 REG>D TO 9V5TIONS1 WAS AT ! BOTTOM ( ! ABSURD DI/9CTION1 :I* !Y ATTEMPT$ TO SET UP1 BETWE5 ! RI<TS ( AU?ORS & 9V5TORS1 TO A PROP]TY 9 !IR RESPECTIVE IDEAS4 

,/ILL O!R P]SONS1 H[EV]1 ( A MORE *>ITABLE DISPOSITION1 ESPECIALLY IF !Y >E FAMILI> ) ! UNREASON+ /UPIDITY1 ) :I* C\RTS >E HABITUAT$ TO ACQUIESCE 9 EV]Y ?+1 H[EV] ABSURD 9 ITSELF1 ?AT HAS ! ODOR ( AU?ORITY OR PREC$5T1 WILL P]HAPS GIVE !SE JUDGES CR$IT = HONE/LY IMAG9+1 ?AT !RE MU/ BE SOME DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! RI<TS ( AU?ORS & 9V5TORS1 NOT)/&+ !Y !MSELVES 7! JUDGES7 W]E UNABLE TO MAKE ?AT DIFF]5CE APPE>4 

,BUT :ATEV] MAY HAVE BE5 ! CAUSE ( SO PAT5T AN 9CONSI/5CY ON !IR P>T1 ! 9CONSI/5CY ITSELF WAS SUFFICI5T TO DEPRIVE !IR DECISION ( ALL WEI<T AS AN AU?ORITY4 

#b4 ,! >GUM5TS ( ! ?REE ,JU/ICES1 9 FAVOR ( ! RI<T1 W]E IMP]FECT = ANO!R REASON1 TO WIT3 ?AT !Y FAIL$ TO ANSW] ! FOLL[+ >GUM5T ( ,YATES AGA9/ ! RI<T1 VIZ43 ,?AT IT WAS A SUPPOSABLE CASE ?AT TWO M5 MI<T PRODUCE ! SAME IDEAS1 9DEP5D5TLY ( EA* O!R2 & ?AT1 9 SU* A CASE1 IT W\LD BE UNJU/ TO GIVE1 TO ! ONE :O FIR/ PRODUC$ !M1 AN EXCLUSIVE PROP]TY 9 !M4 

,! ?REE JUDGES MADE NO REPLY TO ?IS >GUM5T4 

,I HAVE ATTEMPT$ TO ANSW] ?IS OBJECTION1 9 A =M] *APT]1"9 & NE$ NOT REPEAT :AT IS !RE SAID4 

#c4 ,A ?IRD ]ROR1 OR DEFICI5CY1 9 ! >GUM5TS ( ! ?REE ,JU/ICES1 9 FAVOR ( ! ,COMMON ,LAW COPYRI<T1 >OSE 9 ?IS WAY4 

,IT IS NOT N[1 & ,I SUPPOSE NEV] HAS BE51 ! CU/OM 9 ,5GL&1 TO MAKE ANY 5TRY--SU* AS 0COPYRI<T RES]V$10 OR O!R EQUIVAL5T EXPRESSION--ON ! TITLE PAGE1 OR O!R P>T ( A BOOK ITSELF1 TO GIVE NOTICE TO PUR*AS]S ?AT ! COPYRI<T IS RETA9$ BY ! AU?OR4 

,! ACT ( P>LIAM5T REQUIR$ NO SU* 5TRY TO BE MADE 9 ! BOOKS !MSELVES4 ,IT ONLY PROTECT$ ! COPYRI<T ( ?OSE BOOKS1 :OSE TITLE %\LD BE 5T]$ 9 ! REGI/] BOOK ( ! ,COMPANY ( ,/ATION]S4 ,BUT AS ?IS WAS A M]ELY >BITR>Y PROVISION1 ! 5TRY OR NON-5TRY ( ! TITLE !RE1 C\LD HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) ! QUE/ION ( COPYRI<T AT ,COMMON ,LAW4 

,H5CE ! IMPORTANT QUE/ION >OSE1 ,H[ IS A PUR*AS] ( A BOOK TO KN[ H[ MU* HE PUR*ASES8 ,?AT IS1 ,H[ IS HE TO KN[ :E!R1 9 BUY+ A BOOK1 HE ALSO BUYS ! RI<T TO REPR9T IT1 OR ONLY ! RI<T TO READ IT8 ,ON :AT LEGAL GR\NDS CAN IT BE SAID1 ?AT !RE IS ANY IMPLI$ CONTRACT BETWE5 ! AU?OR & ! PUR*AS]1 BY :I* ! =M] RES]VES ! EXCLUSIVE RI<T TO MULTIPLY COPIES8 

,!SE W]E IMPORTANT QUE/IONS1 :I* ! ?REE ,JU/ICES1 :O FAVOR$ ! COMMON LAW COPYRI<T1 W]E B\ND TO ANSW]4 ,BUT !Y DID NOT ANSW] !M SATISFACTORILY OR FULLY4 ,I HAVE ATTEMPT$ TO ANSW] !M 9 A =M] *APT]4"9 

#d4 ,A F\R? ]ROR1 9 ! >GUM5T1 ( ! ?REE ,JU/ICES1 :O FAVOR$ ! RI<T1 WAS ?IS4 

,WILLES SAID1 7& IT WAS APP>5TLY CONCURR$ 9 BY BO? ,A/ON & ,MANSFIELD17 ?AT 0,ALL ! KN[L$GE1 :I* CAN BE ACQUIR$ FROM ! CONT5TS ( A BOOK1 IS FREE = EV]Y MAN'S USE4 "9 "9 "9 ,! BOOK CONVEYS KN[L$GE1 9/RUCTION1 OR 5T]TA9M5T2 BUT MULTIPLY+ COPIES 9 PR9T IS QUITE A DI/9CT ?+ FROM ALL ! BOOK COMMUNICATES4 ,& !RE IS NO 9CONGRUITY1 TO RES]VE ?AT RI<T1 & YET CONVEY ! FREE USE ( ALL ! BOOK TEA*ES40 P4 #b#c#c#a4 

,?IS IS ]ROR ?R\<\T4 ,IT IS1 ( C\RSE1 G5]ALLY TRUE1 ?AT 0,ALL ! KN[L$GE ?AT CAN BE ACQUIR$ FROM ! CONT5TS ( A BOOK1 IS FREE = EV]Y MAN'S USE10 9 EV]Y WAY EXCEPT ?AT ( REPR9T+ DESCRIPTIONS ( IT2 BUT IT IS1 BY NO MEANS1 A NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE ( ! PUBLICATION ( A BOOK1 ?AT ALL ! KN[L$GE IT CONVEYS1 IS1 EV5 ?US F>1 FREE = ! USE ( EV]Y BODY1 OR EV5 = ! USE ( ! PUR*AS] ( ! BOOK4 ,SUPPOSE A BOOK DESCRIBE A /EAM 5G9E SO FULLY1 ?AT A ME*ANIC1 FROM ! KN[L$GE ?US CONVEY$1 W\LD BE ABLE TO CON/RUCT & OP]ATE A /EAM 5G9E2 DOES IT FOLL[1 BECAUSE HE HAS OBTA9$ ?AT KN[L$GE FROM A BOOK1 7EV5 ?\< ! BOOK W]E WRITT5 & SOLD BY ! 9V5TOR ( ! 5G9E17 ?AT IT IS !RE=E FREE = HIS USE8 ,NOT AT ALL4 ,! BOOK MAY HAVE BE51 & MO/ LIKELY WAS1 WRITT5 BY ! 9V5TOR1 SIMPLY = ! PURPOSE ( CONVEY+1 TO ! READ]1 SU* A KN[L$GE ( ! /EAM 5G9E1 AS W\LD 9DUCE HIM TO PUR*ASE ! RI<T TO CON/RUCT1 OR USE ONE4 

,IF SPECIAL NOTICE BE GIV51 9 ! BOOK1 ?AT ! COPYRI<T IS RES]V$1 ?AT NOTICE MAY--&1 9 ! ABS5CE ( ANY GR\ND ( PRESUMPTION TO ! CONTR>Y1 P]HAPS W\LD--IMPLY ?AT ! AU?OR RES]VES NO?+ ELSE ?AN ! RI<T ( MULTIPLY+ COPIES2 & ?AT ! KN[L$GE CONVEY$ BY ! BOOK1 IS !RE=E FREE = ALL O!R USES4 ,BUT1 9 ,5GL&1 :]E NO NOTICE IS GIV51 9 ! BOOK1 ?AT ! COPYRI<T IS RES]V$1 NO IMPLICATION CAN BE DRAWN1 FROM ! SIMPLE FACT ( PUBLICATION ALONE1 ?AT ! KN[L$GE CONVEY$ IS DESIGN$ TO BE FREE4 ,! LAW MU/ 9F]1 FROM ! NATURE ( ! KN[L$GE CONVEY$1 & FROM O!R CIRCUM/ANCES1 :E!R ! AU?OR DESIGNS ! KN[L$GE TO BE FREE1 OR NOT4 ,9 A L>GE PROPORTION ( ! BOOKS PR9T$1 ! KN[L$GE IS ( SU* TRIVIAL M>KET VALUE1 ?AT1 9 ANY O!R =M ?AN 9 A BOOK1 IT W\LD BR+ NO?+ WOR? B>GA9+ =4 ,9 SU* CASES1 IT W\LD BE REASONABLE = ! LAW TO 9F] ?AT ! KN[L$GE WAS DESIGN$ TO BE FREE = ALL USES1 EXCEPT ?AT ( BE+ REPR9T$4 ,BUT :]EV] ! KN[L$GE HAD AN IMPORTANT M>KET VALUE1 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! BOOK1 IT W\LD BE REASONABLE TO 9F]1 ?AT ! OBJECT ( ! BOOK WAS1 TO ADV]TISE ! KN[L$GE1 ) A VIEW TO ITS SALE = USE1 RA!R ?AN ?AT ! PRICE ( ! BOOK1 WAS ! PRICE ALSO = ! FREE USE ( ! KN[L$GE4 

,?IS MATT]1 H[EV]1 HAS P]HAPS BE5 SUFFICI5TLY DISCUSS$ 9 A =M] *APT]4"9 

,WILLES SAYS1 0,!RE IS NO 9CONGRUITY1 TO RES]VE ?AT RI<T1 .<! RI<T ( MULTIPLY+ COPIES1.> & YET CONVEY ! FREE .<UNLIMIT$.> USE ( ALL ! BOOK TEA*ES40 ,YES1 !RE IS A PLA9 9CONGRUITY2 BECAUSE ! 0MULTIPLY+ COPIES 9 PR9T10 IS ITSELF ONE ( ! 0USES10 :I* IS MADE ( :AT ! BOOK TEA*ES4 ,WE CANNOT MULTIPLY COPIES ( ! BOOK1 )\T US+ ! IDEAS IT COMMUNICATES2 = !SE IDEAS >E AN 9DISP5SABLE GUIDE TO ! WORK ( SETT+ ! TYPE = ! NEW COPIES4 ,! USE ( ! IDEAS1 = ?IS PURPOSE1 IS G5]ALLY ! ONLY 0USE10 FROM :I* ! AU?OR D]IVES HIS PECUNI>Y PR(IT4 ,& IT IS BECAUSE ?IS 0USE0 ( !M IS LUCRATIVE1 ?AT HE RES]VES IT EXCLUSIVELY TO HIMSELF4 ,TO SAY1 !RE=E1 ?AT AN AU?OR RES]VES TO HIMSELF ! COPYRI<T--?AT IS1 ! EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( US+ ! IDEAS TO MULTIPLY COPIES ( ! BOOK--& YET ?AT HE CONVEYS TO O!RS ! FREE .<UNLIMIT$.> USE ( ! SAME IDEAS1 IS A CONTRADICTION2 BECAUSE ! UNLIMIT$ USE ( ! IDEAS1 W\LD 9CLUDE ! USE ( !M = MULTIPLY+ COPIES ( ! BOOK4 ,HE MAY1 !RE=E1 RES]VE ! RI<T ( MULTIPLY+ COPIES1 & YET CONVEY A RI<T TO USE1 9 EV]Y O!R WAY1 ?AN ?AT ( MULTIPLY+ COPIES1 0ALL ?AT ! BOOK TEA*ES20 BUT HE CANNOT RES]VE ! COPYRI<T1 0& YET CONVEY ! FREE .<UNLIMIT$.> USE ( ALL ! BOOK TEA*ES40 

,9 REPR9T+ ! BOOK1 ! IDEAS1 :I* ! BOOK TEA*ES1 OR COMMUNICATES1 >E NECESS>ILY US$ AS A GUIDE TO ! WORK ( PR9T+2 & ! SOLE RI<T ( US+ !M1 = ?AT PURPOSE1 IS ! COPYRI<T1 OR RI<T ( PROP]TY1 :I* ! AU?OR HAS RES]V$ TO HIMSELF4 

,BUT ,WILLES SAYS ?AT 0MULTIPLY+ COPIES 9 PR9T IS QUITE A DI/9CT ?+ FROM ALL ! BOOK COMMUNICATES40 

,HE OBVI\SLY MEANS1 BY ?IS REM>K1 ?AT ! RI<T ( 0MULTIPLY+ COPIES .<( ! BOOK.> 9 PR9T1 IS QUITE A DI/9CT ?+ FROM0 ! RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 ! IDEAS1 0?AT ! BOOK COMMUNICATES40 ,BUT 9 ?IS1 HE IS 9 A GREAT ]ROR2 = IT IS ! RI<T ( PROP]TY ALONE1 9 ! IDEAS1 0?AT ! BOOK COMMUNICATES10 ?AT GIVES HIM ! EXCLUSIVE RI<T TO USE !M = ! PURPOSE ( 0MULTIPLY+ COPIES .<( ! BOOK.> 9 PR9T40 

,BE=E ! BOOK WAS PR9T$1 ALL ! IDEAS IT DESCRIBES1 7OR SO MANY ( !M AS W]E ORIG9AL ) HIM17 W]E ! SOLE PROP]TY ( ! WRIT]4 ,BY PR9T+ ! BOOK1 & SELL+ IT1 ) A RES]VATION ( COPYRI<T1 HE CONVEY$ A P>TIAL PROP]TY 9 ! IDEAS1 TO HIS READ]S4 ,?AT IS1 HE CONVEY$ TO !M A RI<T ( POSSESSION1 9 COMMON ) HIMSELF1 ( ALL ! IDEAS 0! BOOK COMMUNICAT$20 & 79 MO/ CASES7 HE AB&ONS 7AS BE+ WOR?LESS TO HIMSELF7 HIS EXCLUSIVE RI<T TO ! 0USE0 ( !M1 = EV]Y PURPOSE1 EXCEPT ?AT ( REPR9T+ DESCRIPTIONS ( !M4 ,! SOLE RI<T ( US+ !M1 = ! PURPOSE ( REPR9T+ DESCRIPTIONS ( !M1 IS A P>T ( HIS ORIG9AL EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( PROP]TY1 OR DOM9ION1 9 ! IDEAS !MSELVES4 ,IT IS ! P>T1 ( ?AT ORIG9AL EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( PROP]TY1 OR DOM9ION1 :I* HE HAS RES]V$ TO HIMSELF4 ,! RE/ ( HIS ORIG9AL RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 !M1 HE HAS 79 MO/ CASES7 CONVEY$1 OR AB&ON$1 TO BE 5JOY$ BY O!RS1 9 COMMON ) HIMSELF4 ,! COPYRI<T1 !RE=E1 IS A REMNANT1 REMA9D]1 OR RES]V$ PORTION1 ( HIS ORIG9AL EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 ! IDEAS 0?AT ! BOOK COMMUNICATES10 OR DESCRIBES2 & IT IS NO?+ ELSE4 

,?IS ATTEMPT1 ON ! P>T ( ! ?REE ,JU/ICES1 7OR C]TA9LY ON ! P>T ( ,WILLES17 TO MAKE IT APPE>1 ?AT ! RI<T ( MULTIPLY+ COPIES ( A BOOK1 WAS 0QUITE A DI/9CT ?+0 FROM ALL RI<T ( PROP]TY 91 OR DOM9ION OV]1 ! IDEAS1 0?AT ! BOOK COMMUNICATES10 CONFUS$ & DE/ROY$ !IR :OLE >GUM5T2 = IT WAS AN ATTEMPT TO PROVE A LEGAL IMPOSSIBILITY1 VIZ43 ! EXI/5CE ( A LEGAL RI<T1 :I* ATTA*$ TO NO LEGAL 5TITY4 

,! IDEA1 ?AT AN AU?OR C\LD RETA9 AN EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( MULTIPLY+ COPIES ( A BOOK1 AFT] HE HAD P>T$ ) EV]Y VE/IGE ( EXCLUSIVE PROP]TY 9 0ALL ?AT ! BOOK COMMUNICAT$10 IS A P]FECT ABSURDITY4 

,! COPYRI<T1 OR ! RI<T ( MULTIPLY+ COPIES1 !RE=E1 AL?\< IT IS NOT NECESS>ILY A SOLE & ABSOLUTE RI<T ( PROP]TY1 9 ! IDEAS !MSELVES1 = ALL USES & PURPOSES :ATSOEV]1 IS1 NEV]!LESS1 A SOLE & ABSOLUTE RI<T ( PROP]TY1 9 ! IDEAS !MSELVES1 = A P>TICUL> USE & PURPOSE1 TO WIT3 ?AT ( PR9T+ BOOKS DESCRIB+ !M4 ,IT IS NOT1 !RE=E1 AS !SE ,JU/ICES ASSUM$1 A M]E %AD[1 OR PHANTOM ( A RI<T1 EXI/+ 9DEP5D5TLY ( ALL EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( PROP]TY :ATEV]1 9 ! IDEAS !MSELVES4 ,IT IS A SUB/ANTIAL PROP]TY RI<T1 9 ! IDEAS !MSELVES1 :I* ! BOOK DESCRIBES1 & :I* >E NECESS>ILY US$ 9 REPR9T+ ! BOOK4 

,IF1 AS !SE ,JU/ICES HELD1 ! EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( MULTIPLY+ COPIES ( ! BOOK1 W]E A RI<T EXI/+ 9DEP5D5TLY ( ALL EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( PROP]TY1 9 ! IDEAS DESCRIB$ 9 ! BOOK1 !SE QUE/IONS W\LD >ISE1 VIZ43 ,:]E DID ?IS ANOMAL\S RI<T COME FROM8 ,H[ DID IT ORIG9ATE8 ,:AT LEGAL 5TITY DOES IT ATTA* TO8 ,& H[ CAME IT 9 ! POSSESSION ( ! AU?OR ( ! BOOK1 9 PREF]5CE TO ANYBODY ELSE8 ,& !SE QUE/IONS1 ,I APPREH5D1 W\LD BE :OLLY UNANSW]ABLE4 

#e4 ,! >GUM5T ( ! ?REE ,JU/ICES--OR RA!R ( TWO ( ! ,JU/ICES1 ,WILLES & ,MANSFIELD--9 FAVOR ( ! RI<T1 W]E IMP]FECT = /ILL ANO!R REASON1 VIZ43 ?AT !IR DEF9ITIONS ( ,COMMON ,LAW W]E 9ACCURATE1 & 9DEF9ITE4 

,?US ,JU/ICE ,WILLES SAID1 ?AT 0PRIVATE JU/ICE1 MORAL FITNESS1 & PUBLIC CONV5I5CE1 :5 APPLI$ TO A NEW SUBJECT1 MAKE COMMON LAW )\T A PREC$5T2 MU* MORE1 :5 RECEIV$ & APPROV$ BY USAGE40 P4 #b#c#a#b4 

,LORD ,MANSFIELD SAID1 0,I ALL[ !M SUFFICI5T TO %[ 'IT IS AGREEABLE TO ! PR9CIPLE ( RI<T & WRONG1 ! FITNESS ( ?+S1 CONV5I5CE1 & POLICY1 & !RE=E TO ! COMMON LAW1 TO PROTECT ! COPY .<RI<T.> BE=E PUBLICATION4' 0 

,IF !Y HAD SAID SIMPLY ?AT NATURAL JU/ICE WAS COMMON LAW 79 ALL CASES :ATSOEV]1 NEW & OLD1 EXCEPT P]HAPS ?OSE V]Y FEW1 :I* HAVE BE=E BE5 ALLUD$ TO1 :]E SOME POSITIVE-9/ITUTION TO ! CONTR>Y HAS BE5 9 PRACTICAL EFFICI5T OP]ATION FROM TIME IMMEMORIAL7--!IR DEF9ITION W\LD HAVE BE5 CORRECT4 ,IT W\LD ALSO HAVE BE5 DEF9ITE1 PRECISE1 & C]TA91 9ASMU* AS NATURAL JU/ICE IS A MATT] ( SCI5CE4 ,BUT :5 !Y ADD ?AT 0MORAL FITNESS1 & PUBLIC CONV5I5CE10 & 0! FITNESS ( ?+S1 CONV5I5CE1 & POLICY10 MU/ CONSPIRE ) 0PRIVATE JU/ICE10 & 0! PR9CIPLES ( RI<T & WRONG10 9 ORD] TO MAKE ,COMMON ,LAW1 !Y 9TRODUCE CONFUSION & UNC]TA9TY 9TO !IR DEF9ITION2 9ASMU* AS 0MORAL FITNESS & PUBLIC CONV5I5CE10 0! FITNESS ( ?+S1 CONV5I5CE1 & POLICY10 IF CONSID]$ AS ANY ?+ SEP>ATE FROM NATURAL JU/ICE1 >E T]MS ?AT CONVEY NO PRECISE MEAN+1 & OP5 ! DOOR TO AN 5DLESS DIV]SITY ( OP9ION4 ,NO /RONG] PRO( ( ?IS LA/ ASS]TION NE$ BE (F]$ ?AN ! GREAT DIV]SITY ( OP9ION ?AT EXI/S AS TO ! POLICY1 EXP$I5CY1 & MORAL FITNESS1 ( ! PR9CIPLE ( PROP]TY 9 IDEAS4 

,!SE T]MS >E ALSO IMPROP] & UNNECESS>Y ONES TO BE 9TRODUC$ 9TO A LEGAL DEF9ITION1 = ! REASON ?AT1 9 MATT]S ( GOV]NM5T & LAW1 NATURAL JU/ICE ITSELF HAS ! V]Y HI<E/ DEGREE ( 0MORAL FITNESS20 IT SUBS]VES1 9 ! V]Y HI<E/ DEGREE1 ! 0PUBLIC CONV5I5CE20 & ITS PR9CIPLES >E ! S\NDE/ ( ALL PR9CIPLES ( 0PUBLIC POLICY40 ,! SIMPLE DEF9ITION1 NATURAL JU/ICE1 IS !RE=E COMPLETE & SUFFICI5T ( ITSELF2 & NE$S NO ADDITIONS OR QUALIFICATIONS4 

,A/ON'S DEF9ITION ( ,COMMON ,LAW WAS BETT]1 = HE HELD ?AT 0,RI<T REASON & NATURAL PR9CIPLES .<W]E.> ! ONLY GR\NDS ( ,COMMON ,LAW1 ORIG9ALLY APPLICABLE TO ?IS QUE/ION20 ?AT 0! PR9CIPLES ( REASON1 JU/ICE1 & TRU?10 W]E ! PR9CIPLES ( ! ,COMMON ,LAW2 ?AT 0! ,COMMON ,LAW1 N[ SO CALL$1 IS F\ND$ ON ! LAW ( NATURE & REASON20 ?AT IT IS 0EQUALLY COMPREH5SIVE (1 & CO-EXT5SIVE )1 !SE PR9CIPLES & GR\NDS FROM :I* IT IS D]IV$20 ?AT 0! ,COMMON ,LAW1 SO F\ND$ & NAM$1 IS UNIV]SALLY COMPREH5SIVE1 COMM&+ :AT IS HONE/1 & PROHIBIT+ ! CONTR>Y20 ?AT 0ITS PRECEPTS >E1 9 RESPECT TO MANK9D1 TO LIVE HONE/LY1 TO HURT NO ONE1 & TO GIVE TO EV]Y ONE HIS [N40 P4 #b#c#c#g--#h1 #b#c#d#c--#d4 

,JU/ICE ,YATES1 :O OPPOS$ ! COPYRI<T1 HELD NE>LY ! SAME VIEWS ( ! ,COMMON ,LAW1 ) ,A/ON4 ,HE SAID3 

0,IT WAS CONT5D$ '?AT ! CLAIM ( AU?ORS TO A P]PETUAL COPYRI<T 9 !IR WORKS1 IS MA9TA9ABLE UPON ! G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( PROP]TY4' ,& ?IS1 ,I APPREH5D1 WAS A NECESS>Y GR\ND = ! PLA9TIFF TO MA9TA92 =1 H[EV] PECULI> ! LAWS ( ?IS & EV]Y O!R C\NTRY MAY BE1 ) RESPECT TO T]RITORIAL PROP]TY1 ,I WILL TAKE UPON ME TO SAY1 ?AT ! LAW ( ,5GL&1 ) RESPECT TO ALL P]SONAL PROP]TY1 HAD ITS GR& F\NDATION 9 NATURAL LAW40 P4 #b#c#e#e4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ah$ 3 ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #f1 ,SECTION #c -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bb 3 ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #f1 ,SECTION #c -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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