,! ,KOREAN ,AN>*I/ ,MOVEM5T 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALAN ,MAC,SIMO9 

,TEXT 3 

,9 ! #b1 YE>S ( ,KOREAN HI/ORY !RE >OSE MOVEM5TS FI<T+ = PEASANTS RI<TS & = NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE4 ,)9 !SE MOVEM5TS !RE W]E T5D5CIES ?AT MAY BE SE5 AS =]UNN]S ( MOD]N AN>*ISM1 9 ! SAME WAY AS WE MI<T VIEW ! ,DIGG]S 9 ! ,5GLI% REVOLUTION4 

,9 #ahid ,JAPAN 9VAD$1 UND] ! PRETEXT ( PROTECT+ ,KOREA FROM ,*9A4  ,! /RUGGLE = NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE BECAME C5TRAL TO ALL RADICAL POLITICAL ACTIVITY4 

,! MOD]N AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,KOREA BEGAN TO TAKE =M AMONG ! EXILES :O FL$ TO ,*9A AFT] ! #aiai 9DEP5D5CE /RUGGLE1 & /UD5TS @& WORK]S :O W5T TO ,JAPAN4 ,?IS /RUGGLE1 ! #c4#a ,MOVEM5T )9 :I* AN>*I/S W]E PROM95T1 9VOLV$ #b MILLION PEOPLE2 #a1#e DEMON/RATIONS W]E HELD2 #g1#e W]E KILL$2 #a#f1 W\ND$ & MORE ?AN #g HOMES & #dg *UR*ES DE/ROY$4 

,9 ! P]IOD UP TO ! CLOSE ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I ! ,KOREAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION HAS ID5TIFI$ ?REE /AGES4 

,! FIR/ /AGE COV]$ ! FIR/ HALF ( ! #a#i#bS & IS DESCRIB$ BY ! ,K,A,F AS ! GE/ATION P]IOD4 

,9 ! E>LY YE>S ( ?IS C5TURY AS ! ,JAPANESE RUL+ CLASS />T$ !IR IMP]IALI/ DRIVE 9TO O!R ,ASIAN C\NTRIES !Y ALSO RU?LESSLY CRACK$ D[N ON ANY OPPOSITION AT HOME4 ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S W]E TO ! =EFRONT 9 ANTI-IMP]IALI/ AGITATION4 ,9 #aia ,KOTOKU ,%USUI1 A LEAD+ ,JAPANESE AN>*I/1 WAS EXECUT$ = TREASON4 ,! ,COMMON]S ,NEWSPAP] WAS RALLY+ OPPOSITION TO ! ,RUSSIA-,JAPAN W> & TO ! OCCUPATION ( ,KOREA4 ,) ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONS ( #aie & #a#i#a#g1 ! RICE RIOT ( #aiah & ! MASS UPRIS+ 9 ,KOREA 9 #a#i#a#i1 ! ,JAPANESE RUL+ CLASS WAS WORRI$4 

,FOLL[+ ! BLOODY SUPPRESSION ( ! #c4#a ,MOVEM5T & ! RISE 9 ! LEVEL ( CLASS /RUGGLE ,9 ,JAPAN ITSELF1 ! ,JAPANESE BOSSES BLAM$ AN>*I/S & ,KOREANS = ! ,TOKYO E>?QUAKE ( #a#i#b#c4 ,MORE ?AN #f1 ,KOREAN WORK]S 9 ,JAPAN W]E HUNT$ D[N ) CLUBS & BAMBOO SPE>S4  ,ALL KN[N ,JAPANESE & ,KOREAN AN>*I/S W]E >RE/$4 ,P>K ,YEOL & HIS WIFE ,KANEKO ,FUMIKO1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 VET]ANS ( ! 9DEP5D5CE /RUGGLE & ORGANIZ]S ( ! ,TOKYO 0,BLACK ,WORK]S ,SOCIETY01 W]E S5T5C$ TO DEA?4 ,MANY O!RS W]E JAIL$4 ,! *>GE ( CAUS+ AN E>?QUAKE MAY HAVE BE5 A BIT EMB>RASS+ TO SECTIONS ( ! RUL+ CLASS SO ! S5T5CES W]E COMMUT$ TO LIFE 9 PRISON4 ,KANEKO DI$ 9 JAIL & ,P>K WAS NOT RELEAS$ UNTIL ! 5D ( ,W,W,I,I4 ,MANY ( ! ,KOREANS JAIL$ 9 :AT BECAME KN[N AS 0! ,HI< ,TREASON CASE0 W5T ON TO BECOME LEAD+ ACTIVI/S 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 !IR [N C\NTRY4 

,! ,KOREAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 9 ,*9A WAS =M$ 9 ,APRIL #a#i#b#d4 & PUBLI%$ ! 0,KOREAN ,REVOLUTION ,MANIFE/O04 ,IT WAS MILITANTLY ANTI-IMP]IALI/ 0WE DECL>E ?AT ! BURGL> POLITICS ( ,JAPAN IS ! 5EMY = \R NATION'S EXI/5CE & ?AT IT IS \R PROP] RI<T TO OV]?R[ ! IMP]IALI/ ,JAPAN BY A REVOLUTION>Y MEANS04 ,IT W5T ON TO /RESS ! NE$ TO DO MORE ?AN M]ELY EX*ANGE RUL]S1 PO9T+ \T ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 A POLITICAL REVOLUTION & A SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,IT HAD NO D\BTS AB\T ! ROLE ( AN>*I/S2 IT LAID EMPHASIS ON ! LEAD+ ROLE ( ! AN>*I/S 9 A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION4 ,! ,F$]ATION BEGAN TO PRODUCE PAP]S LIKE ,RECAPTURE & ,JU/ICE ,BULLET94 

,BY #aibh ! SPREAD ( LIB]T>IAN POLITICS ALL[$ ! ,KOREAN ,AN>*I/S TO ORGANIZE ! ,EA/]N ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION ) COMRADES FROM ,*9A1 ,VIETNAM1 ,TAIWAN & ,JAPAN -- :I* PUBLI%$ A BULLET91 ,DONG-,BANG 7,! ,EA/74 ,! 0,MANIFE/O0 WAS ADOPT$ BY ! ,EA/]N ,F$]ATION AS ITS =MAL PROGRAM4 

,! SECOND /AGE :I* COV]$ ! YE>S #a#i#b#e-#c WAS DOM9AT$ BY ! ORGANIZATION ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,>M$ ) ! !ORY ( AN>*I/ REVOLUTION SET \T 9 ! 0,MANIFE/O0 & PRACTICAL EXP]I5CES DRAWN FROM ! #c4#a MOVEM5T1 ! WORK]S ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,JAPAN & 0! ,HI< ,TREASON CASE0 GR\PS W]E ORGANIZ$ 9 ,SE\L1 ,TEGU1 ,PYONGYANG & O!R >EAS4 ,BY ,NOVEMB] #aibi !RE HAD BE5 A HUGE GR[? & ! ,KOREAN ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/ ,F$]ATION WAS =M$ AS A NATIONAL ORGANIZATION4 ,AS P>T ( ! ANTI-,JAPANESE RESI/ANCE IT WAS A TOTALLY UND]GR\ND BODY4  ,?IS %\LD NOT LEAD ANYONE 9TO ?9K+ ?AT IT WAS SMALL OR LACK+ 9 WIDESPREAD SUPPORT4 

,TO GIVE SOME IDEA ( H[ ! MOVEM5T HAD GR[N ,I WANT TO LOOK AT H[ ?+S HAD PROGRESS$ S9CE ! E>LY #a#i#bS4 ,9 ,KIHO PROV9CE ! DAILY NEWSPAP] ,DONG-A ,ILBO REPORT$ 9 ,OCTOB] #aibe ?AT T5 MEMB]S ( ! ,LEAGUE ( ,BLACK ,FLAG HAD BE5 JAIL$ = ONE YE> EA*4 ,! FOLL[+ YE> ! SAME PAP] REPORT$ ?AT FIVE Y\NG WORK]S W]E JAIL$ = PUTT+ \T A MANIFE/O V]Y SIMIL> 9 /YLE & CONT5T TO ! 0,KOREAN ,REVOLUTION ,MANIFE/O04 ,9 #aibi ,DONG-A ,ILBO TELLS ( A SECRET SOCIETY ( AN>*I/S ORGANIZ$ BY ,LEE ,EUN-,SONG :I* HAD ONE HUNDR$ MEMB]S 9 ! T[N ( ,I*EON 9 ,KWANGWON PROV9CE4 ,9 ?AT YE> IT TRANSPIR$ ?AT ! 5TIRE MEMB]%IP ( ! ,*UNJU ,>TI/S ,MOVEM5T ,SOCIETY W]E ALL AN>*I/S1 SU* W]E ! NAMES & FRONTS US$ TO ?R[ ! ,JAPANESE POLICE (F ! SC5T4 ,9 RESPONSE TO ?IS ! DEA? P5ALTY WAS BR\<T 9 = ORGANIZ+ SOCIETIES ) ! AIM ( 0*ANG+ ! NATIONAL /RUCTURE04 

,9 ,TEGU1 A ,LEAGUE ( ,TRU? & ,FRAT]NITY WAS SET UP 9 #aibe BY EXILES :O RETURN$ FROM ,JAPAN4  ,! ,REVOLUTIONI/S ,LEAGUE ALSO CAME 9TO BE+ & BO? W]E 9 REGUL> CONTACT ) ! ,TOKYO ,BLACK ,Y\? ,SOCIETY4 ,I HAVE ALSO COME ACROSS AN>*I/ GR\PS 9 ,ANUI1 ,MESAN1 ! ,*ANGWON ,BLACK ,FRI5D ,LEAGUE1 ! ,JEJU ,ISL& ,MUTUAL ,AID GR\P4 ,! LA/ M5TION$ US$ !IR REMOT5ESS FROM C5TRAL GOV]NM5T TO ORGANIZE CO-OPS ( F>M]S & >TISANS1 EV5 A PEASANTS' B&4  ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ! ORGANIZ]S QUICKLY F\ND !Y W]E NOT ?AT REMOTE & SAW ! 9SIDE ( A PRISON CELL4 

,9 ,KWANSEO & ,KWANBUL PROV9CE ,I HAVE F\ND M5TION ( AT LEA/ EI<T MORE GR\PS4 ,ALMO/ ALL ! GR\PS >\ND ! C\NTRY W]E 9VOLV$ 9 A MIXTURE ( PRODUC+ LEAFLETS @& PAP]S1 ORANIS+ TRADE UNIONS & 5GAG+ 9 RESI/ANCE TO ! OCCUPATION4 

,BY ?IS TIME WE KN[ ?AT MO/ >EAS C\LD BOA/ ( AN ACTIVE GR\P4  ,!RE W]E ALSO ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,MAN*URIA & AMONG EXILES 9 ,*9A & ,JAPAN4 

,! NEXT /AGE WAS ! FI<T+ P]IOD :I* RAN UP TO #a#i#d#e4 

,AMONG ! TWO MILLION ,KOREANS 9 ,MAN*URIA ! ,K,A,F 9 ,MAN*URIA WAS ABLE TO S9K DEEP ROOTS IMM$IATELY AFT] ITS =MATION 9 #a#i#b#i4 ,! ,F$]ATION'S MA9 ORGANIZ]1 ,KIM ,JONG-,J91 DREW UP A PLAN :I* HE PUT TO ! ANTI-,JAPANESE GU]RILLAS4 ,IT COV]$ VOLUNT>Y COLLECTIVES = F>M]S1 FREE $UCATION UP TO AGE #ah ) ADULT $UCATION = ?OSE OLD] & >MS TRA9+ = ALL RESPONSIBLE ADULTS4 ,DISCUSSIONS FOLL[$ & EV5TUALLY AN AN>*I/ PLAN WAS AGRE$ :I* WAS DESCRIB$ AS BE+ 0ACCORD+ TO ! FREE F$]ATION PR9CIPLE BAS$ UPON ! SPONTANE\S FREE WILL ( MAN04 

,! DIFFICULTY ?AT WAS NOT REALLY ADDRESS$ WAS H[ TO DEAL ) ! ,/AL9I/S :O W]E ALSO ORGANIZ+ 9 ?IS REGION & W]E SL&]+ ! AN>*I/S & O!RS AS 0TYRANTS04 ,! Y\NG AN>*I/S >\ND ,YU-,RIM WANT$ TO FI<T IDEOLOGY ) IDEOLOGY & DEMON/RATE ! SUP]IORITY ( !IR IDEAS4 ,! OLD] ANTI-,JAPANESE GU]RILLAS >\ND ,KIM ,JWA-,J9 7SOMETIMES CALL$ ! ,KOREAN ,MAKHNO7 ?\<T IT WAS 5\< TO /ATE !IR SUPPORT = AN>*ISM BUT ?AT !Y C\LD IGNORE ! ,/AL9I/S UNTIL NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE WAS WON BECAUSE ONLY !N W\LD REAL POLITICS COME TO ! =EFRONT4 ,NOT A LOT DIFF]5T FROM ! /AGES !ORY PUT =W>D BY ELEM5TS 9 ,S9N ,FE96 

,BY ,AUGU/ #aibi ! AN>*I/S HAD =M$ AN ADM9I/RATION 9 ,%9M9 7ONE ( ! ?REE ,MAN*URIAN PROV9CES74 ,:E!R ?IS WAS A GOV]NM5T IS /ILL A PO9T ( CONT5TION AMONG AN>*I/S4 ,ORGANIZ$ AS ! ,KOREAN ,PEOPLE'S ,ASSOCIATION 9 ,MAN*URIA IT DECL>$ ITS AIM AS 0AN 9DEP5D5T SELF-GOV]N+ COOP]ATIVE SY/EM ( ! ,KOREAN PEOPLE :O ASSEMBL$ !IR FULL P[] TO SAVE \R NATION BY /RUGGL+ AGA9/ ,JAPAN04 ,! /RUCTURE WAS F$]AL GO+ FROM VILLAGE MEET+S TO DI/RICT & >EA CONF]5CES4 ,! G5]AL ASSOCIATION WAS COMPOS$ ( DELEGATES FROM ! DI/RICTS & >EAS4 

,! G5]AL ASSOCIATION SET UP EXECUTIVE DEP>TM5TS TO DEAL ) AGRICULTURE1 $UCATION1 PROPAG&A1 F9ANCE1 MILIT>Y AFFAIRS1 SOCIAL HEAL?1 Y\? & G5]AL AFFAIRS4 ,! /AFF ( ! DEP>TM5TS RECEIV$ NO MORE ?AN ! AV]AGE WAGE4 

,WE W\LD EXPECT ?AT ! ORGANIZATION W\LD />T AT VILLAGE LEVEL & !N F$]ATE UPW>DS4  ,H[EV] ! ,E,A,P,M BELIEV$ ?AT ! W> SITUATION MADE ?IS IMPOSSIBLE TO APPLY ! PR9CIPLE IMM$IATELY4 ,9 ! 9T]IM !Y APPO9T$ ! /AFFS & APPO9T$ !M FROM ! TOP D[N4  ,ORGANIZATION & PROPAG&A TEAMS W]E !N S5T \T TO AGITATE = SUPPORT & = ! CREATION ( VILLAGE ASSEMBLIES & COMMITTEES4 ,9 ONE VILLAGE A RICE MILL CAPABLE ( MILL+ OV] #a MILLION BU%ELS WAS BUILT TO ALL[ ! LOCAL CO-OP TO BREAK FROM RELIANCE ON M]*ANTS4  ,SEEM+LY ALL !SE TEAMS REPORT$ A GOOD RESPONSE & W]E MADE WELCOME :]EV] !Y W5T4 

,! LOCAL ADM9I/RATION ( ! ANTI-,JAPANESE FI<T]S 9 ,%IM9 VOLUNT>ILY DISSOLV$ ITSELF & L5T ITS SUPPORT TO ,K,A,P,M4 ,AS ! AN>*I/S GREW 9 NUMB]S & SUPPORT ! ,/AL9I/S & ! PRO-,JAPANESE ELEM5TS 9 ,MAN*URIA FELT !IR [N P[] BASES ?REAT5$4 

,ON ,JANU>Y #b? ! AN>*I/ G5]AL ,KIM ,JWA-,J9 WAS ASSASS9AT$ :ILE DO+ REPAIR WORK ON ! RICE MILL ,I JU/ M5TION$4 ,! KILL] ESCAP$ BUT HIS H&L] WAS CAU<T & EXECUT$4 

,AT A MEET+ 9 ,JUNE 9 ,PEK+ ( ! ,K,A,F,C IT WAS DECID$ TO DIV]T ALL RES\RCES \TSIDE ,KOREA ITSELF TO ,MAN*URIA & MO/ ,K,A,F,C MEMB]S MOV$ TO ! AN>*I/ ZONE 9 NOR!RN ,MAN*URIA4  ,IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT WOM5 COMRADES W]E ACTIVE AS AGITATORS & >MS SMUGGL]S4 

,FROM LATE #aic ONW>DS ! ,JAPANESE W]E ATTACK+ 9 WAVES FROM ! ,S\? & ! ,/AL9I/S1 SUPPORT$ BY ! ,U,S,S,R1 FROM ! ,NOR?4 ,9 E>LY #aica ! ,/AL9I/S S5T ASSASS9ATION & KIDNAPP+ TEAMS 9TO ! AN>*I/ ZONE TO MURD] LEAD+ ACTIVI/S4 ,!Y BELIEV$ ?AT IF !Y WIP$ \T ! ,K,A,F,M ! ,K,A,P,M W\LD WI!R & DIE4 ,BY ! SUMM] ( #aica MANY LEAD+ AN>*I/S W]E DEAD & ! W> ON TWO FRONTS WAS DEVA/AT+ ! REGION4 ,IT WAS DECID$ TO GO UND]GR\ND4 ,AN>*I/ ,%IM9 WAS NO MORE4 

,!RE IS MU* MORE TO BE SAID AB\T ACTIVITY 9 ,*9A & ,JAPAN AS WELL AS 9 ,KOREA BO? 9 ! YE>S UP TO ! CLOSE ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 AB\T !IR ATTITUDE T[>DS ! P>TITION ( !IR C\NTRY1 & AB\T !IR POSITION TODAY4 ,IT W\LD TAKE TOO MU* TIME TO DEAL ) IT ALL4  ,:AT %\LD BE V]Y CLE> IS ?AT AN>*ISM 9 ,ASIA HAS A V]Y REAL HI/ORY4 ,WE NE$ MORE 9=MATION TO PROP]LY ASSESS ITS POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T1 A*IEVEM5TS & FAIL+S4 ,9 ! MEANTIME WE CAN DRAW /R5G? FROM ! KN[L$GE ?AT AN>*ISM WAS1 & CAN BE AGA91 A MAJOR =CE 9 ! REGION4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,APRIL #b#h1 #bb 3 ,! ,KOREAN ,AN>*I/ ,MOVEM5T -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,! ,KOREAN ,AN>*I/ ,MOVEM5T -- ,UPDAT$4 

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