,! ,KURDI% ,UPRIS+ & ,KURDI/AN'S ,NATIONALI/ ,%OP ,FRONT & ,ITS ,NEGOTIATIONS ) ! ,BAA?I/_/,FASCI/ ,REGIME 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANONYM\S 

,TEXT 3 

,! ,KURDI% ,UPRIS+ & ,KURDI/AN'S ,NATIONALI/ ,%OP ,FRONT & ,ITS ,NEGOTIATIONS ) ! ,BAA?I/_/,FASCI/ ,REGIME 

,! FOLL[+ IS AN ACC\NT ( ! UPRIS+ 9 ,KURDI/AN 9 #aiia TOGE!R ) AN HI/ORICAL CRITIQUE ( ! ,KURDI% NATIONALI/ P>TIES4 ,IT BURIES ! LIES ( ! WE/]N M$IA :I* PRES5T$ ?IS PROLET>IAN UPRIS+ AS ! WORK ( NATIONALI/ P>TIES 9 ! NOR? OR ,%I'ITE RELIGI\S FANATICS 9 ! S\?4 

"9 "9 "9 

,! GREAT POPUL> UPRIS+ ( ! EXPLOIT$ ( ,IRAQ 9 ,M>* ?IS YE> ?REAT5$ ! AIMS & 9T]E/S ( BO? CONT5D+ SIDES 9 ! ,GULF W>4 ,FROM ,KURDI/AN TO S\!RN ,IRAQ ! POOR ROSE UP AGA9/ ! ,BAA?I/_/,FASCI/ REGIME & AGA9/ ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! W> CREAT$ BY BO? ?IS REGIME & ! COALITION ALLIES4 ,! ALLI$ COALITION ( WE/]N CAPITAL -- P>TICUL>LY ,BU%1 :O WAS WORRI$ AB\T EXT5D+ ! W> 9TO ANO!R ,VIETNAM SC5>IO -- /OPP$ ! W> 9 ORD] TO ALL[ ,SADDAM TO CRU% ?IS UPRIS+4 ,ESS5TIALLY1 !Y DIDN'T WANT A SUCCESSFUL UPRIS+ BECAUSE IT W\LD BE AN 9SPIRATION ?R\<\T ! ,>AB WORLD -- & PROBABLY ELSE:]E4 ,! ,SAUDI GOV]NM5T WAS ESPECIALLY WORRI$ AB\T ?IS AS ! ,IRAQI UPRIS+ -- 9 ! =M ( PLAC>D C>RY+ DEMON/RATIONS -- HAD ALREADY BEGUN BE=E ! GR\ND W> GOT UND]WAY4 ,!SE DEMON/RATIONS ON ! :OLE CONDEMN$ BO? SIDES1 AL?\< 9 SOME PRO-WE/]N SYMPA?IES W]E EXPRESS$ -- = EXAMPLE1 A DEMO ) PHOTOS ( ,BU% HELD AL(T3 ?IS DIDN'T MEAN ?AT ! DEMON/RATORS W]E = ,BU% LIKE ?AT1 M]ELY ?AT !IR HATR$ WAS SO 9T5SE ?AT !Y W]E PREP>$ TO USE ANY?+ & ANYBODY TO EXPRESS ?AT HATR$4 ,SADLY1 ?\< ! VA/ MAJORITY W]E NOT PRO-,BU%1 MANY HAD ILLUSIONS 9 BE+ 'SAV$' BY ! ,WE/4 ,SADDAM WAS PREP>$ TO GIVE 9 TO ALL ! COALITION'S CONDITIONS 9 ORD] TO CRU% ! UPRIS+ & /AY 9 P[]4 ,HIS FASCI/ REGIME WAS TAK+ REV5GE ON ! UPRIS+ = LOS+ ! W>4 ,?AT'S :Y1 9 A V]Y B>B>IC WAY1 HE ATTACK$ ! V]Y S\L ( ! UPRIS+ FROM ,BASRA1 ,DEWANIA1 ,KABBALAH & ,NAJAF TO ! ,KURDI% CITIES ( ,KIRKUK1 ,SULLIEMANIA & ,HAWLIR4 ,LIKE A BUT*]'S %OP !Y HAD ON DISPLAY ! C>CASSES ( ,TURKS1 ,>ABS1 ,ASSYRIANS & ,KURDS4.<#a.> ,9 ?AT S5SE IT WAS AN 9T]NATIONAL1 & NOT JU/ A ,KURDI%1 AFFAIR3 A TRULY PUBLIC & POPUL> UPRIS+4 

,! V]Y B>B>ISM ( ! REGIME'S >MY & POLICE1 & ! NI<TM>E ( ANO!R ,HALABJA WAS 5\< TO DRIVE #c MILLION REBELLI\S 7MA9LY POOR7 PEOPLE 9TO ! M\NTA9S1 ALL ! :ILE BE+ T>GET$ BY HELICOPT] GUN-%IPS T[>DS ! DISEASE1 />VATION1 COLD1 MIS]Y & DEA? ( ! ,KURDI% M\NTA9S 9 ! NOR? & TO ! P>*$ DES]TS ( ! S\?4 ,9 ! M\NTA9S !Y W5T RI<T UP TO & OV] ! ,TURKI%_/,IRANIAN BORD]1 ?US ?REAT5+ ! /ABILITY ( NATIONAL FRONTI]S 5\< TO BR+ 9 ! ,TURKI% & ,IRANIAN >MY & POLICE4 ,WE ALL WITNESS$ ! 9HUMAN TREATM5T MET$ \T BY1 9 P>TICUL>1 ! ,TURKI% >M$ MILITIAS4 ,!Y TREAT$ ,KURDS LIKE 5EMIES4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 WE SAW HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( ,IRANIANS -- NOT ALL ( !M ,KURDS -- G5]\SLY GIV+ AS MU* HELP AS !Y C\LD4 ,SO MU* SO ?AT IT NE>LY BECAME A ?REAT TO ! 9T]NAL /ABILITY ( ,IRAN.<#b.> & ,TURKEY4 ,!RE WAS ,KURDI% UNRE/ 9 ! ,KURDI% P>T ( ,TURKEY & !RE W]E DEMON/RATIONS 9 ! CITY ( ,DIY>BAKIR & O!R L>GE T[NS 9 ,TURKEY4 ,9DE$1 SOME ,KURDI% T[NS 9 ,TURKEY W]E BOMB$ BY ! ,R,A,F & ,U,S,A,F DUR+ ! W> ,ONE MU/ ALSO REMEMB] ?AT A ,IOT ( ,KURDI% WORK]S W]E 9VOLV$ 9 ! ,TURKI% ROLL+ ,G5]AL ,/RIKE :I* TOOK PLACE DUR+ ! W> BUILDUP & :I* C]TA9LY HAD A BIG IMPACT ON ! /RONG ANTI-W> MOVEM5T )9 ,TURKEY4 

,! REFUSAL ( SEV]AL MILLIONS TO SUBMIT TO ! REGIME1 PREF]R+ TO *OOSE ! T]RIBLE M\NTA9\S T]RA91 BR\<T ! ,KURDI% QUE/ION TO WORLD ATT5TION VIA ! ,T,V1 ! NEWSPAP]S & ! ,U4,N4 ,BUT ! ALLI$ COALITION WAS TO DEAL ) ! PROBLEM 9 ! SAME WAY AS !Y DEAL ) ! MASS />VATION 9 ,AFRICA4 ,!IR SOLUTION IS TO S5D 9 ! 0TOO LITTLE TOO LATE0 *>ITIES 7) FOOD P>CELS :I* >E SURPLUS TO ! WE/]N ECONOMIES7 AT ! SAME TIME AS !Y S5D 9 !IR >MIES TO FUR!R !IR 9T]E/S & MA9TA9 SOME ( !IR CONTROL OV] ! SITUATION4 

,! ,KURDI/AN NATIONALI/ %OP FRONT IS A CONT9UATION ( ! REACTION>Y SOCIAL & POLITICAL RELATIONS LEFT BEH9D FROM A FEUDAL1 TRIBAL SY/EM 7L&[N]S ETC47 & A MORE REC5T1 WEAK1 SMALL-TIME B\RGEOISIE4 ,!IR :EEL]-DEAL+ ) ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T 9 ,BA<DAD 9 ! NAME ( ! RI<TS ( ! ,KURDI% PEOPLE HAS ALWAYS TURN$ AGA9/ ! 9T]E/S ( ! MAJORITY ( ,KURDS4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT !RE IS A DIRECT RELATION BETWE5 ?IS =M ( NEGOTIATION & A RECOGNITION ( !IR MUTUAL CLASS 9T]E/S4 ,AS MU* AS !Y CALL !MSELVES REPRES5TATIVES ( ,IRAQIS & ,KURDS1 BO? >E CRIM9ALLY RESPONSIBLE ?R\<\T !IR HI/ORY = ! PA/ & PRES5T SITUATION ( ! PEOPLE ( ,IRAQ & ,KURDI/AN4 

,AFT] ! ,KURDI/AN %OP FRONT US$ ! G5OCIDE 9 ,HALABJA1 AT ! SAME TIME WA%+ !IR H&S ( IT1 !IR CR$IBILITY WAS EXTREMELY WEAK5$ 9 ,KURDI/AN 7?IS WAS COMP\ND$ BY ! FACT ?AT DIFF]5T NATIONAII/ FACTIONS BRUTALLY F\<T EA* O!R1 DRAGG+ 9NOC5TS 9TO !IR SECT>IAN BATTLES74 ,!IR 5SU+ WEAKNESS & 9CREAS+ LACK ( SUPPORT AMONG ! LOCAL POPULATION CAUS$ ! DIFF]5T FACTIONS 7,K,U,P_/,K,D,P7 TO RE-?9K & JO9 =CES TO =M ! ,KURDI/AN ,FRONT4 ,!Y />T$ TO LAVI%LY SP5D MONEY ON EXP5SIVE TRIPS TO ADJAC5T C\NTRIES 7,IRAN1 ,SYRIA1 ,TURKEY1 ,LYBIA71 SE>*+ = COMM]CIAL & POLITICAL CONTACTS 9 ! NAME ( ! ,KURDI% PEOPLE4 ,AFT] ?AT1 !Y REALLY TRI$ TO SELL !MSELVES TO RI* WE/]N C\NTRIES1 RECEIV+ A LITTLE SUCCESS 9 ,EUROPE1 BUT NONE 9 ,AM]ICA4 ,IT'S WOR? ADD+ H]E ?AT !RE SEEMS TO BE A GR[+ DIFF]5CE1 AS YET T5TATIVE 9 ITS \TL9ES1 BETWE5 ! PROPOS$ NEW F$]AL SUP]/ATE ( ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA4 ,EUROPE SEES ITS 9T]E/S 9 HAV+ 9FLU5CE ?R\< A ,KURDI% ,/ATE1 JU/ AS !Y FAVOR HAV+ A ,PALE/9IAN ,/ATE4 ,AM]ICA WANTS A ,BAA?I/ REGIME )\T ,SADDAM & = ,ISRAEL TO CONT9UE 9 ITS PRES5T =M ) A FEW MODIFICATIONS4 ',! PROPOSALS = A 0SAFE HAV501 AS A POSSIBLE PRELUDE TO A M9I-,KURDI% ,/ATE1 ORIG9AT$ 9 ,D5M>K1 !N ,FRANCE1 BE=E ! ,U,K'S ,P4,M4 ,MAJOR OPPORTUNI/ICALLY MADE A BIG ?+ AB\T IT4 

,:5 ! SPONTANE\S POPUL> UPRIS+ BEGAN 9 ,M>* '#i#a.<#c.> 7IT WAS SO COMPLETELY SPONTANE\S BECAUSE ! P>TIES HAD LO/ ALL CR$IBILITY71 ! ,KURDI/AN ,FRONT HAD 9 M9D TO CONTROL IT BY TAK+ *>GE ( ! MONEY 9 ! ,KURDI% BANKS & BY CONTROLL+ GOV]NM5T ,KURDI% BUILD+S1 ,KURDI% ,/ATE 9/ITUTIONS & ! >MS TRADE 9 ! >EA1 :I* WAS BE+ CONDUCT$ AT ! TIME ?R\< OP5 /REET M>KETS4 ,9 ?OSE CRUCIAL DAYS ?IS IS :AT !Y W]E DO+ -- NOT ASSI/+ ! UPRIS+4 ,A LOT ( PEOPLE COMPLA9$ AB\T ?IS A9D WORRI$ AB\T ?AT LACK ( REAL1 ON-!-GR\ND ORGANIZATION :I* WAS ONE REASON = ! SPE$Y DEFEAT ( ! UPRIS+ 7IT WAS SO EASY = ! ,BAA?I/ REGIME TO RE-TAKE ! ,KURDI% CITIES74 ,SOME ( ! >MS AT ! TIME CAME VIA >MS TRAD]S 9 NOR!RN ,IRAN1 O!RS W]E SEIZ$ FROM ! >MY SECRET MILITIAS & POLICE OR H&$ OV] TO ! 9SURG5TS BY ! ,JA%1 ! >M$ ,KURDI% UNITS ( ! ,IRAQI >MY4 ,9 PRACTICE1 !Y TURN$ \T TO BE F> MORE RADICAL ?AN ! PE%M]GAS1 9 SO F> AS !Y W]E MUT9Y+ AGA9/ !IR MA/]S1 :]EAS ! PE%M]GAS W]E SUBMISSIVE TO !IRS'4.<#d.> ,! 9SURG5T PUBLIC 9 ,KURDI/AN W]E WELL 9 FRONT ( ! ,JA% & ! ,PE%M]GAS1 :O PLAY$ VIRTUALLY NO USEFUL P>T 9 :AT HAPP5$4 ,9 NO S5SE WAS ! ,KURDI/AN ,FRONT LIKE A WE/]N TRADE UNION ) A REBELLI\S MEMB]%IP AT C]TA9 MOM5TS GETT+ COMPLETELY \T ( H& & ! BUREAUCRATS JU/ LOOK+ ON BEWILD]$1 TRY+ = WAYS TO PICK UP ! RE9S ONCE AGA94 ,!Y EX]T$ A TI<T CONTROL OV] !IR UNITS4 

,! UPRIS+S TOOK DIFF]5T =MS 9 DIFF]5T >EAS ( ,KURDI/AN4 ,9 ,SULLIEMANIA1 = EXAMPLE1 ! REVOLT WAS />T$ BY /UD5TS TAK+ TO ! /REETS AGA9/ ! SECRET POLICE4 ,! SECRET POLICE RESPOND$ BY %OOT+ SOME ( !M &1 AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ! REVOLT BECAME MORE G5]AL & MORE PEOPLE JO9$ 94 ,FROM RELIABLE HE>SAY1 IT SEEMS ?AT AB\T #e SPONTANE\S1 SELF-ORGANIZ$ WORK]S' %ORAS 7C\NCILS OR SOVIETS7 W]E =M$ 9 ,SULLIEMANIA BY ! PEOPLE 9 POPUL> QU>T]S1 SQU>ES1 SMALL FACTORIES1 ETC41 9 ORD] TO DISCUSS PRACTICAL PROBLEMS4 ,! NATIONALI/S DIDN'T RECOGNIZE !M & WAIK$ ALL OV] !IR =M ( DEMOCRACY 7REVOCABLE DELEGATES ETC474 ,DUR+ ! ,IRANIAN REVOLUTION 9 #a#i#g#i1 %ORAS 7WORK]S C\NCILS7 W]E =M$ EV]Y:]E1 9CLUD+ AMONG ! ,KURDI% PEASANTS ( NOR!RN ,IRAN4 ,AT ! TIME SPEE*ES 9 ASSEMBLIES W\LD 5D ) %\TS ( 0,LONG LIVE ! %ORAS60 7REPEAT$ #c OR #d TIMES1 ACCOMPANI$ BY I\D *E]S74 ,MANY ( ! MO/ VOCAL ELEM5TS 5D$ UP BE+ EXECUT$ BY ! ,IRANIAN MULLAHS.<#e.>4 ,9 ,HAWLIR1 ! UPRIS+ WAS />T$ BY A WOMAN :O1 DESP]ATELY FURI\S AT ! KILL+ ( H] SON BY A SECURITY COP1 DIS>M$ ! COP1 KILL$ HIM & !N /ORM$ (F TO ! BUILD+ ( ! SECURITY COPS TO %OOT SOME MORE1 FOLL[$ BY A SN[BALL+ CR[D ( ANGRY1 CURI\S1 PEOPLE4 ,9 FACT1 ANGRY PEOPLE ?R\<\T ! :OLE ( ,KURDI/AN ATTACK$1 WRECK$ & TOR*$ POLICE /ATIONS1 LOCAL GOV]NM5T BUILD+S1 ,BAA?I/ C5T]S1 >MY BASES1 SECURITY HEADQU>T]S ETC4 -- (T5 MAK+ (F ) V>I\S TROPHIES4 ,BAA?I/ (FICIALS & SECRET POLICE W]E EXECUT$4 ,SU* A G5]AL PATT]N ( SPONTANEITY REMA9S2 ,! BOMB+ ( A POLICE /ATION 9 ! COALITION-CONTROLL$ >EA ( F> NO!RN ,IRAQ 9 LATE SPR+ '#i#a WAS ! WORK ( ! PUBLIC AGA9 7AL?\<1 P]HAPS1 ?IS TIME ) SOME PE%M]GA SUPPORT1 PROBABLY AIM$ AT HELP+ TO GA9 SOME CR$IBILITY74 

,! NOR!RN 9SURRECTION1 AL?\< NATIONALI/ 9 =M 7IT WAS CONF9$ TO ! GEOGRAPHICAL P>AMET]S ( ,KURDI/AN71 WAS NEV]!LESS AGA9/ ! NATIONALI/ P>TIES4 ,WE'VE HE>D REPORTS ?AT PE%M]GAS W]E EXCLUD$ FROM ,SULLIEMANIA = SOME TIME & ?AT ,TALABANI1 ! EXIL$ LEAD] ( ! ,PATRIOTIC ,UNION ( ,KURDI/AN1 WAS PREV5T$ FROM 5T]+ ! CITY TOO4 ,APP>5TLY :5 ,B>ZANI1 ! LEAD] ( ! ,K,D,P1 W5T TO ,*AM*>NAL1 NE> ,SULLIEMANIA1 HE WAS ATTACK$ & TWO ( HIS BODYGU>DS W]E KILL$1 

,( C\RSE1 MANY O!R GR\PS & LEFTI/ FACTIONS 7EV5 ULTRA-LEFTI/7 W]E 9VOLV$ 9 ! UPRIS+1 BUT ONE MUSN'T OV]EMPHASIZE !IR IMPACT1 IF 9DE$ !Y HAD ANY4 ,AS 9DIVIDUALS !Y MADE CONTRIBUTIONS ALONG ) EV]YBODY ELSE CAU<T UP 9 ! EUPHORIA -- BUT NOT AS GR\PS ) SOME MESSAGE OR O!R4 ,! 9SURRECTION WAS ALMO/ PURELY SPONTANE\S )\T MU* IDEOLOGY -- & ?AT WAS A GOOD ?+4 ,AL?\< IT WASN'T SIMPLI/ICALLY NATIONALI/ 7G5]ALLY PEOPLE W]E TOO 9VOLV$ 9 ATTACK+ GOV]NM5T 9/ITUTIONS TO C>E AB\T RAIS+ NATIONALI/ SLOGANS7 IT W\LD BE WRONG TO DISMISS ! POPUL> ,KURDI% S5SE ( ID5TITY ?AT MANY ( ! 9SURG5TS HAD4 ,NEV]!LESS1 AT ITS HEI<T14! UPRIS+ DID ?REAT5 TO OV]FL[ 9TO ! RE/ ( ,IRAQ1 BUT WI%FUL-?9K+ CAN MAKE TOO MU* \T ( ALL ?IS -- = EXAMPLE1 ! SLOGAN1 %\T$ BY A FEW PEOPLE1 0,WE WILL CELEBRATE \R NEW YE> ) ! ,>ABS 9 ,BA<DAD0 7WE ALL T5D TO 9DULGE 9 ?IS WI%FUL-?9K+1 BUT IT OBSCURES AN UND]/&+ ( ! PROBLEMS & CONTRADICTIONS 9 ANY P>TICUL> SITUATION74 ,ON ! O!R H& !RE WAS TR\BLE AMONG ! ,>ABIC POPULATION ( ,BA<DAD AT ! TIME AMONG ! POOR1 /UD5TS1 (FICE WORK]S & O!R WORK]S4 ,BUT ! CAPITAL IS SO WELL-POLIC$ ?AT IT WAS EASY TO SUPPRESS4 ,9SURG5TS 9 ,KURDI/AN W]E EV5 H&$ GUNS FROM ,>AB CONSCRIPTS BUT ! PE%M]GA1 TRY+ TO KEEP EV]Y?+ NEATLY NATIONALI/1 S5T SOME ,>AB DES]T]S BACK TO ,BA<DAD1 AL?\< !IR MA9 CONC]N WAS TO /OP ,>AB CONSCRIPTS FROM JO9+ ! UPRIS+4 

,BECAUSE ! 9SURRECTION LA/$ SU* A %ORT TIME POSITIVE L9K-UPS W]5'T MADE4 ,! UPRIS+ 9 ! M>%L&S ( ,! S\? DIDN'T #aA/ LONG 5\<4 ,PRES5T$ BY ! WE/]N M$IA AS ,%IA-9SPIR$1 IT'S F> MORE COMPLEX ?AN ?AT4 ,BASRA 7BE=E IT WAS VIRTUALLY DE/ROY$ BY ! ,IRAN_/,IRAQ W> & ! COALITION'S BOMBS7 WAS A CITY ( GREAT CONTRA/S4 ,IT HAS A /RONG SECUL> TRADITION ( V>I\S OLD TIME SOCIALI/S1 TOGETLI] ) A ,PAN-,>ABIC NATIONALISM ?AT HAS SOCIAL DIM5SIONS 7WORK]S' RI<TS1 WELF>E RI<TS1 ETC474 ,!RE'S ALSO A CONSID]ABLE AM\NT ( PEOPLE LIKE ! RELIGI\S ,%IAS :O GO TO ! MOSQUES1 ?\< !RE >E A HELLUVA LOT ( A!I/S :O OP5LY REIECT ! MOSQUES TOO4 ,?IS IS ALL MADE MORE COMPLEX BY ! TRIBAL SY/EM 9 ! M>%L&S1 ) ONE TRIBE AILI$ TO ! ,C4,P41 ANO!R ,BAA?I/1 ETC41 AL?\< BY F> ! /RONGE/ 9FLU5CE AMONG ! TRIBES IS ! ,C4,P4 ,BUT ONE MU/ REMEMB] ?AT ,C,P ALLEGIANCE GOES H& 9 H& ) NATIONALISM4 ,REC5TLY !RE'S NE>LY BE5 A SPLIT BETWE5 ! ,KURDI/AN BRAN* ( ! ,C,P & ! O!RS 7AL?\< MO/ ,IRAQI ,C,P LEAD]S >E ,KURDS74 ,!RE'S EV5 A BRAN* 9 ! MIDDLE TRY+ TO RECONCILE BO? FACTIONS4 ,IT'S ALL OV] NATIONAL DEF9ITIONS4 ,IRAQI ,C,P MEMB]S FEEL ATTA*$ TO ! ,IRAQI BORD]S1 EV5 ?\< !Y W]E DRAWN UP >BITR>ILY1 9 ! SPACE ( A FEW WEEKS1 AT ! 9CEPTION ( ! ,BRITI% & ,FR5* ,M&ATE UND] ! AUSPICES ( ! ,LEAGUE ( ,NATIONS AT ! CONCLUSION ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>4 ,!Y ONLY WANT SELF-DET]M9ATION1 & NOT 9DEP5DANCE1 = ,KURDI/AN & GET QUITE HEAT$ AB\T IT4 

,KURDI/AN'S REACTION>Y NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T HAS ALWAYS %[N ITS BASIC CLASS LOYALTIES TO ! C5TRAL ,/ATE 9 ,BA<DAD BY DISPLAY+ ITS POLIC+ S]VICES :5 REQUIR$ -- I4E4 :5 ! C5TRAL REGLME WAS 9CAPABLE ( C>RY+ \T DIRECT REPRESSION BECAUSE ( ITS P]IODIC WEAKNESSES4 ,H[EV]1 BE=E ! ,BAA?I/S CAME TO P[] ,KURDI% NATIONALISM AS AN ORGANIZ$ POLITICAL =CE DIDN'T REALLY EXI/1 AT LEA/1 9 ANY MOD]N CAPITALI/ S5SE4 

,BE=E ,BAA?ISM -- BETWE5 #aieh & #aifc -- !RE TOOK PLACE SOME QUITE RADICAL DEVELOPM5TS 9 ,IRAQ P>TLY UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ,NASS]ISM 9 ,EGYPT4 ,A K9D ( /ATE WELF>ISM CAME 9TO EXI/5CE AS A RESULT ( ! MASSIVE UPRIS+ ( ! ,IRAQI POOR 9 #a#i#e#h1 :5 G5]ALS1 L&LORDS & B\RGEOISES W]E ATTACK$ & KILL$ BY ! WORK+ CLASS 9 REVOLT4 ,\T ( ?IS CAME HEAL? & $UCATION RE=MS & MAJOR BUILD+ PROGRAMS = POOR PEOPLE & ! GOV]NM5T CONFISCAT$ L& FROM RI* L&LORDS4 ,A LAW ( WORK WAS PASS$ DEF5D+ WORK]S & PEASANTS FROM >BITR>Y SACK+4 ,UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY BECOM+ P>T ( ! GOV]NM5T COALITION1 A!ISM1 TO SOME DEGREE1 BECAME P>T ( ! :OLE CULTURE1 AL?\< ONE %\LDN'T OV]EMPHASIZE ?IS4 ,AL?\< ! ,KORAN WAS PUBLICLY BURNT1 ?IS DIDN'T HAPP5 ON ANY?+ BUT A SMALL SCALE4 ,MO/ WORK]S UND] ! SWAY ( 'RADICAL' IDEAS W5T TO ! MOSQUE TOO4 ,H[EV]1 AT ! TIME ONE HE>D MORE DAMN+ ?+S AGA9/ ,ISLAM FROM COMMUNI/-9FLU5C$ WORK]S 9 ,BA<DAD'S POPUL> QU>T]S ?AN EV] CAME FROM ,SALMAN ,RU%DIE4 

,9 #aifc ! NATIONAL *AUV9I/IC ,>AB ,BAA?I/S CAME TO P[] ON A TIDE ( BLOOD1 MA9LY ATTACK+ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,AB\T #a1 PEOPLE W]E KILL$ & MANY WORK]S W]E /RUNG UP ) TELEGRAPH WIRE4 ,! ,BAA?I/S W]E A P>TY MOLD$ BY ,BRITI% ,9TELLIG5CE 9 ! LATE '#eS 9 ,LEBANON4 ,!Y MIMICK$ ,NASS]ISM BUT ) A MORE AGGRESSIVELY CAPITALI/IC $GE :I* BECAME /RONG] & /RONG] OV] ! YE>S4 ,9ITIALLY ! ,BAA?I/S DIDN'T ABOLI% ! RE=MS1 & 9 SOME CASES EXT5D$ !M4 ,! REACTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ,KURDI% NATIONALI/S MADE DEALS ) !SE 'CIVILIZ$' B>B>IANS ) ! AIM ( SETT+ UP A QUASI-AUTONOM\S REGIONAL GOV]NM5T ASSEMBLY1 SUBS]VI5T TO ! C5TRAL /ATE4 ,?IS WAS ! BASIS ( ! NETWORK ( CONTACTS BETWE5 !M4 ,ESS5TIALLY ?\<1 MOD]N ,KURDI% NATIONALISM />T$ ! MOM5T ! ,BAA?I/S TOOK OV]4 ,AFT] ! DEAL1 ,KURDI% NATIONALI/S LAUN*$ >M$ ATTACKS ON REBELS 9 ! ,KURDI% M\NTA9S -- ON PLACES LIKE ,%>AZOOR1 ,G>MYAN1 ,Z>DY1 ,KH>ADAKH1 ,KLAKASMAK & O!R BASES 9 ! ,HAWLIR & ,BAD9AN >EAS1 :I* W]E HIDE\TS = PEOPLE ) SOME K9D ( BASIC RADICAL COMMUNI/ \TLOOK 79 ! S5SE ( BE+ AGA9/ PROP]TY & MONEY1 ETC474 ,SOME W]E ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY MEMB]S4 ,FROM !SE HIDE\TS1 ! REBELS HAD ATTACK$ >MY & POLICE UNITS4 ,! NATIONALI/S KILL$ HUNDR$S ( !M1 S5D+ ! RE/ TO ,KURDI% NATIONALI/ PRISONS 9 ,MAWAT & ,KHALAN 7A LOT ( !SE CREEPS :O >E 9TO ?IS DIRTY POLIC+ >E /ILL >\ND74 ,9 !SE 'LIB]AT$' >EAS 9 ! M\NTA9S1,BA<DAD'S AU?ORITY WAS WEAK & HAD NO CONTROL OV] !SE PRISONS4 ,9 FACT1 ! ,BAA?I/ GOV]NM5T NEV] BECAME REALLY /RONG UNTIL #aigb AFT] NATIONALIZ+ ! OIL 7! PREVI\S ,DUT*1 ,BRITI% & ,AM]ICAN [N]S W]E MI<TILY COMP5SAT$1 JU/ AS HAPP5S ) NATIONALIZATION VIRTUALLY EV]Y:]E ELSE74 ,BE=E ?AT1 IT M]ELY CONTROLL$ ! MAJOR CITIES4 

,AFT] ! B>B>IAN ,BAA?I/S E/ABLI%$ !MSE6VES !V ALSO />T$ ATTACK+ ! ,KURDI% PEOPLE EV5 AS E>LY AS ! SUMM] ( '#f#c4 ,!Y BURI$ HUNDR$S ( ,KURDS ALIVE & DE/ROY$ & BURNT A L>GE NUMB] ( VILLAGES 7A HUNDR$ OR MORE71 :I* HAD /OOD OPPOS$ TO ! NEW C5TRAL REGIME 9 ,BA<DAD4 ,! ,BAA?I/S DID ?IS AFT] ! NEGOTIATIONS ) ! ,KURDI% NATIONALI/S HAD MADE NO PROGRESS4 

,9 #a#i#f#d1 AFT] ! ,ABDUL ,SALAM ,AFRIF C\P D'ETAT 7A NATIONAL B\RGEOIS SOCIALI/ UNIONI/ EF=T71 ! ,KURDI% NATIONALI/S MOVEM5T1 LIKE A PET PUPPY BE+ (F]$ A MUN*IE1 />T$ WAGG+ ITS TAIL 9 FRONT ( ?IS MAD *AUV9I/ KILL] :O HAD 9SULT$ ! ,KURDS BY OP5LY REF5+ TO !IR ORIG9S AS 0<O/LY APP>ITIONS01 & RECONV5$ NEGOTIATIONS4 ,AGA9 ! ,KURDI% NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T TURN$ ON ! ,KURDI% POPULATION4 ,!Y UNLEA%$ !IR CUT?ROAT GANG/]S ON ! ,KURDI% >EAS BECAUSE ( !IR CON/ANT RESI/ANCE TO ! C5TRAL REGIME 9 ,BA<DAD4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ,KANYMACY1 9 BROAD DAYLI<T1 ! PSY*OTIC ,OSMANI ,AMU GANG1 FOLL[+ ORD]S FROM !IR NATIONALI/ SUP]IORS1 COMMITT$ AN HORR5D\S CRIME1 KILL+ #i H]OIC & FAI?FUL SONS.<#f.> ( POOR ,KURDI% PEOPLE 7,HAMA ,KOLABAL & HIS COMRADES7 FROM NE>BY ,SULLIEMANIA4 ,!Y W]E P>TICUL>LY F9E PEOPLE :O1 ?R\< ! WAY !Y LIV$1 W]E A K9D ( G5]AL 9SPIRATION 7PEOPLE REALLY RAT$ ,HAMA ,KOLABAL2 !SE MURD]S W5T D[N LIKE A LEAD BALLOON AMONG ! LOCAL POPULATION74 

,AFT] A %ORT :ILE1 ! ,JALALI/S1 FOLL[]S ( ,JALAL ,TALABANI 7! ONE ON ,T,V SCRE5S SE5 REC5TLY ADOR+ & KISS+ ,SADDAM HIS OP9IONS RANG+ FROM LEFT TO RI<T1 DEP5D+ ON ! CIRCUM/ANCES7 SIGN$ AN AGREEM5T 9 ,JULY #aiff GIV+ HIS ORGANIZATION (FICIAL /ATUS AS M]C5>IES ( ! ,/ATE4 ,!Y />T$ TO TAKE OV] ! ROLE1 ) ,BA<DADS' ASS5T1 ( FULLY POLIC+ ! ,KURDI% >EAS4 ,!Y KILL$ & TORTUR$ ?\S&S ( Y\NG ,KURDS 9 FACTION FI<T+ BETWE5 !M & ! MORE FEUDAL1 TRIBALI/1 ,B>ZANI ,K,D,P FACTION4 ,BO? FACTIONS W]E FI<T+ = PREEM95CE OV] :O %\LD CONTROL ! ,KURDI% >EAS4 ,(T5 TAK+ SIDES !MSELVES1 BUT JU/ AS (T5 NOT1 Y\NG KIDS W]E KILL$ ALL OV] ! PLACE4 

,9 #aifh ! ,BAA? FASCI/S CAME TO P[] AGA9 BY MEANS ( A MILIT>Y C\P4 ,! ,JALALI/S BECAME CLOS] TO ! ,BAA?I/S1 CONT9U+ !IR PACT ) ! C5TRAL ,/ATE1 ?IS TIME PRES5T+ ! ,BA<DAD GOV]NM5T AS AN ANTI-IMP]IALI/1 ANTI-,ZIONI/ PROGRESSIVE REGIME ON ! SIDE ( ! SO-CALL$ SOCIALI/ BLOC4 ,! FACTION FI<T+ GOT EV5 WORSE4 ,AFT] A TIME ! ,BAA?I/S REALIZ$ ?AT !Y C\LD HAVE CONTROL OV] ,KURDI/AN ?R\< MAK+ DEALS ) ,B>ZANI'S ,K,D,P BECAUSE ! ,JALALI/S W]E TOO MU* 9TO P[]-BROK+ ) ,BA<DAD & HAD !RE=E TOO LITTLE CR$IBILITY 9 ! EYES ( ! ,KURDS4 ,! ,BAA?I/S 9 SOME WAYS ALSO DISLIK$ ! ,JALALI/S LEFT-W+ RHETORIC4 ,9 #a#i#g1 = ! FIR/ TIME1 ! ,K,D,P GOT AN AGREEM5T GRANT+ SOME AUTONOMY = ,KURDI/AN4 ,IT 9VOLV$ P[] %>+ ) ,BA<DAD4 ,DUR+ ?IS P]IOD AFT] #a#i#g1 BECAUSE !Y W]E HAV+ SOME P[]1 ! ,KURDI% B\RGEOISIE CAME TO LIFE SOME:AT4 ,! ,K,D,P /ILL HAD A POLIC+ ROLE AGA9/ ! OPPON5TS ( ! REGIME :O'D FL$ TO ,KURDI/AN TO SEEK SAFETY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 !Y H&$ OV] TO ! AU?ORITIES SEV]AL MEMB]S ( ! ,LIB]ATION ,>MY 7A MA9LY ,>ABIC \TFIT LIV+ 9 ,KURDI% >EAS BECAUSE IT WAS SAF]7 TO ! ,BAA?I/S TO FACE IMM$IATE EXECUTION4 ,9 TURN TOO1 ! ,K,D,P H&$ OV] ! FATE ( ! ,KURDI% PEOPLE TO ,P>A/9 -- A P>TY )9 A P>TY -- :I* DIRECT$ ! MOVEM5T ( ! ,K,D,P1 & ALSO 9VOLV$ AN 9=MAL ALLIANCE ( ,MOSSAD1 ,SAVAK 7! ,%AH'S SECRET POLICE7 & ! ,C,I,A :O SPREAD !IR 9FLU5CE MA9LY ?R\< MONEY & GUNS4 ,P>A/9 DECID$ POLICY & CONTROLL$ ! MOVEM5T'S F9ANCES4 ,! TOP BODS 9 ! ,K,D,P KNEW ALL AB\T ?IS AS DID ,KURDS \TSIDE ! P>TY NETWORK4 ,9DE$1 ,MOSSAD HELP$ TRA9 GU]RILLAS & AT LEA/ ONE ,ISRAELI (FIC] WAS 9 ! M\NTA9S TEA*+ >M$ TE*NIQUES4 ,IT WAS DUR+ ?IS TIME ?AT ! ,P>A/9-RUN ,K,D,P H&$ OV] ,IRANIAN ,KURDI% OPPON5TS TO ,SAVAK4 ,! ,K,D,P ALSO KILL$ SOME ( !SE OPPON5TS4 ,PEOPLE LIKE ,MALA ,AW>A & ,SULLIEMANNY ,MO5Y -- ,KURDI% NATIONALI/S 9 ! ,IRANIAN ,K,D,P 7:I* HAD /RONG CONNECTIONS ) ! ,IRAQI ,K,D,P7 -- PR9CIPL$ GOOD PEOPLE W]E H&$ OV] TO ! ,%AH4 ,!IR BODIES W]E !N DRAGG$ ?R\< ! /REETS ( ,IRANIAN ,KURDI% T[NS4 

,H]E WE MUSN'T =GET ! ROLE ( ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE ( ! ,IRAQI ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,BETWE5 #aigc & #ai< !RE WAS A ,BAA?_/,C,P PACT4 ,! ,C,P HAD NO GOV]NM5TAL P[] BUT W]E US$ AS A FI<T+ MILITIA TO PUT D[N ! ,KURDS4 ,9 ! NAME ( A PROGRESSIVE NATIONAL PATRIOTIC FRONT !Y S]V$ ! ,BAA?I/S BO? NATIONALLY & ABROAD4 ,BECAUSE ( ! F]M5T 9 ,KURDI/AN 7AUTONOMY HADN'T BE5 GRANT$ -- IT HAD ALL BE5 A C>D-%>P]'S TRICK7 & BECAUSE IT HAD GOT TOO MU* \T ( H&1 ! ,BAA?I/S LAUN*$ A BRUTAL ATTACK ON ,HALABJA & ,KALALZE 9 #a#i#g#d4 ,! 9HABITANTS W]E NAPALM$ ) *EMICALS MADE 9 ! ,U,S,S,R -- P>T ( ! DEALS MADE VIA ! AUSPICES ( ! ,IRAQI ,C,P4 ,! ,C,P SUPPORT$ ?IS G5OCIDE BECAUSE = !M ! ,KURDS W]E AG5TS ( ! ,C,I,A ?R\< ! ,%AH ( ,IRAN'S 9FLU5CE4 ,! ,C,P COMP>$ ,SADDAM ) ,CA/RO AT ! TIME4 ,9 ,KURDI/AN1 IT ALL W5T TO %[ YET AGA9 H[ 9T]-IMP]IALI/ RIVALRY & CONFLICT CYNICALLY & BLOODILY USES A NATIONAL T]RA9 & (T5 WELL-MEAN+ BUT NAIVE 9SURG5TS = ITS [N 5DS4 

,?IS IS H[ ! PEOPLE ( ,KURDI/AN W]E TREAT$ AS A PAWN 9 ! *ESS GAME ( IMPROV+ RELATIONS ) ! WE/ & ( RIVAL POLITICAL FACTIONS 7NATIONALI/ & SOCALL$ COMMUNI/74 ,M>* #aige & ! ,B>ZANI LEAD]%IP CALLS EV]Y?+ (F AS A RESUFT ( ! AGREEM5T BETWE5 ! ,%AH ( ,IRAN & ,SADDAM 9 ,ALG]IA4 ,SADDAM GAVE ! RI<T TO LOOK = OIL 9 ! ,GULF TO ,IRAN 9 EX*ANGE = ,IRAN BACK+ (F FROM ,KURDI/AN4 ,HE ALSO H&$ OV] TO ! ,%AH #c ISL&S 9 ! ,GULF4 ,UN(FICIALLY ! DEAL 9VOK$ MORE IMPORTS FROM ! ,WE/ AS OPPOS$ TO GETT+ MORE EA/ ,EUROPEAN COMMODITIES4 ,! ,KURDI% LEAD]%IP1 LIT]ALLY ) !IR SUITCASES FULL ( MONEY1 CLE>$ (F TO ,IRAN1 ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA4 ,! BURD5 ON ! ,KURDI% PEOPLE AFT] ! REL9QUI%+ ( /RUGGLE1 MEANT ?AT ! ,BAA?I/S =CIBLY TRANSPORT$ ?\S&S ( ,KURDS TO ! DES]T CAMPS ( S\!RN ,IRAQ :IL/ !IR VILLAGES W]E DE/ROY$4 ,!Y !N HAD TO F5D = !MSELVES1 AL?\< MANY S\!RN ,IRAQI ,>ABS HELP$ !M -- OR ELSE !Y W5T TO S\!RN T[NS & GOT JOBS 9 ! CON/RUCTION 9DU/RY ETC4 ,?IS IS H[ = SEV]AL YE>S FAI?FUL PE%M]GA & ,KURDI% PEOPLE W]E SACRIFIC$ TO ! CLASS 9T]E/S ( NATIONALI/ & ,BAA?I/S :O N[ TOOK OV] MORE COMPLETELY ?AN EV] ! ,IRAQI >EAS ( ,KURDI/AN :I* HAD PREVI\SLY ESCAP$ !IR CONTROL4 

,! PEOPLE'S REVOLUTION 9 FRAN & ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,%AH 9 #a#i#g#i1 FOLL[$ BY ! 9T]CAPITALI/ W> 7,IRAN V4 ,IRAQ71 9ITIAT$ BY ,IRAQ ) ! SUPPORT ( ! ,U,S,A1 :I* WAS RANG$ AGA9/ ! ,IRANIAN & ,IRAQI POOR -- ALL ?IS CREAT$ NEW CONDITIONS = A FUR!R UPRIS+ 9 ,KURDI/AN4 ,:IL/ ! ,BAA?I/ REGIME WAS WEAK5$1 ! =E-RUNN] ( ,KURDI/AN'S ,%OP ,FRONT -- ! ,P,U,K -- 9 #aihe />T$ ONCE MORE TO NEGOTIATE ) ! ,BAA?I/ ,FASCI/ REGIME -- & !IR ROLE BECAME CLE> YET AGA93 UND]M9+ ! UPRIS+ :I* AGA9 WAS 9 ! (F+1 ,?R\< !IR RADIO /ATION !Y CALL$ ON ! PEOPLE TO CALL (F ! UPRIS+ AFT] MANY DEMON/RATIONS 9 MAJOR T[NS1 /UD5T F]M5T1 ETC4 7,!RE WAS AGITATION BUT NOT /RIKES 9 ! ,KURDI% OILFIELDS -- MO/ ( ! OIL WORK]S 9 ! OILFIELDS >\ND ,KIRKUK 9 P>TICUL> W]E N[ ,>ABIC1 AS A RESULT ( ! ,>ABIZATION POLICY ?R\<\T ,KURDI/AN1 :I* 9CLUD$ ! SACK+ ( ,KURDI% WORK]S4 ,L9K-UPS BETWE5 ,>ABS & ,KURDS -- ?AT ESS5TIAL JUMP -- WAS NOT MADE AT ! TIME74 ,! ,P,U,K />T$ KILL+ MANY OPPON5TS ( ! ,BAA?I/S REG>D$ AS RIVALS4 ,?IS 9C6UD$ KILL+ ,C,P MEMB]S4 ,9 ,P%TA%AN2 ONE ( ! /RONGE/ ,C,P BASES1 !Y KILL$ #h ,KURDS & ,>ABS4 

,IT WAS ! SAME ,TALABANI1 ?IS CREEP N[ BEVY+ ) ,SADDAM & KISS+ ALL ( HIS F\R *EEKS1 :O SAID AT ! TIME 9 #a#i#h#f1 0,SADDAM IS NOT ! 5EMY BUT ! REF]EE BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T FACTIONS ( ! ,IRAQI PEOPLE0 & ALSO1 0,ANYBODY :O IS FI<T+ ! ,IRAQI >MY IS COMMITT+ A CRIME & A BACK/ABB] ( ! PATRIOTIC ,IRAQI >MY10 -- ?IS >MY :I* HAS NEV] BE5 ANY?+ BUT ! BLOOD-CURDL+ TORTUR]S ( POOR ,IRAQIS & ,KURDS 9 ! H&S ( V>I\S -- MA9LY ,BAA?I/ -- REGIMES4 

,! NEGOTIATIONS BETWE5 ! ,P,U,K & ! REGIME1 AS BE=E1 5D$ ) FI<T+ AGA9 9 ,KURDI/AN BECAUSE ! NEGOTIATIONS DID NOT SUCCE$4 ,BUT ?IS TIME ! NEW ,P,U,K /RATEGY WAS TO 0LIB]ATE0 ,KURDI/AN VIA A CO-ORD9ATION ) ! ,IRANIAN >MY & ! ,ISLAMIC REVOLUTION>Y GU>DS1 ! LATT] BE+ A PR(ESSIONAL >MY ELITE & NOT CONSCRIPT$ SOLDI]S4 

,SADDAM'S FASCI/ REGIME ATTACK$ ,KURDI/AN ONCE MORE & = ! FIR/ TIME US$ *EMICAL WEAPONS AGA9/ ,KURDI% PEOPLE & ,%I'ITE ,>ABIC PEOPLE 9 ! S\? :O OPPOS$ ! W>4 ,SO 9 ,M>* '#h#h ,SADDAM'S MILIT>Y KILL$ OV] #e PEOPLE 9 ,HALABJA & MORE 9 NE>BY VILLAGES4 ,:5 ! ,IRAN_/,IRAQ W> 5D$1 REF]EE ,SADDAM1 9 SY/EMATIC MILIT>Y ATTACKS UND] ! COD5AME 0,ANFALS0 7MEAN+ ,R5TOKIL-TYPE 9SECT EXT]M9ATORS71 DE/ROY$ SOME MORE VILLAGES 9 ,KURDI/AN4 ,MANY MORE W]E KILL$ & #h DISAPPE>$4 ,NOBODY KN[S :AT HAPP5$ TO !M 7SOLD 9TO SLAV]Y8 MAYBE TO ,KUWAIT874 

,SADDAM'S REGIME1 ) #h YE>S ( W> AID KILL+ & A MILLION ,IRANIANS & ,IRAQIS DEAD1 /ILL WASN'T 5\<4 ,SO1 ) HIS MILIT>Y ADVIS]S1 HE 9VAD$ ,KUWAIT1 KILL+ FUR!R ?\S&S & #aAY+ ! GR\ND = ! MO/ CONC5TRAT$ =CES ( WORLD CAPITAL TO DE/ROY ! :OLE SOCIAL & ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( ,IRAQ 7( ,KURDS1 ,IRAQIS & M9ORITIES7 & ! FIR/ /EP ( ! ,NEW ,WORLD ,ORD] 7P]HAPS1 MORE APPROPRIATELY1 ! ,NEW ,OLD ,WORLD ,ORD]444874 

,! ,KURDI/AN ,%OP ,FRONT1 AS A REPRES5TATIVE ( ! EXPLOIT+ ,KURD CLASS1 %[S ?R\< ITS NATURE & CLASS HI/ORY ?AT IT C\LD NEV] DEF5D ! EXPLOIT$ ( ,KURDI/AN4 ,BO? ! ,KURDI% ,P,U,K & ! ,BAA?I/S REPRES5T ! SAME B>B>IC & UGLY SY/EM AGA9/ ,KURDS & ,>ABS ALIKE4 ,! LIFE ( ONE DEP5DS ON ! O!R EV5 IF !Y'VE GOT SOME DIFF]5CES AT TIMES -- L>GELY OV] ! SPOILS & !IR %>E ( P[]4 ,BO? >E PITT$ AGA9/ ! 9T]E/S ( ! PEOPLE1 :I* IS :Y !Y SEE !IR SOLUTION = ,KURDI% PEOPLE 9 !SE NEGOTIATIONS4 

,/ILL ! BLOOD ( ,KURDI/AN HASN'T DRI$ UP4 ,! ,KURDI% *ILDR5 9 !IR %R\DS TOOK AGES TO BE BURI$4 ,MO!RS /ILL HAV5'T GOT ANY NEWS AB\T !IR DEAD SONS4 ,PEOPLE SEP>AT$ FROM EA* O!R 9 ! RU% TO GET AWAY FROM ! EXT]M9ATORS /ILL HAV5'T F\ND EA* O!R4 ,EV]YDAY 9 ! W9T] ( ?IS YE> !Y W]E DY+ FROM />VATION & DISEASE 9 ! M\NTA9S4 ,BUT ! RU?LESS & %AMELESS LEAD]%IP ( ! ,KURDI/AN ,%OP ,FRONT1 BE=E ! EYES ( ! WORLD1 W]E KISS+ ,SADDAM & PRES5T+ !IR SMILES 9 A CYNICAL EMBRACE4 

,?IS AT A TIME :5 ,SADDAM'S REGIME HAS BE5 WEAK5$ & IS OPPOS$ BY ! MAJORITY ( ! ,IRAQI PEOPLE4 ,UND] ! PRESSURE ( WORLD PUBLIC OP9ION1 EV5 ?OSE :O YE/]DAY SUPPORT$ HIM F9ANCIALLY 7>MS PUR*ASES1 ETC47 DON'T D>E MAKE DEALS ) HIM4 ,! MAJORITY ( PEOPLE 9 ,KURDI/AN & S\!RN ,IRAQ >E V]Y ANGRY4 ,BUT 9 REV]SE WE SEE ! SMIL]'S CYNICISM ( ! NATIONALI/S %AK+ H&S ) ,SADDAM1 ,?IS MU/ BE ! PLAN ( WORLD REACTION AGA9/ ! ,KURDI% PEOPLE'S MOVEM5T3 TO SAVE ! ,BAA?I/ REGIME & ! ,KURDI/AN ,%OP ,FRONT FROM !IR DEMISE4 

,! ,KURDI% UPRIS+ WAS = LIB]ATION FROM SLAV]Y & ! HALF DEAD_/HALF LIVE EXI/5CE ?AT GOES ) IT & NOT = A R5EWAL ( ! ,M>* #a#a? #aig AGREEM5T UND] ! SAME REGIME4 ,?REE MILLION ,KURDI% PEOPLE HAVE LO/ !IR HOMES1 L& & VILLAGES1 *OOS+ DEA? ON ! M\NTA9S RA!R ?AN DEA? UND] ,SADDAM4 ,SO UND] :OSE AUSPICES HAVE ! ,KURDI/AN ,%OP ,FRONT BE5 DO+ ! NEGOTIATIONS8 ,!RE'S NO =CE TO SAVE ,SADDAM'S REGIME FROM IMM95T EXT9CTION 7AL?\< ,SADDAM DOES KEEP SELECT$ GR\PS ( WORK]S >\ND ,BA<DAD REASONABLY CONT5T ?R\< BIG WAGE HIKES2 !Y'RE ! ONES ON REC5T DEMOS SUPPORT+ ! REGIME74 ,BUT ! HATR$ & MIS]Y ( ! ,KURDS & S\!RN ,>ABS AGA9/ ! DIRTY PLANS ( ! NEGOTIATIONS & ANY ATTEMPT TO RE-9VIGORATE ! DEAD DUCK 9/ITUTIONS ( ,SADDAM'S RULE IS /RONG]4 ,! COALITION ( WORLD CAPITAL >E AGA9/ ! 9T]E/S ( ! PEOPLE ( ,KURDI/AN & ,IRAQ -- AS ELSE:]E4 

,! V>I\S REC5T DEALS BETWE5 ! ,KURDI% NATIONALI/S & ! ,BAA?I/ /ATE IS JU/ SO ,SADDAM CAN BIDE HIS TIME & GET /RONG] AGA94 ,IT'S ALL MANEUV]+ ) FALSE PROGRAMS ( DEMOCRATIZATION4 ,& HE CAN GET /RONG] ?R\< MAK+ SURREPTITI\S DEALS ) ! ,WE/ BY1 = 9/ANCE1 S5D+ OIL TO ,KUWAIT & O!R WE/]N C\NTRIES4 ,ALSO1 DESPITE ! BOMB+1 !RE'S UNLIKELY TO BE MASS />VATION 9 ,IRAQ AS ! RI* AGRICULTURAL L& 9 ! NOR? & S\? CAN FE$ ! CITIES -- AL?\< DISEASE & MALNUTRITION1 P>TICUL>LY AMONG *ILDR51 WILL BE MASSIVE4 

,9 ,KURDI/AN EV]YBODY WANTS TO GET BACK TO !IR BUILD+S & HOMES !Y LEFT DUR+ ! W9T] MIGRATION4 ,IT WAS A MIGRATION BAS$ NOT JU/ ON FE> ( A BLOODBA? ?REAT5$ BY ,BAA?I/ >MY UNITS1 BUT ALSO CAUS$ BY PE%M]GA 5C\RAGEM5T3 !Y KNEW JT W\LD LOOK GOOD ON WE/]N ,T,V- & HELPFUL = !M4 ,& SO IT HAS BE54 ,ALL ! AID & *>ITIES >E CONTROLL$ BY ! NATIONALI/S4 ,! MONEY HAS MO/LY GONE TO ! PE%M]GAS = POLITICAL PURPOSES & VIRTUALLY NONE TO ! POOR DI/RESS$ PEOPLE4 ,) FACTORIES1 HOSPITALS & S*OOLS DE/ROY$1 KIDS >E QUEU+ UP TO JO9 ! PE%M]GAS = AT LEA/ IT MEANS REASONABLE WAGES & SOME JOB SECURITY 7ONE %\LDN'T UND]E/IMATE ANO!R FACTOR ! ROMANTIC IMAGE ( BE+ A GU]RILLA1 ) ITS ,GUEV>I/-TYPE DREAMS1 :I* LURES MANY A Y\NG ,KURD 9TO ! PE%M]GAS2 ! REALITY ( FOLL[+ ORD]S 9 A HI<LY HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURE PROVES1 H[EV]1 TO BE SOME:AT MUNDANE1 BANAL EV574 ,! *>ITY ORGANIZ]S HAVE BE5 ABLE TO PRES5T !MSELVES AS LIB]ATORS -- ANGELS FROM HELICOPT]S -- AS IF ! W> HADN'T EXI/$4 ,! ,G,B,P#c MILLION1 = EXAMPLE1 COLLECT$ BY =M] ,TORY ,P>TY *AIRMAN1 ,JEFFREY ,>*] & HIS ',SIMPLE ,TRU?' ROCK CONC]T.<#g.> W5T TO ! ,K4,C4,C4 7,KURDI% ,CULTURAL ,C5T]1 A REGI/]$ *>ITY ORGANIZATION & AN \TFIT :I* PUBLI%ES ,KURDI% BOOKS1 ,IIT]ATURE & MUSIC AS A FRONT = ! ,KURDI/AN ,FRONT7 & !N WAS ALMO/ C]TA9LY SIPHON$ (F 9TO ! POLITICAL P>TIES' BANK ACC\NTS4 ,!Y'RE JU/ DO+ BUS9ESS 9 ! NAME ( ! POOR ,KURDS4 ,9 ,HALABJA & ,IOTS ( O!R >EAS ABSOLUTELY NO?+ HAS GOT ?R\< TO ! PEOPLE4 

,ELSE:]E !RE'S ONE OR TWO SOPS TO HELP PEOPLE SURVIVE BUT MORE OR ,IESS Y\'VE GO TO HAVE SOME COMM]CIAL PROJECT OR SCAM TO ASK ! NATIONALI/S = DO%4 ,OR1 IF ! MONEY HASN'T BE5 GIV5 TO PE%M]GA CADRES 9 ! =M ( SAL>IES & WAGES1 IT'S REMA9$ 9 ! BANKS E>N+ HI< 9T]E/ RATES4 ,ALL *>ITY FOODS GIV5 TO ! ,IRANIAN GOV]NM5T HAS BE5 PASS$ ON BY !M TO BLACK M>KETE]S :O !N SELL IT = HI< PRICES TO NE$Y ,KURDI% PEOPLE4 ,*>ITIES BECAME A TAX RIP-(F S\RCE ( REV5UE = ! ,TURKI% GOV]NM5T1 :IL/ ! ,IRANIAN GOV]NM5T COMPLA9$ AB\T ! FACT ?AT MANY FOOD/UFFS W]E BEYOND !IR SELL-BY DATE1 & !N PROMPTLY SOLD !M (F ON ! BLACK M>KET4 ,TO ADD 9SULT TO 9JURY1 ON ! ,IRAN_/,IRAQ BORD] ! NATIONALI/S >E TAK+ EXTRA TAXES FROM PEOPLE & ON ! /REETS ( ,KURDI% CITIES >E OP5LY /EAL+ ANYBODY'S C> TO SELL !M (F 9 ,IRAN6 ,A DOG EAT DOG SITUATION HAS QUICKLY COME 9TO EXI/5CE4 ,! FATE ( ALL *>ITIES WAS REPEAT$ YET AGA93 A H&Y MEANS ( L9+ ! POCKETS ( GANG/]S & SPIVS6 

,H[EV]1 ! S\!RN REBELLION REFUSES TO GIVE 9 & %[S REM>KABLE SPIRIT DESPITE ! MURD]\S =CES UNLEA%$ AGA9/ IT4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ATTACKS ON ! ,IRAQI >MY 9 ! COALITION_/,U,N ZONE ( ,KURDI/AN HAVE 9CREAS$ SO CONSEQU5TLY ! PE%M]GAS >E N[ OP5LY COLLABORAT+ ) ! ,IRAQI >MY 9 ORD] TO PUT A /OP TO IT4 ,REC5TLY A BIG DEMON/RATION 9 ,HAWLIR WAS PUT D[N BY #ae PE%M]GAS4 ,BASICALLY !Y DISC\RAGE PEOPLE BY SPEAK+ TO !M AT DEMOS1 BR&I%+ !IR WEAPONS1 & IF ?AT DOESN'T WORK1 US+'=CE4 ,!RE HAVE BE5 BIG DEMOS ALL OV] ,IRAQI ,KURDI/AN 7P>TICUL>LY ,SULLIEMANIA7 & ,SADDAM HAS SPECIFICALLY ASK$ ! NATIONALI/S TO PUT D[N ! DEMOS 7:I* >E BO? AB\T BASICS -- FOOD & MONEY -- & ALSO AGA9/ ! COLLABORATION74 

,?IS COLLABORATION HAS N[ BECOME SO BLATANT ?AT LEFTI/ GU]RILLA GR\PS HAVE SUDD5LY SWELL$ 9 NUMB] & TAK5 TO ! M\NTA9S AGA91 OP5LY DESPIS+ ! NATIONALI/S4 ,! ,MAOI/S HAVE MADE ! MO/ CAPITAL \T ( ?IS4 ,! ,P,K,K 7,KURDI% ,SOCIALI/ ,WORK]S ,P>TY7 GU]RILLAS SITUAT$ 9 ,TURKEY HAVE MOV$ ACROSS ! BORD] & HAVE BECOME ACTIVE !RE1 L9K+ UP ) ! REC5TLY =M$ ,P,A,K 9 ,IRAQ 7,KURDI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY7 :I* DESCRIBES ! NATIONALI/S AS A CLUB ( FEUDAL L&LORDS4 ,BUT ! ,P,K,K IS US$ BY ,SYRIA BECAUSE !Y'RE AGA9/ ! DAM BUILT ACROSS ! ,EUPHRATES BY ! ,TURKI% GOV]NM5T & :I* />VES ,SYRIA ( WAT]4 ,PATRONIZ+ ! ,P,K,K1 ! ,SYRIAN GOVEMM5T HAS GIV5 ! LEAD]%IP SAFE HEADQU>T]S 9 ,LEBANON'S ,BEKH> VALLEY4 ,! ,MAOI/-ORI5T$ P>TIES GO BACK TO ! E>LY #gS & !Y WANT A SY/EM ( PEASANT COLLECTIVES1 NATIONALIZATION ( ! L&1 ETC4 ,BUT ?R\<\T !IR #b YE> HI/ORY !Y'VE KILL$ PEOPLE !Y'VE GOT M9OR IDEOLOGICAL DISPUTES ) -- 9DIVIDUALS :O LEAVE ! P>TY1 ETC4 ,ALSO1 9 ATTACK+ COLLABORATORS !Y T5D TO KILL SIMPLE & H>MLESS PEASANTS FROM ! SAME VILLAGES AS ! COLLABORATORS -- CREAT+ A CLIMATE ( FE>4 

,BUT ! MAJORITY ( ! EXPLOIT$ CANNOT POSSIBLY GIVE UP ! FI<T AS !Y HAVE NO /AKE 9 ! RACKETE]+ OR P>TY ORGANIZATIONS4 

,%AME ON ?OSE :O MAKE BUS9ESS FROM ! BLOOD ( ! M>TYRS6 

,VICTORY TO ! UPRIS+ ( ! ,>ABS1 ,KURDS & O!R M9ORITIES AGA9/ ,SADDAM & ! COALITION6 

"9 "9 "9 

,/ATEM5T BY A =M] PE%M]GA ) SOME ASSI/ANCE & ADDITIONS FROM ,5GLI% FRI5DS 7FROM SOMEONE :O LEFT ! NATIONALI/S BE=E ! REAL HEAVY 9T]-FRATRICIDAL KILL+S BECAUSE IT WAS BECOM+ LIKE A P>TISAN >MY -- KILL+ SOLDI]S1 ETC4 -- & COMPLETELY \TSIDE ! REAL MOVEM5T74 

,PRODUC$ BY3 ,B4,M4,B,L,O,B1 ,LONDON ,W,C#a,N #c,X,X & ,B4,M4,C,O,M,B,U,/,I,O,N1 ,LONDON ,W,C#a,N #c,X,X 

,JULY #a#d? #aiia 

"9 "9 "9 

,PO/SCRIPT 

,?IS TEXT W5T TO PRESS ALMO/ AT ! SAME TIME AS R5EW$ FI<T+ DEVELOP$ BETWE5 PEOPLE 9 ! ,KURDI% >EAS & ! ,IRAQI >M$ =CES4 ,! NEWS SO F> IS ( ! DE/RUCTION ( ! T[N HALL 9 ,HAWLIR 7,>BIL 9 ,>ABIC71 ( RIOT+ 9 ,TUZ ,KHURMATU1 & ( ! SURR5D] ( OV] #a ,IRAQI TROOPS 7IT APPE>S ?AT !Y HAD NO DESIRE TO FI<T :ATSOEV]7 & ( ! CAPTURE ( #ad TANKS 9 ,SULLIEMANIA4 ,B>ZANI1 HEAD ( ! ,K,D,P1 CLE>LY REVEAL$ HIS COLLABORATOR ROLE BY D5\NC+ 0PEOPLE OPPOS$ TO ANY DEAL0 = 9/IGAT+ ! CLA%ES4 ,! ,BAA?I/S HAVE D5\NC$ 0,IRANIAN 9FILTRATORS04 ,AT FIR/ GLANCE ?IS APPE>S TO BE PURE PROPAG&A4 ,BUT IT PROBABLY HAS A P>TIAL TRU? TO IT4 ,C]TA9LY 9 ,M>* ! ,IRANIAN GOV]NM5T TRI$ TO 9T]V5E ?R\PH ! 9T]M$I>Y ( AN ISLAMIC FUNDAM5TALI/ ORGANIZATION -- ! ,AL ,D[A P>TY -- 9 ! HOPE ( US+ ! UPRIS+ FO FUR!R !IR AIMS4 ,AT ?AT TIME !Y SUPPLI$ LORRY LOADS ( FOOD1 TOGE!R ) PLAC>DS SAY+ 0,NO TO ! ,COMMUNI/S6 ,NO TO ! ,BAA?I/S60 ,!Y KN[ !Y CAN USE ! DESP]ATION ( ! PEOPLE TO MANIPULATE !IR ALLEGIANCES ?R\< ! P[] ( MONEY & FOOD4 

,DESP]ATION HAS PRODUC$ TWO T5D5CIES4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 MANY ,KURDS >E FLOCK+ TO ! POLITICAL P>TIES 7ESPECIALLY ! ,KURDI/AN ,FRONT1 BUT ALSO MANY ( ! ,M>XI/-,L59I/ GR\PS7 AS A MEANS ( SURVIVAL & PROTECTION1 F9D+ 9 !SE ORGANIZATIONS SOME =M ( EXT]NAL 0HOPE04 ,9 FACT1 MANY1 :E!R !Y JO9 ! ,K,F OR NOT1 >E LOOK+ TO !IR NEGOTIATIONS ) ,SADDAM AS !IR ONLY HOPE4 ,?IS IS IRONIC1 S9CE ,SADDAM IS CIE>LY PLAY+ A WAIT+ GAME1 DRAGG+ \T !SE NEGOTIATIONS = AS LONG AS POSSIBLE1 :IL/1 9 ! MEANTIME1 ! ,K,F IS SPLITT+ UP 9TO FRATRICIDAL ANTAGONISMS -- ) FI<TS & KILL+S BETWE5 ! SMALL SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ( ,KURDI/AN 7P>T ( ! ,K,F7 & ! L>G] /RONG] SECTIONS ( ! ,K,F 7! ,P,U,K & ! ,K,D,P74 ,ON ! O!R H&1 !RE IS AN 9CREAS+ HO/ILITY ON ! P>T ( MU* ( ! POPULATION T[>DS ALL !SE POLITICAL GR\PS4 ,:E!R !SE TWO T5D5CIES COME 9TO OP5 CONFLICT REMA9S TO BE SE54 ,CLE>LY ?IS TEXT WILL BE P>TLY OV]TAK5 BY EV5TS1 & WE OBVI\SLY HAVE NO PRET5SIONS TO PROVID+ A DEF9ITIVE ANALYSIS ( ! SITUATION !RE4 

,! ,MONUM5T1 O!RWISE KN[N AS ',! ,VICTORY ,>*' 

,! TE*NIQUES US$ BY ,SADDAM TO CONSOLIDATE ! ,BAA?I/ REGIME COMB9$ T]ROR & MASS SPECTACLES OBVI\SLY 9DEBT$ TO ,G]MAN FASCISM &1 FUR!R BACK1 TO ,BOL%EVISM -- & URBAN RE-7DE-7G5]ATION4 ,POPUL> QU>T]S W]E BULLDOZ$ & ! C5T] ( ,BA<DAD TURN$ 9TO A MONUM5TAL PO/-MOD]NI/ 7OR 0REGIONALIZ$ 9T]NATIONAL /YLE07 EXHIBIT1 E*O+ ,B>ON ,HAUSMANN'S TRANS=MATIONS ( ,P>IS 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY BUT ) A F> GREAT] EMPPHASIS ON SCULPTURAL MONUM5TALISM1 ,?IS UNCOMPREH5D$ DREAM -- NI<TM>E1 RA!R -- C\LD EASILY BE TAK5 FROM ! \TSIDE AS AN EXAMPLE ( CYNICAL 0>T_/ANTI->T0 DOM9ATION IF IT WASN'T SO DEADLY S]I\S1 COV]+ LAY] UPON LAY] ( HORROR4 ,GO+ BACK TO #a#i#f#h1 ! ,BAA?I/ RISE TO P[] IS COMP>ABLE1 = EXAMPLE1 ) ,PREMI] ,GEORGE ,POMPID\'S PLAN 9 ! E>LY #gS TO TURN ! C5TRAL CORE ( ,P>IS 9TO A NECROPOLIS ( >T1 F9ANCE & OV]P[]+ MONUM5TS FROM :I* ALL POPUL> LIFE W\LD ]5TUALLY BE BANI%$4 ,SADDAM'S V]SION1 ?\< OBVI\SLY NOT 9 RESPONSE TO AN 9SURRECTION>Y ANTI->T MOVEM5T 7:I* ASPECTS ( ,FRANCE ,MAY '#f#h W]E71 NONE!LESS FOCUS$ ON BR++ >TI/S 0FROM ! ATELI] 9TO ! /REET0 7TO QUOTE FROM ! ,>ABIC DAILY ,AL ,HAYAT7 CREAT+ A KITS* V]SION ( ANCI5T ,BABYLON1 ,ALADD9_/,S9BAD ETC4 & FILT]$ ?R\< ,SADDAM'S FAVORITE ,HOLLYWOOD MOVIE1 ,]ROL ,F,IYNN'S 0,?IEF ( ,BA<DAD04 ,BUT ,SADDAM'S SWA%BUCKL+ ]ECTIONS HAVE BE5 MORE OR LESS CONF9$ TO ! CAPITAL4 ,KURDI% CITIES LIKE ,KIRKUK OR ,MOSUL1 DESPITE ,>ABIZATION POLICIES1 HAVE BE5 VIRTUALLY LEFT UNT\*$4 

,! ,MONUM5T WAS BUILT AFT] ! CONCLUSION ( ! ,IRAN_/,IRAQ W>4 ,! ,POP ,>T_/,HOLLYWOOD-/YLE SCULPTURE BUILT AT ! BASE ( ,SADDAM'S >MS HOLD+ ! CROSS$ SWORDS =M+ ! ',VICTORY ,>*' IS ( A GIANT TORN PEANUT BAG \T ( :I* IS P\R+ #be ,IRANIAN HELMETS4 ,IT'S LIKE A HORR5D\S DIV]SION ( ! ,SURREALI/S' URBAN PROPOSALS = ! TRANS=MATION ( ,P>IS4 

,AN ,ACC\NT ( ,HALABJA1 ,M>* #aihh 

,DUR+ ! ,IRAN_/,IRAQ W>1 :5 ! ,AM]ICANS W]E TAK+ ! SIDE ( ! ,IRAQI >MY :I* HAD ! UPP] H&1 ! ,IRANIAN GOV]NM5T TRI$ TO OP5 UP A NEW FRONT4 ,AT ?AT TIME ! ,KURDI/AN ,NATIONALI/ ,FRONT HAD AN AGREEM5T ) ,KHOME9I & HIS ,IRANIAN GOV]NM5T1 :O'D PROMIS$ !M SOME K9D ( ,KURDI% AUTONOMY4 ,TOGE!R !Y PLANN$ TO 0LIB]ATE0 ,HALABJA1 A T[N ( #a1 PEOPLE :I* WAS AB\T #cf KILOMET]S FROM ! ,IRANIAN BORD]4 ,) ?AT 9 M9D1 !Y OCCUPI$ IT4 ,! ,IRAQI >MY WAS WEAK 9 ! ,HALABJA REGION & BASICA,IIY ONLY 9 SITU TO KEEP ! ,KURDS D[N1 ITS (F5SIVE MI<T CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! MIDDLE & S\? ( ,IRAQ4 ,9 ORD] TO 9SURE ! SUCCESS ( ! OCCUPATION ( ,HALABJA1 ! ,IRANIANS ATTACK$ >MY BASES ) ROCKETS1 BUT MANY MISS$ & KILL$ CIVILIANS 9 ! T[N4 ,PEOPLE !RE W]E1 9 ANY CASE1 V]Y CAUTI\S AB\T ! OCCUPATION & N[1 AFT] ! POORLY-AIM$ ROCKETS1 TRI$ TO LEAVE4 ,BUT ! PE%M]GAS KEPT PEOPLE 91 ONLY ALL[+ \T ?OSE :O C\LD PAY !M LOADS ( MONEY4 ,! T[N ITSELF WAS PRETTY REBELLI\S1 FULL ( >MY DES]T]S & REC5TLY !RE HAD BE5 DEMOS CONDEM+ BO? SIDES 9 ! W>4 ,SO ON ,M>* #a#g?1 #a#i#h#h1 9 ORD] TO CRU% ! OCCUPATION & ,HALABJA'S REBELLI\S 9HABITANTS1 ! ,IRAQI REGIME BOMB>D$ ! T[N ) *EMICAL WEAPONS 7CYANIDE & MU/>D N]VE GAS1 MANUFACTUR$ 9 ! ,WE/1 ESPECIALLY BY ! ,G]MAN COMPANY ,A4,G4,F>B51 & SOLD TO ,SADDAM74 ,?\S&S DI$ 9/ANTLY & AMONG ! CASUALTIES W]E WORK]S1 /UD5TS1 *ILDR5 & CONSCRIPTS4 ,! F9A,I DEA? TOLL WAS WELL OV] #e4 ,IT WAS ! MO/ S]I\S 9CID5T ( ! W> & WAS A FACTOR 9 BR++ IT TO AN 5D A FEW MON?S LAT]4 ,?AT1 TOGE!R ) A G5]AL /ALEMATE 9 :I* BO? SIDES SAW ?AT !RE WAS NO ECONOMIC ADVANTAGE !Y C\LD GA9 FROM IT4 ,9CREAS+LY1 ,IRAQ'S POSITION HAD WEAK5$1 ) ,IRAN ON ! (F5SIVE1 AL?\<1 TO C\NT]ACT ?IS ! ,AM]ICANS HAD GIV5 MORE WEAPONRY TO ,IRAQ4 ,! W> :I* CO/ A MILLION LIVES DEVA/AT$ ! ECONOMIES ( BO? C\NTRIES4 

,AFT] ! G5OCIDE 9 ,HALABJA MANY LOCALS BECAME REFUGEES 9 ! ,IRANIAN M\NTA9S1 :]E !Y W]E TREAT$ QUITE BADLY 9 CAMPS4 ,CONSEQU5TLY MANY RETURN$ TO ,IRAQ1 AL?\< NOT TO ! ,HALABJA REGION4 ,BUT FUR!R PUNI%M5T WAS 9 ! (F+3 BECAUSE ( ! /IGMA ( ,HALABJA1 MANY WORK]S C\LDN'T GET JOBS & /UD5TS C\LDN'T RETURN TO COLLEGE ETC4 ,!RE W]E SUICIDES & SOME =M] RESID5TS W]E ,IEFT TO />VE 9 PRISON CAMPS4 ,! /IGMA EV5 EXT5D$ TO ! F> S\? & ,HALABJA WORK]S C\LDN'T GET EMPLOYM5T EV5 !RE4 

,! ,NATIONALI/S' POPUL>ITY 9 ,KURDI/AN1 A,IREADY SC>CE1 VANI%$ COMPLETELY BECAUSE !Y'D BE5 A P>T ( ?IS EQUATION :I* HAD RESULT$ 9 G5OCIDE4 ,MOREOV]1 AFT] ! ATTACK1 ! PE%M]GAS W5T ?R\< ! EMPTY T[N1 LOOT+ H\SES1 NICK+ FRIDGES1 COOK]S1 ETC4 -- EV5 BRACELETS FROM DEAD WOM5 -- TO SELL !M ELSE:]E1 9 ,IRAN4 ,! MONEY DIDN'T EV5 GO TO FUND+ ! P>TIES BUT L9$ !IR [N POCKETS4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 PE%M]GA (FIC]S ?IEV$ ! MO/ -- SO PUBLICLY1 ?AT SOME ( !IR NAMES >E WELL KN[N TO ! PEOPLE ( ! >EA4 

,! ,KURDI/AN ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS OR ',%ORAS' 

,9TRODUCTION 

,! FOLL[+ DOCUM5TS W]E RECEIV$ FROM ,KURDI/AN 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#i,I4 ,ORIG9ALLY 9 ,KURDI%1 !Y'VE BE5 TRANSLAT$ AS ACCURATELY AS POSSIBLE4 ,OBVI\SLY WE DON'T AGREE ) ALL ?AT'S SAID 9 !M BUT ! 9=MATION IS 9VALUABLE4 

,9 #a#i#g#i1 AT ! TIME ( ! FALL ( ! ,%AH ( ,IRAN1 ! WE/]N M$IA ACKN[L$G$ ! EXI/5CE ( ,%ORA ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS 9 ! ,IRANIAN SOCIAL UPHEAVALS1 AL?\<1 EV5 !N1 IT FALSELY LIMIT$ !IR SCOPE TO ! C\NTRY'S OILFIELDS1 ,N[1 ?IS SAME M$IA1 REA*+ EV5 GREAT] DEP?S ( /UPEFACTION1 DOESN'T EV5 M5TION %ORAS 9 ! CONT9U+ ,KURDI% REVOLUTION -- & P]HAPS ALSO 9 S\!RN ,IRAQ6 ,9 !IR DIS9FECT$ ACC\NT ( EV5TS1 WORK]S DON'T EV5 EXI/ N[4 

,H[EV]1 AS TO BE EXPECT$1 !RE >E COMPLICATIONS4 ,! DOCUM5T ON 0,A GOV]NM5T ( ,WORK]S' ,%ORAS0 PRODUC$ E>LY ,APRIL'#i#a /AT+ !IR AIMS1 HASN'T BE5 PRODUC$ BUT WE GET A GOOD IDEA ( :AT IT WAS AB\T BY READ+ ! REM>KABLE SECOND LETT] FROM ,KURDI/AN PUBLI%$ H]E4 ,! %ORAS W]E WORK]S' C\NCILS EXPRESS+ MANY ( ! CONTRADICTIONS WORK]S' C\NCILS HAVE ALMO/ ALWAYS FAC$3 9 P>TICUL>1 ! CONFUSION OV] :E!R TO OP5LY ATTACK ! POLITICAL P>TIES AS EXT]NAL AU?ORITIES ) !IR [N SEP>ATE 9T]E/S OR TO COMPROMISE ) !M & ?US WEAK5 ! P[] ( ! C\NCILS4 ,SOME T5D5CIES PU%$ T[>DS ! %ORAS BECOM+ AUTONOM\S REVOLUTION>Y BODIES 7AN >M$ PEOPLE ANSW]ABLE TO & PROTECT+ ! %ORAS' AU?ORITY1 ALL P[] TO ! %ORAS2 P]MAN5TLY REVOCABLE DELEGATES1 ETC474 ,BUT ?IS T5D5CY ALSO COEXI/$ ) ?OSE PU%+ = SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC DEM&S & DEALS )1 9 P>TICUL>1 ! ,KURDI/AN ,FRONT4 ,! PO9T1 H[EV]1 IS TO FIR/ ( ALL CONSID] ! PRACTICALITIES ( ,KURDI/AN AT ?IS TIME4 ,! %ORAS W]E BORNE ( PRESS+ SURVIVAL NECESSITIES 9 A PRETTY DESP]ATE1 ?\< ALSO EUPHORIC1 SITUATION CONC]N$ ) FOOD DI/RIBUTION1 CLO?+1 H\S+ & FIR/ AID4 ,9ITIALLY SET UP 9 ,SULLIEMANIA1 !Y SPREAD AN OV] ,IRAQI ,KURDI/AN1 9CLUD+ ! OIL-RI* >EA >\ND ,KIRKUK4 ,9 MANY 9/ANCES1 !Y CONT9U$ AFT] ! RETURN ( ! REFUGEES FROM ! M\NTA9S1 9TO ! BEG9N+ ( ! SUMM]4 

,:IL/ ! DEM&S ( ! %ORAS 7:5 DEAL+ ) SURVIVAL1 EXPRESS$ )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( POLITICAL ECONOMY & ! SEEM+LY ET]NAL WORLD ( MONEY2 :5 DEAL+ ) 'POLITICS'1 DEM&+ LIB]AL 'RI<TS'1 B\RGEOIS 'DEMOCRACY'1 ETC47 >E AN ASPECT ( !IR CONFUSION1 EQUALLY IMPORTANT IS ! FACT ?AT ?IS WORK]S' DEMOCRATIC =UM CAN MOVE AGA9/ CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS & ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION 7! M>KET ECONOMY71 DEP5D+ ON ! *ANG+ TEMPO ( :AT IS /ILL A V]Y VOLATILE SITUATION 9 ?AT >EA ( WORLD CAPITAL4 ,MORE CONCRETELY1 MANY /R&S ( ! %ORAS' PRACTICE IMPLICITLY W5T BEYOND !IR EXPLICIT DEM&S4 

,CONFLICTS IMM$IATELY >OSE )9 ! %ORAS &1 LIKE ! PA/ HI/ORY ( ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS ELSE:]E1 W]E PREY TO ALL K9DS ( POLITICAL RACKETE]+4 ,!Y HAVE YET TO BECOME ! AU!NTIC VOICE ( ! EXPLOIT$ & ALI5AT$ CREAT+ A NEW WORLD4 ,KURDI/AN1 SO F>1 HAS BE5 NO EXCEPTION4 ,! FIR/ LETT] FROM ,KURDI/AN V]IFIES SOME ( ?IS1 ) ITS V]Y CONFUS$ ANGLE ON ! CONFLICTS )9 ! %ORAS4 ,:IL/ IT CONDEMNS ! ,M>XI/-,L59I/S = !IR POLITICK+1 IT ALSO ATTACKS !M FROM A SILLY LIB]AL /ANCE3 IT WANTS ! %ORAS TO 9VOLVE EV]YONE -- B\RGEOISES1 CADRES & PR(ESSIONALS 9CLUD$ 7,IF ?IS MEANS 9CLUD+ DOCTORS1 O4K4 -- BUT HE'S ALSO IMPLY+ ?AT ALL ! O!R SECTIONS ( ! PR(ESSIONAL & B\RGEOIS CLASS BE 9CLUD$74 ,AT ONE & ! SAME TIME1 IT CRITICIZES ! ,KURDI/AN ,FRONT1 :IL/ FEEL+ SOME SYMPA?Y = !SE PIGS4 ,ITS TONE SEEMS TO 9SI/ ON SOME 9DEP5D5T /ANCE1 REFLECT+ P>TLY A T5D5CY MOV+ T[>DS AUTONOMY1 BUT !N 5DS UP WANT+ TO COMPROMISE ) ! ,K,F & PLACES ALL ITS HOPE 9 ! NEGOTIATIONS ) ! REGIME4 ,9 FACT1 ITS ATTITUDE C\LD WELL BE A PRELUDE TO SOME K9D ( RE=M$ SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC TAKE ON ?+S4 ,! LA/ #b YE>S OR MORE HAS SE51 9 ! VA/ MAJORITY ( 9/ANCES1 ! BEG9N+ ( AN 9SI<TFUL CRITIQUE ( ,M>XI/-,L59ISM FALL 9TO ?IS TRAP OR WORSE -- AN UNFETT]$ M>KET 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,REAL /EPS T[>DS A !ORETICALLY CLE>] AUTONOM\S GRASP HAVE BE5 PITIFULLY WEAK4 ,NEV]!LESS1 9 ITS CONFUSION1 IT RAISES PRACTICAL NITTY-GRITTY PO9TS AB\T CONCRETE PROBLEMS 7SU* AS :ITECOLL> V4 BLUE COLL> WORK]S7 & ! FACTS >E V]Y 9T]E/+4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! SECOND LETT] IS CRY/AL & A JOY TO READ4 ,?IS ACC\NT ( ! ,KURDI% %ORAS1 DEAL+ ) REAL PROBLEMS RAIS$ )9 FHEIR EXP&+ P>AMET] IS RELEVANT TO WORK]S EV]Y:]E 9 ! WORLD1 9CLUD+ ?OSE 9 ! ,5GLI%-SPEAK+ NATIONS3 ,?IRD ,WORLD /ATUS DOESN'T COME 9TO IT4 

,TO 5D ON AN AFFIRMATIVE NOTE4 ,AFT] ! P>TY POLITICK+ :I* DISCR$IT$ SOME:AT ! %ORAS AMONG ! POPULATION ( ,SULLIEMANIA 9 E>LY ,APRIL '#i#a1TWO TEXTS >E REPRODUC$ H]E ILLU/RAT+ ?AT P]HAPS ! %ORAS >E GETT+ 9TO !IR /RIDE ONCE AGA91 AT LEA/ 9 ! E>LY SUMM] MON?S3 AL?\< ONE HAS CLE>LY ,M>XI/-,L59I/ SYMPA?IES1 ! O!R1 FROM /REET HAWK]S1 IS BASIC & /RAI<T =W>D4 ,BO? CONDEMN ! DISCR$IT$ ,KURDI/AN ,FRONT & !IR ATTACK ON ! =UM ( A G5U9E WORK]S' DEMOCRACY1 & IT'S N[ KN[N ?AT MANY ( ! PEOPLE :O MADE ! UPRIS+ 9 ,IRAQI ,KURDI/AN HAV5'T QUITE BE5 M>G9ALIZ$ )9 ! %ORAS1 DESPITE SUFF]+ FROM HEAVY CALUMNIES4 ,:AT ?IS MI<T PORT5D REMA9S TO BE REALIZ$4 

,5GLI%_/,KURDI% COMM5T 7,SEPTEMB] #a#i#i#a74 

,LEAFLET FROM A ,%ORA ,WORK]S' ,C\NCIL ( ,/REET ,HAWK]S4 ,NOT TO ,ACCEPT ,BE+ ,BURI$ ,ALIVE4 

,WE1 ,SULLIEMANIA'S /REET HAWK]S & IT9]ANT B>R[ TRAD]S1 ) IMM5SE DIFFICULTY & FATIGUE1 CAN ONLY GET A FEW D9>S WORK+ EV]Y DAY = #ab OR #ac H\RS /&+ UND] ! GL>+ SUN4 ,WE CAN'T MAKE A LIV+ = \RSELVES & FAMILIES4 ,\R TABLES >E EMPTY4 

,TODAY1 UNMPLOYM5T & HI< PRICES CONFRONT US4 ,WE >5'T SATISFI$ ) ?IS GR9D+ EXI/5CE4 ,POV]TY & />VATION LEAVE US NO ROOM4 ,WE DON'T WALK ! /REETS = ! JOYS & LIB]TIES ( SO DO+1 IT'S \R WORK4 ,:Y !N DOESN'T ! GOV]NM5T /OP H>ASS+ US & KEEP MOV+ US ON8 ,:AT DO !Y WANT FROM US8 ,:Y !N >E !Y 9SULT+ US & DET]M9$ TO BURY US ALIVE8 

,WE DO NOT ACCEPT ! H>ASSM5T ( \R WORK & TRADE BY ! GOV]NM5T OR ! ,KURDI/AN ,FRONT BECAUSE ANY =CE :I* DOESN'T LOOK AFT] \R LIVES1 *ILDR5 & FAMILES DOESN'T MEAN ANY?+ TO US4 

,WE !RE=E DECL>E ?AT UNTIL ! GOV]NM5T SORTS \T \R LIV+ WE WILL 9 DESP]ATION C>RY ON ) \R WORK & TRADE4 

,HONOR$ ,/REET ,HAWK]S6 

,WE NE$ EA* O!RS' UNITY & SOLID>ITY4 ,WE NE$ TO ASSEMBLE TOGE!R & TO RESI/ ! ATTACKS ON US1 TO IMPOSE OR HAVE \R DEM&S VALIDATCD BY ! EU?ORITIES4 ,WE %\LDN'T BE SATISFI$ ) \R WORK TODAY BUT BE UNIT$ = ! SOCIAL SECURITY RI<TS D5I$ US4 ,\R LIFE MU/ BE GU>ANTE$ BY ALL ! WEAL? & ! OIL :I* EXI/S 9 \R C\NTRY4 ,O!RWISE1 :AT DO WE WANT ?IS OR ?AT GOV]NM5T =8 ,TO C>RY ON ) ?IS NE> IMPOSSIBLE LIFE 9 FRONT ( !IR EYES8 ,& YET ALL ! MONEY & WEAL? >E 9 ! H&S ( ! RUL]S & AU?ORITIES & !Y WANT TO BURY US ALIVE 9 POV]TY1 />VATION & UNEMPLOYM5T4 

,LET'S BUILD /REET HAWK] UNITY 9 ,SULLIEMANIA ,CITY4 

,COMMITTEE ( ,/REET ,HAWK]S ( ,SULLIEMANIA4 

,JULY #bND #a#i#i#a4 

,/ATEM5T ,FROM A ,SULLIEMANIA ,%ORA ,WORK]S' ,C\NCIL 

,WORK]S1 ,EXPLOIT$1 ,HONOR$ ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PEOPLE6 

,! BRUTAL ,BAA?I/ CAPITALI/ REGIME = MORE ?AN #bb YE>S HAS CONT9U$ TO CRU%1 DE/ROY & KILL 9DIVIDUALS1 GR\PS & \R SONS ALWAYS 9 ORD] TO /ABILIZE ITS D>K AU?ORITY4 ,9 A V]Y B>B>IC WAY IT ATTACK$ ! REVOLUTION>Y PEOPLE ( ?IS C\NTRY4 

,NO DAY W5T BY )\T ! REGIME >RE/+ HUNDR$S & ?\S&S ( WORK]S1 EXPLOIT$ & REVOLUTION>Y PEOPLE :O !N DISAPPE>$4 ,ALSO IT ATTACK$ & DE/ROY$ MO/ ( ! PR\D & REVOLUTION>Y >EAS ?AT OPPOS$ ! REGIME4 ,UND] ! REGIME 9 ?IS CRITICAL & DESP]ATE ]A1 CON/ANT />VATION1 UNEMPLOYM5T & HI< PRICES HAD PU%$ MO/ PEOPLE 9TO ?IS =LORNLY UNHAPPY SITUATION4 

,! CAPITALI/ ORI5TAT$ P>ASITICAL M9ORITY HAVE GOT ALL ! ME?ODS1 MO/ ( ! 9/ITUTIONS & EV]Y?+ ELSE 9 !IR H&S :ILE WE1 ! MAJORITY HAVE BE5 D5I$ EV]Y HUMAN RI<T4 

,?IS DECAD5T CAPITALI/IC REGIME ) ITS NAK$ BRUTAL DICTATOR%IP1 HAS MADE US ! WORK]S & EXPLOIT$1 9TO CANNON FODD] = TWO BIG DE/RUCTIVE W>S 7,IRAN V ,IRAQ & ! ,U,S_/,ALLIANCE 9 ,KUWAIT74 ,UP TO N[ WE & \R SONS HAVE BE5 EAT5 BY ! DES]T VULTURES 9 BO? W>S4 ,MANY ( US DISAPPE>$ OR WE LIVE V]Y PREC>I\SLY4 ,! HATR$ ( ?IS ALWAYS DISADVANTAG$ PEOPLE EV]Y:]E EXPLOIT$ 9 ! CITIES & SMALL T[NS HAS DE/ROY$ ! REGIME'S 9/ITUTIONS ?\< !IR [N =CE ALONE4 ,SO MU* SO ?AT !Y NE>LY S\ND$ ! DEA? KNELL = ! REGIME :I* EV5 UNTIL N[ HAS NOT BE5 ABLE TO PUT ITSELF BACK TOGE!R AGA94 ,IT WAS ! REALIZATION AF ! OPPRESS$'S [N P[]2 9DEP5D5T1 RELY+ ONLY ON !MSELVES1 & 9 NO WAY DEP5D5T ON ! MI<T ( ,IMP]IALISM & ! B\RGEOIS NATIONALI/S ( ! ,KURDI/AN ,FRONT4 ,9 ,KURDI/AN1 ! ,K,F W]E TRY+ TO CONTROL ! P[] ( ! PEOPLE & NO:]E1 NOT JU/ 9 ,IRAQ1 >E ! 9T]E/S ( ,WORLD ,IMP]IALISM1 P>TICUL>LY ,AM]ICA1 S]V$ BY REV\TION>Y PEOPLE4 ,TODAY IT'S ALWAYS TRY+ TO CRU% ! UPRIS+ ( ! WORK]S & EXPLOIT$ PEOPLE 9 ANY P>T ( ! WORLD & REPLACE IT ) RUL]S &_/OR CAPITALI/ /ATES :I* S]VE !IR 9T]E/S4 ,JU/ LOOK AT H[ WE SAW ! %AME ( ! BEAT5 ,IRAQI >MY & H[1 ) ITS P[] BROK51 IT WAS !N 5C\RAG$ BY ! ,IMP]IALI/S TO CRU% ! UPRIS+4 ,!Y GAVE UP ON ! DE/RUCTION ( ! REGIME BECAUSE !Y NE$$ ?IS DEFEAT$ >MY = ANO!R TIME4 

,IT WAS DUE TO BO? ! PHILOSOPHICAL ATTITUDE ( ! B\RGEOIS NATIONALI/S :I* DIDN'T 5JOY ! BACK+ ( ,IMP]IALISM AS WELL AS ! LACK ( A WORK]S' ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY REPRES5T+ ! VANGU>D ( DIFF]5T SECTORS ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T ?AT ! UPRIS+ C\LDN'T CONT9UE & :I* /OPP$ US 9 \R TRACKS 7,?IS WAS ! WEAKE/ PO9T AF ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S' MOVEM5T AT ! TIME ( ! UPRIS+ 7,?AT'S :AT !Y ?9K -- ,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE74 ,! ,KURDI% PEOPLE BECAME ! VICTIMS1 MIGRAT+ & />V+ 9 !IR ?\S&S 9 ! COLD :]E !Y CONTACT$ DISEASES & MANY DI$4 ,BUT EV5 DESPITE !SE ADV]SITIES1 9 ?IS P]IOD ( B\RGEOIS NATIONALI/ NEGOTIATIONS ) ! REGIME1 ! WORK]S & EXPLOIT$ HAVE CONT9U$ ) !IR UPRIS+ & >E EV] READY TO CONFRANT ! =CES ( FE> & TRICK]Y4 

,! B\RGEOIS NATIONALI/S AFT] JU/IFY+ ! MIGRATION ( REVOLUTION>Y ,KURDI% PEOPLE BECAUSE ( ! ,IMP]IALI/S' BETRAYAL >E N[ !MSELVES 9 NEGOTIATIONS ) ! REGIME SEEK+ A SOLUTION TO ! ,KURDI% PROBLEM 9 ?IS WAY4 ,BUT ! WORK]S & EXPLOIT$ REVOLUTION>Y PEOPLE CONT9U+ ) !IR UPRIS+ 9 ,SULLIEMANIA >E PROV+ ?AT !Y WILL NEV] ACCEPT ! NEGOTIAT+ CONDITIONS4 ,& 9 ,HAWLIR1 ON ! ,TUESDAY BE=E ,A,$ 7A ,MUSLIM RELIGI\S FE/IVAL7 ! WORK]S & EXPLOIT$ ?R\< !IR SYMPA?Y ACTIONS PROV$ !IR SOLID>ITY ) ! PEOPLE ( ! S\? & ! RE/ ( ,IRAQ4 ,IT WON'T LET ! COLORS ( !IR [N /RUGGLE FADE6 

,! WORK]S & EXPLOIT$ ASS5T TO NEGOTIATIONS = ONE REASAN ONLY -- ?AT ! REUNIT+ P[] ( ! PEOPLE OBLIG$ ! REGIME TO COME TO ! NEGOTIAT+ TABLE CLE>+ ! WAY T[>DS ! DE/RUCTION ( ! REGIME & ! ,KURDI% PEOPLE %\LD HAVE ALL ! P[] 9 !IR H&S4 

,! PEOPLE ( ,KURDI/AN ONLY ASS5T TO ! NEGOTIATIONS 9 ORD] TO /IPULATE ?AT !RE MU/ BE DEMOCRACY & POLITICAL FRE$OM N[ 9 ,KURDI/AN & ALL ,IRAQ4 ,?AT NO ONE %\LD BE TORTUR$ & ONE %\LD BE FREE TO *OOSE ANY POLITICS OR BELIEFS4 

,MOREOV]1 ! WORK]S & EXPLOIT$ ONLY CONDONE ! NEGOTIATIONS SO ?AT1 ON ! ONE H&1 A FRAMEWORK CAN BE RECOGNIZ$ SO ?AT !RE %\LDN'T BE ANYBODY ABOVE !M SPEAK+ ON !IR BEHALF4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 WE1 ! MILLIONS ( WORK]S /&+ 9 L9E DO NOT SANCTION ! NEGOTIATIONS AS A MEANS ( CONSOLIDAT+ AU?ORITY 7EV]YDAY ! REGIME /R5G!NS ! 9/ITUTIONS & ! >MY1 -- B>RICADES1 SOLDI]S PATROLL+ ! /REETS1 >MOR$ VEHICLES ETC HAVE 9CREAS$ & !RE IS NO CORN] 9 ,KURDI/AN )\T !IR PRES5CE74 

,WE ALSO CANNOT SANCTION !SE NEGOTIATIONS :ILE DEMOCRACY & FREE EXPRESSION IS =BIDD5 & ! WORK]S' & EXPLOIT$ CANNOT BE FREE 9 !IR HOMES TO DISCUSS !IR DEM&S & NE$S4 ,:AT'S ! GR\ND = NEGOTIATIONS & :AT DO !Y MEAN IF ! REGIME CONT9UES ) ! SAME POLICY8 

,& :AT DO NEGOTIATIONS MEAN IF OR :5 ! ,KURDI/AN ,FRONT />TS OP5LY ATTACK+ ! VOICE ( FRE$OM & DEMOCRACY SETT+ AB\T ! %ORA WORK]S' C\NCILS & !IR COMMITTEES OR ANYONE \TSIDE ! ,KURDI/AN ,FRONT8 ,WE1 ! WORK]S & EXPLOIT$1 HAVE AS AN IMM$IATE TASK TO ORGANIZE \R G5]AL MEET+S & ASSEEMBLIES1 TO DISCUSS \R DIFF]5CES & TO PUT =W>D \R DEM&S ASK+ = AN EXPLANATION = ! ON-GO+ NEGOTIATIONS & TO PUT PRESSURE ON BO? SIDES NOT TO KEEP US WAIT+4 LN %ORT1 TO RISE UP = \R DEM&S4 ,FIR/LY1 ALL ! 9VAD]'S >MY & P[]S %\LD BE \/$ COMPLETELY FROM ,KURDI/AN4 ,SECONDLY1 COMPLETE FRE$OM = ALL POLITICAL PRISON]S & FRE$OM = ! ,ANFAL & ,B>ZANI >EA PRISON]S4 ,?IRDLY1 UNCONDITIONAL POLITICAL FRE$OM4 ,F\R?LY1 A VOTE ON :E!R TO AGREE_/ DISAGREE ) ! NEGOTIATIONS4 ,ALL ?IS IS TO BE E/ABLI%$ BY ! WORK]S & PEOPLE !MSELVES4 

,VICTORY TO ! ,POPUL> ,WORK]'S ,UPRIS+4 

,D[N ) ,CAPITALISM4 ,LONG LIVE SOCIALISM4  

,COMMITTEE = ,WORK]S 9 ,SMALL ,FACTORIES 9 ,SULLIEMANIA 

,JUNE #b#cRD1 #aiia 

,A ,LETT] ,FROM ,KURDI/AN 

7,FROM A PAMPHLET WRITT5 9 ,KURDI% & DI/RIBUT$ ?R\<\T ,G]MANY1 ,BRITA9 & ELSE:]E 9 ,EUROPE47 

,?IS LETT] IS = Y\ & ?OSE FRI5DS :O >E MEANT TO KN[ AB\T ! EV5TS & H[ ! SITUATION CAME AB\T4 ,:AT ,I'M RECALL+ H]E IS :AT ,I'VE SE5 & BE5 AW>E (4 

#a4 ,! G5]AL SITUATION BE=E ! UPRIS+ 

,AFT] ! ,ANFALS HAPP5$ 9 ,KURDI/AN1 ?\S&S ( PEOPLE W5 >RE/$ & !N DISAPPE>$4 ,?\S&S W]E KILL$ 9 ! ACTS ( RESI/ANCE & MANY MORE ?\S&S MIGRAT$ TO ,IRAN & ,TURKEY4 ,ISOLAT$1 PEOPLE GAVE 9TO ! ,/ATE & GOV]NM5T44A DIFFICULT & DEPRESS+ SITUATION EM]G$ 9 ,KURDI/AN4 ,ALL ?IS PROV$ TO ! PEOPLE ?AT >M$ /RUGGLE WAS NOT ! WAY TO CONFRONT ! GAVCMM5T BECAUSE ( ! POOR QUALITY ( ! TE*NOLOGY & ! >MAM5TS UND] !IR CONTROL4 ,! TE*NOLOGY & SOPHI/ICAT$ WEAPONRY W]E P[]FUL & LE?AL4 ,ALL ! ,KURDI% OPPOSITION W]E =C$ 9TO ,IRAN4 ,?IS MADE PEOPLE MORE DEMORALIZ$ BECAUSE !Y KNEW !Y C\LDN'T DO ANY?+ & DAILY ! ,PE%MRGA W]E H&+ !MSELVES OV] TO ! GOV]NM5T4 ,!RE W]E A LOT ( DES]T]S :O AT ! SAME TIME DIDN'T WANT TO P>TAKE 9 ! ,IRAN-LRAQ W>4 ,! GOV]NM5T WAS EXPLOIT+ ?AT PSY*OLOGICALLY DEPRESS+ SITUATION 9 :I* PEOPLE W]E COMPLETELY DEMORALIZ$ AFT] ! ,ANFALS & :]E ! ,KURDI% OPPOSITION H$ BE5 DEFEAT$1 LIV+ \T !IR EXI/5CES UNEMPLOY$ & DES]T]S AT ONE & ! SAME TIME4 ,?US PEOPLE W]E AWAIT+ ! \TCOME ( ! W> ?AT C\LD P]HAPS RESULT 9 ! FALL ( ! ,IRAQI REGIME4 ,! W> CEAS$ 9 ,AUGU/ )\T ?IS HAPP5+4 ,PEOPLE W]E AFRAID BECAUSE1 !Y W]E SAY+1 ?AT ) ,SADDAM /AY+ ON NO-ONE C\LD RE/4 ,BE=E HE HAD BE5 TOO OCCUPI$ ) ! W>1 BUT N[ ) ! CEASEFIRE HE C\LD TURN ON PEOPLE AGA94 ,?IS TIME H[EV] NO POLITICAL MOVEM5T OR ACTIVITIES EXI/$4 ,!RE WAS ONLY TALK AB\T IT ON AN 9DIVIDUAL LEVEL4 ,SO AFT] ! W> /OPP$1 ! GOV]NM5T HAV+ GIV5 ITSELF TIME TO LICK ITS W\NDS1 >\ND ,SEPTEMB] DECRE$ A G5]AL AMNE/Y = ! ,KURDS CALL$ DECISION #g#c#f-#g#c#g1 ACCORD+ TO :I* ALL ,KURDS C\LD LEAVE ! >MY4 ,! PEOPLE BELIEV$ IT BECAUSE1 IT WAS SAID1 :AT DID ! GOV]NM5T WANT AN >MY = AFT] ! W>8 

,PEOPLE SUBMITT$ TO DECISION #g#c#f-#g#c#g1 LEGALLY REGI/]$ ) ! GOV]NM5T1 & LEFT ! >MY4 ,BUT IT WAS ONLY = A %ORT TIME & !N !RE WAS AN >MY CALL UP ALL OV] AGA94 ,H[EV] ! >MY BECAME DISORGANIZ$ BECAUSE !RE W]E L>GE NUMB]S :O W\LDN'T ACCEPT ITS DISCIPL9E & W]E ONLY WAIT+ TO BE DEMOBB$4 ,A MON? AFT] DEMOBB+ TOOK PLACE ! GOV]NM5T TRANSF]R$ !M S\?4 ,AT ?IS TIME ! G5]AL /&>D ( LIV+ WAS L[ BECAUSE ALL ,KURDS BORN BETWE5 #ai$ & #gb W]E 9 ! >MY4 ,ANYONE )\T MONEY C\LDN'T AF=D >MY S]VICE BECAUSE !RE W]E NO WAGES & BRIB]Y WAS WIDESPREAD 9 ! >MY4 ,?IS SITUATION CONT9U$ UNTIL ,IRAQ 9VAD$ ,KUWAIT4 ,!N !RE BEGAN A TRANS=MATION ( ! ,IRAQI >MY 9 ,KUWAIT :]EBY MO/ SOLDI]S !RE WAS ( ,KURDI% ORIG94 ,AFT] ! COALITION'S ?REATS1 ! SC5>IO GREW 9 SCOPE1 & ,KURDS DAILY />T$ DES]T+ FROM ! >MY4 ,9 FACT MO/ DES]T$ & ONLY A H&FUL REMA9$ BECAUSE NO-ONE AGRE$ ) ! SC5>IO4 ,IT WAS LIKE AS ?\< EV]Y HOME 9 ,KURDI/AN H\S$ ONE DES]T]4 ,! GOV]NM5T C\LDN'T CONTROL ! SITUATION AS ! DES]T]S W]E TOO MANY & ! /&>D ( LIV+ SO L[ ?AT PEOPLE W]E UNABLE TO DO MILIT>Y S]VICE4 ,DES]T]S >RE/$ 9 ! CITIES W]E RELEAS$ BY =K+ \T FIVE D9>S TO ,>MY ,SECURITY & ?REE D9>S TO ! POLICE4 

,?IS SITUATION CONT9U$ UNTIL ! /RUGGLES BETWE5 ! COALITION & ! GOV]NM5T REALLY HEAT$ UP1 ,PEOPLE !N />T$ BUILD+ UP HOPES ?AT ! COALITION W\LD OV]?R[ ,SADDAM4 ,IT WAS SAID MO/LY 9 ,SULLIEMANIA1 ?AT !RE WAS GO+ TO BE A W> BUT ! PEOPLE 9 ! MIDDLE & S\? ( ,IRAQ EV] IMAG9$ SU* A POSSIBILITY UNTIL ! NI<T ALLI$ =CES BOMB$ ,BA<DAD4 ,= ! PEOPLE ( ,KURDI/AN ?AT WAS ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL NI<T4 ,! NEXT MORN+ PEOPLE W]E JOYFULLY HUGG+ & KISS+ EA* O!R4 ,?IS SEEM$ TO HAVE HAPP5$ ONLY 9 ,KURDI/AN4 ,PEOPLE FELT REVIV$ & FE> LEFT !IR HE>TS4 ,! GOV]NM5T ) ITS BRUTAL SECURITY CONTROL ME*ANISMS :I* HAD B\ND & GAGG$ US = TW5TY YE>S SEEM$ TO BE FALL+ AP>T4 ,PEOPLES FACES LOOK$ OP5 & RELAX$ & !Y BEGAN TO HAVE CONV]SATIONS ) EA* O!R4 ,:AT'S HAPP5+8 ,:AT CAN WE DO8 ,H[ DO WE OPPOSE ! GOV]NM5T8 

,AFT] ! ,IRAQI >MY WAS BROK5 9 ,KUWAIT1 ?\S&S ( DES]T+ SOLDI]S ON FOOT RETURN$ TO !IR HOME-T[NS :]E H\R AFT] H\R !Y SPOKE ( ! TRAG$IES !Y HAD WITNESS$ 9 ,KUWAIT4 ,H[ ?\S&S />V$ TO DEA? OR W]E KILL$ & H[ ! ,IRAQI AU?ORITIES LI$ TO !M SAY+ ?AT !RE WASN'T GO+ TO BE A W>4 ,H[EV] MO/ ,IRAQI CITIES >E FULL ( DES]T]S & PEOPLE HAVE SE5 MANY TRAG$IES & CRITICAL MOM5TS4 ,BUT GOV]NM5TAL CONTROL OV] ! PEOPLE WASN'T ! SAME AS BE=E & BECAUSE ( ?AT PEOPLE W]E PREP>+ !MSELVES BIT BY BIT4 ,DAILY1 PEOPLE PR$ICT$ ?AT SOME?+ WAS GO+ TO HAPP5 BUT NOONE KNEW H[ OR 9 :AT WAY4 ,?IS WAS :5 ! NEWS WAS RECEIV$ FROM PEOPLE RETURN+ FROM ! S\? AB\T H[ ! RETREAT+ >MY LEAV+ ,KUWAIT HAD JO9$ ) ! PEOPLE 9 ATTACK+ ! GOV]NM5T & ?AT OPPOSITION 9 ,BASRA HAD BUILT UP TO ! LEVEL :]E ! PEOPLE ( ! CITY HAD COMPLETELY TAK5 CONTROL4 

#b4 ,! SITUATION DUR+ ! UPRIS+ 

,JU/ A FEW DAYS BEFWE ! UPRIS+ PEOPLE HAD HAD 5\<4 ,?AT MEANT ?AT SOME?+ HAD TO BE DONE4 ,BUT ! PROBLEM WAS ?AT !Y W]5'T PREP>$ OR AT ANY RATE W]5'T ORGANIZ$ AL?\< !Y W]E JU/ ON ! PO9T ( ORGANIZ+ !MSELVES AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T4 ,AT ?AT TIME WE W]E AW>E ( A GR\P TALL$ ,COMMITTEE = ! ,UPRIS+4 ,BUT WE DIDN'T CONTACT !M BECAUSE WE DIDN'T TRU/ SOME ( !IR UNDESIRABLE P]SONALITIES4 ,BUT !Y WANT$ TO SET UP SOME >M$ TEAMS & WANT$ TO GET TOGE!R ) A COMMUNI/ GR\P1 ,R,A,W,T.<#h.>1 TO C>RY \T !IR ACTIVITIES4 ,BUT ,R,A,W,T WAS SO ISOLAT$ BECAUSE SOME ( ITS MEMB]S HAD REC5TLY BE5 >RE/$ & WE DIDN'T WANT TO BE TO ! =E ( ! >MY AS AN ORGANIZATION4 

,!N WE 7,Y4,K41 ,A4,H41 ,%4,I,W4 & HIS BRO!RS1 ,S4,A4,I4,I4,K4 & HIS TEAM7 HAD A FEW MEET+S TO DISCUSS ! SITUATION & H[ TO 9ITIATE ATTACKS & CONFRONTATIONS :I* W\LD DETONATE ! SITUATION4 ,BUT ! MA9 PROBLEM WAS LACK ( >MS4 ,WE CONTACT$ ! ,P,U,K & ,K,D,P = ?IS PURPOSE BUT !Y *EAT$ US BY NOT GIV+ US WEAPONS4 

,!N ! ,KURDI% ,OPPOSITION 7,KURDI/AN ,FRONT7 />T$ CONTACT+ =M] P>TICIPANTS FROM !IR RANKS ASK+ !M TO SET UP >M$ UNITS GIV+ !M COD5AME /RUCTURES TO BE READY :5 NECESS>Y4 ,! RADIO /ATION CONT9UALLY CALL$ ON PEOPLE TO BE PREP>$ & ORGANIZ$ & !Y BROADCA/ AN AMNE/Y = ! ,M/A%>S4.<#i.> ,!Y ALSO CALL$ = ! ,IRAQI >MY BAS$ 9 ! ,NOR? NOT TO %OOT ON ! PUBLIC BUT TO GIVE 9TO ! PEOPLE AS !Y W]E BACK+ ! UPRIS+ 9 ! S\?4 ,! RADIO ALSO CALL$ ON PEOPLE 9 ,SULLIEMANIA TO CELEBRATE ON ! #g?1 UNTIL !Y >RIV$ TO TAKE P>T4 

,?AT'S H[ PEOPLE PREP>$ !MSELVES EV]Y:]E = ! SP>K TO LI<T ! UPRIS+ & ! GOV]NM5T WAS WORRI$1 PREP>$ & W>Y BUT ?+S W]E SO S]I\S ?AT !Y DIDN'T KN[ H[ TO COPE ) ! SITUATION4 ,!Y EV5 TRI$ LOCALLY TO 9ITIATE ! EXPLOSION ON ! #f? 9 ORD] TO KILL & ?REAT5 ! PEOPLE4 ,BUT !RE WAS LITTLE !Y C\LD DO4 

,IT WAS ON ! EVE ( ! #g? ( ,M>* #aiia ?AT A GR\P ( AB\T #ae MET AT MY PLACE TO DECIDE :AT TO DO 9 ! MORN+ & :AT POSITIONS WE %\LD TAKE4 ,BUT ! PROBLEM WAS /ILL A .>ACK ( >MS4 ,WE ALL /AY$ AT ,K'S H\SE OV]NI<T4 ,WE MANAG$ TO GET HOLD ( ONE RIFLE & ONE ,U,S,S,I4 ,AT #g AM ON ! #g? WE POSITION$ \RSELVES ?R\<\T SOME POPUL> QU>T]S 7,TOOY ,MALIK1 ,HAW>AN>ZA1 ,HAGG-,KHAN1 ,MALK&Y1 ,AZADY1 ,D>OOGA1 ,KHANWA-,KORAK5 & ,B>ANAN74 ,PRIOR TO ?AT WE KNEW ( ,F-,D1 ,O4,O4 ,MA-,M & WE HE>D ?AT ,F HAD CONTROL OV] ,MAJID-,BUG & ?AT !Y W]E READY4 

,I AM GO+ TO TALK A LITTLE AB\T MY [N P>TICIPATION4 ,WE />T$ ) ! POPUL> QU>T]S ( ,TOOY ,MALIK & ,HAW>A JU/ AFT] #g AM4 ,!RE W]E AB\T SEV5 ( US & WE W5T ?R\< ! /REETS ASK+ PEOPLE TO COME \T & JO9 ! UPRIS+ & COM+ CONFRONTATION4 ,?IS IS ! HI/ORICAL *ANCE ,KURDS HAD BE5 WAIT+ =4 ,HUNDR$S ( Y\?S1 WOM5 & *ILDR5 FOLL[$ US BUT WE ONLY HAD TWO GUNS4 ,! PEOPLE REQUE/$ TO GO TO ! HOMES ( ,JA% ,KURDI% >MY UNITS :O'D GOT GUNS ASK+ !M EI!R TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! UPRIS+ AS ,KURDS OR TO H& AV] !IR WEAPONS TO ! PEOPLE4 ,WE W]E ACTUALLY QUITE SUCCESSFUL 9 ?IS4 ,WE W5T TO !IR HOMES CLAPP+ & %\T+ SOLID>ITY SLOGANS4 ,!Y CAME OV] TO US ) !IR GUNS & JO9$ ! PEOPLE4 ,N[ WE HAD A LOT ( GUNS GA!R$ TOGE!R4 ,AFT] WE W5T TO ! HOMES ( TWO ,M/A%>S 9 ,TOOY ,MALIK & WE GOT HOLD ( A FEW MORE GUNS BY PUTT+ PRESSURE ON !M4 ,BUT !Y W]5'T ATTACK$ BECAUSE !Y SAID !Y BELONG$ TO ! ,KURDI/AN ,FRONT & !Y W]E WAIT+ = ! CALL VIA ! RADIO /ATION4 

,! DEMON/RATION GREW L>G] & L>G] & WE DECID$ TO ATTACK A BUILD+ H\S+ ! ,OSMAN ,ORGANIZATION.<#a.> ON ,TOOY ,MALIK CONC\RSE4 ,IT WAS AN ATTACK FROM ALL DIRECTIONS & )9 T5 M9UTES IT WAS BURNT D[N & DE/ROY$4 ,SOME ,OSMANS W]E KILL$ & SOME W]E >RE/$ 9SIDE !IR BUILD+4 ,! PEOPLE -- M51 WOM51 GIRLS & EV5 SMALL *ILDR5 W]E 5?USIA/ICALLY ACTIVE 9 HELP+ \T & GIV+ FIR/ AID TO ANYBODY :O'D RECEIV$ 9JURIES4 

,AT ! SAME TIME PEOPLE W]E SW>M+ 9 FROM ,MAZID ,BAG & !Y CONTROLL$ ! UNIV]SITY'S POLICE C5T] & ! RE/ ( ! UNIV]SITY4 ,AT ?AT TIME !RE WAS %OOT+ ALL OV] ! PLACE 9 ,SULLIEMANIA4 ,SMOKE WAS RIS+4 ,!N WE W5T D[N ,TOOY ,MALIK'S MA9 /REET TO TAKE OV] ! PRISON4 ,AFT] AN ATTACK LA/+ A FEW M9UTES -- TOGE!R ) A ROCKET ATTACK -- ! PRISON GU>DS SURR5D]$ & ! PRISON WAS SMA%$ UP & ALL ! PRISON]S SET FREE4 ,! ACTUAL WALLS W]E DEMOLI%$ ) %OVELS BELONG+ TO ! CITY C\NCIL4 

,WE CONT9U$ ONW>D & ! DEMON/RATION KEPT GR[+ AS ! PEOPLE ( ,HAGY ,KHAN & ,MAIK&Y CAME 9TO ! /REET4 ,ELSE:]E ! PEOPLE ( ,AZADY & ,KHANWO-,KORAOM W]E COM+ D[N ?R\< ,ONDEBACK AFT] ! ,AZADY POLICE /ATION H&$ OV] ALL !IR GUNS TO !M )\T FIR+ A %OT4 ,9 RETURN PEOPLE =GAVE !M & DIDN'T KILL !M4 ,!RE WAS AN ATTACK FROM ALL SIDES ON ,S>A -- ! MA9 POLICE /ATION4 ,! BRAVE/ P]SON 9 ?AT DI/RICT WAS A Y\NG GIRL WE>+ BLACK2 %E WAS CONT9UALLY TO ! =E ( ! PEOPLE & WASN'T AFRAID ( ANY?+1 CON/ANTLY RAIS+ M>AL4 ,I SPOKE TO H] & %E TOLD ME %E WAS A NIECE ( ,M4,R4 ,ANYWAY1 ATTACK AFT] ATTACK CONT9U$ ON ,S>A4 ,SOME PEOPLE W]E 9JUR$ ,! ,S>A POLICE /ATION F9ALLY FELL TO BO? ! %\T+ & %OOT+ ( ! PSOPLE4 ,SOME POLICE W]E KILL$ & ?OSE ?AT W]E 9JUR$ GAVE !MSELVES UP4 ,S]GEANT ,%ANNALL1 ! MO/ 9FAM\S & HAT$ P]SON 9 ! L& :O HAD BE5 REAPONSIBLE = KILL+ MANY PEOPLE WAS CAPTUR$4 ,HIS HEAD WAS SMA%$ OP5 ) A CLUB1 HIS H&S & LEGS CUT (F & HIS MUTILAT$ BODY HUNG ON A TRAFFIC LI<T \TSIDE ,S>A4 

,!RE WAS A BIG DEMON/RATION 9 FRONT ( ,S>A4 ,! NUMB]S W]E HUGE4 ,>MS & C>S HAD BE5 COMM&E]$ BY ! PEOPLE & GR\PS W]E GETT+ 9TO C>S & HEAD+ T[>DS ?OSE PLACES NOT YET LIB]AT$4 ,WE WANT$ TO GO D[N ! ,MAWLAWY.<#a#a.> ROAD T[>DS ,HASIB ,SALH BUT WE C\LDN'T DO IT BECAUSE !RE W]E ,KANAS.<#a#b.> 9 ! >EA & Y\ W\LD HAVE SOON BE5 F9I%$ (F IF Y\ W]E \T ON ! /REETS4 ,!RE WAS ALSO %OOT+ OV] 9 ! ,HAMIA1 ! MA9 >MY BASE ( ,SULLIEMANIA4 ,! ASSI/ANCE ( ! PEOPLE WAS NE$$ !RE4 ,) !IR HELP MO/ ( ! BASE C\LD BE TAK5 OV] & ?\S&S AF >MS DI/RIBUT$ AMONG ! PEOPLE4 

,ANYWAY SC5ES LIKE !SE W]E TAK+ PLACE ALL OV] ,SULLIEM5IA4 ,! NEWS CAME ?R\< ?AT ALL ! SECURITY HEADQU>T]S 9 ! S\? HAD BE5 TAK54 ,?IS TIME WE W]E BY ! ,S'A ,TAKO*Y G>AGE :5 ,HAMIA WAS TAK54 ,FI<T+ CONT9U$ OV] AT ! ,HASIB ,SALH BUILD+ UNTIL ITS RESI/ANCE WAS BROK54 ,!N PEOPLE /ORM$ ! PLACE & TWO ( ITS DOORS W]E BURNT \T4 ,FI<T+ !N BROKE \T >\ND ! OLD SECURITY HEADQU>T]S4 ,ITS F\R WALLS W]E DEMOLI%$4 ,PEOPLE 9VAD$ ! BUILD+S :I* H\S$ ,P>TY ,HEADQU>T]S4 ,! GATES ( ! CIG>ETTE FACTORY W]E BROK5 D[N & PEOPLE LOOT$ ?\S&S ( CIG>ETTE C>TONS4 ,!N WE W5T BACK TO ,TOOY ,MALIK ) \R FRI5DS1 GO+ BACK ?R\< ! CITY BY C>4 ,MANY PLACES HAD BY N[ BE5 CAPTUR$ OR BURNT D[N4 ,! ONLY IMPORTANT SECURITY HEADQU>T]S LEFT WAS ,AK>Y1 LOCAT$ 9 A RI* SUBURB ( ,SULLIEMANIA4 ,IT WAS SURR\ND$ BY ! CR[DS ( PEOPLE :O CONT9U$ TO >RIVE BUT !RE WAS /ILL RESI/ANCE4 ,IT WAS N[ AB\T #aa AM4 ,WE VISIT$ ! HOSPITAL1 ! W>DS W]E PACK$ ) ! 9JUR$4 ,MO/ HAD RECEIV$ !IR 9JURIES AT SECURITY HEADQU>T]S & ! ,HAMIA BASE4 ,BUT ! HOSPITAL WAS DISORGANIZ$ & 9 A MESS BECAUSE MO/ HOSPITAL WORK]S W]E AFRAID TO COME TO WORK4 ,PILLAG]S HAD BE5 LOOT+ IT & HOSPITAL B$S HAD BE5 PULL$ \T ONTO ! /REET4 ,WE ASK$ SOME PEOPLE TO LOOK AFT] ! HOSPITAL BUT IT DIDN'T WORK ,!N ,I W5T BACK ?R\< ! CITY 9 \T ,KRONA C> CALL+ ON ALL HOSPITAL WORK]S TO RETURN TO WORK BECAUSE HUNDR$S ( PEOPLE HAD BE5 9JUR$ AS WELL AS ASK+ ! >M$ PEOPLE TO PROTECT ! HOSPITAL SO ?AT HEAL? C>E C\LD BE C>RI$ \T PROP]LY4 ,!N \R ,KRONA CRA%$ 9TO ANO!R C>4 ,BUT IT WAS ,O,K1 WE W]E SAFE4 

,ROCKET ATTACKS COM+ FROM SECURITY HEADQU>T]S W]E L&+ ALL OV] ,SULLIEMANIA KILL+ & 9JUR+ LOTS ( PEOPLE4 ,A GR\P ( US W5T BACK TO ,TOOY ,MALIK BUT ! HULLABALOO WAS SO GREAT ?AT WE C\LDN'T BE HE>D = MORE ?AN FIVE MET]S4 

,WE MET ,A,M4 & HE TOLD US :AT HE HAD BE5 DO+4 ,AFT] TALK+ TO HIM WE DECID$ TO SET UP A B>RICAD$ BASE-C5T] TO CALL ON PEOPLE & DIRECT !M4 ,!N WE W5T TO ,AWAT S*OOL :]E !RE WAS A L\D HAIL]4 ,WE IMM$IATELY />T$ TO CALL ON ! REVOLUTION>Y & EXPLOIT$ PEOPLE TO COME TOGE!R 9 ORD] TO ORGANIZE \RSELVES & PROTECT \R CITY FROM ANY ATTACKS1 ACKN[L$G+ H[ GREAT & REVOLUTION>Y ! PEOPLE >E & H[ ! REGIME'S /RUCTURES HAD BE5 SMA%$ ',LET'S C>RY ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT ONTO ! 5D & NOT LET GOV]NM5T (FICES & FACTORIES BE MISUS$ BECAUSE N[ !Y >E \R [N1 \R [N REVOLUTION>Y PROP]TY4' ,!N A LOT ( PEOPLE GA!R$ >\ND ! S*OOL & \R FRI5DS ALSO GRADUALLY GOT BACK TOGE!R4 ,!RE W]E A LOT ( GOV]NM5T C>S >\ND & ! S*OOL WAS 9 A /RATEGIC PLACE ,IEAD+ TO MANY P>TS ( ,SULLIEMANIA4 ,?+S W]E GETT+ BIGG] & BIGG] & LOTS ( >M$ PEOPLE JO9$ US & W]E ASK+ :AT !Y %\LD DO N[4 ,! SLOGAN ',BREAD1 ,JOBS1 ,FRE$OM & ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,REPUBLIC' WAS ! ONLY SLOGAN 9 PEOPLE'S M\?S4 ,! S*OOL HAD BECOME A FOCAL PO9T4 ,! SOLDI]S ?AT SURR\ND$ ! CITY HAD SURR5D]$ TO GR\PS ( PEOPLE ONE AFT] ANO!R1 (F]+ NO RESI/ANCE4 

,PEOPLE W]E BR++ !M 9TO ! S*OOL4 ,IT WAS QUITE A SI<T2 !Y W]E PROTECT$ & NO ONE WAS GO+ TO H>M !M4 ,WE1 \RSELVES1 LOOK$ AFT] !M & ASK$ PEOPLE TO FE$ !M BECAUSE !Y >E ! SONS ( ! PEOPLE & !Y HAD PROTECT$ ! PEOPLE BY DISOBEY+ GOV]NM5T ORD]S4 ,BUT NOT ONLY SOLDI]S BUT ALSO POLICE & SECURITY GU>DS W]E BR\<T 9 & !SE ACTS COMPELL$ US TO SET UP A PRISON AT ! S*OOL4 ,!N PEOPLE W]E COMPLA9+ AB\T ! LOOT+4 ,SO WE W5T ?R\< ! CITY US+ \R C>'S MEGAPHONE SAY+ ?AT !SE ACTS W]5'T REVOLUTION>Y & ?AT CONFISCAT$ PROP]TY N[ BELONG$ TO ! PEOPLE4 ,WE ASK$ RESPONSIBLE PEOPLE TO GET TOGE!R & REQUE/ ?AT SEIZ$ GOV]NM5T PROP]TY NOT BE SMA%$ UP OR BURNT S9CE IT N[ BELONG$ TO ! PEOPLE4 ,SOME PEOPLE BR\<T EV]Y?+ !Y'D REQUISITION$ 9TO ! S*OOL1 FROM C>S1 TO HOSPITAL EQUIPM5T TO HEAVY >TILL]Y ?AT !Y'D LIFT$ FNM >MY BASES & GU>D PO/S 7:]E GU>DS HAD H&$ \T RIFLES 9 A DISCIPL9$ FA%ION & !SE RIFLES HAD BE5 BR\<T 9TO ! CITY74 ,!SE ACTS 5L>G$ ! SCOPE ( :AT WAS TAK+ PLACE4 ,PEOPLE LIK$ TO HAVE RESPONSIBLE P]SONS C>RY+ \T !IR AFFAIRS1 SO IT WAS URG5T TO >RANGE A MEET+ TO EXPLA9 :O WE W]E & :AT WE WANT$ FROM ! PEOPLE & :AT \R ACTIONS MEANT4 ,AFT] LONG DISCUSSIONS IT WAS DECID$ ?AT \R ACTIONS W]E TO BE C>RI$ \T )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! %ORAS & SO WE AGRE$ TO WORK UND] ! NAME ( ! ,TOOY ,MALIK ,%ORA4 ,WE WORK$ \T DUTIES & DEM&S TAIS+ ! SLOGAN2 ',BREAD & ,WORK & ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,REPUBLIC'4 ,\R DEM&S C\LD BE COND5S$ 9TO EI<T PO9TS -- DEM&S :I* W]E ALSO BE5 RAIS$ BY ! ,U,N ,C\NCIL ( ,HUMAN ,RI<TS4 ,I DON'T QUITE REMEMB] !M CONCISELY BUT !RE W]E DEM&S = UNCONDITIONAL POLITICAL FRE$OM1 FRE$OM = ALL ORGANISATIANS1 /RIKES & WOM5S' RI<TS4 ,DEM&S DEAL+ ) EQUAL WAGES1 ) UNEMPLOYM5T & SOCIAL SECURITY SUPPORT1 ) ! SEP>ATION ( RELIGION & /ATE1 FRE$OM ( RELIGI\S PURSUITS & SOME O!R ?+S LIKE ?AT4 

,!SE W]E ! DEM&S & \R DUTY WAS TO GET PEOPLE TOGE!R TO DISCUSS !M & TO ELECT !IR [N REPRES5TATIVES4 ,! #g? ( ,M>* WAS N[ DRAW+ TO A CLOSE4 ,DUR+ ! NI<T WE /AY$ UP CON/ANTLY DISCUSS+ ?+S4 ,WE HAD AB\T #g PRISON]S4 ,!RE W]E ALSO A LOT ( >M$ PEOPLE WALK+ AB\T4 ,ON ! MORN+ ( ! #h?1 >\ND #h AM4 SOMEONE SAID ! PE%M]GAS W]E COM+ D[N FROM ,GOIZA4 ,WE HAD AB\T #g C>S1 & W5T TO MEET !M1 R5DEZV\S+ ) !M 9 ! ,B>OO.<#a#c.> WOODS4 ,AFT] WELCOM+ !M1 WE PASS$ ON ! NEWS ?AT ! :OLE CITY WAS OOCUPI$ PLUS P>T ( ! SECURITY BUILD+S4 ,!Y HADN'T BE5 AW>E ?AT ! CITY HAD BE5 TAK5 & !Y W]E ! FIR/ GR\P ( PE%M]GAS :O (FICIALLY CAME D[N TO ! CITY4 ,!Y W]E ! #g? ,P,U,K BATTALION & !IR COMM&] WAS ,A4,H4 ,WE W5T BACK TO ! S*OOL & ! MEGAPHONE WAS ANN\NC+ ! GOOD NEWS ?AT \R PATRIOTIC SONS W]E N[ BACK+ ! PUBLIC'S UPRIS+4 ,IT SEM$ ?AT MO/ ( ! CITY'S POPULATION WAS GA!R$ >\ND ?AT S*OOL4 ,:5 WE HAD A MEET+ ) ! PE%M]GAS WE EXPLA9$ ?AT ONLY ! SECURITY BUILD+ HAD NOT BE5 TAK5 & WE S5T ,S & ,X TOGE!R ) SOME PE%M]GAS OV] !RE4 ,FI<T+ WAS RECOMM5C$ UNTIL ,S WAS 9JUR$ & SOME PE%M]GAS KILL$4 ,! PE%M]GAS HAD ?\<T WE W]E ! CITY ORGANIZATION ( ! ,KURDI/AN ,FRONT1 BUT WE EXPLA9$ TO !M ?AT WE W]E P>T ( ! 0%ORAS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y & EXPLOIT$ PEOPLE' & DIDN'T BELONG TO ANY P>TY1 GR\P OR ORGANIZATION EXPLA9+ TO !M :AT \R ACTIONS HAD BE5 & ?AT \R DEM&S W]E ! PUBLIC'S DEM&S4 ,!Y W]E GLAD & ?ANK$ US A LOT = :AT WE'D DONE & IMM$IATELY ASK$ = SOME COORD9ATION TO HELP EA* O!R & ACT TOGE!R4 ,WE AGRE$ & ASK$ !M TO GO TO ! O!R S*OOL AFT] LUN* ALWAYS 9SI/+ H[EV] ?AT WE WANT$ TO REMA9 9DEP5D5T4 ,!N WE TOOK !M !RE4 ,ALL 9 ALL !RE W]E AB\T #b PE%M]GAS4 

,CONT9U\S FI<T+ >\ND SECURITY HEADQU>T]S LA/$ UNTIL LATE AFT]NOON BUT IT 5D$ ON ! SAME DAY IT BEGAN 7! #h? ( ,M>*74 ,ALL OCCUPANLS W]E KILL$1 AB\T #h W]E 9SIDE4 ,!Y W]E CUT TO PIECES & ! PRISON]S SET FREE4 ,A LOT ( PEOPLE W]E M>TYR$ P>TICIPAT+ 9 ?IS ACT2 PEOPLE SU* AS ,AWAT ,ABDLRAZAK1 A CLOSE COMRADE ( ,D4 ,9SIDE SECURITY HEADQU>T]S !RE W]E A LOT ( ROOMS1 CELLS1 GALL[S & PLACES ( EXECUTION4 ,& A BIG CAB9 ) B$ROOMS 9SIDE1 ) NAK$ PHOTOS ( WOM5 & WOM5'S CLO!S LY+ >\ND4 ,?IS WAS !IR PLACE ( 5T]TA9M5T ) WOM5 PRISON]S4 ,A PHOTO ( A WOMAN S]V+ !IR NE$S HUNG 9 A NI*E4 ,%E WAS UND]GO+ MULTIPLE RAPE4 ,=GIVE ME1 ,I C\LDN'T REMOVE PHOTOS FROM !SE PLACES4 ,! 9SIDE WALLS ( ! PRISON >E MEMORABLE1 FULL ( POETRY & PATRIOTIC SLOGANS4 

,DUR+ ! FI<T+ OV] ! SECURITY HEADQU>T]S ?OSE 9FAM\S ONES 9JUR$ OR >RE/$ W]E BR\<T TO ! S*OOL4 ,! PEOPLE DEM&$ A LEGALIZ$ PEOPLES' C\RT TO BE SET UP4 ,) ! AID ( ! L\D HAIL] WE *OSE EI<T CRIM9ALS FROM ! #af PRISON]S & H&$ !M OV] TO ! PEOPLE4 ,!Y HELP$ !MSELVES1 CUTT+ (F !IR H&S1 FEET & HEADS & !N !Y W]E HUNG UP4 ,EV5 AT ?AT TIME ,J4,H CAME OV] & SAID ?AT ,M4 ,N[%]RAWAN.<#a#d.> HAD REQUE/$ ?AT NOBODY BE KILL$4 ,BUT NEI!R ! PEOPLE NOR US W]E OBEY+ !IR ORD] BECAUSE ! PEOPLE'S HATR$ WAS SO GREAT ?AT !Y W\LD HAVE SMA%$ UP ! E*OOL TOO4 

,AFT] ?AT NEWS CAME ?R\< ?AT ,MULAZM-,OM] & HIS =CES W]E COM+ 9TO ! CITY4 ,HE W5T TO ! O!R S*OOL1 JO9+ ,J4 ,AFT] A %ORT :ILE HE ASK$ TO SEE US & WE HAD A MEET+ ) HIM1 7MYSELF1 ,H4,A4 & ,J47 & HE ?ANK$ US A LOT & ASK$ = SOLID>ITY & HELP4 ,WE HELP$ !M A LOT ?AT NI<T GIV+ !M A FEW C>S & ASSI/+ !M ) ! DEPLOYMNT ( !IR =CES >\ND ! CITY4 ,ON ! #i? ! ,KURDI/AN ,FRONT CAME D[N TO ! CITY & A LOT ( O!R FRI5DS JO9$ US4 ,AFT] ?AT DISCUSSIONS W]E AB\T DECISIONS TO SET UP ,%ORA WORK]S' C\NCILS 9 DIFF]5T >EAS & WE HELP$ AS MU* AS WE C\LD4 ,%ORAS W]E 9CREAS+ 9 ,SULLIEMANIA & 9 ! 5D !RE W]E AB\T #e ( !M4 ,ALL ?IS REQUIR$ A C5TRAL HEADQU>T]S1 TOGE!R ) A RUBB] /AMP TO C>RY \T ! WORK 9 AN ORGANIZ$ & AU?ORIZ$ WAY4 ,K & HIS FRI5DS W>E V]Y ACTIVE 9 ,MAJE$ ,BAG4 ,! :OLE ?+ WAS GETT+ BIGG]4 ,!RE WAS A BASE C5T] 9 ,S>K>ES.<#a#e.> :I* WE W]5'T AW>E ( & DIDN'T KN[ P]SONALLY & !Y />T$ FUNCTION+ AFT] ! #i? AS A WORK]S' %ORA4 ,!N ONE ( !IR REPRES5TATIVES CAME OV] TO SEE US4 ,AFT] A DISCUSSION WE DECID$ TO HELP !M4 ,!Y WANT$ TO HAVE A MEET+ 9 NE>BY ,S>K>ES & !Y ASK$ US TO GO R\ND & CAIL ON PEOPLE ) ! AID ( ! L\D HAIL] TO GET A LOT ( PEOPLE TOGE!R TO P>TICIPATE4 

,:5 IT DID HAPP51 WE SAW !IR TWO MET] WIDE R$ HAMM] & SICKLE FLAGS4 ,!Y DI/RIBUT$ ',! ,M>* ( ,COMMUNISM' MANIFE/O 9 ! NAME ( ! %ORAS4 ,!Y ONLY TALK$ AB\T ! #ce H\R WEEK & NO?+ ELSE4 ,SO WE GRADUALLY )DREW FROM !IR COMPANY1 TELL+ !M WE W]5'T COMMITT$ TO ANY ORGANIZATION ?AT !Y %\LD ONLY ACT 9 !IR [N NAME & !RE=E1 %\LDN'T IMPOSE ?AT FLAG OR !IR DEM&S OV] ! %ORAS' HEADS4 

,! WORK & ! SLZE ( ! %ORA WAS 9CREAS+ DAILY & CANTROL WAS GETT+ EV] MORE DIFFICULT1 ESPECIALLY ! ADM9I/RATION & DIVISION ( TASKS4 ,\R RELATIONS ) ! ,K,F WAS V]Y GOOD & \R /AMP$ AU?ORIZATION WAS ACC\NTABLE & EV5 RECOGNIZ$ AS !IRS4 ,WE EX*ANG$ LETT]S TO C>RY \T \R TASKS4 ,!N WE />T$ ADM9I/RAT+ SOME TASKS BY \RSELVES SU* AS1 FIR/LY1 SETT+ UP MOBILE M$ICAL TEAMS & COLLECT+ BLOOD DONATIONS = ?OSE 9JUR$ 9 HOSPITAL4 ,WE MANAG$ TO COLLECT #a1#d BOTTLES ( BLOOD4 ,! SAME ?+ HAPP5$ ) O!R S]VICES SU* AS GETT+ WAT] & ELECTRICITY WORK]S TOGE!R ) ! RESULT ?AT WAT] & ELECTRICITY SUPPLIES1 :I* HAD BE5 CUT (F = SOME TIME DUE TO ! W>1 W]E RECONNECT$ ?R\<\T ,SULLIEMANIA4 ,& F9ALLY WE MANAG$ TO GET ! HOSPITAL FUNCTION+ PROP]LY AGA94 ,L4,%4,A4 PLAY$ A BIG P>T 9 ALL ?AT & ! HOSPITAL ADM9I/RATION WAS 9 ! H&S ( A %ORA WORK]S' C\NCIL4 

,HOSPITAL /AFF W]E WORK+ R\ND ! CLOCK & WE RECLAIM$ AMBULANCES & M$IC9ES LOOT$ AT ! TIME ( ! UPRIS+4 ,! CITY C\NCIL'S C5TRAL S]VICES SET UP !IR [N %ORA1 ELECT+ !IR [N REPRES5TATIVES4 ,! 5G9E]S ,W4 & ! SI/] ( A M>TYR1 ,A4 C>RI$ \T ?IS WORK EFFECTIVELY1 COLLECT+ ALL ! CORPSES LY+ 9 ! /REETS & CLEAN+ ?+S UP4 ,! REASON :Y WE TOAK RESPONSIBILITY = !SE S]VICES WAS TO AID HUMANITY & TO 9TRODUCE & PUBLICIZE ! %ORAS4 ,9 ?AT WE W]E PRACTICALLY SUCCESSFUL4 ,AT ! SAME TIME LEFTIES W]E 9FILTRAT+ ! %ORAS4 ,A41 ,O41 & ,S4 & O!RS PLAY$ A P>T 9 ALL ?AT4 ,ALSO ! ,KURDI/AN ,FRONT (T5 CAME TO ! S*OOL4 ,!Y DISCUSS$ ?+S BUT )\T ANY S5SITIVITY1 EXCEPT T[>DS ?OSE FRI5DS M5TION$ ABOVE :O 9 !IR TURN DIDN'T RESPOND TO !M1 NOT EV5 RECOGNIZ+ !IR EXI/5CE1 AS !Y ONLY RECOGNIZ$ ! %ORAS AS ! SOLE C5T] ( ALL ?+S ,! ,K,F COMPLA9$ ?AT !RE WAS A POLITICAL T5D5CY 9 ! %ORAS & ?AT ! WORK]S' PROGRAM WAS ?AT BELONG+ TO ! ',M>* ( ,COMMUNISM' GR\P4 ,ANYWAY !SE W]E ! DISPUTES GO+ ON )9 ! %ORAS :]E DIFF]5T OP9IONS & T5D5CIES 5GAG$ ) EA* O!R4 ,?IS TOOK PLACE >\ND ! #a#b? & #a#c? ( ,M>*4 

,IT WAS !N DECID$ ?AT ,I %\LD BE DELEGAT$ TO ,HAWLIR SO ?AT :AT WAS HAPP5+ 9 ,SULLIEMANIA W\LDN'T BE ISOLAT$4 ,WE W5T ) ,S & SOME O!R FRI5DS4 ,I W5T TO ! ,N4,P4,O4 9 ,HAWLIR4 ,WE TALK$ AB\T :AT WAS HAPP5+1 ! %ORAS & ! LIKE & !Y AGRE$ ) :AT WE SAID4 ,WE !N W5T TO ,M4,T41 ! P]SON 9 *>GE ( ! ,KURDI/AN ,FRONT4 ,I'D KN[N HIM BE=E1 SO WE TALK$ & HE WAS 9 AGREEM5T & WILL+ TO HELP4 ,S />T$ CAMPAIGN+ AMONG PEOPLE 9 ,HAWLIR1 7! LOYAL ONES1 REVOLUTION>IES1 PATRIOTS1 DEMOCRATS & ! LEFT71 ORGANIZ+ SEM9>S & READ+ LEAFLETS WRITT5 BY ! ,SULLIEMANIA %ORAS & TALK+ AB\T !M & H[ !Y W]E SET UP1 !IR BIG A*IEVEM5TS & :AT !IR DEM&S W]E4 ,WE CALL$ ON ! REVOLUTION>IES = BACK+ & SOLID>ITY & TO BEG9 SETT+ UP %ORAS 9 EV]Y DI/RICT & FACTORY4 ,AFT] SOME CONV]SATIONS1 PEOPLE %[$ !MSELVES READY & A %ORAS C5T] WAS CREAT$ NE> ! ,GOV]NOR'S (FICES4 ,FROM !RE1 SOME O!R %ORA C5T]S W]E SET UP BY ! LOCALS4 ,A %ORA'S AU?ORITY /AMP & HEAD$ NOTE PAP] WAS PRODUC$4 ,WE /AY$ 9 ,HAWLIR = ?REE DAYS DO+ ALL ?IS4 ,:IL/ ,I WAS !RE AB\T #ce %ORAS W]E CREAT$ & WE HAD #e MEET+S ) ! LOCALS4 ,ALL ! DEMOCRATIC DEM&S ( ! PEOPLE W]E DISCUSS$ & IT WAS MADE CLE> ?AT PEOPLE %\LD 9SI/ ON ELECTIONS & WORK \T DEM&S4 

,:5 ,I GOT BACK TO ! ,AWAT S*OOL 9 ,SULLIEMANIA1 A LOT ( *ANGES HAD TAK5 PLACE4 ,! S*OOLS' RADIO WAS MO/LY TALK+ AB\T ! WORK]S & WORK]S' %ORAS1 DEM&+ ALL P[] TO ! WORK]S4 ,!Y'D BE5 PUBLI%+ ,IEAFLETS & A FACSIMILE ( RHE ',M>* ( ,COMMUNISM' PROGRAM 9 ! NAME ( ! %ORA4 ,!Y COMPLICAT$ EV]Y?+ SO MU* ?AT !RE %\LD HAVE BE5 A VOTE AS TO :E!R ! %ORAS %\LD BE WORK]S' %ORAS ) WORK]S' RESOLUTIONS & POSITIONS OR :E!R ! %ORAS %\LD BE OP5$ UP TO 9CLUDE ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,R,A,W,T KEPT ?IS UP UNTIL !Y W]E 9T]V5+ 9 MO/ ?+S4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ! HOSPITAL !Y W]E SAY+ ?AT WORK]S & ANCILL>Y /AFF %\LD ONLY WORK #g H\R %IFTS4 ,! HOSPITAL WAS WORK+ #bd H\RS 9 #c %IFTS & !IR PROPOSALS W\LD HAVE MEANT A #i H\R GAP 9 ! DAY ) NO COV]4 ,BUT ! ANCILL>Y /AFF W\LDN'T LI/5 TO ! DOCTORS & ! :OLE FUNCTION+ /RUCTURE ( ! HOSPITAL WAS %AK54 ,!Y ALSO ORGANIZ$ ,SULLIEMANIA'S ELECTRICITY (FICE 9 SU* A WAY AS TO MAKE MANUAL WORK]S CLA% ) (FICE WORK]S1 AS IF P5 PU%]S W]E ! B\RGEOISIE :]EAS MANUAL WORK]S W]E E>N+ MORE MONEY ?AN (FICE /AFF OR SKILL$ 5G9E]S4 ,AT ! BOTTOM ( ALL ?IS WAS !IR OPPOSITION TO ! ,KURDI/AN ,FRONT1 PORTRAY+ IT AS B\RGEOIS & REACTION>Y4 ,! ,K,F C\NT]ACT$ VIA !IR RADIO /ATION & />T$ *>ACT]IZ+ ! %ORAS AS ILLEGAL ORGANIZATIONS1 UNAU?ORIZ$ & COMPOS$ ( TR\BLE MAK]S & AN>*I/S OB/RUCT+ !IR TASKS4 ,WE CALL$ ON PEOPLE NOT TO LI/5 TO ! ,K,F BUT NO?+ WAS RESOLV$4 ,WE VISIT$ ALL ! DIFF]5T T5D5CIES )9 ! ,K,F1 EXPLA9+ \R A*IEVEM5TS UNTIL !Y C\LDN'T REFUSE A MEET+ BETWE5 ! ,K,F & %ORAS' REPRES5TATIVES4 ,! %ORAS HAD A MEET+ & ELECT$ #e REPRES5TATIVES4 ,BUT ,R,A,W,T1 BY MEANS ( TRICK]Y1 GOT MORE PEOPLE TO VOTE = !IR [N M5 & !Y BECAME ! MAJORITY4 ,ONLY ONE ( ! #e1 ,M4,A4,M4L4 WAS MIDDLE-(-!-ROAD1 ! RE/ W]E H>DL9]S :O'D PREVI\SLY HAD A LOT ( RUCS ) ! ,K,F4 ,O4,O4 WAS ONE ( !M4 

,ANYWAY ! MEET+ TOOK PLACE4 ,AS WELL AS ! FIVE REPRES5TATIVES1 #f OR #g O!RS CAME TO ! PUBLIC CULTURAL C5T]4 ,RI<T AWAY !RE WAS A DISPUTE AB\T !SE REPRES5TATIVES4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 LEFTI/ GR\PS HAD ALSO BE5 HAV+ ANO!R MEET+ 9 ! %ORA C5T]S TO DRUM UP AID CLAIM+ ! APP>5T >RE/ ( %ORA REPRES5TATIVES4 ,!Y ORGANIZ$ A DEMON/RATION 9 FRONT ( ! PUBLIC C5T] :]E !Y %\T$ & SCREAM$ \T 9SULT+ SLOGANS SU* AS ',DIS>M Y\RSELVES1 B\RGEOIS CAPITALI/S1 Y\'RE 9CAPABLE1 ONLY WORK]S CAN BUILD A NEW WORLD'4 ,?IS CONT9U$ UNTIL 44 W5T \TSIDE TO PUBLICLY DISAGREE ) :AT WAS GO+ ON 9SIDE ! BUILD+4 ,HE SAID ! PEOPLE HAV+ A MEET+ 9SIDE W]E NOT WORK]S' REPRES5TATIVES AS !Y KEPT CAPITULAT+ TO ! ,K,F4 ,!N 44 & HIS SUPPORT]S />T$ *ANT+ ANTI-,K,F SLOGANS ) ! RESULT ?AT ! \TCOME ( ! MEET+ WAS UNCLE> BECAUSE TWO DIFF]5T T5D5CIES EXI/$4 ,ONE T5D5CY WAS ROOT$ 9 A ,M>XI/-,L59I/ P]SPECTIVE & WANT$ WORK]S'%ORAS1 RECOGNIZ+ ONLY ! WORK]S AS ! H]OES ( ! /REET4 ,WE REPRES5T$ ! O!R T5D5CY & WE WANT$ ! %ORAS TO BE PUBLIC %ORAS1 :]E EV]YBODY C\LD WORK TOGE!R UNTIL ELECTIONS C\LD BE HELD :5 ! REAL REPRES5TATIVES ( ! %ORAS W\LD BE SELECT$4 ,WE TALK$ AB\T DEMOCRACY 9SI/+ ON HUMAN RI<TS & WE BELIEV$ 9 COOP]ATION ) ! ,K,F4 ,& ?AT'S H[ IT REMA9$ UNTIL ! ANNIV]S>Y ( ! *EMICAL GAS ATTACK ON ,HALABJA ON ,M>* ! #a#g?4 

,! %ORAS HELD A MEET+ TO ORGANIZE ! BIGGE/ EV5T SO F>4 ,) ?IS MEMORY & ! REC5T GREAT VICTORY ! MEGAPHONES W]E PLAC$ 9 FRONT ( ! OLD ,S>A COP /ATION4 ,MORE ?AN A ?\S& PEOPLE P>TICIPAT$4 ,IT OP5$ ) READ+S FROM %ORA LEAFLETS & !N ALL ! P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS W]E ALL[$ TO READ \T !IR [N TRACTS4 ,!RE & !N ,BUD>KY ,S>A WAS *ANG$ TO ,FRE$OM ,SQU>E4 ,?+S W]E GO+ WELL BUT !N1 BIT BY BIT1 ! ,M>XI/S />T$ C>RY+ ON4 ,IT WAS AS ?\< !Y ?\<T EV]YBODY PRES5T 9 ! CR[D W]E WORK]S EXHAU/$ ?R\< H>D WORK4 ,SPEE*ES W]E MADE & TEXTS READ \T H>ANGU+ ! B\RGEOISIE4 LNDIVIDUALS SU* AS ,A4,W,O4 9DIRECTLY ATTACK$ ! ,K,F SAY+ !Y W]E REACTION>IES PITT$ AGA9/ ! WORK]S' %ORAS & ?AT'S JU/ H[ ! B\RGEOISIE BEHAVE & ?AT WE1 ! WORK]S1 W]5'T AFRAID ( ANY?+ & W\LD FI<T TO ! F9I%4 ,?+S CONT9U$ 9 ?IS VE94 ,IT WAS FUTILE TRY+ TO >GUE ) !M & PEOPLE GOT :IPP$ UP TO ! PO9T :]E !Y />T$ CONDEMN+ US4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! MEET+ ! ,K,F ORGANIZ$ A BIG DEMON/RATION AGA9/ ! %ORAS :I* HEAD$ T[>DS ,AWAT S*OOL 9 ,TOOY ,MALIK %\T+3 '! ,K,F IS ! HEAD WE>+ ! CR[N1 ONLY %ORAS >E TR\BLEMAK]S'4 ,ANYWAY WE MANAG$ ) ! AID ( A MEGAPHONE1 TO CALM PEOPLE D[N1 EXPLA9+ ?AT ! %ORAS W]E !RE TO S]VE ! PEOPLE & PE%M]GAS & WE />T$ %\T+ \T SLOGANS PRAIS+ ! ,K,F UNTIL !Y CALM$ D[N TOO & LEFT US ALONE4 ,FROM ?AT DAY ON ,I WAS REALLY F$ UP BECAUSE ! ,K,F HAD BE5 GIV5 AN EXCUSE TO OPPOSE US4 ,ALSO WE NO LONG] GOT ON ) ! LEFTIES TO ! PO9T :]E WE COMPLETELY DISAGRE$ ) !M4 & !RE WAS BAD FEEL+ ALL R\ND4 ,WE ACCUS$ !M ( MESS+ UP TASKS & CREAT+ PROBLEMS4 ,!Y F9ALLY ADMITT$ !Y W]E WRANG BUT BY !N ?+S HAD BE5 /IRR$ UP4 ,A MEET+ FOLL[$ & AS A RESULT !RE WAS A SPLIT4 ,AB\T #h ( !M HAD BE5 ?R[N \T BUT WE C\LDN'T C>RY ON ) \R WORK AFT] ?AT BECAUSE ! %ORAS HAD LO/ ALL CR$IBILITY ) ! PEOPLE :O SAW !M AS MADE UP ( TR\BLEMAK]S4 

,BUT ,R,A,W,T C>RI$ ON ) !IR WORK & EV5 N[ !Y'RE SAY+ !Y'LL CONT9UE ?\< ONLY AS A VOICE :I* HAS NO IMPACT O!R ?AN ANTAGONIZ+ ! ,K,F4 ,?AT'S ALL !Y TALK ABAUT4 ,! SITUATION DEVELOP$ LIKE ?AT ) ! TWO T5D5CIES ONLY COMPLA9+ AB\T ! O!R4 ,WE'VE BE5 ACCUS$ ( !FT & C[>DICE & BE+ ,K,F'S M54 ,AT ! SAME TIME !RE WAS ! ISSUE ( ,KIRKUK4 ,! GOV]NM5T HAD BE5 RE-TAK+ IT & ,KURDI% =CES W]E ATTEMPT+ TO RECAPTURE IT4 ,\R POSITION WAS TO 9DEP5D5TLY TAKE A P>T 9 ! FI<T+ OV] ,KIRKUK4 ,! O!R T5D5CY /ILL US+ ! %ORAS' NAME GOT TOGE!R A FI<T+ =CE ) ,ALAY ,%OR% -- ,BANN] ( ,REVOLUTION -- TO TAKE P>T 9 ! ACTIAN4 ,MALA ,BAKHTY> WAS !RS & !RE W]E AB\T #b ( !M4 ,NO?+ WAS RESOLV$4 ,GOV]NM5T =CES ADVANC$ TO ! PO9T :]E ON ! NI<T ( ! #cRD ( ,APRIL !Y W]E APPROA*+ ,SULLIEMANIA4 ,GOV]NM5T ROCKETS FELL ON ! CITY4 ,?AT NI<T !RE WAS ! BIGGE/ DEMON/RATION ( ALL 9 ,SULLIEMANIA TO RAISE ! PEOPLES' MORALE CALL+ ON !M NOT TO EVACUATE ! CITY BUT TO ASSI/4 ,! SLOGAN3 'ROCKETS1 TANKS & AIRCRAFT CANNOT MAKE US LEAVE ?IS CITY' WAS %\T$4 ,?AT NI<T WE W5T TO SEE ! ,K,F LEAD]%IP 9 ,TOOY ,MALIK4 ,!Y SAID !Y W]E GO+ TO RESI/ & W]5'T LEAV+ ! CITY BECAUSE ! PE%M]GAS W]E AB\T TO DEFEAT ! GOV]NM5T =CES4 ,?IS CONT9U$ UNTIL JU/ AFT] MIDNI<T1 ! ,K,F RADIO /ATION DID AN AB\T TURN DECL>+ ?AT NOBODY HAD TO GET 9 ANYBODY'S WAY & TO LET PEOPLE COLLECT !IR BELONG+S & FAMILIES & FLEE ! CITY4 ,PEOPLE W]E DEMORALIZ$ & EV]YBODY WAS ON !IR WAY4 ,ALL MORN+ PEOPLE LEFT ! CITY & SOME #h.0 W]E GONE4 ,SOME FRI5DS /OPP$ OV] AT MY PLACE ?9K+ AB\T H[ TO RESI/4 ,IT WAS AB\T #aa AM ON ! #cRD ( ,APRIL1 PLANES & >TILL]Y CONT9UALLY BOMB>D$ ,SULLIEMANIA4 ,MY FAMILY C\LDN'T AGREE AS TO :E!R TO LEAVE ,SULLIEMANIA SO ,I S5T ,W4,K4 ,W4,A4 ) A FEW O!R FRI5DS TO ,KRGAIS ,WAY :ILE MYSELF1 ,H4,A4,J4 & MY BRO!R ,K4 ) ?REE O!R FRI5DS W]E 9 ,TOOY ,MALIK NE> #f /REET4 ,) NO RESI/ANCE BE+ (F]$ WE CROSS$ ! /REET4 ,JU/ BE=E WE GOT TO ! ,B>OO ,WOODS1 TANKS TOOK UP POSITIONS ON #f /REET4 ,PLANES CONT9U$ ) !IR BOMB>DM5T BUT !RE WAS ANTI-AIRCRAFT FIRE FROM SOME DI/RICTS4 ,!RE W]E ?\S&S ( PEOPLE PASS+ ?R\< ,AZMRE ,AV5UE :5 ! PLANES W]E C>RY+ \T !IR BOMB>DM5T4 ,MANY W]E KILL$4 ,! SOLDI]S !N LEFT #f /REET & HEAD$ = ! M\NTA9S4 ,!Y HAPHAZ>DLY %OT AT US & !N WE W5T TO ! O!R SIDE ( ,GORZA & FROM !RE TO ,*>TA4 

#c4 ,! SITUATION AFT] ! UPRIS+ UNTIL N[ 

,ON ! #cRD ( ,APRIL1 :5 ! GOV]NM5T OCCUPI$ ,SULLIEMANIA1 ! CITY WAS DES]T$4 ,BY !N #i.0 HAD LEFT4 ,! >MY LOOT$ MO/ AF IT & ANY?+ ?AT HAD BE5 LEFT BEH9D 9 ! BEAUTIFULLY DESIGN$ H\SES W]E FLUNG ONTO ! /REETS4 ,?OSE PEOPLE :O /AY$ 9 ! CITY W]E UNT\*$ :IL/ ! O!RS1 SPREAD ?R\<\T SURR\ND+ AP>TM5T BUILD+S W]E RUNN+ = ! BORD]4 ,IT WAS SO CR[D$ )\T BREAD OR FOOD1 ?AT HALF ! PEOPLE ,IEFT !IR C>S & ESCAP$ ON FOOT4 ,IT RA9$ CONT9UALLY = A FEW NI<TS4 ,! SC5E GRADUALLY CALM$ D[N & PEOPLE W]E RESETTL$ 9 V>I\S %ELT]S 9 OLD VILLAGES 9 ! SURR\ND+ C\NTRYSIDE AFT] IT WAS LE>N$ ?AT ! GOV]NM5T HAD FAIL$ TO CAPTURE ,AZM] & TWO ( !IR TANKS HAD BE5 BURNT \T4 ,! GOV]NM5T WAS ACTUALLY DEFEAT$ AT ,>BAT'S ,WAY & ! ,BRIGADI] >RE/$4 ,!N CAME ! GCROEMM5T'S AMNE/Y BUT FEW PEOPLE RETURN$ ESPCIALLY ?OSE :O'D LEFT BEH9D BIG 9T]E/S4 ,! GOV]NM5T EV5TUALLY GOT R\ND TO DEAL ) ! CITY4 ,AFT] A %ORT P]IOD !Y S5T A DELEGATION ASK+ = NEGOTIATIONS & 9 BETWE5 !RE WAS TALK+4 ,! PEOPLE FELT MORE SECURE1 ,IESS AFRAID & !Y />T$ COM+ & GO+ TO ! CITIES AS !Y LIK$4 ,F9ALLY !Y RETURN$ TO ,SULLIEMANIA & ! SITUATLON HAS REMA9$ LIKE ?AT4 ,PEOPLE W]E AWAIT+ ! RESULTS ( ! NEGOTIATIONS :I* 9 G5]AL !Y'VE AGRE$ ) BECAUSE !Y'VE REA*$ ! CONCLUSION ?AT ,KURDS BY !MSELVES CANNOT DE/ROY ! ,IRAQI AU?ORITIES &1 MOREOV]1 CANNOT ASK = 9DEP5D5CE AS IT'S REJECT$ 9T]NATIONALLY4 ,BECAUSE ( ALL ?IS !Y CONSID] NEGOTIATIONS AS ! BE/ SOLUTION F> SAV+ ,KURDI% LIVES & ALSO C\LD MAKE REAL GA9S \T ( ?IS HI/ORICAL OPPORTUNITY S9CE C5TRAL AU?ORITY IS WEAK & UND] 9T]NATIONAL PRESSURE4 ,PEOPLE HANG >\ND ! CITIES WAIT+ = ! RESULTS ( ! NEGOTIATIONS4 ,FOOD HAS BE5 DI/RIBUT$ BY ! ,R$ ,CROSS & ALL ! TALK IS AB\T ! APP>5T 9T5T ( ! ,K,F TO =M ONE P>TY UND] ! NAME ( ,R,Z,G,>,Y ,P,>,T,Y UNIT+ UND] ONE =CE NAM$ ,DUZGAY ,SURBAZY 7MEAN+ >MY 9/ITUTION74 ,PEOPLE >E HAPPY AB\T ?IS BECAUSE !Y'RE SAY+ ,KURDS >E DIRECTLY AFFECT$ BY :AT'S HAPP5+ & AS A NATION W]E ?REAT5$ ) />VATLON DEA? & EXILE4 ,!RE=E ONE UNIT$ P>TY IS NECESS>Y TO ANSW] ALL ?IS4 ,LEFTI/ GR\PS LIKE ! ',M>* ( ,COMMUNISM' DO NOT AGREE ) ?IS TAKE ON ?+S SAY+ ONLY ! WORK]S CAN SOLVE ALL PROBLEMA & ! /RUGGLE 9 ,IRAQ IS BETWE5 LABOR & CAPITAL1 CONSEQU5TLY ! WORK]S'/RUGGLE IS ! FOCAL PO9T4 ,I'LL SAY NO MORE AB\T ?IS2 !Y >E ! M\?PIECE ( ! ,IRANIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & !RE'S NO DIFF]5CE BETWE5 !M4 

,ANO!R GR\P HAS BE5 SET UP REC5TLY AFT] ! %ORAS SPLIT CALL$ ,WORK]S' ,ASSOCIATION 7,HA/AY ,KREK>574 ,!Y BELIEVE 9 ! %ORAS' /RUGGLE & ALL !IR PROGRAMS >E ?OSE ( ! WORK]S4 ,9 !IR ?9K+ !Y >E /RICTLY H>DL9E ,M>XI/-,L59I/ & PUT UP GRAFITTI4 ,!Y >E ! SAME *>ACT]S AS BE=E & DON'T GET 9VOLV$ 9 ANY ?+ :I* MAKES !IR POSITION CLE> AP>T FROM TAK+ ! PISS \T ( EV]Y?+4 ,BUT IT'S USEFUL 5\< = !M JU/ TO SIT >\ND A TABLE4 ,AP>T FROM ?AT !Y DO NO?+4 

,DE> 7444444447 

,I AM N[ 9 ! OLD ,P5JW5 ) ,K & SOME O!R FRI5DS & N[ FRANKLY ANY SATISFACTION ,I HAD ) ,M>XI/-,L59ISM IS N[ COMPLETELY %AKY4 ,I DON'T BELIEVE 9 P>TIES OR P>TY BUS9ESS & ,I DON'T ?9K !RE'LL EV] COME A DAY :5 L'D WORK ) ANY POLITICAL GR\P1 ORGANIZATION OR P>TY4 ,I ONLY LOOK AT ?+S AS A HUMAN BE+4 ,I AM PREP>$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ANY EV5T ?AT S]VES HUMANITY & ! G5]AL 9T]E/4 ,AS SU* L'LL P>TICIPATE4 ,ONW>D BUT NO ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITM5T4 

,& N[ ,I SUPPORT ! PO9TS RAIS$ BY ! NEGOTIATIANS BECAUSE PEOPLE !MSELVES HAVE REA*$ ! OONCLUSION ?AT !Y CANNOT RISE UP 9 ! FACE ( ,IMP]IALISM & A LOT ( ?+S ?AT >E HAPP5+ HAVE COME \T ( ! WILL & WI%ES ( ! ,KURDI% PEOPLE4 ,! PEOPLES' ABILITY IS LIMIT$ & !RE=E F9D+ AN AGREEM5T IS MU* BETT]4 ,!Y NE$ TO HAVE A BIT ( A RE/ HAV+ LIV$ ?R\< ?REE W>S 9 #a YE>S ) ALL ! DIFFICULTIES & HUMAN TRAG$IES ?AT HAVE OCCURR$4 ,!Y ONLY WANT TO LIVE LIKE HUMAN BE+S1 SECURE & A BIT SETTL$4 ,ALL ?AT MADE US -- PREF] 9T]V5TION BY ! ,U,S >MY AS WE FELT SAF]4 ,IF ! NEGOTIATIONS SUCCE$ IT WILL BE A SETTLEM5T ( SORTS AS WE/]N 9T]E/S ALSO NE$ IT TO SAVE !MSELVES444 & WE'LL BE GRATEFUL TOO4 ,!N ,I CAN RELAX & C>RY ON ) MY [N P]SONAL LIFE4 ,MY FRI5D ,I ASK Y\R P>DON IF Y\'RE UPSET AB\T !SE TALKS4 

7,Y7 

FROM ! OLD ,P5JW5 7AN OLD T[N DE/ROY$ BY ! ,BAA?I/S7 

7#a#d? ,JUNE #a#i#i#a7 

,ANO!R ,LETT] FROM ,KURDI/AN 

,! SITUATION 9 ,IRAQ BE=E ! 9VASION ( ,KUWAIT 

,NOTES 

,UNEMPLOYM5T IS EV]Y:]E 9 ,IRAQ4 ,EXCEPT+ FOOD1 ALL IMPORT$ GOODS >E V]Y EXP5SIVE4 ,ALL ,KURDI% PEOPLE BORN BETWE5 #aide & #gb >E 9 ! >MY4 

,POLITICAL DISCONT5T & ! CON/RUCTION ( ! LEFT4 ,GR\P$ ALONG ! ,IRANIAN BORD] ! NATIONALI/ OPPOSITION IS CAU<T UP 9 9T]NAL DISPUTES IGNOR+ ! EV]YDAY LIFE ( ! PEOPLE4 

,POLICE BRUTALITY IS AT ITS HEI<T4 ,NO ONE C\LD M5TION ! OPPOSITION4 ,TO DO SO MEANT DEA? & ANNIHILATION4 ,9 O!R WORDS PEOPLES' P]SPECTIVES W]E RE/RICT$4 ,!Y HAD NO HOPE ?AT ! REGIME W\LD BE OV]?R[N4 

,! SITUATION 9 ,IRAQ AFT] ! 9VASION ( ,KUWAIT 

,AT ! \TSET PEOPLE LIK$ IT4 ,!Y ?\<T ,SADDAM'S REGIME W\LD BE OV]?R[N ?IS WAY4 ,N[ PRICES />T$ TO RISE GRADUALLY TO A/ONI%+ LEVELS -- = EXAMPLE1 A #h KG SACK ( FL\R ROSE TO #a D9>S 9 ,BASRA1 #h D9>S 9 ,BA<DAD1 #f D9>S 9 ,MOSEL4.<#a#f.> ,A SACK ( RICE 9 ! S\? ROSE #c#g#e-#d D9>S :ILE A BAG ( SUG> CO/ SOME:]E BETWE5 #c#e-#d D9>S4 ,UNEMPLOYM5T ROSE DRAMATICALLY4 ,MO/ CAFES & FACTORIES W]E CLOS$ DUE TO A %ORTAGE ( ! BASIC NECESSITIES4 

,! GOV]NM5T KEPT /EPP+ UP ! PRESSURE ON PEOPLE4 ,MILIT>IZATION BECAME 9CREAS+LY PR$OM9ANT1 TI<T5+ ITS GRIP ON URBAN C5T]S4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! NUMB] ( >MY DES]T]S ROSE4 ,BUT ! GOV]NM5T WAS /ILL P[]FUL & CRU%$ ANY OPPOSITION4 

,DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ! ,K,F /OOD TO ONE SIDE4 ,!Y EV5 PUT A /OP TO PE%M]GA ACTIVITY4 ,ONE EXAMPLE -- ! BE/3 ! HEAD ( A UNIT & TWO PE%M]GAS W]E >RE/$ ON A VISIT TO ,SULLEMANIA4 ,P,U,K /AT$ ?AT !Y HAD AV]T$ A %OOT-\T BUT ?AT ! GOV]NM5T HAD >RE/$ A MEMB] ( ONE ( !IR UNITS4 

,! G5]AL SITUATION 9 ,IRAQ DUR+ ! ALLI$ ATTACK ON ,IRAQ 

,! >M$ =CES W]E MOV+ T[>DS ! ,IRAQI BORD]4 ,!RE WAS A MASSIVE DES]TION ( 5TIRE >MY DIVISIONS4 ,! SECURITY =CES W]E LESS ACTIVE & CONFUS$4 ,9 ,MOSUL >MY BASES & SECURITY S]VICES W]E MOV$ 9TO ! H\SES ( LOCAL PEOPLE4 ,BUT AS SOON AS !Y JO9$ RADIO CONTACT !Y W]E BOMB>D$4 ,?AT IS :Y CIVILIANS DISAPPE>$4 ,MO/ FACTORIES & PLACES ( IMPORTANCE W]E DE/ROY$4 ,! RETREAT+ >MY TOOK !IR RIFLES BACK HOME ) !M & MANY PEOPLE W]E PR$ICT+ ?AT ! GOV]NM5T W\LD BE OV]?R[N4 ,BUT :5 A CEASEFIRE WAS DECL>$ ON #b#f? ( ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#i#a1 PEOPLE W]E UNHAPPY AB\T IT -- PREP>ATIONS = ! UPRIS+S HADN'T PROGRESS$ F> 5\<4 ,! REGIME WAS WE>Y & FRI<T5$ & BEGAN TO 9TIMIDATE ! PEOPLE1 WANT+ TO PROVE TO !M ?AT !Y HAD WON ! W> BECAUSE !Y HAD DEFIANTLY CONFRONT$ SOME #c C\NTRIES -- DESPITE ! 9CR$IBLE ECONOMIC COLLAPSE1 ! DE/RUCTION ( ,IRAQ & ! KILL+ ( ITS PEOPLE4 

,! SITUATION 9 ,IRAQ DUR+ ! UPRIS+ 

,:5 ! >MY RETREAT$ FROM ,KUWAIT ON ! #b#i_/#b_/#i#a1 A TANK 5T]+ ,BASRA %OOTS AT ANY SURVIV+ PHOTOS ( ,SADDAM DE/ROY+ !M4 ,?IS WAS ! FIR/ SP>K ( ! UPRIS+ 9 ! S\? & IT BEG9S TO GET UND]WAY & GRADUALLY EXT5DS TO O!R T[NS LIKE ,KOOT1 ,OMURA1 ,NASRIA1 ,SAMAWA1 ,NAJAF1 ,KURBALA & ,HILLA -- UNTIL F9ALLY IT REA*ES ,MOSAIB4 ,BUT IT WAS *AOTIC1 RELIGION BE+ ! DOM9AT+ FACTOR ) EV]YONE TY+ A GRE5 HE>T >\ND !IR =EHEAD PRET5D+ TO BE A ,SAYID4.<#a#g.> ,! GOV]NM5T 9FILTRATES IT 9 ORD] TO F9D \T :O ! ACTIVI/S >E4 ,!IR SLOGAN WAS 0,NEI!R ! ,EA/ NOR ! ,WE/1 BUT ! ,ISLAMIC ,REPUBLIC04 ,ALL GOV]NM5T BUILD+S & 9/ITUTIONS W]E LOOT$ ) ! MAJORITY ( ! >MY JO9+ 94 ,BUT !Y C\LDN'T ORGANIZE IT4 ,:5 ! S\? WAS RETAK5 BY GOV]NM5T TROOPS ! MO/ HORR5D\S MASSACRE TOOK PLACE & ALL PUBLIC MEET+ PLACES W]E DE/ROY$4 ,EV5 N[ AS PEOPLE RETURN !Y >E BE+ DETA9$ 9 GR\PS4 ,:5 ! GOV]NM5T RESUM$ ITS ATTACKS ON ,S\!RN ,IRAQ IT WAS EASY TO RECAPTURE IT -- %[+ H[ RELIGION IS 9CAPABLE ( SEIZ+ ! RHY?M ( UPRIS+ & REVOLUTION4 

,! SITUATION 9 ,KURDI/AN DUR+ ! UPRIS+ 

,:5 ! S\? EXPLOD$ ON ! #b#i4#b4#i#a IT HAD A BIG EFFECT ON ,KURDI/AN4 ,9 ,KURDI/AN1 >M$ UNITS HAD BE5 SET UP TO 9ITIATE ! UPRIS+S4 ,EV]Y T5D5CY WANT$ TO SET UP !IR [N >M$ UNIT4 ,H[EV]1 ! >M$ UNITS W]E 9DEP5D5T4 ,SO IT TURN$ \T ,RANIA WAS LIB]AT$ BY ! PEOPLE ON #e4#c4#i#a & ! ,*W>-,KORNA DIVISION1 ! 0SECOND>Y 9T]NAL SECURITY =CE01 SURR5D]$ TO ! PEOPLE ON #f_/#c_/#i#a & !RE=E ! ,KAW> ,KORNA & ,HASIAWA RECEIV+ CAMPS.<#a#h.>  W]E LIB]AT$4 ,WE BELONG$ TO ! 9SURRECTION>Y UNITS 9 ,SULLEMANIA HAV+ F\RS >M$ UNITS 9 ,K>A*AWA1 ,AZADY 7,KHANWAK ,KORAKAN71 ,MAJID ,BUG1 & ,S>A*N>1 EA* UNIT COMPOS$ ( AB\T #c PEOPLE4 ,BUT WE W]E 9DEP5D5T & WE HAD SEV]AL MEET+S ) ! 0,M>* ( ,COMMUNISM01 ,R,A,W,T1 ) A VIEW T[>DS JO9T P>TICIPATION4 ,!Y HESITAT$ = ?REE DAYS4 ,F9ALLY !Y SAID !Y W]E NOT PREP>$ TO SACRIFICE ! ORGANIZATION = ! SAKE ( ! PEOPLE4 ,! ,K,F W]E SET TO HOLD A DEMO AT #a PM ON #g4#c4#i#a4 ,H[EV]1 AT #h AM ?AT MORN+1 WE />T$ MOV+4 ,! 5TIRE CITY WAS LIB]AT$1 EXCEPT = ! ,AK>Y SECURITY =CE ?AT HELD \T = A DAY4 ,ALL ,SULLIEMANIA WAS LIB]AT$ BY ! #b4#c4#i#a4 ,HAWLIR WAS LIB]AT$ 9 #c H\RS ON #a4#c4#i#a4 & ,KIRKUK ON ! #b4#c4#i#a4 ,! >MY1 5CAMP$ NE>BY1 CAME D[N & SURR5D]$ TO ! PEOPLE4 ,!N T[NSPEOPLE BEGAN TO LOOT %OPS & GOV]NM5T BUILD+S4 ,IT DIDN'T JU/ /OP !RE3 !Y ALSO LOOT$ ! CONT5TS ( (FICES & FACTORIES4 ,ANYONE MOBILE 5\< TO HAVE A C> C\LD SEE ?AT ALL ! CITIES & T[NS ( ,KURDI/AN HAD BE5 TAK5 OV] ) LITTLE OR NO RESI/ANCE1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ,SULLIEMANIA :]E !RE HAD BE5 MU* RESI/ANCE ?\< UNSUCCESSFUL4 

,! PATT]N ( ! UPRIS+ 

,9 ,SULLIEMANIA1 DAYS BE=E ! UPRIS+1 9T]NAL SECURITY =CES HAD W>N$ ! GOV]NM5T 9/ITUTIONS & DEP>TM5TS ?AT ANYONE CAU<T AGITAT+ W\LD BE EXECUT$ & !IR HOMES DE/ROY$4 ,ALSO ON #f4#c4#i#a PRIOR TO ! UPRIS+ ! GOV]NOR ( ,SULLIEMANIA HAD CONV5$ A MEET+ ) ! ,M%TA%>S 7=M]LY ! ,JA%7 W>N+ !M TO HAVE !IR TROOPS ON /&BY4 ,SO ON ! SAME EV5+ AT #e PM ! >M$ =CES />T$ C>RY+ \T ! FOLL[+ MAN\EVRES3 

,DO%KAS 7ANTI-AIRCRAFT GUNS7 W]E PLAC$ AT VANTAGE POSITIONS4 ,MOBILE UNITS & ,MOD>A 7SIMIL> TO TANKS7 W]E !RE 9 /RATEGIC PLACES & SOME TRUCKS1 LOAD$ ) ,DO%KAS & COV]$ ) %EETS1 PREP>$ TO MOVE 9 ON CR[DS & %OOT4 ,BUT TO NO AVAIL BECAUSE ( ! FOLL[+ REASONS4 

,NO-ONE HAD ANY FAI? LEFT 9 ! REGIME & ?AT MEANT ?AT ! REGIME HAD NO-:]E TO RUN TO4 ,& PEOPLE W]E NOT PREP>$ TO SACRIFICE !MSELVES = ! REGIME4 

,! ,K,F HAD PREVI\SLY NOTIFI$ ! ,M/A%>S ?R\< LETT]S4 

,! 9T]NAL SECURITY =CE WAS 9 AN UNBELIEVABLE MESS4 

,! UPRIS+ 9 ! S\? HAD RAIS$ ! MORALE ( ! ,KURDI% PEOPLE4 

,A G5]AL WILL+NESS TO OV]?R[ ! REGIME WAS AT ITS HEI<T4 ,BUT A READ9ESS TO BEG9 WAS LACK+4 

,! LIB]ATION ( ,RANIA HAD A PRON\NC$ EFFECT ON PEOPLE'S MORALE & ALSO EV5TS 9 ,SULLIEMANIA AFFECT$ O!R PLACES4 ,?AT MEANT ! LIB]ATION ( ONE PLACE AFT] ANO!R1 AFFECT+ EV]Y:]E ELSE4 

,\R ROLE 9 ! UPRIS+ 

,AFT] HAV+ SET UP >M$ UNITS WE COMM5C$ ! UPRIS+ AT #h AM4 ON #g4#c4#i#a4 ,! ,MAJID ,BUG UNIT WAS \T ON DUTY1 SO = A FEW H\RS !RE W]E #a PEOPLE ) TWO H& GR5ADES & A BORR[$ RIFLE4 ,9 ! FIR/ ?REE H\RS WE OCCUPI$ ! ,ISCAN POLICE /ATION1 ! CRIME PREV5TION & TRAFFIC W>D5S BUILD+1 ! ,9L& ,REV5UE1 ! M>TYR ,OSMAN 9TELLIG5CE W+1 ! LAW C\RTS1! PRISON & ! OLD ,S>A COP /ATION4 ,! UNIV]SITY /ORES W]E DE/ROY$ & LOOT$ BY ! PEOPLE4 ,S>*N> ,P>TY HEADQU>T]S & ?OSE 9 ,ABOOSANA W]E TAK5 AS WELL AS ! POLICE /ATION & PUBLIC MILITIA 9 ,KHANSA ,KHORAKAN FROM ,K>A*AWA T[>DS ,HASIB ,SALH & ,S>A4 #h4#c4#i#a4 ,SECURITY HEADQU>T]S HAVE /ILL NOT BE5 OCCUPI$4 ,WE ORGANIZE A M>* COV]+ ! 5TIRE CITY ) ELEV5 BANN]S PROCLAIM+ ! FOLL[+4 

,SELECT = Y\R REPRES5TATIVES CONSCI\S & UPRI<T PEOPLE4 

,MAKE ! %ORA Y\R BASE = ! LONG T]M /RUGGLE4 

,REVOLUTION>Y PEOPLE6 ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ! REVOLUTION HAS BE5 AT ! CO/ ( Y\R [N BLOOD4 ,DON'T WA/E IT4 

,CLASS CONSCI\SNESS IS ! >M ( LIB]ATION4 

,REVOLUTION>Y PEOPLE SET UP Y\R [N %ORAS4 

,LONG LIVE ! ,%ORAS' ,AU?ORITY4 

,WOM5 >E ! >M ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,!Y HAVE A CLE> ROLE TO PLAY 7,NO OB/RUCTIONS MU/ BE PUT 9 ! WAY ( !IR P>TICIPATION74 

,UNCONDITIONAL & UNFETT]$ POLITICAL FRE$OM4 

,=W>D TO ! RI<T ( SELF-DET]M9ATION = ! ,KURDI% PEOPLE4 ,WE ALSO HUNG TWO BANN]S FROM ! HOSPITAL CALL+ = BLOOD DONORS & ASK+ PEOPLE NOT TO LOOT4 

,BRO!RS & SI/]S3 ,Y\R SONS 9 ! HOSPITAL >E 9 NE$ ( BLOOD4 ,:O WILL VOLUNTE] TO GO TO ! HOSPITAL4 

,! HOSPITAL'S M$ICAL /ORE IS A SAFE GU>D TO REVOLUTION>IES & ! 9JUR$4 ,ANYONE T\*+ IT W\LD BE CONSID]$ A ?IEF4 

,WE ALSO MANAG$ TO GET MANY PEOPLE TO GIVE BLOOD :I* WE TOOK TO ! HOSPITAL4 ,ON ! #h? !RE W]E NE>LY #a W\ND$ & 9 ,SULLIEMANIA #c HAD BE5 MASSACR$4 ,UNTIL ! #h? !RE WAS NO ,P,U,K BASE4 ,! ,%ORAS'S MOVEM5T SWIFTLY PROCLAIM$ ITSELF1 SEIZ+ ! 9ITIATIVE4 ,! NUMB] ( %ORAS 9CREAS$ RAPIDLY UNTIL !RE W]E #$ DI/RICT %ORAS ALTOGE!R4 ,!RE W]E WORK]S' %ORAS ALSO4 7,! ,CITY ,C\NCIL WORK]S'S %ORA1 ! TEXTILE WORK]S' %ORA1 ! CIG>ETTE WORK]S' %ORA1 ! *ICK5 FACTORY %ORA1 ! ,HAMORABY ,COMPANY'S %ORA1 ! P[] 9DU/RY %ORA1 ,SEM9I ,COMPANY %ORA & ! %ORA AT ! HOSPITAL74 

,! ACTIVITY ( ! ,%ORAS 

,EV]Y ,%ORA HAD ITS [N RADIO /ATION :I* BROADCA/ ITS [N PROGRAM1 ITS PUBLICATIONS1 POETRY & ACTIVITY & ! WANTS ( ! LOCAL PEOPLE4 

,EV]Y %ORA SET UP M$ICAL PO/S :]E BLOOD C\LD BE DONAT$ TO ! HOSPITAL & BE US$ TO TREAT LOCAL PEOPLE4 

,EA* %ORA HAD A NUMB] ( COMMITTEES DEAL+ ) ! M$IA1 ! MILITIA1 M$ICAL MATT]S1 ADM9I/RATION1 F9ANCE & G5]AL ASSI/ANCE & ! LAW1 AS WELL AS A COMMITTE = RELATIONS BETWE5 ! %ORAS & A =EIGN RELATIONS COMMITTEE4 

,! ME?OD ( /RUGGLE IS TO BE HAD 9 ! %ORA'S AU?ORITY4 

,! %ORAS ORGANIZ$ MEET+S 9 LOCALITIES & FACTORIES4 ,BUT NOT ALL ( !M W]E ABLE TO HOLD A G5]AL MEET+4 ,MORE ON ?IS LAT]4 

,! BUILD+ UP ( A MILITIA = RESI/ANCE PURPOSES4 

,! %ORAS ELECT$ TO WORK ON SOME PUBLIC MATT]S4 

,ON ! #a#f? ( ,M>*1 #a#i#i#a1 ! ANNIV]S>Y ( ! MASSACRE ( ,HALABJA1 ! %ORAS 9CIT$ ! 5TIRE CITY EV5 ?REAT5+ ! ,K,F4 

,ON ! #a#g?1 A G5]AL MEET+ ( ALL ! %ORAS TOOK PLACE AT ! ,MAJID ,BUG %ORA TO ELECT A SUPREME %ORA COV]+ ! CITY4 

,ON ! #a#h?1 ! ,K,F CALL$ = ! DISB&+ ( ! %ORAS4 

,ON ! #a#h?1 AT #b PM1 !RE WAS A G5]AL MEET+ ( %ORA DELEGATES4 ,AT #i 9 ! EV5+ IT WAS DECID$ TO CONDEMN ! ,K,F DECL>ATION4 

,ON ! MORN+ ( #a#i?1 A MEET+ ( %ORA DELEGATES & ! ,K,F WAS HELD4 ,AT ! SAME TIME A RUMOR SPREAD >\ND ?AT %ORA DELEGATES HAD BE5 >RE/$ & !IR ACTIVITIES CURTAIL$4 ,! %ORAS ORGANIZ$ A DEMON/RATION 9 FRONT ( ! ,K,FS BASE4 7! =M] ,BAA?I/ 0,PEOPLES' ,CULTURE ,H\SE04 

,ON ! #b? A M>* WAS ORGANIZ$ AGA9/ ! ,K,FS POSITION :I* HAD CALL$ = ! DISB&+ ( ! %ORAS4 

,H[ ! CRISIS EM]G$ BETWE5 ! ,K,F & ! ,%ORAS 

,!RE >E LOTS ( OP9IONS AB\T ! CRISIS2 EA* COM+ FROM A P>TICUL> P]SPECTIVE OR ANGLE4 ,SOME BLAME ,R,A,W,T1 ! ,M>* ( ,COMMUNISM GR\P1 & SOME1 A H>D-L9E EXTREMI/ GR\P4 ,O!RS SAY ?AT !Y ALL ?RIV$ ON ! RIVALRIES BETWE5 !MSELVES4 ,! ,K,F BLAMES A POLITICAL FACTION AMONG !M COMPOS$ ( AN>*I/S & A GR\P ( TE5AG]S4 ,IT SAYS ?AT !IR LANGUAGE IS UTOPIAN1 ?AT ,KURDI/AN /ILL HASN'T BE5 LIB]AT$ & ?AT IF :AT !Y'RE SAY+ IS TRUE !N LET !M GO & LIB]ATE ,KIRKUK & NOT OCCUPY \RSELVES ) ALL ?IS BIG TALK4 ,SU* VIEWS ATTEMPT$ TO JU/IFY ?+S TO ! ,K,FS RANK & FILE & SOME ( ! %ORAS4 

,H[EV] ! CRISIS />T$ AS FOLL[S4 ,9 ! BEG9N+ ! %ORAS W]E A MASSIVE SOCIAL MOVEM5T GA!R+ A HUGE =CE >\ND !MSELVES4 ,ALL POLITICAL T5D5CIES1 LEFT & RI<T1 W]E DIRECTLY TRY+ TO EI!R CONTROL OR MANIPULATE ?IS SOCIAL MOVEM5T = !MSELVES OR TO LIQUIDATE IT OR TAKE OV]4 ,BUT ONCE ITWAS ACKN[L$G$ ?AT ?ISWAS AN 9DEP5D5T SOCIAL =CE NOT BELONG+ TO ANY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 ! LATT]1 FEEL+ !IR 9T]E/S ?REAT5$ />T$ DIRECTLY OPPOS+ ! %ORAS H]E & !RE4 ,FROM ! />T ! ,K,F WANT$ TO TAKE OV] ALL ! ,CITY'S 9/ITUTIONS & REBUILD !M4,9 ?AT P]IOD ! CRISIS WAS OV] POLITICAL P[] :I* IS :Y ! %ORAS BECAME ! C5T] = CLASS /RUGGLE :I* MEANT3 WOM5S' /RUGGLE1 UNEMPLOYM5T1 FREE ELECTIONS = REPRES5TATIVES & ! OV]ALL AU?ORITY = ! CITY'S AFFAIRS ETC444 

,AT ! TIME1 ! %ORAS /RUGGLE WAS AGA9/ ! BOSSES 7! BIG DIRECTORS1 ADM9I/RATORS7 & ! OLD ADM9I/RATION :I* ! WORK]S HAD T]RIBLY BITT] MEMORIES (4 ,! ,K,F1 H[EV]1 WANT$ TO GIVE ! BOSSES BACK !IR JOBS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 !SE PLACES1 7FACTORIES1(FICES71 ! BOSSES W]E 9SULT$ BY ! WORK]S2 SACK$ PEOPLE SU* AS ,K>IM ,OSMAN1 ! BOSS ( ! ,CITY ,C\NCII & BOSSES SU* AS ,AZIZ ,KHO%N[ ( ! CIG>ETTE FACTORY1 ,KHALID ( ! CLO!S FACTORY1 ,KHASM 7ELECTRICITY7 & ,MU/APHA ,HAGY ( ! ,MAMORABY COMPANY4 ,LAT] ON !SE PEOPLE BR\<T ALONG ) !M ,K,F PE%M]GA SQUADS1 PROCE$+ TO OB/RUCT & PREV5T ! G5]AI ASSEMBLIES ( ! FACTORY WORK]S4 ,H]E & !RE1 ,JAMAL ,HAWRAMY & 7,KAKIMR7 ,HALOY ,AHA ,SMELL.<#a#i.> EV5 ATTACK$ SOME %ORAS & WANT$ TO CLOSE !M D[N4 ,:AT !Y W]E DO+ 9 P>T WAS TO SPREAD POISON\S PROPAG&A AGA9/ ! %ORAS CREAT+ A ?REAT5+ ATMOSPH]E ( T]ROR4 ,?IS MEANT ?AT ! CRISIS WAS NOT AN 9V5TION ( ANY P>TICUL> GR\P OR T5D5CY BUT 9 ITSELF HAD A REALI/IC BASIS ?AT W\LD HAVE COME \T SOON] OR LAT] & :I* IS A PROBLEM = US4 

,SOME POLITICAL T5D5CIES 7H>D-L9E & EXTREMI/7 WANT$ TO CONFRONT ! ,K,F4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ! ,M>* ( ,COMMUNISM GR\P1 ,R,A,W,T1 WANT$ TO OPPOSE ! ,K,F 9 ORD] TO %>P5 ! CRISIS )9 ! %ORAS /AT+ !Y W\LD CUT (F ANY HEAVY H& D>+ TO OPPOSE ! %ORAS4 ,EXTREMI/ 9FLU5CE WAS EQUALLY ON ! MOVE )9 ! %ORAS4 ,BUT !RE WAS ANO!R GR\P ACTIVE AT ! BASE AT ,AWAT CALL+ !MSELVES 0,! ,=W>D ,MOVEM5T ( ! ,%ORAS ,GR\P04 ,MORE COLLABORATIONI/1 !Y WANT$ TO M9IMIZE & NUANCE ! %ORAS COLORS TO A DEGREE ?AT ! ,K,F W\LD F9D SATISFACTORY1 SO ?AT LAT] !Y C\LD DISSOLVE ! MOVEM5T )9 ! ,K,F4 ,TWO DAYS AFT] ! ,K,FS DECL>ATION CALL+ ! %ORAS UNAU?ORIZ$1 ?IS T5D5CY DISB&$ & CLOS$ ! DOORS (! %ORA4 ,!Y >E /ILL CONFUS$ & DON'T KN[ :AT TO DO4 ,BUT ! %ORAS' MOVEM5T IGNOR$ ! ?REATS ( ! ,K,F UNTIL ! DAY ! CITIES W]E RETAK5 BY ! =CES ( ! REGIME4 

,SOME 9APPROPRIATE ME?ODS )9 ! ,K,F & FROM ?OSE OPPOS+ !M 

,A L>GE P>T ( ! %ORA'S MOVEM5T DIDN'T ACKN[L$GE ! ,K,FS SOCIAL AU?ORITY & ?\<T EV]Y?+ %\LD BE C>RI$ \T ?R\< ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY4 

,SOME ( ! SLOGANS W]E PROVOCATIVE CAUS+ ! PE%M]GAS TO RE-5TR5* !MSELVES 9/EAD ( GETT+ !M TO SUPPORT ?+S4 ,!Y W]E SAY+ 0DIS>M Y\RSELVES1 B\RGEOIS CAPITALI/S1 FROM HEAD TO TOE Y\ >E 9CAPABLE ( C>RY+ ?+S ?R\<4 ,:5EV] HAVE B\RGEOIS CAPITALI/S C>RI$ >MS80 

,:5 ! ,K,F BROADCA/ !IR DECL>ATION TO ATTACK ! CITY ( ,KIRKUK1 ON ! SAME DAY ! LEFT W]E IRONICALLY ORGANIZ+ A M>* AGA9/ ! ,K,F4 ,! \TCOME ( ?IS WAS NOT 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! %ORAS4 

,! NUMB] ( ,%ORAS 

#eb %ORAS 9 ,SULLIEMANIA ,CITY 

#f %ORAS 9 ,KIRKUK.<#b.> 

#db %ORAS 9 ,HAWLIR 

,SOME %ORAS 9 ,RANIA & ,NASRO ,B>EEKA4 

,! A*IEVEM5TS ( ! UPRIS+ 

,! 9/ITUTIONS ( T]ROR ?AT ! ,BAA?I/ ,P>TY HAD /R5G!N$ & CONT9UALLY REG5]AT$ = #bc YE>S BROKE D[N 9 A %ORT SPACE ( TIME & !RE'S NO WAY !Y CAN BE REBUILT AGA94 

,IT HAS MADE ,KURDI/AN & ,IRAQ 9TO A POLITICAL SOCIETY4 ,EV]YONE HAS BECOME POLITICAL1 M51 WOM5 & EV5 Y\NG *ILDR5 ( ALL CLASSES4 ,CLASS /RUGGLE IS PUT ON ! AG5DA4 

,! %ORAS'S MOVEM5T WAS ! BRI<T /> ( ! UPRIS+ BECAUSE IT ACKN[L$G$ ITSELF AS ! BE>] ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK]S & EXPLOIT$ 9 ! CITIES & VILLAGES4 ,IT DIDN'T B>GA9 AWAY ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ! REVOLUTION2 IT WAS AGA9/ ANY =M ( 9EQUALITY1 AGA9/ NATIONALISM1 RELIGION & SOCIAL BACKW>DNESS4 ,IT DIDN'T WANT TO COOL D[N ! UPRIS+'S HEAT-WAVE 9 ! PUBLIC HE>T DESPITE ALL ! 9EFFICACY & LACK ( CL>ITY4 

,! WEAK PO9TS ( ! UPRIS+ 

,! WEAKNESS ( NATIONALISM 9 HOLD+ BACK ! TEMPO ( ! UPRIS+4 

,! 5]GY & 5?USIASM 9 ! PEOPLE'S HE>T WAS GRADUALLY COOL$ D[N BIT BY BIT & ! ,K,F MADE POISON\S PROPAG&A PROCLAIM+ PE%M]GA =CES >E EV]Y?+ & ! PUBLIC C\LD DO NO?+4 ,& ?AT'S H[ !Y GOT ! M>KET GO+ AGA9 ) TRAD]S & /REET V5DORS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! ,K,F W5T ?R\< H\SES TAK+ BACK :AT ! PEOPLE HAD LOOT$ & SELL+ IT = !MSELVES4 

,PEOPLE />T$ COMPLA9+ AB\T !SE UNWANT$ 9DIVIDUALS :O W]E ! =CE :I* TRI$ TO CRU% ! UPRIS+ BE=E IT HAPP5$ & N[ TODAY W]E 9 *>GE UND] ! ,K,FS LEAD]%IP4 

,! PRACTICAL & S]I\S ACTIVI/S ( ! UPRIS+ W]E NOT ORGANIZ$ BUT W]E WORK+ FROM )9 ! MOVEM5T'S HE>T4 ,! LEFTI/S :O'VE C>RI$ ON LOOK$ AT ! MOVEM5T FROM \TSIDE -- !Y W]5'T AT ! HE>T4 ,BUT ! ACTIVI/S W]5'T ORGANIZ$ 9 ANO!R S5SE2 LACK ( A COMMUNI/ POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4.<#b#a.> 

,ABS5CE ( A CONNECTION BETWE5 ! WORK]S' SOCIALISM & ! KEY-PO9TS ( ECONOMICAL1 SOCIAL & POLITICAL *ANGES4 

,BUILD+ UP ! MILITIA'S RESI/ANCE 

,:5 ! =CES ( ! REGIME RESUM$ ATTACKS ON ,KURDI/AN1 ! COMMITTEE ( %ORAS' DELEGATES PUBLI%$ A LEAFLET DECL>+ RESI/ANCE )9 ,KURDI/AN2 SETT+ UP TRA9+ C5T]S 9 EV]Y %ORA BASE1 S5D+ %ORA PE%M]GA.<#b#b.> =CES 9TO BATTLE EV5 IF ! ,K,F DIDN'T (FICIALLY RECOGNIZE !M4 ,WE S5T TWO UNITS 9TO BATTLE 9 ,KAL> = #a DAYS4 ,WE ALSO S5T A =CE TO ,KIRKUK1 A MA9LY SYMBOLIC ACT S9CE ! NUMB] ( PE%M]GA WAS ONLY AB\T #h4 ,WE ALSO GAVE A LIFT TO #be PE%M]GA ( ,KIRKUK'S ,OCTOB] ,%ORA UNIT4 ,ON ?AT TRIP WE SPOKE & AGRE$ ) ! ,K,FS LEAD]%IP ( MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS AL?\< PRACTICAL RELATIONS REMA9$ ! SAME4 ,VIA TELEX !Y CONTACT$ ,MAS9E ,JALAL & ,MASOOD ,BURZANY = US & AFT] TWO DAYS WE GOT A REPLY4 ,AS %ORAS WE W]E AB\T TO HAVE A MEET+ ) ! ,K,FS POLITICAL LEAD]%IP BUT ON ! DAY WE W]E TO HAVE ! MEET+ ! CITY WAS EVACUAT$ DUR+ ! NI<T & WE MISS$ \T4 

,T5D5CIES 9 ! ,%ORAS' MOVEM5T 

,! ,%ORAS' ,MOVEM5T & ! =M IT TOOK EM]G$ FROM HI/ORICAL NECESSITY 9 ! UPRIS+4 ,IT WAS =EV] EXP&+ ITS 9FLU5CE 9 ALL DIFF]5T WAYS & 9CREAS+LY PUBLICIZ$ ITSELF4 ,! ,%ORAS ,MOVEM5T WAS ! GR\ND ON :I* TO /IFF5 & %>P5 SOCIAL /RUGGLES & ! POLITICAL & IDEOLOGICAL CRISIS4 ,?IS GR\ND LET ALL SOCIAL POSSIBILITIES DEVELOP4 ,SOME PEOPLE ON ! LEFT WANT$ TO TAKE A S(T] L9E BUT ?AT DIDN'T WORK \T4 ,ANO!R T5D5CY :I* WAS SO PASSIVE ?AT !Y W]E RE=MI/ & NEV] ACTIVE ON ! GR\ND4 ,:5 ! ,K,F DECL>$ ! %ORAS TO BE ILLEGITIMATE !Y RETREAT$ SAY+ 0BECAUSE ! ,K,F HAS REA*$ ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! %ORAS HAVE TO BE DISB&$ IT'S BE/ NOT TO LEAVE !M A FAD$ %AD[1 PASSIVE TO ! PO9T :]E ! ,K,F W\LD BE SATISF$ ) !M04 ,!RE WAS ANO!R T5D5CY :I* WAS NATIONALI/IC4 ,IT SAID !Y DIDN'T OPPOSE ! ,K,F & !Y )DREW4 ,!RE W]E ALSO EXTREME LEFTI/S4 ,!Y W]E PREP>$ TO CONFRONT ! ,K,F -- EV5 ) >MS :IL/ ! MAJORITY W]E ?9K9P AB\T ! FUTURE FATE ( ! %ORAS & WANT$ 9 EV]Y CONCEIVABLE WAY TO PROTECT ! REVOLUTION'S A*IEVEM5TS & TO GA!R AS MANY PEOPLE >\ND !IR CLASS 9T]E/S AS POSSIBLE4 ,BUT ! ,%ORAS ,MOVEM5T WAS UN=TUNATELY %ORT-LIV$4 

,SLOGANS ?AT W]E RAIS$ BY ! ,%ORAS MOVEM5T 

,UNCONDITIONAL POLITICAL FRE$OM 

,LONG LIVE SELF-DET]M9ATION = ! ,KURDI% NATION4 

,REVOLUTION>Y ,PUBLIC6 ,SET UP Y\R [N ,%ORAS4 

,LONG LIVE ! #ce H\R WORK+ WEEK4 

,FRE$OM1 EQUALITY1 WORK]S' GOV]NM5T- 7,R,A,W,T7 

,PEOPLE %\LD FREELY CONTROL !IR SOCIAL ECONOMIC & POLITICAL DE/9Y4 

,LONG LIVE ! ,%ORAS' ,AU?ORITY4 

,ALL P[] TO ! %ORAS4 

,LONG LIVE ! EQUAL RI<TS BETWE5 M5 & WOM54 

,REVOLUTION>Y WOM52 ORGANIZE Y\R [N 9DEP5D5T UNITY4 

,ALL ADM9I/RATIVE ORGANS %\LD BE BY WAY ( 7%ORA7 ELECTIONS4 

,WE1 ! WORK]S & EXPLOIT$1 REQUE/ A %ORAS' GOV]NM5T & NOT P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRACY4 

,! 9VAD]S =CE MU/ GET \T ( ,KURDI/AN4 

,NO REBUILD+ ! OPPRESSIVE SECURITY =CES1 NEI!R POLICE1 9TELLIG5CE S]VICES1 ,JA% NOR PUBLIC MILITIAS4 

,! CRIM9ALS MU/ BE PUNI%$4 

,AID ,KIRKUK'S & ,TOOSE'S REFUGEES4 ,HELP !M4.<#b#c.> 

,BREAD1 WORK FRE$OM1 %ORAS' GOV]NM5T4 

,! ONLY ALT]NATIVE TO ! ,BAA?I/ P5AL DICTATOR%IP IS ! %ORAS4 

,HALABJA1 ,BUD5AN1 "7 ! ,HIRO%IMAS ( ,KURDI/AN4.<#b#d.> 

,! %ORAS WILL HEAL ! W\NDS ( ,KURDI/AN'S EXPLOIT$4 

,RISE UP1 /& UP & FI<T4 ,BREAK ! 9/ITUTIONS ( FE>4 

,! RI<T ( VILLAG]S TO RETURN4 

,! PEOPLE %\LD BE >M$ TO 5SURE ! %ORAS' AU?ORITY4 

,FRE$OM TO /RIKE & DEMON/RATE4 

,FRE$OM ( SPEE*1 ?\<T1 OP9ION & ORGANIZATION4 

,= ALL DEMOCRATIC DEM&S 7POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC & SOCIAL74 

,! LEVEL ( PUBLIC CONSCI\SNESS 

,! PUBLIC >5'T CONSCI\S ( ITS [N 9T]E/S TO A SUFFICI5T DEGREE = ! FOLL[+ REASONS3 

,/>VATION1 POV]TY1 HI< PRICES IS AN OBJECTIVE SITUATION & ! PEOPLE CANNOT GA!R !MSELVES TOGE!R >\ND !IR [N 9T]E/S4 ,AN EV]YDAY DOG'S LIFE PREV5TS !M4 

,! BLACK DICTATOR%IP N[ )\T COV] HASN'T P]MITT$ ! PUBLIC TO F9D !IR [N SELF-PRACTICE4 

,IT'S TRUE ! OPPRESSIVE 9/ITUTIONS W]E BROK5 BUT ! OPPRESSIVE 9/ITUTIONS BUILT UP 9 PEOPLE'S HEADS DIDN'T DISSOLVE )9 ?OSE FEW DAYS & MORE TIME WAS NE$$4 

,NATIONALI/IC1 RELIGI\S & SOCIAL BACKW>DNESS W]E OB/RUCT+ PEOPLE'S VISION & PREV5T$ !M FROM ACTIVELY COM+ ONTO ! 7%ORAS7 T]RA94 

,! SOCIAL AU?ORITY ( ! ,K,F HAD ITS ROLE TO PLAY ON ! PUBLIC4 

,! ORGANIZ$ LEFT WAS V]Y WEAK & NE>LY DEAD4 ,IT DIDN'T P>TICIPATE4 ,EV5 ?\< ! %ORAS MOVEM5T WAS IMMATURE & DEFICI5T1 DAY BY DAY IT WAS TAK+ GREAT /EPS =W>D1 DI/ANC+ ITSELF FROM ALL ! =CES :I* DIDN'T EXPRESS ITS 9T]E/S4 

"9 "9 "9 

,I WILL WRITE TO Y\ GIV+ DETAILS ( !SE ISSUES 9 FOLL[+ LETT]S4 

,GREET+S444 ,TO ALL FRI5DS & MATES -- GREET+S FROM ALL SUPPORT]S & FANS ( ! %ORAS MOVEM5T4 

,HELP US1 SUPPORT US4 ,9TRODUCE US TO ,EUROPE4 ,:ATEV] WAY Y\ CAN1 ONE BY ONE1 9 GR\PS1 HELP US1 IT DOESN'T MATT] AB\T SOME DIFF]5CES ( OP9IONS AMONG US4 

,Y\ CAN ALT] SOME ?+S ON CONDITION ?AT IT WON'T AFFECT ! CORE CONT5T4.<#b#e.> 

,%ORAS' ,MOVEM5T ACTIVI/ 7#a#d4#f4#i#a7 

,ASSI/ANCE ) TYPESETT+ & TRANSLAT+ BY WORK]S' ,9FO-,RAG1 ,DUBL9 ,CONNECTION4 

  

.<#a.> ,!RE >E #b1 ,TURKS LIV+ 9 ,IRAQI ,KURDI/AN -- DESC5DANTS FROM ! SOLDI]S :O DECID$ TO /AY ON FROM ! DAYS ( ! ,OTTOMAN ,EMPIRE4 ,HO/ILITY BETWE5 !M & LOCAL ,KURDS IS VIRTUALLY NON-EXI/5T4,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y T5D TO JO9 9 ) ! P]IODIC ,KURDI% REVOLTS4 ,! SAME GOES = ! ,*RI/ION ,ASSYRIANS 79 A G5]ALLY ,MUSLIM C\NTRY71 NUMB]+ AB\T #a1 -- ! ORIG9AL PEOPLE ( ! >EA1 :OSE ANCE/RY GOES BACK TO ! DAYS ( ,NEBU*ADNEZZ> & HAVE NO CONNECTION ) MOD]N DAY ,SYRIA4 

.<#b.> ,ONE WOND]S IF ?IS HAD A KNOCKON EFFECT ON ! TR\BLE ?AT HAD BE5 BREAK+ \T 9SIDE ,IRAN = SOME TIME4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! LONG & SUCCESSFUL BIG TEA*]'S /RIKE 9 AUTUMN #a#i#i4 ,& ! OIL WORK]S /RIKE :I* SPREAD FROM ,ABADAN ,OIL ,REF9]Y TO ,ESFAHAN & FROM !RE TO O!R OIL REF9]IES ?R\<\T ,IRAN1 9 ! FIR/ #b OR #c WEEKS ( #a#i#i#a4 ,9 ,TEHRAN WORK]S AT ! OIL REF9]Y 9ITIALLY W5T ON HUNG] /RIKE1 & !N CONT9U$ ) A /RIKE4 ,T[>DS ! MIDDLE ( ! /RIKE A REPRES5TATIVE FROM ! ,M9I/RY ( ,LABOR CAME TO ! REF9]Y & CALL$ ON ! WORK]S TO RETURN TO WORK & TO NOM9ATE A REPRES5TATIVE = TALKS4 ,! WORK]S RESPOND$ BY SAY+ !Y HAD NO REPRES5TATIVE & DEM&$ ?AT ! ,OIL ,M9I/] > ! ,M9I/] ( ,LABOR MU/ COME TA TALK ) !M4 

.<#c.> ,M>* HAD A SPECIAL SIGNIFICANCE 9 ,KURDI% HI/ORY4 ,FIRES >E />T$ NOT JU/ TO CELEBRATE ! BEG9N+ ( SPR+ BUT ALSO ! LEG5D ( ! KILL+ ( A P>TICUL>LY VICI\S TYRANT -- ,ZOHAK -- BY ,KAWA1 A /EELWORK]1 C5TURIES AGO4 ,M>* IS ! MON? :5 V>I\S REC5T EV5TS HAPP5$3 #aig -- ! GRANT+ ( 0AUTONOMY0 = ,KURDI/AN2 #aigd -- ! NAPALM+ ( ,HALABJA & ,KALAZE2 #aihh -- ! *EMICAL BOMB+ ( ,HALABJA2 & O!R EV5TS4 

.<#d.> LN FACT1 ! ,JA% & ! ,PE%M]GA WE> ! SAME /&>D ,KURDI% YELL[ MILIT>Y UNI=M1 9 A WAY SYMBOLIC ( ! FACT ?AT !Y >E SO SIMIL> 9 DEF5D+ ! /ATUS QUO4 

.<#e.> ,9 ! ,IRANIAN REVOLUTION %ORAS APPE>$ ALL OV] ! C\NTRY4 ,!Y W]E CLASSIC WORK]S' C\NCILS4 ,9 ,IRANIAN ,KURDI/AN1 ,KURDS SET UP %ORAS 9 MO/ SMALL FACTORIES1 ESPECIALLY ! MANY BRICK FACTORIES4 ,& 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE ,TURKOMAN PEASANTS SET UP ?SIR [N %ORAS4 ,BUT !Y W]E UNEV5 -- !RE SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 AS MANY DIFF]5T 9/ANCES ( 'WORK]S' CONTROL' AS !RE >E FACTORIES 9 ,IRAN4 ,ONE ( ! MA9 PROBLEMS WAS ?AT !RE WAS NO G5]ALIZ$ NATIONAL1 OR EV5 LOCAL1 CO-ORD9OT+ BADIES4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 IT WAS RELATIVELY EASY F> ! FL$GL+ ,ISLAMIC ,SRATE1 UNIT$ -- = ! MOM5T AT LEA/ -- ) PRIVATE CAPITALI/S1 TO CRU% ?IS DEVELOP+ AUTONOMY & ?IS REAL ?REAT TO BO? FUNDAM5TALISM & TO CAPITALISM4 

.<#f.> 0,H]OIC & FAI?FUL0 IS ! K9D ( LANGUAGE G5]ALLY US$ :5 DESCRIB+ REBELS 9 ! ,>ABIC & ADJAC5T >EAS ( ! WORLD4 ,TO WE/]N E>S IT S\NDS A BIT WOOD5 & ,MAOI/ BUT BASICALLY IT MEANS C\RAGE\S PEOPLE :O /ICK BY EO* O!R1 EV] READY TO EXPRESS PRACTICAL SOLID>ITY -- GREAT GUYS & GALS4 

.<#g.> 0,SIMPLE ,TRU?0 WAS A FACE-SAV] = ! GRE$Y PR$ATORY ,>*]S -- ) ,M>Y ,>*] IMM$IATLY AFT] ! ,KURDI% APPEAL TRY+ TO S] UP H] [N *>ITY TO BAIL \T ! FIL?Y RI* ,LLOYD'S ,NAMES' GAMBL+ DEBTS1 ) H] BE+ AMONG ! MO/ PROM95T4 ,! ROCK CANC]T WAS ! LATE/ 9 A LONG L9E ( AUTOMATIC B\RGEOIS REFLEXES 9 RESPONSE TO CRITICISM ( ! HORRORS ?AT >ISE \T ( !IR [N ACTIONS4 ,IT'S NO CO9CID5CE ?AT ITS =]UNN]1 ,LIVE ,AID1 WAS LAUN*$ AT ! SAME TIME AS LOADS ( PEOPLE W]E GIV+ MONEY & GIFTS TO ! ANTI-,/ATE M9]S' /RIKE 9 #a#i#h#d4 ,SOME J\RNALI/S MADE DIRECT COMP>ISONS BETWE5 GIV+ TO ! DES]V+ POOR 7/>V+ ,E?IOPIANS7 & GIV+ TO ! UNDES]V+ POOR 7/RIK+ M9]S74 ,!SE COLLECTIONS = ! M9]S1 :IL/ HAV+ SOME ( ! DEFECTS ( *>ITY 79S(> AS !Y W]E (T5 SE5 AS SUB/ITUTES = SOLID>ITY ACTION1 & W]E EXTREMELY UNEV5LY DI/RIBUT$1 SOMETIMES L9+ ! POCKETS ( ,TRADE ,UNION BUREAUCRATS7 W]E ALSO SELF-ORGANIZ$ EXPRESSIONS ( ID5TIFICATION ) A REAL MOVEM5T OL OPPOSITION4 ,LOADS ( PEOPLE UP & D[N ! C\NTRY US$ ! COLLECTIONS AS A PO9T ( CONTACT1 A PLACE :]E PEOPLE TALK$ AB\T ! NEWS1 :AT WAS HAPP5+ 9 ! /RIKE & !MSELVES4 ,?AT'S :Y ! POLICE (T5 EXPROPRIAT$ COLLECTION BOXES OND >RE/$ PEOPLE DO+ ! COLLECT+4 ,NO SU* LUCK ) ! ,>*]S' 0,SIMPLE ,BOLLIX0 CONC]T -- ! COLLECTORS COLLECT$ A PACKET ) ! HELP ( COPS ( ALL V>IETIES4 0,SIMPLE ,TRU?0 RECOGNIZ$ ! OBVI\S 'MORAL DEFEAT' = ! COALITION :I* ! COALITION'S DECISION TO LET ,SADDAM CRU% ! UPRIS+ EXPOS$ = ALL ! WORLD TO SEE1 & TRI$ TO OBSCURE & COMP5SATE = ?IS TO ! ,WE/'S ADVANTAGE4 ',OP]ATION ,DES]T ,! ,KURDS' 7AS ! SUP]FICIAL CRITICS ( ,PRIVATE ,EYE & ,SPITT+ ,IMAGE CALL$ IT7 WAS MEANT TO BE EXORCIZ$ BY ,>*] @& CO4'S ,NICE ,IMAGE ( ! ,WE/3 =GET ! HORROR ( ! W> & ! POLITICAL HYPOCRISY -- JU/ SIT BACK1 WAT* & LI/5 TO ! ,FUN & ,MUSICAL ,FROLICS ON BEHALF ( ! />V+ ,KURDS4 ,BE=E ! CONC]T ,*RIS DE ,BUR<1 ONE ( ! ORGANIZ]S & P]=M]S1 SAID 0,WE SUPPORT$ ?IS ,GULF ,W>1 SO IT'S ONLY RI<T WE %\LD GIVE SOME?+ TO ! ,KURDS03 HOP+ BY ?IS *>ITABLE MEANS -- ALONG ) ALL SUPPORT]S ( ! W> -- TO BE ABSOLV$ NOT ONLY ( ALL RESPONSIBILITY = ! MASSACRES !RE BUT ALSO TO BE PATT$ ON ! BACK = GIV+ ) ! ,IEFT H& :AT HAD BE5 MA*9EGUNN$ ) ! RI<T4 ,MANY PEOPLE KN[ ?AT ?IS IS TRUE1 BUT SAY ?AT NANE ( ?IS CRITIQUE MATT]S -- ALL ?AT'S IMPORTANT IS ?AT LIVES >E SAV$4 ,AP>T FROM ! FACT ?AT ?IS IS H>DLY TRUE1 IT IGNORES ! FACT ?AT *>ITY SUPPORTS & IS P>T ( ! :OLE SY/EM ?AT />VES & KILLS 9 ! FIR/ PLACE 7E4G4 ,BOB ,GELD( SAY+ H[ VITAL IT WAS TO UPHOLD ! MON>*Y74 ,BE=E ,LIVE ,AID1 ! T5D5CY WAS = PEOPLE TO GIVE MONEY1 BUT NOT MAKE A SONG & DANCE \T ( IT1 ) A LOT ( PEOPLE EV5 FEEL+ A BIT EMB>ASS$ AB\T GIV+4 ,BUT S9CE ,LIVE ,AID -- :I* 9VOLV$ A BIG LEAP 9 ! SPECTACUL>ISATION ( ,GIV+ -- ! T5D5CY HAS BE5 TO MAKE A BIG MORAL ?+ AB\T H[ MU* OR (T5 Y\ GIVE1 PEOPLE MORE & MORE FEEL+ ! NE$ TO WE> !IR PURE HE>TS ON !IR DESIGN] SLEEVES4 ,& ( C\RSE1 N[ ! RI* & FAM\S BECOME EV5 MORE RI* & FAM\S ?R\< !IR APP>5T ALTRUI/IC *>ITABLE EF=TS1 = !M1 ABOVE ALL1 *>ITY BEG9S AT HOME4 ,& ! HI<] PEOPLE >E 9 ! HI]>*Y1 ! CRUD] ! HYPOCRISY4 ,:AT C\LD BE MORE GROSS ?AN ,B,P'S *AIRMAN BE+ KISS$ BY ,L5NY ,H5RY 9 FRONT ( MILLIONS ( PEOPLE WAT*+ HIM GIVE A *ECK = ,G,B,P#a1#b1 TO ,COMIC ,RELIEF1 MONEY NOT GIV5 AWAY BY ,B,P BUT ACCRU$ FROM ! SALE ( R$ NOSES AT ,B,P G>AGES1 JU/ A FEW WEEKS AFT] ONE ( ! BIGGE/ MASSACRES 9 ! ',?IRD ,WORLD' F\<T TO DEF5D1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 OIL COMGANIES LIKE ,B,P8 ,IF ,HITL] HAD GIV5 MONEY TO ! OPPRESS$ ,JEWS1 MAYBE WE'D HAVE SE5 ,MEL ,BROOKS KISS HIS ASS ON ! TELLY4 ,?IS IS NOT TO CONTEMPTU\SLY DISMISS ALL RHOSE :O GIVE TO *>ITY -- M]ELY TO PO9T \T ?AT IF !Y W]E G5U9ELY CONC]N$ AB\T SAV+ LIVES !Y W\LDN'T JU/ OPT = ! EASY %ORT-CUT ( MONEY G5]OSITY1 BUT W\LD ALSO SUBV]T ! BRUTAL WORLD ?AT *>ITY1 & ! SY/EM ( :I* IT IS A P>T1 DEP5DS ON4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 = MO/ ( ?OSE :O CAU< UP TO !SE RACKETS1 *>ITY IS SIMPIY AN 9/ANT R$EMPTION = ! 'S9' ( BE+ BETT] (F ?AN SOMEONE L[] D[N ! 9T]NATIONAL HI]>*Y1 :O >E SE5 M]ELY AS VICTIMS TO BE PITI$1 NOT FELL[ PROLET>IANS 9 /RUGGLE ) :OM ONE CAN EXPRESS PRACTICAL SOLID>ITY4 0,!RE'S ALWAYS SOMEONE WORSE (F ?AN Y\RSELF0 JU/ KEEPS ! 9T]NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR GO+3 ON ! ONE H&1 IT PROVIDES 'SOLACE' TO ?OSE :O REMA9 PASSIVE BE=E !IR [N MIS]Y1 ON ! O!R H&1 IT SUB/ITUTES MUTUAL RECOGNITION & A S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY = *ANG+ ! WORLD ) M]E GUILT4 ,IS IT JU/ CO9CID5CE ?AT ',SIMPLE ,TRU?' >OSE 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 ! ONE C\NTRY DIRECTLY 9VOLV$ 9 ! W> :I* HAD SU* A PITIFUL OPPOSITION TO IT8 ,ISN'T ALL ! ,G,B,P#cM4 GIV5 AN ATTEMPT TO BE F>GIV5 = HAV+ BE5 SO PASSIVE BE=E ?IS HORROR8 ,*>ITY HAS BECOME ! ALL-=GIV+ ,GREAT ,R$EEM]4 

.<#h.> ,R,A,W,T3 ,! ,M>* ( ,COMMUNISM ,GR\P1 :I* CALLS = SU* ?+S AS A #ce H\R WEEK :I* IS PRETTY MEAN+LESS 9 ,KURDI/AN :]E JOBS >E DISAPPE>+ BY ! M9UTE4 

.<#i.> ,M/A%>S3 ,(FICIAL GOV]NM5T T]M = ,KURDI% >M$ UNITS 9 ! ,IRAQI ,>MY4 ,! PREVI\S NAME ,JA% HAD TO BE REPLAC$ BECAUSE IT WAS TOO DISCR$IT$4 

.<#a.> ,OSMAN3 ,A ,BAA?I/ ,P>TY BUILD+4 ,OSMAN WAS A M>TYR TO ! ,BAA?I/ CAUSE4 

.<#a#a.> ,NAM$ AFT] RESPECT$ ,KURDI% POET :OSE ,IOVE POEMS & PHILOSOPHY W]E AN 9SPIRATION4 

.<#a#b.> ,KANAS3 ELITE TROOPS ) HI< VELOCITY RIFLES4 

.<#a#c.> ,! ,B>OO WOODS3 WOODS ?AT >E US$ = FUEL & ! SAP FROM ! TREES >E US$ = FLAVOR+4 

.<#a#d.> ,NEWS%]AWAN IS ! BIG BOSS ( ,KOMOLI M>XI/-L59I/ 5TRYI/S 9TO ! ,P,U,K & IRONICALLY RESPONSIBLE = KILL+ MANY PEOPLE OPPOS$ TO ,P,U,K4 

.<#a#e.> ,>EA TO ! WE/ ( ,SULLIEMANIA CITY4 ,I'VE (T5 HAD A GOOD DR9K !RE 7,T,N74 

.<#a#f.> ,! AV]AGE WAGE WAS #a#e-#b#b D9>S P] MON?1 SO A SACK ( RICE W\LD HAVE CO/ R\<LY TWICE ! AV]AGE MON?LY WAGE 7,T,N7 

.<#a#g.> ,SAYID3 ,A K9D ( RELIGI\S TITLE LIKE ,MULLAHS4 ,!Y C\LD BE ,SUNNI'S BUT MORE LIKELY ,%IA4 ,P]SECUT$ DUR+ ! TIME ( ,H>UN-AL-,RA%ID4 ,9 FACT HE KILL$ ALL ( !M4 7,T,N7 

.<#a#h.> ,RECEIV+ CAMPS3 MADE UP ( EASILY CON/RUCT$ CONCRETE BUILD+S & US$ TOR ?OSE PEOPLE TRANSF]R$ TROM VLLLAGES & SMALL T[NS DE/ROY$ BY ! ,BAA?I/S4 

.<#a#i.> ,NICKNAME3 ! MU/A*E4 ,HALOY1 MEAN+ EAGLE1 IS A COMMON NAME LIKE ,VICTOR4 ,AHA -- ! FA!RS' NAME4 ,SMELL MU/A*E4 7,T,N7 

.<#b.> ,NO?+ WAS EV] SETTL$ H]E4 ,!RE WAS CONT9U\S FI<T+ BETWE5 9SURG5TS & ,BAA?I/ =CES4 7,T,N7 

.<#b#a.> ,IS ?IS AN ULTRA-LEFTI/ REFLEX8 7,T,N7 

.<#b#b.> ,PE%M]GA IS ALSO A G5]AL T]M MEAN+ ?OSE :O >E PREP>$ TO FI<T TO ! LA/ DROP ( BLOOD4 

.<#b#c.> ,TOOSE3 A SMALL T[N NE> ,KIRKUK :]E A T]RIBLE ATROCITY TOOK PLACE DUR+ ! UPRIS+4 

.<#b#d.> ,BUD5AN3 A T[N ON ! ,TURKI% BORD] :]E #h1 PEOPLE W]E KIDNAPP$ 9 #aihe 

.<#b#e.> ,NO ALT]ATIONS HAVE BE5 MADE 9 ! TRANSLATION ( ?IS TEXT4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#i1 #bba 3 ,! ,KURDI% ,UPRIS+ & ,KURDI/AN'S ,NATIONALI/ ,%OP ,FRONT & ,ITS ,NEGOTIATIONS ) ! ,BAA?I/_/,FASCI/ ,REGIME -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,! ,KURDI% ,UPRIS+ & ,KURDI/AN'S ,NATIONALI/ ,%OP ,FRONT & ,ITS ,NEGOTIATIONS ) ! ,BAA?I/_/,FASCI/ ,REGIME -- ,UPDAT$4 

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