,*APT] #d 

#aiaeaiae 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,TURKEY BECAME ! MO/ IMPORTANT FIELD ( OP]ATIONS ( ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM2 ! ,DEUTS*E ,BANK1 ) ITS 5ORM\S ,ASIATIC BU,S9ESS 9T]E/S1 AB\T :I* ALL ,G]MAN ORI5TAL POLICIES C5T]1 BECAME ITS PEACEMAK]4 ,9 ! #e'S & #f'S ,ASIATIC ,TURKEY WORK$ *IEFLY ) ,5GLI% CAPITAL1 :I* BUILT ! RAILROAD FROM ,SMYRNA & LEAS$ ! FIR/ /RET* ( ! ,ANATOLIAN RAILROAD1 UP TO ,ISMIT4 ,9 #ahhh ,G]MAN CAPITAL APPE>$ UPON ! SC5E & PROCUR$ FROM ,ABDUL ,HAMID ! CONTROL ( ! RAILROAD ?AT ,5GLI% CAPITAL HAD BUILT & ! FRAN*ISE = ! NEW /RET* FROM ,ISMIT TO ,ANGORA & BRAN* L9ES TO ,SCUT>I1 ,BURSA1 ,KONYA & ,KAIZ>ILI4 ,9 #ahii ! ,DEUTS*E ,BANK SECUR$ CONCESSIONS = ! BUILD+ & OP]ATION ( A H>BOR & IMPROVEM5TS 9 ,H>D> ,PA%A1 & ! SOLE CONTROL OV] TRADE & T>IFF COLLECTIONS 9 ! H>BOR4 ,9 #aia ! ,TURKI% ,GOV]NM5T TURN$ OV] TO ! ,DEUTS*E ,BANK ! CONCESSION = ! ,GREAT ,BA<DAD RAILROAD.<#a.> TO ! ,P]SIAN ,GULF1 9 #aig = ! DRA9AGE ( ! ,SEA ( ,K>AVIRAN & ! IRRIGATION ( ! ,KOMA PLA94 

,! REV]SE ( ?IS WOND]FUL WORK ( 0PEACEFUL CULTURE0 IS ! 0PEACEFUL0 & :OLESALE RU9 ( ! F>M+ POPULATION ( ,ASIA ,M9OR4 ,! CO/ ( ?IS TREM5D\S UND]TAK+ WAS ADVANC$1 ( C\RSE1 BY ! ,DEUTS*E ,BANK ON ! SECURITY ( A WIDELY DIV]SIFI$ SY/EM ( PUBLIC 9DEBT$NESS4 ,TURKEY WILL BE1 TO ALL ET]NITY1 ! DEBTOR ( ,MESSRS4 ,SIEM5S1 ,GW9N]1 ,HELFF]I*1 ETC41 AS IT WAS =M]LY ?AT ( ,5GLI%1 ,FR5* & ,AU/RIAN CAPITAL4 ,?IS DEBTOR1 N[1 WAS =C$ NOT ONLY TO SQUEEZE 5ORM\S SUMS \T ( ! /ATE TO PAY ! 9T]E/ ON !SE LOANS1 BUT1 9 ADDITION1 TO GU>ANTEE A NET 9COME UPON ! RAILWAY1 ?US BUILT4 ,! MO/ MOD]N ME?ODS ( TRANSPORTATION W]E GRAFT$ UPON A PRIMITIVE1 9 MANY CASES PURELY AGRICULTURAL1 POPULATION4 ,FROM ! UNFRUITFUL SOIL ( F>M+ SECTIONS ?AT HAD BE5 EXPLOIT$ UNSCRUPUL\SLY1 = YE>S1 BY AN ORI5TAL DESPOTISM1 PRODUC+ SC>CELY 5\< TO FE$ ! POPULATION AFT] ! HUGE /ATE DEBTS HAD BE5 PAID1 IT IS PRACTICALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO SECURE ! PR(ITS DEM&$ BY ! RAILROADS4 ,FREI<T & TRAVEL+ >E EXCE$+LY UNDEVELOP$1 S9CE ! 9DU/RIAL & CULTURAL *>ACT] ( ! REGION IS MO/ PRIMITIVE1 & CAN IMPROVE ONLY AT A SL[ RATE4 ,! DEFICIT ?AT MU/ BE PAID TO RAISE ! REQUIR$ PR(IT IS1 !RE=E1 PAID BY ! ,TURKI% ,GOV]NM5T 9 ! =M ( A SO-CALL$ KILOMET] GU>ANTEE4 ,EUROPEAN ,TURKEY WAS BUILT UP ACCORD+ TO ?IS SY/EM BY ,AU/RIAN & ,FR5* CAPITAL1 & ! SAME SY/EM HAS BE5 ADOPT$ BY ! ,DEUTS*E ,BANK 9 ITS OP]ATIONS 9 ,ASIATIC ,TURKEY4 ,AS BOND & SURETY ?AT ! SUBSIDY WILL BE PAID1 ! ,TURKI% ,GOV]NM5T HAS H&$ OV] TO ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ,EUROPEAN CAPITAL1 ! SO-CALL$ ,EXECUTIVE ,BO>D 9 CONTROL ( PUBLIC DEBT1 ! MA9 S\RCE ( ,TURKI% NATIONAL 9COME1 :I* HAS GIV5 TO ! ,DEUTS*E ,BANK ! RI<T TO COLLECT ! TI! FROM A NUMB] ( PROV9CES4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 = 9/ANCE1 ! ,TURKI% ,GOV]NM5T PAID1 FROM #ahic TO #a#i#a1 = ! RAILROAD TO ,ANGORA & = ! L9E FROM ,ESKI%EHIR TO ,KONYA1 A SUBSIDY ( AB\T #i1#i1 FRANCS4 ,! TI!S ?US LEAS$ BY ! ,TURKI% ,GOV]NM5T TO ITS ,EUROPEAN CR$ITORS >E ANCI5T PAYM5TS R5D]$ 9 PRODUCE SU* AS CORN1 %EEP1 SILK1 ETC4 ,!Y >E NOT COLLECT$ DIRECTLY BUT ?R\< SUB-LESSEES1 SOME:AT SIMIL> TO ! FAM\S TAX-COLLECTORS1 SO NOTORI\S 9 PRE-REVOLUTION>Y ,FRANCE1 ! /ATE SELL+ ! RI<T TO RAISE ! AM\NT REQUIR$ FROM EA* VILAYET 7PROV9CE7 BY AUCTION1 AGA9/ CA% PAYM5T4 ,:5 ! SPECULATOR OR COMPANY HAS ?US PROCUR$ ! RI<T TO COLLECT ! TI! ( A VILAYET1 IT1 9 TURN1 SELLS ! TI! ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL SANJAK 7DI/RICT7 TO O!R SPECULATORS1 :O AGA9 DIVIDE !IR PORTION AMONG A V]ITABLE B& ( SMALL] AG5TS4 ,S9CE EA* ONE OR !SE COLLECTORS MU/ NOT ONLY COV] HIS [N EXP5SES BUT SECURE AS L>GE A PR(IT AS POSSIBLE BESIDES1 ! TI! GR[S LIKE A L&SLIDE AS IT APPROA*ES ! FANN]1 IF ! LESSEE HAS BE5 MI/AK5 9 HIS CALCULATION1 HE SEEKS TO RECOMP5SE HIMSELF AT ! EXP5SE ( ! F>M]4 ,! LATT]1 PRACTICALLY ALWAYS 9 DEBT1 WAITS IMPATI5TLY = ! TIME :5 HE CAN SELL HIS CROP4 ,BUT AFT] HIS GRA9 IS CUT HE MU/ FREQU5TLY WAIT = WEEKS BE=E ! TI! COLLECTOR COMES TO TAKE HIS PORTION4 ,! COLLECTOR1 :O IS USUALLY GRA9DEAL] AS WELL1 EXPLOITS ?IS NE$ ( ! F>M] :OSE CROP ?REAT5S TO ROT 9 ! FIELD1 & P]SUADES HIM TO SELL AT A R$UC$ PRICE1 KN[+ FULL WELL ?AT IT WILL BE EASY TO SECURE ! ASSI/ANCE ( PUBLIC (FICIALS & P>TICUL>LY ( ! MUKT> 7T[N MAYOR7 AGA9/ ! DISSATISFI$4 ,:5 NO TAX-COLLECTOR CAN BE F\ND ! GOV]NM5T ITSELF COLLECTS ! TI! 9 PRODUCE1 PUTS IT 9TO /ORAGE H\SES & TURNS IT OV] AS P>T PAYM5T TO ! CAPITALI/S4 ,?IS IS ! 9N] ME*ANISM ( ! 09DU/RIAL REG5]ATION ( ,TURKEY0 BY ,EUROPEAN CAPITAL4 

,?US A TW(OLD PURPOSE IS ACCOMPLI%$4 ,! F>M+ POPULATION ( ,ASIA ,M9OR BECOMES ! OBJECT ( A WELL ORGANIZ$ PROCESS ( EXPLOITATION 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ,EUROPEAN1 9 ?IS CASE ,G]MAN1 F9ANCIAL & 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL4 ,?IS AGA9 PROMOTES ! GR[? ( ! ,G]MAN SPH]E ( 9T]E/ 9 ,TURKEY & LAYS ! F\NDATION = ,TURKEY'S 0POLITICAL PROTECTION40 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! 9/RUM5T ?AT C>RIES \T ! EXPLOITATION ( ! F>M+ POPULATION1 ! ,TURKI% ,GOV]NM5T1 BECOMES ! WILL+ TOOL & VASSAL ( ,G]MANY'S =EIGN POLICIES4 ,= MANY YE>S ,TURKI% F9ANCE1 T>IFF POLICIES1 TAXATION & /ATE EXP5DITURES HAVE BE5 UND] ,EUROPEAN CONTROL4 ,G]MAN 9FLU5CE HAS MADE ITSELF P>TICUL>LY FELT 9 ! ,TURKI% MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION4 

,IT IS OBVI\S FROM ! =EGO+1 ?AT ! 9T]E/S ( ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM DEM& ! PROTECTION ( ! ,TURKI% ,/ATE1 TO ! EXT5T AT LEA/ ( PREV5T+ ITS COMPLETE DIS9TEGRATION4 ,! LIQUIDATION ( ,TURKEY W\LD MEAN ITS DIVISION BETWE5 ,5GL&1 ,RUSSIA1 ,ITALY1 & ,GREECE AMONG O!RS & ! BASIS = A L>GE-SCALE OP]ATION BY ,G]MAN CAPITAL W\LD VANI%4 ,MOREOV]1 AN EXTRAORD9>Y 9CREASE 9 ! P[] ( ,RUSSIA1 ,5GL& & ! ,M$IT]RANEAN ,/ATES W\LD RESULT4 ,= ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM1 !RE=E1 ! PRES]VATION ( ?IS ACCOMMODAT+ APP>ATUS ( ! 09DEP5D5T ,TURKI% ,/ATE10 ! 09TEGRITY0 ( ,TURKEY IS A MATT] ( NECESSITY4 ,& ?IS NECESSITY WILL EXI/ UNTIL SU* TIME AS ?IS /ATE WILL FALL1 HAV+ BE5 CONSUM$ FROM )9 BY ,G]MAN CAPITAL1 AS WAS ,EGYPT BY ,5GL& & MORE REC5TLY ,MOROCCO BY ,FRANCE1 9TO ! LAP ( ,G]MANY4 ,! WELL-KN[N SPOKESMAN ( ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM1 ,PAUL ,ROHRBA*1 EXPRESS$ ?IS C&IDLY & HONE/LY :5 HE SAID3 

0,9 ! V]Y NATURE ( ?+S ,TURKEY1 SURR\ND$ ON ALL SIDES BY 5VI\S NEI<BORS1 MU/ SEEK ! SUPPORT ( A P[] ?AT HAS PRACTICALLY NO T]RITORIAL 9T]E/S 9 ! ,ORI5T4 ,?AT P[] IS ,G]MANY4 ,WE1 ON ! O!R H&1 W\LD BE AT A DISADVANTAGE IF ,TURKEY %\LD DISAPPE>4 ,IF ,RUSSIA & ,5GL& FALL HEIR TO ! ,TURKI% /ATE1 OBVI\SLY IT WILL MEAN TO BO? ( !SE /ATES A CONSID]ABLE 9CREASE 9 P[]4 ,BUT EV5 IF ,TURKEY %\LD BE SO DIVID$ ?AT WE %\LD ALSO SECURE AN EXT5SIVE PORTION1 IT W\LD MEAN = US 5DLESS DIFFICULTIES4 ,RUSSIA1 ,5GL&1 & ,9 A C]TA9 S5SE ,FRANCE & ,ITALY AS WELL4 >E NEI<BORS ( PRES5T ,TURKI% POSSESSIONS & >E 9 A POSITION TO HOLD & DEF5D !IR PORTION BY L& & BY SEA4 ,BUT WE HAVE NO DIRECT CONNECTION ) ! ,ORI5T4 ,A ,G]MAN ,ASIA ,M9OR OR ,MESOPOTAMIA CAN BECOME A REALITY ONLY IF ,RUSSIA1 & 9 CONSEQU5CE ,PRANCE AS WELL1 %\LD BE =C$ TO REL9QUI% !IR PRES5T POLITICAL AIMS & IDEALS1 I4E41 IF ! WORLD W> %\LD TAKE A DECISIVE TURN 9 FAVOR ( ,G]MAN 9T]E/S40 7,! ,W> & ,G]MAN ,POLICY1 P4#c#f74 

,G]MANY SWORE SOLEMNLY ON ,NOVEMB] #h?1 #a#h#i#h1 9 ,DAMASCUS1 BY ! %ADE ( ! GREAT ,SALAD91 TO PROTECT & TO PRES]VE ! ,MOHAMM$AN WORLD & ! GRE5 FLAG ( ! ,PROPHET1 & 9 SO DO+ /R5G!N$ ! REGIME ( ! BLOODY ,SULTAN ,ABDUL ,HAMID = OV] A DECADE1 ,IT HAS BE5 ABLE1 AFT] A %ORT P]IOD ( 5/RANGEM5T1 TO EX]T ! SAME 9FLU5CE UPON ! ,Y\NG ,TURK REGIME4.<#b.> ,ASIDE FROM CONDUCT+ ! PR(ITABLE BUS9ESS ( ! ,DEUTS*E ,BANK1 ! ,G]MAN MISSION BUSI$ ITSELF *IEFLY ) ! REORGANIZATION & TRA9+ ( ,TURKI% MILIT>ISM1 UND] ,G]MAN 9/RUCTORS ) VON D] ,GOLTZ ,PA%A AT ! HEAD4 ,! MOD]NIZATION ( ! >MY1 ( C\RSE1 PIL$ NEW BURD5S UPON ! ,TURKI% F>M]S1 BUT IT WAS A SPL5DID BUS9ESS >RANGEM5T = ,KRUPP & ! ,DEUTS*E ,BANK4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ,TURKI% MILIT>ISM BECAME 5TIRELY DEP5D5T UPON ,PRUSSIAN MILIT>ISM1 & BECAME ! C5T] ( ,G]MAN AMBITIONS 9 ! ,M$IT]RANEAN & 9 ,ASIA ,M9OR4 

,?AT ?IS 0REG5]ATION0 ( ,TURKEY IS A PURELY >TIFICIAL ATTEMPT TO GALVANIZE A CORPSE1 ! FATE ( ! ,TURKI% REVOLUTIONS BE/ %[S4 ,9 ! FIR/ /AGE1 :ILE IDEAL CONSID]ATIONS /ILL PR$OM9AT$ 9 ! ,Y\NG ,TURKI% MOVEM5T1 :5 IT WAS /ILL FIR$ ) AMBITI\S PLANS & ILLUSIONS ( A REAL SPR+TIME ( LIFE & ( A REJUV5ATION = ,TURKEY1 ITS POLITICAL SYMPA?IES W]E DECID$LY 9 FAVOR ( ,5GL&4 ,?IS C\NTRY SEEM$ TO !M TO REPRES5T ! IDEAL /ATE ( MOD]N LIB]AL RULE1 :ILE ,G]MANY1 :I* HAS SO LONG PLAY$ ! ROLE ( PROTECTOR ( ! HOLY REGIME ( ! OLD ,SULTAN WAS FELT TO BE ITS NATURAL OPPON5T4 ,= A :ILE IT SEEM$ AS IF ! REVOLUTION ( #aih W\LD MEAN ! BANKRUPTCY ( ,G]MAN ORI5TAL POLICIES4 ,IT SEEM$ C]TA9 ?AT ! OV]?R[ ( ,ABDUL ,HAMID W\LD GO H& 9 H& ) ! D[NFALL ( ,G]MAN 9FLU5CE4 ,AS ! ,Y\NG ,TURKS ASSUM$ P[]1 H[EV]1 & %[$ !IR COMPLETE 9ABILITY TO C>RY \T ANY MOD]N 9DU/RIAL1 SOCIAL OR NATIONAL RE=M ON A L>GE SCALE1 AS ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y HO( BECAME MORE & MORE APP>5T1 !Y TURN$ ( NECESSITY TO ! TRI$ & PROV5 ME?ODS ( ,ABDUL ,HAMID1 :I* MEANT P]IODIC BLOODY MASSACRES ( OPPRESS$ PEOPLES1 GOAD$ ON UNTIL !Y FLEW AT EA* O!R'S ?ROATS1 B\NDLESS1 TRULY ORI5TAL EXPLOITATION ( ! F>M+ POPULATION BECAME ! F\NDATION ( ! NATION4 ,! >TIFICIAL RE/ORATION ( RULE BY =CE AGA9 BECAME ! MO/ IMPORTANT CONSID]ATION = 0,Y\NG ,TURKEY0 & ! TRADITIONAL ALLIANCE ( ,ABDUL ,HAMID ) ,G]MANY WAS REE/ABLI%$ AS ! DECID+ FACTOR 9 ! =EIGN POLICY ( ,TURKEY4 

,! MULTIPLICITY ( NATIONAL PROBLEMS ?AT ?REAT5 TO DISRUPT ! ,TURKI% NATION MAKE ITS REG5]ATION A HOPELESS UND]TAK+4 ,! ,>M5IAN1 ,KURDIAN1 ,SYRIAN1 ,>ABIAN1 ,GREEK1 & 7UP TO ! MO/ REC5T TIMES7 ! ,ALBANIAN & ,MAC$ONIAN QUE/IONS1 ! MANIFOLD ECONOMIC & SOCIAL PROBLEMS ?AT EXI/ 9 ! DIFF]5T P>TS ( ! REALM1 >E A S]I\S M5ACE4 ,! GR[? ( A /RONG1 A HOPEFUL1 CAPITALISM 9 ! NEI<BOR+ ,BALKAN /ATES & ! LONG YE>S ( DE/RUCTIVE ACTIVITY ( 9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL & 9T]NATIONAL DIPLOMACY /AMP EV]Y ATTEMPT TO HOLD TOGE!R ?IS ROTT+ PILE ( TIMB] AS NO?+ BUT A REACTION>Y UND]TAK+4 ,?IS HAS LONG BE5 APP>5T1 P>TICUL>LY TO ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 ,AS E>LY AS #a#h#i#f1 AT ! TIME ( ! ,CRETAN UPRIS+1.<#c.> ! ,G]MAN ,P>TY PRESS WAS FILL$ ) LONG DISCUSSIONS ON ! ,ORI5TAL PROBLEM1 ?AT L$ TO A REVISION ( ! ATTITUDE TAK5 BY ,M>X AT ! TIME ( ! ,CRIMEAN ,W>.<#d.> & TO DEF9ITE REPUDIATION ( ! 09TEGRITY ( ,TURKEY0 AS A H]ITAGE ( ,EUROPEAN REACTION4 ,NO:]E WAS ! ,Y\NG ,TURKI% REGIME1 ITS 9N] /]ILITY & ITS C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT]1 SO QUICKLY & SO ?OR\<LY RECOGNIZ$ AS 9 ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC PRESS4 ,IT WAS A REAL ,PRUSSIAN IDEA1 ?IS BUILD+ ( /RATEGIC RAILROADS = RAPID MOBILIZATION1 ?IS S5D+ ( CAPABLE MILIT>Y 9/RUCTORS TO PROP UP ! CRUMBL+ $IFICE ( ! ,TURKI% /ATE4 

,9 #aiab ! ,Y\NG ,TURKI% REGIM5T WAS =C$ TO ABDICATE TO ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,*>ACT]I/ICALLY1 ! FIR/ ACT ( 0,TURKI% REG5]ATION0 9 ?IS W> WAS A C\P D'ETAT1 ! ANNIHILATION ( ! CON/ITUTION4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT TOO !RE WAS A =MAL RETURN TO ! RULE ( ,ABDUL ,HAMID4 

,! FIR/ ,BALKAN W>.<#e.> BR\<T BANKRUPTCY TO ,TURKI% MILIT>ISM1 9 SPITE ( ,G]MAN TRA9+4 ,& ! PRES5T W>1 9TO :I* ,TURKEY WAS PRECIPITAT$ AS ,G]MANY'S 0*>GE10 WILL LEAD1 ) 9EVITABLE FATALITY1 TO ! FUR!R OR TO ! F9AL LIQUIDATION ( ! ,TURKI% ,EMPIRE4 

,! POSITION ( ,G]MAN MILIT>ISM - & ITS ESS5CE1 ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,DEUTS*E ,BANK - HAS BR\<T ! ,G]MAN ,EMPIRE 9 ! ,ORI5T 9TO OPPOSITION TO ALL O!R NATIONS4 ,ABOVE ALL TO ,5GL&4 ,! LATT] HAD NOT ONLY RIVAL BUS9ESS RELATIONS & FAT PR(ITS 9 ,MESOPOTAMIA & ,ANATOLIA :I* W]E =C$ TO RETREAT BE=E !IR ,G]MAN RIVALS4 ,?IS WAS A SITUATION ?AT ,5GLI% CAPITALISM GRUDG+LY ACCEPT$4 ,BUT ! BUILD+ ( /RATEGIC ,I RAILROAD1 & ! /R5G!N+ ( ,TURKI% MILIT>ISM UND] ,G]MAN 9FLU5CE WAS FELT BY ,5GL& TO BE A SORE PO9T1 9 A /RATEGIC QUE/ION ( ITS WORLD POLITICAL RELATIONS2 LY+ AS IT DID AT ! CROSS ROADS BETWE5 ,C5TRAL ,ASIA1 ,P]SIA & ,9DIA1 ON ! ONE SIDE1 & ,EGYPT ON ! O!R4 

0,5GL&10 WRITES ,ROHRBA* 9 HIS ,BA<DADBAHN1 0CAN BE ATTACK$ & MORTALLY W\ND$ ON L& 9 ,EGYPT4 ,! LOSS ( ,EGYPT WILL MEAN TO ,5GL& NOT ONLY ! LOSS ( CONTROL OV] ! ,SUEZ ,CANAL & ITS CONNECTIONS ) ,9DIA & ,ASIA1 BUT PROBABLY ! SACRIFICE ( ITS POSSESSIONS 9 ,C5TRAL & ,EA/]N ,AFRICA AS WELL4 ,A ,MOHAMM$AN P[] LIKE ,TURKEY1 MOREOV] C\LD EX]CISE A DANG]\S 9FLU5CE OV] ! #f MILLIONS ( ,MOHAMM$AN SUBJECTS ( ,5GL& 9 ,9DIA1 9 ,AF<ANI/AN & ,P]SIA1 %\LD ,TURKEY CONQU] ,EGYPT4 ,BUT ,TURKEY CAN SUBJUGATE ,EGYPT ONLY IF IT POSSESSES AN EXT5D$ SY/EM ( RAILROADS 9 ,ASIA ,M9OR & ,SYRIA1 IF BY AN EXT5SION ( ! ,ANATOLIAN ,RAILWAY IT IS ABLE TO W>D (F AN ,5GLI% ATTACK UPON ,MESOPOTAMIA1 IF IT 9CREASES & IMPROVES ITS >MY1 IF ITS G5]AL ECONOMIC & F9ANCIAL CONDITIONS >E IMPROV$40 

,& 9 HIS ,! ,W> & ,G]MAN ,POLICY1 :I* WAS PUBLI%$ AFT] ! \TBREAK ( ! W>1 HE SAYS3 

0,! ,BA<DAD ,RAILROAD WAS DE/9$ FROM ! />T TO BR+ ,CON/ANT9OPLE & ! MILIT>Y /RON<OLDS ( ! ,TURKI% ,EMPIRE 9 ,ASIA ,M9OR 9TO DIRECT CONNECTION ) ,SYRIA & ! PROV9CES ON ! ,EUPHRATES & ON ! ,TIGRIS4 ,( C\RSE IT WAS TO BE =ESE5 ?AT ?IS RAILWAY1 TOGE!R ) ! PROJECT$ &1 P>TLY OR :OLLY1 COMPLET$ RAILROADS 9 ,SYRIA & ,>ABIA1 W\LD MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO USE ,TURKI% TROOPS 9 ! DIRECTION ( ,EGYPT4 ,NO ONE WILL D5Y ?AT1 %\LD ! ,TURKI%-,G]MAN ALLIANCE REMA9 9 =CE1 & UND] A NUMB] ( O!R IMPORTANT CONDITIONS :OSE REALIZATION WILL BE EV5 MORE DIFFICULT ?AN ?IS ALLIANCE1 ! ,BA<DAD RAILWAY IS A POLITICAL LIFE 9SURANCE POLICY = ,G]MANY40 

,?US ! SEMI(FICIAL SPOKESMAN ( ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM OP5LY REVEAL$ ITS PLAN & ITS AIMS 9 ! ,ORI5T4 ,H]E ,G]MAN POLICIES W]E CLE>LY M>K$ \T1 & AN AGGRESSIVE FUNDAM5TAL T5D5CY MO/ DANG]\S = ! EXI/+ BALANCE ( WORLD P[]1 ) A CLE>LY DEF9$ PO9T AGA9/ ,5GL&1 WAS DISCLOS$4 ,G]MAN ORI5TAL POLICIES BECAME ! CONCRETE COMM5T>Y TO ! NAVAL POLICY 9AUGURAT$ 9 #a#h#i#i4 

,) ITS PROGRAM = ,TURKI% 9TEGRITY1 ,G]MANY CAME 9TO CONFLICT ) ! ,BALKAN /ATES1 :OSE HI/ORIC COMPLETION & 9N] GR[? >E DEP5D5T UPON ! LIQUIDATION ( ,EUROPEAN ,TURKEY4 ,IT CAME 9TO CONFLICT ) ,ITALY1 F9ALLY1 :OSE IMP]IALI/IC APPETITE WAS LIKEWISE LONG+ = ,TURKI% POSSESSIONS4 ,AT ! ,MOROCCO ,CONF]5CE AT ,ALGECIRAS.<#f.> 9 #a#i#e1 ,ITALY ALREADY SID$ ) ,5GL& & ,FRANCE4 ,SIX YE>S LAT] ! ,ITALIAN EXP$ITION TO ,TRIPOLI1.<#g.> :I* FOLL[$ ! ,AU/RIAN ANNEXATION ( ,BOSNIA & GAVE ! SIGNAL = ! ,BALKAN ,W>1 ALREADY 9DICAT$ A )DRAWAL ( ,ITALY1 =E%AD[$ ! DISRUPTION ( ! ,TRIPLE ,ALLIANCE.<#h.> & ! ISOLATION ( ,G]MAN POLICIES ON ?IS SIDE AS WELL4 ,! O!R T5D5CY ( ,G]MAN EXPANSIONI/ DESIRES 9 ! ,WE/ BECAME EVID5T 9 ! ,MOROCCO AFFAIR4.<#i.> ,NO:]E WAS ! NEGATION ( ! ,BISM>CK POLICY 9 ,G]MANY MORE CLE>LY %[N4 ,BISM>CK1 AS IS WELL KN[N1 SUPPORT$ ! COLONIAL ASPIRATIONS ( ,FRANCE 9 ORD] TO DI/RACT ITS ATT5TION FROM ,ALSACE-,LORRA9E4 ,! NEW C\RSE ( ,G]MANY1 ON ! O!R H&1 RAN EXACTLY C\NT] TO ,FR5* COLONIAL EXPANSION4 ,CONDITIONS 9 ,MOROCCO W]E QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE ?AT PREVAIL$ 9 ,ASIATIC ,TURKEY4 ,G]MANY HAD FEW LEGITIMATE 9T]E/S 9 ,MOROCCO4 ,TO BE SURE1 ,G]MAN IMP]IALI/S PUFF$ UP ! CLAIMS ( ! ,G]MAN FIRM ( ,MANNESMANN1 :I* HAD MADE A LOAN TO ! ,MOROCCAN ,SULTAN & DEM&$ M9+ CONCESSIONS 9 RETURN1 9TO A NATIONAL ISSUE4 ,BUT ! WELL KN[N FACT ?AT BO? ( !SE RIVAL GR\PS 9 ,MOROCCO1 ! ,MANNESMANN AS WELL AS ! ,KRUPP-,S*NEID] ,COMPANY >E A ?OR\<LY 9T]NATIONAL MIXTURE ( ,G]MAN1 ,FR5* & ,SPANI% CAPITALI/S1 PREV5TS ANYONE FROM S]I\SLY SPEAK+ ( A ,G]MAN SPH]E ( 9T]E/4 ,! MORE SYMPTOMATIC WAS ! DET]M9ATION & ! DECISIV5ESS ) :I* ! ,G]MAN ,EMPIRE1 9 #a#i#e1 SUDD5LY ANN\NC$ ITS CLAIM TO P>TICIPATION 9 ! REGULATION ( ,MOROCCAN AFFAIRS1 & PROTE/$ AGA9/ ,FR5* RULE 9 ,MOROCCO4 ,?IS WAS ! FIR/ WORLD-POLITICAL CLA% ) ,FRANCE4 ,9 #ahie ,G]MANY1 TOGE!R ) ,FRANCE & ,RUSSIA1 ASSUM$ A ?REAT5+ ATTITUDE T[>D VICTORI\S ,JAPAN TO PREV5T IT FROM EXPLOIT+ ITS VICTORY OV] ,*9A AT ,%IMONOSEKI4.<#a.> ,FIVE YE>S LAT] IT W5T >M 9 >M ) ,FRANCE ALL ALONG ! L9E ON A PLUND]+ EXP$ITION AGA9/ ,*9A4 ,MOROCCO CAUS$ A RADICAL REORI5TATION 9 ,G]MANY'S RELATIONS ) ,FRANCE4 ,! ,MOROCCO CRISIS :I* 9 SEV5 YE>S ( ITS DURATION1 TWICE BR\<T ,EUROPE TO ! V]GE ( W> BETWE5 ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY1 WAS NOT A QUE/ION ( 0REV5GE0 = CONT95TAL CONFLICTS BETWE5 ! TWO NATIONS4 ,AN 5TIRELY NEW CONFLICT HAD >IS51 ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM HAD COME 9TO COMPETITION ) ?AT ( ,FRANCE4 ,9 ! 5D1 ,G]MANY WAS SATISFI$ ) ! ,FR5* ,CONGO REGION1 & 9 ACCEPT+ ?IS ADMITT$ ?AT IT HAD NO SPECIAL 9T]E/S TO PROTECT 9 ,MOROCCO ITSELF4 ,?IS V]Y FACT GAVE TO ! ,G]MAN ATTACK 9 ,MOROCCO A F> REA*+ POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE4 ,! V]Y 9DEF9ITIV5ESS ( ITS TANGIBLE AIMS & DEM&S BETRAY$ ITS 9SATIABLE APPETITE1 ! SEEK+ & FEEL+ = PREY - IT WAS A G5]AL IMP]IALI/IC DECL>ATION ( W> AGA9/ ,FRANCE4 ,! CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! TWO NATIONS H]E WAS BR\<T 9TO ! LIMELI<T4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 A SL[ 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T1 A /AGNANT POPULATION1 A NATION LIV+ ON ITS 9VE/M5TS1 CONC]N$ *IEFLY ) =EIGN F9ANCIAL BUS9ESS1 BURD5$ ) A L>GE NUMB] ( COLONIAL POSSESSIONS ?AT IT C\LD HOLD TOGE!R ONLY ) ! UTMO/ DIFFICULTY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 A MI<TY Y\NG GIANT1 A CAPITALISM =G+ T[>D ! FIR/ PLACE AMONG NATIONS1 GO+ \T 9TO ! WORLD TO HUNT = COLONIES4 ,5GLI% COLONIES W]E \T ( ! QUE/ION4 ,SO ! HUNG] ( ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM1 BESIDES FE$+ ON ,ASIATIC ,TURKEY1 TURN$ AT ONCE TO ! ,FR5* H]ITAGE4 ,! ,FR5* COLONIES MOREOV] WORE A CONV5I5T BAIT ) :I* ,ITALY MI<T EV5TUALLY BE ATTRACT$ & REPAID = ,AU/RIAN DESIRES ( EXPANSION ON ! ,BALKAN P59SULA1 & BE ?US MORE FIRMLY WELD$ 9TO ! ,TRIPLE ,ALLIANCE BY MUTUAL BUS9ESS 9T]E/S4 ,! DEM&S ,G]MANY MADE UPON ,FR5* IMP]IALISM W]E EXCE$+LY DI/URB+1 ESPECIALLY :5 IT IS REMEMB]$ ?AT ,G]MANY1 ONCE IT HAD TAK5 A FOO?OLD 9 ANY P>T ( ,MOROCCO1 C\LD AT ANY TIME SET FIRE TO ! 5TIRE ,FR5* ,NOR? ,AFRICAN POSSESSIONS1 :OSE 9HABITANTS W]E 9 A *RONIC /ATE ( 9CIPI5T W>F>E ) ! ,FR5* CONQU]ORS1 BY SUPPLY+ !M ) AMMUNITION4 ,G]MANY'S F9AL )DRAWAL = SUITABLE COMP5SATION DID AWAY ) ?IS IMM$IATE DANG]4 ,BUT !Y C\LD NOT ALLAY ! G5]AL DI/URBANCE 9 ,FRANCE & ! WORLD-POLITICAL CONFLICT ?AT HAD BE5 CREAT$4 

,ITS ,MOROCCO POLICY NOT ONLY BR\<T ,G]MANY 9TO CONFLICT ) ,FRANCE BUT ) ,5GL& AS WELL4 ,H]E 9 ,MOROCCO1 9 ! IMM$IATE NEI<BORHOOD ( ,GIBRALT>1 ! SECOND IMPORTANT C5T] ( WORLD-POLITICAL 9T]E/S ( ! ,BRITI% ,GOV]NM5T1 ! SUDD5 APPE>ANCE ( ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM ) ITS DEM&S1 & ! DRA/IC IMPRESSIV5ESS ) :I* !SE DEM&S W]E SUPPORT$1 W]E REG>D$ AS A DEMON/RATION AGA9/ ,5GL& AS WELL4 ,FUR!RMORE ! FIR/ =MAL PROTE/ ( #aiaa WAS DIRECT$ SPECIFICALLY AGA9/ ! AGREEM5T ( #aid BETWE5 ,5GL& & ,FRANCE CONC]N+ ,EGYPT & ,MOROCCO4.<#a#a.> ,G]MANY 9SI/$ BRIEFLY & DEF9ITELY ?AT ,5GL& BE DISREG>D$ 9 ALL FUR!R REGULATIONS ( ,MOROCCAN AFFAIRS4 ,! EFFECT ?AT SU* A DEM& WAS C]TA9 TO HAVE ON ,G]MAN-,5GLI% RELATIONS IS OBVI\S4 ,! SITUATION WAS COMM5T$ UPON 9 ! ,FRANKFURT] ,ZEITUNG ( ,NOVEMB] #h1 #a#i#a#a1 BY A ,LONDON CORRESPOND5T3 

0,?IS IS ! \TCOME3 A MILLION NEGROES 9 ,CONGO1 A GREAT ,KATZ5JAMM].<#a#b.> & A FURI\S RES5TM5T AGA9/ P]FIDES ,ALBION4.<#a#c.> ,! ,KATZ5JAMM] ,G]MANY WILL LIVE D[N4 ,BUT :AT IS TO BECOME ( \R RELATIONS ) ,5GL&8 ,AS !Y /& TODAY MATT]S >E UNT5ABLE4 ,ACCORD+ TO EV]Y HI/ORIC PROBABILITY !Y WILL EI!R LEAD TO SOME?+ WORSE1 ?AT IS W>1 OR !Y WILL HAVE TO BE SPE$ILY PAT*$ UP 444 ,! TRIP ( ! ,PAN!R WAS1 AS A ,B]L9 CORRESPOND5T SAID SO WELL 9 ! ,FRANKFURT] ,ZEITUNG ! O!R DAY1 A DIG 9TO ! RIBS ( ,FRANCE TO %[ ?AT ,G]MANY IS /ILL H]E 444 ,CONC]N+ ! EFFECT ?AT ?IS EV5T W\LD CREATE H]E1 ,B]L9 CANNOT POSSIBLY 5T]TA9 ! SLI<TE/ D\BT4 ,C]TA9LY NO CORRESPOND5T 9 ,LONDON WAS = A MOM5T 9 D\BT ?AT ,5GL& W\LD /& 5]GETICALLY ON ! SIDE ( ,FRANCE4 ,H[ CAN ! ,NORDDEUTS*E ,ALLGEME9E ,ZEITUNG /ILL 9SI/ ?AT ,G]MANY MU/ TREAT ) ,FRANCE ALONE8 ,= SEV]AL HUNDR$ YE>S ,EUROPE HAS BE5 ! SC5E ( A /EADILY 9CREAS+ 9T]WEAV+ ( POLITICAL 9T]E/S4 ,! MIS=TUNE ( ONE1 ACCORD+ TO ! LAWS ( POLITICS1 FILLS SOME ) JOY1 O!RS ) APPREH5SION4 ,:5 TWO YE>S AGO ,AU/RIA HAD ITS DIFFICULTIES ) ,RUSSIA1 ,G]MANY APPE>$ UPON ! SC5E ) %IMM]+ >MOR1 AL?\< ,VI5NA1 AS WAS AFT]W>DS /AT$1 W\LD HAVE PREF]R$ TO SETTLE MATT]S )\T ,G]MAN 9T]V5TION4 ,IT IS V]Y UNLIKELY ?AT ,5GL&1 HAV+ JU/ EM]G$ FROM A P]IOD ( ANTI-,G]MAN FEEL+1 %\LD CONSID] ?AT \R DEAL+S ) ,FRANCE >E NONE ( ITS BUS9ESS4 ,9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 IT WAS A QUE/ION ( MI<T2 = A DIG 9 ! RIBS1 BE IT EV] SO FRI5DLY1 IT IS A V]Y TANGIBLE MATT]4 ,= NO ONE CAN BE QUITE SURE :5 A BL[ ON ! TEE? MAY FOLL[4 ,S9CE !N ! SITUATION HAS BECOME LESS CRITICAL4 ,AT ! MOM5T :5 ,LLOYD ,GEORGE SPOKE1 ! DANG] ( A W> BETWE5 ,G]MANY & ,5GL& WAS ACUTE4 ,>E WE JU/IFI$ 9 EXPECT+ A DIFF]5T ATTITUDE FROM ,SIR ,$W>D ,GRAY AFT] ! POLICIES ?AT HE & HIS FOLL[]S HAVE BE5 PURSU+8 ,IF ,B]L9 5T]TA9$ SU* IDEAS !N IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ! ,G]MAN =EIGN POLICIES HAVE BE5 WEI<$ & F\ND WANT+40 

,?US DID \R IMP]IALI/IC POLICIES CREATE %>P CONFLICTS 9 ,ASIA ,M9OR & ,MOROCCO1 BETWE5 ,5GL& & ,G]MANY1 BETWE5 ,G]MANY & ,FRANCE4 ,BUT :AT ( ,G]MAN RELATIONS ) ,RUSSIA8 ,9 ! MURD]\S SPIRIT ?AT TOOK POSSESSION ( ! ,G]MAN PUBLIC DUR+ ! FIR/ WEEKS ( ! W> EV]Y?+ SEEM$ CR$IBLE4 ,! ,G]MAN PDPULACE BELIEV$ ?AT ,BELGIAN WOM5 HAD G\G$ \T ! EYES ( ! ,G]MAN W\ND$1 ?AT ,COSSACKS ATE TALL[ C&LES1 ?AT !Y HAD TAK5 9FANTS BY ! LEGS & TORN !M TO PIECES2 !Y BELIEV$ ?AT ,RUSSIA ASPIR$ TO ! ANNEXATION ( ! ,G]MAN ,EMPIRE1 TO ! DE/RUCTION ( ,G]MAN 0,KULTUR10 TO ! 9TRODUCTION ( ABSOLUTISM FROM ,KIEL TO ,MUNI*1 FROM ! ,W>! TO ! ,RH9E4 ,! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,*EMNITZ] ,VOLKS/IMME WROTE ON ,AUGU/ #bND3 

0,AT ?IS MOM5T WE ALL FEEL IT \R DUTY TO FI<T FIR/ AGA9/ ! ,RUSSIAN KN\T4 ,G]MAN WOM5 & *ILDR5 %ALL NOT BECOME ! VICTIMS ( ,RUSSIAN BE/IALITY1 ,G]MAN T]RITORY MU/ NOT FALL 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,COSSACKS4 ,= IF ! ,5T5TE IS VICTORI\S1 NOT ! ,FR5* ,REPUBLICANS1 BUT ! ,RUSSIAN ,CZ> WILL RULE OV] ,G]MANY4 ,9 ?IS MOM5T WE DEF5D EV]Y?+ ?AT WE POSSESS ( ,G]MAN CULTURE & ,G]MAN FRE$OM AGA9/ A PITILESS & B>B>\S FOE40 

,ON ! SAME DAY ! ,FRANKIS*E ,TAGESPO/ CRI$ \T3 

0,%ALL ! ,COSSACKS1 :O HAVE ALREADY TAK5 POSSESSION ( \R BORD] T[NS1 9 !IR ONRU% ON \R C\NTRY1 BR+ DE/RUCTION TO \R CITIES8 ,%ALL ! ,RUSSIAN ,CZ>1 :OSE LOVE ( PEACE ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS REFUS$ TO TRU/ EV5 ON ! DAY :5 HIS PEACE MANIFE/O WAS PUBLI%$1 :O IS ! WOR/ 5EMY ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE !MSELVES1 RULE OV] ONE MAN ( ,G]MAN BLOOD80 

,& ! ,KONIGSB]G] ,VOLKZEITUNG WROTE ON ,AUGU/ #cRD3 

0,NOT ONE ( US CAN D\BT1 :E!R HE IS LIABLE = MILIT>Y S]VICE OR NOT1 ?AT HE MU/ DO EV]Y?+ TO KEEP !SE WOR?LESS V&ALS FROM \R BORD]S SO LONG AS ! W> MAY LA/4 ,= IF !Y %\LD BE VICTORI\S1 ?\S&S ( \R COMRADES WILL BE CONDEMN$ TO HORRIBLE PRISON S5T5CES4 ,UND] ! ,RUSSIAN SCEPT] !RE IS NO SU* ?+ AS SELF-EXPRESSION ( ! PEOPLE1 NO ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC PRESS IS ALL[$ TO EXI/1 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC MEET+S & ORGANIZATIONS >E PROHIBIT$4 ,WE CANNOT CONCEIVE = A MOM5T ! POSSIBILITY ( A ,RUSSIAN VICTORY4 ,:ILE /ILL UPHOLD+ \R OPPOSITION TO W>1 WE WILL ALL WORK TOGE!R TO PROTECT \RSELVES AGA9/ !SE V&ALS ?AT RULE ! ,RUSSIAN NATION40 

,WE %ALL LAT] 5T] A LITTLE MORE FULLY 9TO ! RELATIONS ?AT EXI/ BETWE5 ,G]MAN CULTURE & ,RUSSIAN ,CZ>ISM4 ,!Y =M A *APT] BY ITSELF 9 ! POSITION ( ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ON ! W>4 ,?IS MU*4 MAY BE SAID N[1 ONE MI<T ) AS MU* JU/IFICATION ASSUME ?AT ! ,CZ> DESIRES TO ANNEX ,EUROPE OR ! MOON1 AS TO SPEAK ( HIS DESIRE TO ANNEX ,G]MANY4 ,9 ! PRES5T W> ONLY TWO NATIONS >E ?REAT5$ 9 !IR NATIONAL EXI/5CE1 ,BELGIUM & ,S]BIA4 ,:ILE WE H[L$ AB\T SAFEGU>D+ ! NATIONAL EXI/5CE ( ,G]MANY1 \R CANNON W]E DIRECT$ AGA9/ !SE TWO /ATES4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO DISCUSS ) PEOPLE :O /ILL BELIEVE 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( RITUAL MURD]4 ,BUT TO ?OSE :O DO NOT ACT FROM MOB 9/9CT1 :O DO NOT ?9K 9 T]MS ( CLUMSY SLOGANS ?AT >E 9V5T$ TO CAT* ! RABBLE1 :O GUIDE !IR ?\<TS BY HI/ORIC FACTS1 IT MU/ BE OBVI\S ?AT ,RUSSIAN ,CZ>ISM CANNOT HAVE SU* 9T5TIONS4 ,RUSSIA IS RUL$ BY DESP]ATE CRIM9ALS1 BUT NOT BY MANIACS4 ,& AFT] ALL1 ! POLICIES ( ABSOLUTISM1 9 SPITE ( ALL !IR *>ACT]I/IC DIFF]5CES1 HAVE ?IS SIMIL>ITY 9 ALL NATIONS1 ?AT !Y LIVE NOT ON ?9 AIR BUT UPON V]Y REAL POSSIBILITIES1 9 A REALM :]E CONCRETE ?+S COME 9TO ! CLOSE/ CONTACT ) EA* O!R4 ,WE NE$ HAVE NO FE> ( ! >RE/ ( \R ,G]MAN COMRADES & !IR BANI%M5T TO ,SIB]IA1 NOR ( ! 9TRODUCTION ( ,RUSSIAN ABSOLUTISM 9TO ,G]MANY4 ,= ! /ATESM5 ( ! BLOODY ,CZ>1 ) ALL !IR M5TAL 9F]IORITY1 HAVE A CLE>] MAT]IALI/IC CONCEPTION ( ! SITUATION ?AN SOME ( \R P>TY $ITORS4 ,!SE /ATESM5 KN[ V]Y WELL ?AT POLITICAL =MS ( GOV]NM5T CANNOT BE 09TRODUC$0 ANY:]E & EV]Y:]E ACCORD+ TO ! DESIRE ( ! RUL]S2 !Y KN[ FULL WELL ?AT EV]Y =M ( GOV]NM5T IS ! \TCOME ( C]TA9 ECONOMIC & SOCIAL F\NDATIONS1 !Y KN[ FROM BITT] EXP]I5CE ?AT EV5 9 ,RUSSIA ITSELF CONDITIONS >E ALMO/ BEYOND !IR P[] TO CONTROL2 !Y KN[1 F9ALLY1 ?AT REACTION 9 EV]Y C\NTRY CAN USE ONLY ! =MS ?AT >E 9 ACCORD ) ! NATURE ( ! C\NTRY1 & ?AT ! ABSOLUTISM ?AT IS 9 ACCORD ) \R CLASS & P>TY CONDITIONS IS ! ,HOH5ZOLL]N POLICE /ATE & ! ,PRUSSIAN ?REE-CLASS ELECTORAL SY/EM4 ,A DISPASSIONATE CONSID]ATION ( ! :OLE SITUATION WILL %[ ?AT WE NE$ NOT FE> ?AT ,RUSSIAN ,CZ>ISM1 EV5 IF IT %\LD W9 A COMPLETE VICTORY OV] ,G]MANY1 W\LD FEEL CALL$ UPON TO DO AWAY ) !SE PRODUCTS ( ,G]MAN CULTURE4 

,9 REALITY ! CONFLICTS ?AT EXI/ BETWE5 ,G]MANY & ,RUSSIA >E ( AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T NATURE4 ,!SE DIFF]5CES >E NOT TO BE F\ND 9 ! FIELD ( 9N] POLITICS4 ,QUITE ! CONTR>Y3 !IR MUTUAL T5D5CIES & 9T]NAL RELATION%IPS HAVE E/ABLI%$ A C5TURY-OLD TRADITIONAL FRI5D%IP BETWE5 ! TWO NATIONS4 ,BUT 9 SPITE ( & NOT)/&+ !IR SOLID>ITY ON QUE/IONS ( 9N] POLICY1 !Y HAVE COME TO BL[S 9 ! FIELD ( =EIGN1 WORLD-POLITICAL HUNT+ GR\NDS4 

,RUSSIAN IMP]IALISM1 LIKE ?AT ( WE/]N NATIONS1 CONSI/S ( WIDELY DIV]SIFI$ ELEM5TS4 ,ITS /RONGE/ /RA9 IS NOT1 H[EV]1 AS 9 ,G]MANY OR ,5GL&1 ! ECONOMIC EXPANSION ( CAPITAL1 HUNGRY = T]RITORIAL ACCUMULATION1 BUT ! POLITICAL 9T]E/S ( ! NATION4 ,TO BE SURE1 ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY CAN %[ A CONSID]ABLE EXPORT TO ! ,ORI5T1 TO ,*9A1 ,P]SIA & ,C5TRAL ,ASIA1 & ! ,CZ>I/ ,GOV]NM5T SEEKS TO 5C\RAGE ?IS EXPORT TRADE BECAUSE IT FURNI%ES A DESIRABLE F\NDATION = ITS SPH]E ( 9T]E/4 ,BUT NATIONAL POLICIES H]E PLAY AN ACTIVE1 NOT A PASSIVE1 ROLE4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! TRADITIONAL T5D5CIES ( A CONQUE/-LOV+ ,CZ>DOM1 RUL+ OV] A MI<TY NATION :OSE POPULATION TODAY CONSI/S ( #agb MILLIONS ( HUMAN BE+S1 DEM& FREE ACCESS TO ! OCEAN1 TO ! ,PACIFIC ,OCEAN ON ! ,EA/1 TO ! ,M$IT]RANEAN ON ! ,S\?1 = 9DU/RIAL AS WELL AS = /RATEGIC REASONS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ABSOLUTISM1 & ! NECESSITY ( HOLD+ A RESPECT$ PLACE 9 ! WORLD-POLITICAL FIELD1 & F9ALLY ! NE$ ( F9ANCIAL CR$IT 9 =EIGN C\NTRIES )\T :I* ,CZ>ISM CANNOT EXI/1 ALL PLAY !IR IMPORTANT P>T4 ,WE MU/ ADD TO !SE1 AS 9 EV]Y O!R MON>*Y1 ! DYNA/IC 9T]E/4 ,=EIGN PRE/IGE & TEMPOR>Y =GETFULNESS ( 9N] PROBLEMS & DIFFICULTIES >E WELL KN[N FAMILY REM$IES 9 ! >T ( RUL+1 :5 A CONFLICT >ISES BETWE5 ! GOV]NM5T & ! GREAT MASS ( ! PEOPLE4 

,BUT MOD]N CAPITALI/ 9T]E/S >E BECOM+ MORE & MORE A FACTOR 9 ! IMP]IALI/ AIMS ( ! ,CZ>I/ NATION4 ,RUSSIAN CAPITALISM1 /ILL 9 ITS E>LIE/ Y\?1 CANNOT HOPE TO P]FECT ITS DEVELOPM5T UND] AN ABSOLUTI/ REGIME4 ,ON ! :OLE IT HAS ADVANC$ LITTLE BEYOND ! PRIMITIVE /AGE ( HOME 9DU/RY4 ,BUT IT SEES A GIGANTIC FUTURE BE=E ITS EYES 9 ! EXPLOITATION ( ! NATION'S NATURAL RES\RCES4 ,AS SOON AS ,RUSSIA'S ABSOLUTISM IS SWEPT AWAY1 ( ?IS !RE CAN BE NO D\BT1 ,RUSSIA WILL DEVELOP RAPIDLY 9TO ! =EMO/ CAPITALI/ NATION1 PROVID$ ALWAYS ?AT ! 9T]NATIONAL SITUATION WILL GIVE IT ! TIME NECESS>Y = SU* DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT IS ?IS HOPE1 & ! APPETITE = =EIGN M>KETS ?AT WILL MEAN 9CREAS$ CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T EV5 AT ! PRES5T TIME1 ?AT HAS FILL$ ! ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE ) IMP]IALI/IC DESIRES & L$ !M TO EAG]LY VOICE !IR DEM&S 9 ! COM+ DIVISION ( ! WORLD'S RES\RCES4 ,?IS HI/ORIC DESIRE IS ACTIVELY SUPPORT$ BY V]Y TANGIBLE IMM$IATE 9T]E/S4 ,!RE >E1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ! >MAM5T 9DU/RY & ITS PURVEYORS4 ,9 ! SECOND PLACE ! CONFLICTS ) ! 05EMY )910 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT1 HAVE GIV5 TO ! ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE AN 9CREAS$ APPRECIATION ( ! P[]S ( MILIT>ISM & ! DI/RACT+ EF=TS ( A WORLD-POLITICAL EVANGEL4 ,IT HAS B\ND TOGE!R ! 1V>I\S CAPITALI/ GR\PS & ! NOBILITY UND] ONE C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y REGIME4 ,! IMP]IALISM ( B\RGEOIS ,RUSSIA1 P>TICUL>LY AMONG ! LIB]ALS1 HAS GR[N 5ORM\SLY 9 ! /ORMY ATMOSPH]E ( ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD1 & HAS GIV5 TO ! TRADITIONAL =EIGN POLICIES ( ! ,ROMANOVS A MOD]N /AMP4 ,*IEF AMONG ! AIMS ( ! TRADITIONAL POLICIES ( MON>*IC ,RUSSIA1 AS WELL AS ( ! MORE MOD]N APPETITES ( ! ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE1 >E ! ,D>DANELLES4 !Y >E1 ACCORD+ TO ! FAM\S REM>K MADE BY ,BISM>CK1 ! LAT*KEY TO ! ,RUSSIAN POSSESSIONS ON ! ,BLACK ,SEA4 ,S9CE ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 ,RUSSIA HAS WAG$ A NUMB] ( BLOODY W>S AGA9/ ,TURKEY1 HAS UND]TAK5 ITS MISSION AS ! LIB]ATOR ( ! ,BALKANS1 = ! REALIZATION ( ?IS GOAL4 ,= ?IS IDEAL1 ,RUSSIA HAS PIL$ UP M\NTA9S ( DEAD 9 ,ISMAIL1 9 ,NAV>91 9 ,S9OPE1 ,SILI/RIA & ,SEVA/OPOL1 9 ,PLEVNA & ,%IPKA4 ,TO ! ,RUSSIAN MUZHIK1 ! DEF5SE ( HIS ,SLAVIC & ,*RI/IAN BRO!RS FROM ! HORRORS ( ,TURKI% OPPRESSION HAS BECOME AS POT5T A W> LEG5D AS ! DEF5SE ( ,G]MAN CULTURE & FRE$OM AGA9/ ! HORRORS ( ,RUSSIA HAS BECOME TO ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 

,BUT ! ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE ALSO WAS MU* MORE 5?USIA/IC OV] ! ,M$IT]RANEAN PROSPECT ?AN = ITS ,MAN*URIAN & ,MONGOLIAN 0MISSION40 ,! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE ( ,RUSSIA CRITICIZ$ ! ,JAPANESE W> SO SEV]ELY AS A S5SELESS ADV5TURE1 BECAUSE IT DI/RACT$ ! ATT5TION ( ,RUSSIAN POLITICS FROM ! PROBLEM ?AT WAS TO !M MORE IMPORTANT1 ! ,BALKANS4 ,& 9 ANO!R WAY1 ! UN=TUNATE W> ) ,JAPAN HAD ! SAME EFFECT4 ,! EXT5SION ( ,RUSSIAN P[] 9TO ,EA/]N & ,C5TRAL ,ASIA1 TO ,TIBET & D[N 9TO ,P]SIA NECESS>ILY >\S$ A FEEL+ ( DISCOM=T 9 ! M9DS ( ,5GLI% IMP]IALI/S4 ,5GL&1 FE>+ = ITS 5ORM\S ,9DIAN ,EMPIRE1 VIEW$ ! ,ASIATIC MOVEM5TS ( ,RUSSIA ) GR[+ SUSPICION4 ,9 FACT1 AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! PRES5T C5TURY ! ,5GLI%-,RUSSIAN CONFLICT 9 ,ASIA WAS ! /RONGE/ WORLD-CONFLICT 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL SITUATION4 ,MOREOV] ?IS WILL BE1 9 ALL PROBABILITY1 ! MO/ CRITICAL ISSUE 9 FUTURE WORLD-POLITICAL DEVELOPM5TS :5 ! PRES5T W> IS OV]4 ,! CRU%+ DEFEAT ( ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#d.<#a#d.> & ! SUBSEQU5T \TBREAK ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION ONLY TEMPOR>ILY *ANG$ ! SITUATION4 ,! APP>5T WEAK5+ ( ! EMPIRE ( ! ,CZ> BR\<T AB\T A RELAXATION ( ! T5SION BETWE5 ,5GL& & ,RUSSIA4 ,9 #aig A TREATY WAS SIGN$ BETWE5 ! TWO NATIONS PROVID+ = A MUTUAL CONTROL ( ,P]SIA.<#a#e.> ?AT E/ABLI%$1 = ! TIME BE+1 FRI5DLY NEI<BORLY RELATIONS 9 ,C5TRAL ,ASIA4 ,?IS KEPT ,RUSSIA FROM UND]TAK+ GREAT PROJECTS 9 ! ,EA/1 & H] 5]GIES REV]T$ ALL ! MORE VIGOR\SLY TO !IR OLD OCCUPATION1 ,BALKAN POLITICS4 ,H]E ! ,RUSSIA ( ! ,CZ> CAME = ! FIR/ TIME 9TO %>P CONFLICT ) ,G]MAN CULTURE1 AFT] A C5TURY ( FAI?FUL & WELL-F\ND$ FRI5D%IP4 ,! ROAD TO ! ,D>DANELLES LEADS OV] ! CORPSE ( ,TURKEY4 ,BUT = MORE ?AN A DECADE ,G]MANY HAS REG>D$ ! 09TEGRITY0 ( ?IS CORPSE AS ITS MO/ IMPORTANT WORLD-POLITICAL TASK4 ,RUSSIAN ME?ODS 9 ! ,BALKANS HAD *ANG$ AT V>I\S TIMES4 ,EMBITT]$ BY ! +RATITUDE ( ! LIB]AT$ ,BALKAN ,SLAYS :O TRI$ TO ESCAPE FROM !IR POSITION AS VASSALS TO ! ,CZ>I/ ,GOV]NM5T1 ,RUSSIA = A TIME SUPPORT$ ! PROGRAM ( ,TURKI% 9TEGRITY ) ! SIL5T UND]/&+ ?AT ! DIVISION ( ?AT C\NTRY %\LD BE PO/PON$ TO SOME MORE AUSPICI\S TIME4 ,BUT TODAY ! F9AL LIQUIDATION ( ,TURKEY CO9CIDES ) ! PLANS ( BO? ,RUSSIAN & ,5GLI% POLITICS4 ,! LATT] AIMS TO UNITE ,>ABIA & ,MESOPOTAMIA & ! ,RUSSIAN T]RITORIES ?AT LIE BETWE5 ,EGYPT & ,9DIA1 UND] ,BRITI% RULE1 9TO A GREAT ,MOHAMM$AN EMPIRE1 ?US CONS]V+ ITS [N POSITION 9 ,9DIA & ,EGYPT4 ,9 ?IS WAY ,RUSSIAN IMP]IALISM1 AS 9 E>LI] TIMES ,5GLI% IMP]IALISM1 CAME 9TO OPPOSITION ) ?AT ( ,G]MANY4 ,= ?IS PRIVILEG$ EXPLOIT] ( ,TURKI% DIS9TEGRATION HAD TAK5 UP H] POSITION AS S5T9EL ON ! ,BOSPHORUS4 

,RUSSIAN 9T]E/S CAME TO A CLA% 9 ! ,BALKANS NOT ONLY DIRECTLY ) ,G]MANY BUT ) ,AU/RIA AS WELL4 ,AU/RIAN IMP]IALISM IS ! POLITICAL COMPLEM5T ( ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM1 AT ! SAME TIME ITS ,SIAMESE TW9 BRO!R & ITS FATE4 

,G]MANY HAV+ ISOLAT$ H]SELF ON ALL SIDES BY H] WORLD POLICY1 HAS 9 ,AU/RIA H] ONLY ALLY4 ,! ALLIANCE ) ,AU/RIA IS OLD1 HAV+ BE5 F\ND$ BY ,BISM>CK 9 #a#h#g#i4 ,BUT S9CE ?AT TIME IT HAS COMPLETELY *ANG$ ITS *>ACT]4 ,LIKE ! 5MITY T[>D ,FRANCE1 ! ALLIANCE ) ,AU/RIA RECEIV$ AN 5TIRELY NEW CONT5T ?R\< ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! LA/ DECADES4 ,9 #ahgi ITS *IEF PURPOSE WAS ! MUTUAL DEF5SE ( ! POSSESSIONS GA9$ 9 ! W>S ( #a#h#f#d-#a#h#g4.<#a#f.> ,! ,BISM>CK ,TRIPLE ,ALLIANCE WAS CONS]VATIVE 9 *>ACT]1 ESPECIALLY S9CE IT SIGNIFI$ ,AU/RIA'S F9AL R5UNCIATION ( ADMISSION TO ! ,G]MAN F$]ATION ( /ATES1 ITS ACCEPTANCE ( ! /ATE ( AFFAIRS CREAT$ BY ,BISM>CK1 & ! MILIT>Y HEGEMONY ( ,GREAT] ,PRUSSIA4 ,! ,BALKAN ASPIRATIONS ( ,AU/RIA W]E AS DI/A/EFUL TO ,BISM>CK AS ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN CONQUE/S ( ,G]MANY4 ,9 HIS ,G$ANK5 UND ,]9N]UNG5.<#a#g.> HE SAYS3 

0,IT IS NATURAL ?AT ! 9HABITANTS ( ! ,DANUBE REGION %\LD HAVE NE$S & ASPIRATIONS ?AT EXT5D BEYOND ! PRES5T B\ND>IES ( !IR MON>*Y4 ,! ,G]MAN NATIONAL CON/ITUTION PO9TS \T ! WAY ALONG :I* ,AU/RIA CAN =M A UNION ( ! POLITICAL & MAT]IAL 9T]E/S ?AT EXI/ BETWE5 ! MO/ EA/]N ,RUMANIAN TRIBE & ! ,BAY ( ,CATT>O4 ,BUT ! DUTY ( ! ,G]MAN ,EMPIRE DOES NOT DEM& ?AT IT SATISFY ! DESIRES ( ITS NEI<BORS = 9CREAS$ T]RITORY ) ! BLOOD & WEAL? ( ITS SUBJECTS40 

,HE EXPRESS$ ! SAME ?\<T /ILL MORE DRA/ICALLY :5 HE UTT]$ ! WELL KN[N S5TIM5T ?AT1 TO HIM1 ! :OLE ( ,BOSNIA WAS NOT WOR? ! BONE ( A ,POM]ANIAN GR5ADI]4 ,9DE$1 A TREATY DRAWN UP ) ,RUSSIA 9 #ahhd PROVES CONCLUSIVELY ?AT ,BISM>CK NEV] DESIR$ TO PLACE ! ,TRIPLE ,ALLIANCE AT ! S]VICE ( ,AU/RIAN ANNEXATIONI/ DESIRES4 ,BY ?IS TREATY1 ! ,G]MAN ,EMPIRE PROMIS$1 9 ! EV5T ( A W> BETWE5 ,AU/RIA & ,RUSSIA1 NOT TO SUPPORT ! =M]1 BUT RA!R TO OBS]VE A 0B5EVOL5T NEUTRALITY40 

,BUT S9CE IMP]IALISM HAS TAK5 HOLD ( ,G]MAN POLITICS1 ITS RELATIONS TO ,AU/RIA HAVE *ANG$ AS WELL4 ,AU/RIA-,HUNG>Y LIES BETWE5 ,G]MANY & ! ,BALKANS1 9 O!R WORDS1 ON ! ROAD OV] ! CRITICAL PO9T 9 ,G]MAN ,ORI5TAL POLITICS4 ,TO MAKE ,AU/RIA ITS 5EMY AT ?IS TIME W\LD MEAN COMPLETE ISOLATION1 & COMPLETE ABDICATION BY ,G]MANY ( ITS WORLD-POLITICAL PLAN4 ,BUT ! WEAK5+ ( ,AU/RIA1 :I* W\LD SIGNIFY ! F9AL LIQUIDATION ( ,TURKEY1 ) A CONSEQU5T /R5G!N+ ( ,RUSSIA1 ! ,BALKAN /ATES14 & ,5GL&1 W\LD PROBABLY ACCOMPLI% ! NATIONAL UNIFICATION ( ,G]MANY1 BUT W\LD1 AT ! SAME TIME1 WIPE \T1 =EV]1 ITS IMP]IALI/IC ASPIRATIONS4 ,! SAFETY ( ! ,HAPSBURG MON>*Y HAS !RE=E LOGICALLY BECOME A NECESS>Y COMPLEM5T TO ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM1 ! PRES]VATION ( ,TURKEY ITS *IEF PROBLEM4 

,BUT ,AU/RIA MEANS A CON/ANT LAT5T /ATE ( W> 9 ! ,BALKANS4 ,= ,TURKI% DIS9TEGRATION HAS PROMOT$ ! EXI/5CE & GR[? ( ! ,BALKAN ,/ATES 9 ! IMM$IATE NEI<BORHOOD ( ! ,HAPSBURG MON>*Y1 & ! RESULT+ /ATE ( *RONIC 9CIPI5T W>F>E4 ,OBVI\SLY ! EXI/5CE ( VIRILE & 9DEP5D5T NATIONAL /ATES ON ! BORD] ( A MON>*Y ?AT IS MADE UP ( FRAGM5TS ( !SE SAME NATIONALITIES1 :I* IT CAN RULE ONLY BY ! :IP-LA% ( DICTATOR%IP MU/@&MIDDOT2 HA/5 ITS D[NFALL4 ,AU/RIAN ,BALKAN POLITICS & P>TICUL>LY ITS ,S]BIAN RELATIONS HAVE PLA9LY REVEAL$ ITS 9N] DECAY4 ,AL?\< ITS IMP]IALI/IC APPETITES WAV]$ BETWE5 ,SALONIKA & ,DURAZZO1 ,AU/RIA WAS NOT 9 A POSITION TO ANNEX ,S]BIA1 EV5 BE=E ! LATT] BAD GR[N 9 /R5G? & SIZE ?R\< ! TWO ,BALKAN W>S4 ,= ! =CIBLE ANNEXATION ( ,S]BIA W\LD HAVE DANG]\SLY /R5G!N$ 9 ITS 9T]IOR ONE ( ! MO/ REFRACTORY ,S\? ,SLAVIC NATIONALITIES1 A PEOPLE ?AT EV5 N[1 BECAUSE ( ,AU/RIA'S /UPID REGIME ( REACTION1 CAN SC>CELY BE HELD 9 *ECK4 ,BUT NEI!R CAN ,AU/RIA TOL]ATE ! NORMAL 9DEP5D5T DEVELOPM5T ( ,S]BIA OR PR(IT FROM IT BY NORMAL COMM]CIAL RELATIONS4 ,= ! ,HAPSBURG MON>*Y IS NOT ! POLITICAL EXPRESSION ( A CAPITALI/ /ATE1 BUT A LOOSE SYNDICATE ( A FEW P>ASITIC CLIQUES1 /RIV+ TO GRASP EV]Y?+ )9 REA*1 UTILIZ+ ! POLITICAL P[]S ( ! NATION SO LONG AS ?IS WEAK $IFICE /ILL /&S4 ,= ! B5EFIT ( ,HUNG>IAN AGR>IANS1 & = ! PURPOSE ( 9CREAS+ ! PRICES ( AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS1 ,AU/RIA HAS =BIDD5 ,S]BIA TO S5D CATTLE & FRUITS 9TO ,AU/RIA1 ?US DEPRIV+ ?IS NATION ( F>M]S ( ITS MO/ IMPORTANT M>KET4.<#a#h.> ,9 ! 9T]E/ ( ,AU/RIAN MONOPOLIES IT HAS =C$ ,S]BIA TO IMPORT 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTS EXCLUSIVELY FROM ,AU/RIA1 & AT ! HI<E/1 PRICES4 ,TO KEEP ,S]BIA 9 A /ATE ( ECONOMIC & POLITICAL DEP5D5CE1 IT PREV5T$ ,S]BIA FROM UNIT+ ON ! ,EA/ ) ,BULG>IA1 TO SECURE ACCESS TO ! ,BLACK ,SEA1 & FROM SECUR+ ACCESS TO ! ,ADRIATIC1 ON ! ,WE/1 BY PROHIBIT+ ! ACQUISITION ( A H>BOR 9 ,ALBANIA4 ,9 %ORT1 ! ,BALKAN POLICY ( ,AU/RIA WAS NO?+ MORE ?AN A B>EFAC$ ATTEMPT TO *OKE (F ,S]BIA4 ,ALSO IT WAS DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( MUTUAL RELATIONS BETWE5 & AGA9/ ! 9N] GR[? ( ! ,BALKAN /ATES1 & WAS1 !RE=E1 A CON/ANT M5ACE = !M4 

,AU/RIAN IMP]IALISM CON/ANTLY ?REAT5$ ! EXI/5CE & DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,BALKAN ,/ATES1 N[ BY ! ANNEXATION ( ,BOSNIA1 N[ BY ITS DEM&S UPON ! ,SANJAK ( ,NOVIBAZ> & ON ,SALONIKI1 N[ BY ITS 5CROA*M5TS UPON ! ,ALBANIAN COA/4 ,TO SATISFY !SE T5D5CIES ON ! P>T ( ,AU/RIA1 & TO MEET ! COMPETITION ( ,ITALY AS WELL1 ! C>ICATURE ( AN 9DEP5D5T ,ALBANIA UND] ! RULE ( A ,G]MAN NOBLEMAN WAS CREAT$ AFT] ! SECOND ,BALKAN W>1 A C\NTRY :I* WAS1 FROM ! FIR/ H\R1 LITTLE MORE ?AN ! PLAY?+ ( ! 9TRIGUES ( IMP]IALI/IC RIVALS4 

,?US ! IMP]IALI/IC POLICIES ( ,AU/RIA DUR+ ! LA/ DECADE W]E A CON/ANT H9DRANCE TO ! NORMAL PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,BALKANS1 & L$ TO ! 9EVITABLE ALT]NATIVE3 EI!R ! ,HAPSBURG MON>*Y OR ! CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,BALKAN ,/ATES4 

,EMANCIPAT$ FROM ,TURKI% RULE1 ! ,BALKAN N[ FAC$ ITS NEW H9DRANCE1 ,AU/RIA1 & ! NECESSITY ( REMOV+ IT FROM ITS PA?4 ,HI/ORICALLY ! LIQUIDATION ( ,AU/RIA-,HUNG>Y IS ! LOGICAL SEQU5CE ( ,TURKI% DIS9TEGRATION1 & BO? >E 9 DIRECT L9E ) ! PROCESS ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T4.<#a#i.> 

,!RE WAS BUT ONE SOLUTION3 W> - A WORLD W>4 ,= BEH9D ,S]BIA /OOD ,RUSSIA1 UNABLE TO SACRIFICE ITS 9FLU5CE 9 ! ,BALKANS & ITS ROLE ( 0PROTECTOR0 )\T GIV+ UP ITS :OLE IMP]IALI/IC PROGRAM 9 ! ,ORI5T AS WELL4 ,9 DIRECT CONFLICT ) ,AU/RIAN POLITICS1 ,RUSSIA AIM$ TO UNITE ! ,BALKAN ,/ATES UND] A ,RUSSIAN PROTECTORATE1 TO BE SURE4 ,! ,BALKAN UNION ?AT HAD ALMO/ COMPLETELY ANNIHILAT$ ,EUROPEAN ,TURKEY 9 ! VICTORI\S W> ( #aiab WAS ! WORK ( ,RUSSIA1 & WAS DIRECTLY & 9T5TIONALLY AIM$ AGA9/ ,AU/RIA4 ,9 SPITE ( ,RUSSIAN EF=TS1 ! ,BALKAN UNION WAS SMA%$ 9 ! SECOND ,BALKAN W>4 ,BUT ,S]BIA1 EM]G+ ! VICTOR1 BECAME DEP5D5T UPON ! FRI5D%IP ( ,RUSSIA 9 ! SAME DEGREE AS ,AU/RIA HAD BECOME ,RUSSIA'S BITT] 5EMY4 ,G]MANY1 :OSE FATE WAS FIRMLY L9K$ TO ?AT ( ! ,HAPSBURG MON>*Y1 WAS OBLIG$ TO BACK UP ! /UPID ,BALKAN POLICY ( ! LATT]1 /EP BY /EP1 & WAS ?US BR\<T 9TO A D\BLY AGGRAVAT$ OPPOSITION TO ,RUSSIA4 

,BUT ! ,BALKAN POLICIES ( ,AU/RIA1 FUR!RMORE1 BR\<T ,AU/RIA 9TO CONFLICT ) ,ITALY1 :I* WAS ACTIVELY 9T]E/$ 9 ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,TURKI% & ,AU/RIAN ,EMPIRES4 ,! IMP]IALISM ( ,ITALY HAS F\ND 9 ! ,ITALIAN POSSESSIONS ( ,AU/RIA A MO/ POPUL> CLOAK = ITS [N ANNEXATIONI/ DESIRES4 ,ITS EYES >E DIRECT$ ESPECIALLY T[>D ! ,ALBANIAN COA/ ( ! ,ADRIATIC1 %\LD A NEW REGULATION ( ,BALKAN AFFAIRS TAKE PLACE4 ,! ,TRIPLE ,ALLIANCE1 HAV+ ALREADY SU/A9$ A SEV]E BL[ 9 ! ,TRIPOLITAN W>1 WAS DE/ROY$ BY-! ACUTE CRISIS 9 ! ,BALKANS DUR+ ! TWO ,BALKAN W>S4 ,! ,C5TRAL ,P[]S W]E ?US BR\<T 9TO CONFLICT ) ! 5TIRE \TSIDE WORLD4 ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM1 *A9$ TO TWO DECAY+ CORPSES1 WAS /E]+ ITS C\RSE DIRECTLY T[>D A WORLD W>4 

,MOREOV]1 ,G]MANY EMB>K$ UPON ?IS C\RSE ) A FULL REALIZATION ( ITS CONSEQU5CES4 ,AU/RIA1 AS ! MOTIVE P[]1 WAS RU%+ BL9DLY 9TO DE/RUCTION4 ,ITS CLIQUE ( CL]ICAL-MILIT>I/ RUL]S ) ! ,>*DUKE ,FRANZ ,F]D9& & HIS RI<T H& MAN ,B>ON VON ,*LUMEZKI AT ! HEAD1 FAIRLY JUMP$ AT EV]Y EXCUSE TO /RIKE ! FIR/ BL[4 ,9 #aii ,AU/RIA FRAM$ UP ! FAM\S DOCUM5TS BY ,PR(ESSOR ,FRI$MANN1 EXPOS+ :AT PURPORT$ TO BE A WIDESPREAD1 CRIM9AL CONSPIRACY ( ! ,S]BS AGA9/ ! ,HAPSBURG ,MON>*Y = ! SOLE PURPOSE ( 9FUS+ ! ,G]MAN NATIONS ) ! NECESS>Y W>-5?USIASM4 ,!SE PAP]S HAD ONLY ONE SLI<T DRAWBACK - !Y W]E =G$ FROM BEG9N+ TO 5D4 ,A YE> LAT] ! RUMOR ( ! HORRIBLE M>TYRDOM ( ! ,AU/RIAN CONSUL ,PROHASKA 9 ,UESKUB WAS BUSILY SPREAD = DAYS TO S]VE AS ! SP>K ?AT W\LD IGNITE ! KEG ( P[D]1 :ILE ,PROHASKA ROAM$ UNMOLE/$ & HAPPY ?R\< ! /REETS ( ,UESKUB4 ,!N CAME ! ASSASS9ATION AT ,S>AJEVO1 A LONG DESIR$1 TRULY %AMEFUL CRIME4.<#b.> 0,IF EV]1 BLOOD SACRIFICE HAS HAD A LIB]AT+1 RELEAS+ EFFECT1 IT WAS ! CASE H]E10 REJOIC$ ! SPOKESMAN ( ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM4 ,AMONG ,AU/RIAN IMP]IALI/S ! REJOIC+ WAS /ILL GREAT]1 & !Y DECID$ TO USE ! NOBLE CORPSES :ILE !Y W]E /ILL W>M4 ,AFT] A HURRI$ CONF]5CE ) ,B]L#dN1 W> WAS VIRTUALLY DECID$ & ! ULTIMATUM S5T \T AS A FLAM+ TOR* ?AT WAS TO SET FIRE TO ! CAPITALI/ WORLD AT ALL F\R CORN]S4 

,BUT ! OCCURR5CE AT ,S>AJEVO ONLY FURNI%$ ! IMM$IATE PRETEXT4 ,CAUSES & CONFLICTS = ! W> HAD BE5 OV]RIPE = A LONG TIME4 ,! CONJUNCTURE ?AT WE WITNESS TODAY WAS READY A DECADE AGO4 ,EV]Y YE>1 EV]Y POLITICAL OCCURR5CE ( REC5T YE>S HAS BUT S]V$ TO BR+ W> A /EP NE>]3 ! ,TURKI% REVOLUTION1 ! ANNEXATION ( ,BOSNIA1 ! ,MOROCCO CRISIS1 ! ,TRIPOLI EXP$ITION1 ! TWO ,BALKAN W>S4 ,ALL MILIT>Y BILLS ( ! LA/ YE>S W]E DRAWN UP 9 DIRECT PREP>ATION = ?IS W>2 ! C\NTRIES1 ( ,EUROPE W]E PREP>+1 ) OP5 EYES1 = ! 9EVITABLE F9AL CONTE/4 ,FIVE TIMES DUR+ REC5T YE>S ?IS W> WAS ON ! V]GE ( AN \TBREAK3 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#e1 :5 ,G]MANY = ! FIR/ TIME MADE H] DECISIVE DEM&S 9 ! ,MOROCCO CRISIS2 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#h1 :5 ,5GL& ,RUSSIA & ,FRANCE ?REAT5$ ) W> AFT] ! CONF]5CE ( ! MON>*S 9 ,REVAL OV] ! ,MAC$ONIAN QUE/ION1 & W> WAS PREV5T$ ONLY BY ! SUDD5 \TBREAK ( ! ,TURKI% REVOLUTION2 9 ! BEG9N+ ( #aii :5 ,RUSSIA REPLI$ TO ! ,BOSNIAN ANNEXATION ) A MOBILIZATION1 :5 ,G]MANY 9 ,PET]SBURG =MALLY DECL>$ ITS READ9ESS TO GO TO W> ON ! SIDE ( ,AU/RIA2 9 ! SUMM] ( #aiaa :5 ! ,PAN!R WAS S5T TO ,AGADIR1 AN ACT ?AT W\LD C]TA9LY HAVE BR\<T ON W> IF ,G]MANY HAD NOT F9ALLY ACQUIESC$ 9 ! ,MOROCCO QUE/ION & ALL[$ ITSELF TO BE COMP5SAT$ ) ! ,CONGO CONCESSION2 & F9ALLY1 9 ! BEG9N+ ( #a#i#a#c1 :5 ,G]MANY1 9 VIEW ( ! PROPOS$ ,RUSSIAN 9VASION ( ,ALBANIA1 A SECOND TIME ?REAT5$ ,PET]SBURG ) ITS READ9ESS = W>LIKE MEASURES4 

,?US ! WORLD W> HAS BE5 HANG+ FIRE = EI<T YE>S4 ,IT WAS PO/PON$ AGA9 & AGA9 ONLY BECAUSE ALWAYS ONE ( ! TWO SIDES 9 QUE/ION WAS NOT YET READY ) ITS MILIT>Y PREP>ATIONS4 

,SO1 = 9/ANCE1 ! PRES5T WORLD W> WAS IMM95T AT ! TIME ( ! ,PAN!R ADV5TURE 9 #aiaa - )\T A MURD]$ ,GR& ,DUKE1 )\T ,FR5* FLI]S OV] ,NUREMB]G1 )\T A ,RUSSIAN 9VASION 9TO ,EA/ ,PRUSSIA4 ,G]MANY SIMPLY PUT IT (F = A MORE FAVORABLE MOM5T - ONE NE$ ONLY READ ! FRANK EXPLANATION ( A ,G]MAN IMP]IALI/3 

0,! ,G]MAN GOV]NM5T HAS BE5 ACCUS$ BY ! SO-CALL$ PAN-,G]MANS ( WEAKNESS 9 ! ,MOROCCO CRISIS 9 #a#i#a#a4 ,LET !M DISABUSE !IR M9DS ( ?IS FALSE IMPRESSION4 ,IT IS A FACT ?AT1 AT ! TIME :5 WE S5T ! ,PAN!R TO ,AGADIR1 ! RECON/RUCTION ( ! ,NOR?-,EA/ ,SEA ,CANAL WAS /ILL 9 PROGRESS1 ?AT BUILD+ OP]ATIONS ON ,HELGOL& = ! CON/RUCTION ( A GREAT =T W]E NO:]E NE> COMPLETION1 ?AT \R FLEET ( DREADN\<TS & ACCESSORIES1 9 COMP>ISION ) ! ,5GLI% SEA P[]1 WAS 9@&MIDDOT2 A F> MORE UNFAV\RABLC POSITION ?AN WAS ! CASE ?REE YE>S LAT]4 

0,COMP>$ TO ! PRES5T TIME1 #a#i#a#d1 ! CANAL AS WELL AS ,HELGOL& W]E 9 A DEPLORABLE /ATE ( UNREAD9ESS1 W]E P>TIALLY ABSOLUTELY USELESS = W> PURPOSES4 ,UND] SU* CIRCUM/ANCES1 :]E ONE KN[S ?AT ONE'S *ANCES WILL BE F> MORE FAVORABLE 9 A FEW YE>S1 IT W\LD BE WORSE ?AN FOOLI% TO PROVOKE A W>4 ,FIR/ ! ,G]MAN FLEET HAD TO BE PUT 9 ORD]2 ! GREAT MILIT>Y BILL HAD TO BE PU%$ ?R\< ! ,REI*/AG4 ,9 ! SUMM] ( #aiad ,G]MANY WAS PREP>$ = W>1 :ILE ,PRANCE WAS /ILL LABOR+ OV] ITS ?REE YE>S MILIT>Y S]VICE PROGRAM1 :ILE 9 ,RUSSIA NEI!R ! >MY NOR ! NAVAL PROGRAM W]E READY4 ,IT WAS UP TO ,G]MANY TO UTILIZE ! AUSPICI\S MOM5T40 

,! SAME ,ROHRBA*1 :O IS NOT ONLY ! MO/ S]I\S REPRES5TATIVE ( IMP]IALISM 9 ,G]MANY1 BUT IS ALSO 9 9TIMATE T\* ) ! LEAD+ CIRCLES 9 ,G]MAN POLITICS & IS !IR SEMI(FICIAL M\?PIECE1 COMM5TS UPON ! SITUATION 9 ,JULY1 #a#i#a#d1 AS FOLL[S3 0,AT ?IS TIME !RE WAS ONLY ONE DANG]1 ?AT WE MI<T BE MORALLY =C$1 BY AN APP>5T ACQUIESC5CE ON ! P>T ( ,RUSSIA1 TO WAIT UNTIL ,RUSSIA & ,FRANCE W]E REALLY PREP>$40 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,G]MANY FE>$ NO?+ SO MU* AS ?AT ,RUSSIA MI<T GIVE 94 0,) DEEP PA9 WE SAW \R UNTIR+ EF=TS TO PRES]VE WORLD PEACE %IPWRECK$1 ETC41 ETC40.<#b#a.> 

,! 9VASION ( ,BELGIUM1 !RE=E1 & ! ACCOMPLI%$ FACT ( W> WAS NOT A BOLT FROM ! BLUE4 ,IT DID NOT CREATE A NEW1 UNHE>D ( SITUATION4 ,NOR WAS IT AN EV5T ?AT CAME1 9 ITS POLITICAL ASSOCIATIONS1 AS A COMPLETE SURPRISE TO ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC GR\P4 ,! WORLD W> ?AT BEGAN (FICIALLY ON ,AUGU/ #d?1 #a#i#a#d1 WAS ! SAME WORLD W> T[>D :I* ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM HAD BE5 DRIV+ = DECADES1 ! SAME W> :OSE COM+ ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY & PROPHESI$ YE> AFT] YE>4 ,?IS SAME W> HAS BE5 D5\NC$ BY ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC P>LIAM5T>IANS1 NEWSPAP]S & LEAFLETS A ?\S& TIMES AS A FRIVOL\S IMP]IALI/IC CRIME1 AS A W> ?AT IS AGA9/ EV]Y 9T]E/ ( CULTURE & AGA9/ EV]Y 9T]E/ ( ! NATION4 

,&1 9DE$1 NOT ! 0EXI/5CE & ! 9DEP5D5T DEVELOPM5T ( ,G5NANY 9 ?IS W> >E AT /AKE1 9 SPITE ( ! REIT]ATIONS ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC PRESS1 BUT ! IMM$IATE PR(ITS ( ! ,DEUTS*E ,BANK 9 ,ASIATIC ,TURKEY & ! FUTURE PR(ITS ( ! ,MANNESMANN & ,KRUPP 9T]E/S 9 ,MOROCCO1 ! EXI/5CE & ! REACTION>Y *>ACT] ( ,AU/RIA1 0?IS HEAP ( ORGANIZ$ DECAY1 ?AT CALLS ITSELF ! ,HAPSBURG MON>*Y10 AS ! ,VORWA]TS WROTE ON ! #b#e? ( ,JULY1 #a#i#a#d2 ,HUNG>IAN PIGS & PRUNES1 P>AGRAPH #a#d1 ! 0,KULTUR0 ( ,FRI$MANN-,PROHASKA1 ! EXI/5CE ( ,TURKI% RULE 9 ,ASIA ,M9OR & ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION ON ! ,BALKAN4 

,\R P>TY PRESS WAS FILL$ ) MORAL 9DIGNATION OV] ! FACT ?AT ,G]MANY'S FOES %\LD DRIVE BLACK M5 & B>B>IANS1 ,NEGROES1 ,SIKHS & ,MAORIS 9TO ! W>4 ,YET !SE PEOPLES PLAY A ROLE 9 ?IS W> ?AT IS APPROXIMATELY ID5TICAL ) ?AT PLAY$ BY ! SOCIALI/ PROLET>IAT 9 ! ,EUROPEAN /ATES4 ,IF ! ,MAORIS ( ,NEW ,ZEAL& W]E EAG] TO RISK !IR SKULLS = ! ,5GLI% K+1 !Y %[$ ONLY AS MU* UND]/&+ ( !IR [N 9T]E/S AS ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC GR\P ?AT TRAD$ ! EXI/5CE1 ! FRE$OM & ! CIVILIZATION ( ! ,G]MAN PEOPLE = ! EXI/5CE ( ! ,HAPSBURG MON>*Y1 = ,TURKEY & = ! VAULTS ( ! ,DEUTS*E ,BANK4 

,ONE DIFF]5CE !RE IS BETWE5 ! TWO4 ,A G5]ATION AGO1 ,MAORI NEGROES W]E /ILL CANNIBALS & NOT /UD5TS ( ,M>XI/ PHILOSOPHY4 

,FOOTNOTES 

.<#a.>,! ,B]L9-,BA<DAD RAILROAD1 AS A ,EURASIAN AXIS ) OIL ON BO? SIDES ( IT 7,RUMANIA & ,IRAQ7 & A %ORT R\TE TO ! ,9DIAN ,OCEAN1 WAS MOOT$ 9 #ahga BY ,WILHELM ,I & ! ,DEUTS*E ,BANK4 ,ABDUL ,HAMID GRANT$ ! CONCESSION 9 #a#h#i#i4 ,BRITA9 SUPPORT$ ! IDEA AS AGA9/ ! ,CZ> & OPPOS$ IT = ITS [N FE>S4 ,BRITA9 HAD H] PLANS = A RAILROAD FROM ,CAPE TO ,CAIRO1 :ILE ! ,RUSSIANS PLANN$ ONE FROM ,/4 ,PET]SBURG TO ! ,P]SIAN ,GULF4 

.<#b.>,! ,Y\NG ,TURKS1 OR ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,UNION & ,PROGRESS W]E AN ESS5TIALLY MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION4 ,ON ! #b#cRD ,JULY #aih !Y COMPELL$ ,SULTAN ,ABDUL ,HAMID ,I,I TO PROCLAIM A CON/ITUTION4 ,ON ! ,SULTAN'S ATTEMPT E>LY 9 #aii TO /AGE A C\NT]-REVOLUTION ) ! HELP ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ,MUSLIM ,BRO!RHOOD 7,I/ANBUL WAS HELD BY !M = ?REE DAYS71 HE WAS DEPOS$ ON #b#cRD ,APRIL4 ,9 ,MAY-,JUNE #a#i#a#b1 0,SAVIOR ,(FIC]S10 ANO!R C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y GR\P WAS =M$1 & ON #a#g? ,JULY !Y COMPELL$ ! ,GOV]NM5T TO RESIGN4 ,! ,COMMITTEE ( ,UNION & ,PROGRESS WAS \/$4 ,ON #b#cRD ,JANU>Y #a#i#a#c1 A C\P D'ETAT TOOK PLACE & ,TURKEY WAS FROM !N TILL #aibb UND] ! DICTATOR%IP ( A TRIUMVIRATE ( ,PA%AS4 

.<#c.>,CRETAN ,UPRIS+3 ,9 #a#h#i#g1 ! ,*RI/IAN PEOPLES ( ,CRETE1 :I* HAD BE5 CONQU]$ BY ,TURKEY #a#f#d#e-#a#f#f#i1 ROSE AGA9/ !IR RUL]S ) ! HELP ( ,GREECE1 & ! ,TURKS1 ?\< VICTORI\S 9 ! W>1 W]E =C$ TO )DRAW 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#h#i#h4 ,CRETE WAS PLAC$ UND] ,EUROPEAN TRU/EE%IP4 ,9 ,M>* #a#i#e1 ANO!R 9SURRECTION TOOK PLACE UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,V5IZELOS4 ,?IS LA/$ TILL #a#i#f1 & 9 #aig A NEW CON/ITUTION WAS PROCLAIM$1 & ! ISL& ANNEX$ TO ,GREECE4 

.<#d.>,CRIMEAN ,W>3 ,BRITA91 ,FRANCE & ,TURKEY F\<T ,RUSSIA 9 #a#h#e#d-#e#f = ! CONTROL ( ,CRIMEA4 ,PI$MONT 7,ITALY7 JO9$ !M 9 #a#h#e#e4 ,ON #h? ,SEPTEMB] #ahee ,SEVA/OPOL WAS TAK5 FROM ! ,RUSSIANS & !Y W]E SOON DEFEAT$4 

.<#e.>,BALKAN ,W>S3 ,! FIR/1 BROKE \T 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#b4 ,! ,TURKS W]E PU%$ BACK TO ,CON/ANT9OPLE4 ,IT 5D$ ) ! ,TREATY ( ,LONDON 7#c? ,MAY #a#i#a#c74 ,TURKEY WAS =C$ TO GIVE UP ALL CLAIMS TO ITS =M] ,EUROPEAN POSSESSIONS4 ,ALBANIA WAS CREAT$ AS A NEW /ATE4 ,9 ,JUNE #a#i#a#c1 ! ,SECOND ,BALKAN ,W> BEGAN3 ,BULG>IA ATTACK$ ,S]BIA & ,GREECE1 & ,RUMANIA & ,TURKEY OPPOS$ ,BULG>IA4 ,IT 5D$ ) ! ,TREATY ( ,BU*>E/ 7#c? ,JULY #a#i#a#c74 ,ITALY 9VAD$ ,ALBANIA 9 #a#i#a#d4 

.<#f.>,ALGECIRAS ,CONF]5CE3 ,:5 A CRISIS BETWE5 ,FRANCE & ,BRITA9 7:O HAD 5T]$ 9TO AN 0,5T5TE ,CORDIALE0 9 #a#i#d7 ON ! ONE H&1 & ,G]MANY & ,AU/RIA ,HUNG>Y ON ! O!R ?REAT5$ ) ! ,KAIS]'S P]SONAL ATTEMPT TO LEAD AN EXP$ITION TO ,TANGI] ,MOROCCO 9 ,M>* #a#i#e1 ,!ODORE ,ROOSEVELT ORGANIZ$ A CONF]5CE 9 ,ALGECIRAS1 ,SPA9 ON #a#f? ,JANU>Y #a#i#f4 ,AN AGREEM5T WAS SIGN$ ON #g? ,APRIL #a#i#f1 BUT ! ,MOROCCO CRISIS WAS TO BREW AGA94 

.<#g.>,TRIPOLI :I* HAD BUN UND] ,TURKI% RULE FROM #a#e#e#a1 WAS ATTACK$ BY ,ITALY 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#a#a4 ,TURKEY WAS DEFEAT$1 BUT ! LOCAL POPULATION PUT UP A C\RAGE\S RESI/ANCE4 ,UND] ! ,TREATY ( ,LAUSANNE 7,OCTOB] #a#i#a#b71 ,TRIPOLI & ,CYR5AICA BECAME ,ITALIAN COLONIES & REMA9$ SO TILL #a#i#d#c4 

.<#h.>,! ,TRIPLE ,ALLIANCE3 ,FOLL[+ ! ,DUAL ,ALLIANCE ( #aigi 7,G]MANY & ,AU/RO-,HUNG>Y7 ! ,TRIPLE ,ALLIANCE WAS =M$ 9 #ahhb BETWE5 ,G]MANY1 ,AU/RO-,HUNG>Y & ,ITALY4 ,RUMANIA JO9$ 9 #a#h#h#c4 ,IT WAS REPUDIAT$ BY ,ITALY 9 #aif AT ! ,ALGECIRAS ,CONF]5CE & ,ITALY F9ALLY JO9$ ! 0,5T5TE0 NATIONS 7,BRITA91 ,FRANCE1 ,RUSSIA7 9 #a#i#a#e4 

.<#i.> ,9 ,JULY #a#i#a#a1 ! ,G]MAN GUNBOAT ,PAN!R SAIL$ TO ,AGADIR1 ,MOROCCO1 0TO PROTECT ,G]MAN 9T]E/S10 I4E4 TO SECURE S\RCES ( IRON ORE = ,MANNESMANN ,/EEL4 ,W> ALMO/ BROKE \T BETWE5 ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY1 BUT ON ,LLOYD-,GEORGE'S ?REAT ( ,BRITI% 9T]V5TION1 ,G]MANY )DREW4 ,AT ! ,TREATY ( ,B]L9 7,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#a7 ,G]MANY WAS GIV5 A SLICE ( ! ,CAM]OONS & GAVE UP H] CLAIMS TO ,MOROCCO 

,! ,PEACE ,CONGRESS AT ,BASEL 7,SWITZ]L&7 WAS HELD AT ! ,BASEL ,M9/] ON #b#d? & #b#e? ,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#b4 ,! IMM$IATE OCCASION WAS ! FE> ( G5]AL ,EUROPEAN W>1 AS ,MONT5EGRO HAD DECL>$ W> ON ,TURKEY 9 ,OCTOB]1 EMBROIL+ ! ,BALKANS4 ,IT WAS ! LA/ PRE-W> MEET+ ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 & ITS SIGNIFICANCE IS ?AT = ! FIR/ TIME A SOCIALI/ PEACE CONF]5CE HAD RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ! P]IOD ( NATIONAL W>S 9 ,EUROPE WAS OV] & ?AT ALL FUTURE W>S W\LD BE IMP]IALI/ W>S4 

.<#a.>,! ,TREATY ( ,%IMONOSEKI 5D$ ! ,S9O-,JAPANESE W> ( #ahie & =EIGN]S W]E GRANT$ ! RI<T TO 9VE/ 9 ,*9A4 

.<#a#a.> ,UND] ! T]MS ( ! ,5T5TE ,CORDIALE BETWE5 ,BRITA9 & ,FRANCE 9 #a#i#d1 ,FRANCE WAS GIV5 A FREE H& 9 ,MOROCCO 9 EX*ANGE = A FREE H& = ,BRITA9 9 ,EGYPT4 

.<#a#b.>,KATZ5JAMM] 7,G]MAN7 ,A CAT]WAUL 7ALSO A HANGOV]74 

.<#a#c.>,P]FIDES ,ALBION 7,FR5*73 ,LA P]FIDE ,ANGLET]RE1 P]FIDI\S ,5GL&1 HAD *ANG$ BY ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION TO ,ALBION P]FIDE4 

.<#a#d.> ,5GL& TOOK ,EGYPT FROM ,TURKEY 9 #ahha & CONSOLIDAT$ ITS HOLD ON S\? ,AFRICA AFT] ! ,BO] ,W> 7,OCTOB] #a#h#i#i-,MAY #a#i#b74 ,FRANCE1 HAV+ BE5 GIV5 A FREE H& 9 ,TUNISIA BY ,BRITA9 9 RETURN = HAV+ BE5 P]MITT$ TO ANNEX ,CYPRUS1 E/ABLI%$ A 0PROTECTORATE0 OV] ,TUNISIA BY ! ,TREATY ( ,KASS> 7#a#a? ,MAY #a#h#h#a74 ,TUNISIA A*IEV$ 9DEP5D5CE ONLY 9 #a#i#e#f4 ,! ,FR5* 9VASION ( ,TONK9 7N[ NOR!RN ,VIETNAM7 DAT$ FROM #a#i#g#c4 ,RUSSIA EXP&$ 9TO ,C5TRAL ,ASIA FOLL[+ ! ,TREATY ( ,B]L9 #a#h#g#h1 :I* =C$ H] TO CONC$E ! CONQUE/S ( ! ,RUSSO-,TURKI% ,W>4 ,ITALY'S =TUNES 9 ,ABYSS9IA FLUCTUAT$ FROM #ahfi TO ! #ahhi TREATY2 9 #ahif ,ITALY WAS DEFEAT$ & ! W> 5D$ = ! TIME BE+ ) ! ,TREATY ( ,ADDIS ,ABABA1 ,OCTOB] #a#h#i#f4 ,AFT] ! ,SPANI%-,AM]ICAN ,W> & ,PEACE ( #a#h#i#h1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ANNEX$ ,GUAM1 ,PU]TO ,RICO & ! ,PHILIPP9ES4 ,G]MANY ANNEX$ ! ,CAM]OONS & ,TOGOL& 9 #a#h#h#d2 EX*ANG$ ,ZANZIB> = ,HELIGOL& ) ,BRITA9 9 #a#h#i4 ,9 #ahig IT COMPELL$ ,*9A TO 0LEASE0 ,TS+TAU 9 ! ,KIA*[ ,BAY = #ii YE>S & ! ,G]MAN FLAG F9ALLY FLEW 9 ! ,F> ,EA/4 

.<#a#e.>,! ,ANGLO-,RUSSIAN ,TREATY ( #c#a/ ,AUGU/ #a#i#g1 :I* DISCUSS$ ,TIBET1 ,AF<ANI/AN & ,P]SIA4 ,P]SIA WAS DIVID$ 9TO ?REE ZONES = DEVELOPM5T4 ,BRITA9 LO/ 9 ! DEAL1 AS OIL WAS SOON DISCOV]$ 9 ! >EA :I* %E HAD AB&ON$4 ,H[EV]1 ! ,ANGLO-,P]SIAN ,OIL ,COMPANY WAS SOON =M$4 

.<#a#f.>,! ,W>S ( #a#h#f#d-#a#h#g W]E ,BISM>CK'S SUCCESSFUL EF=TS TO E/ABLI% ,PRUSSIAN DOM9ATION OV] ,G]MANY4 ,) ,AU/RIA1 ,PRUSSIA F\<T ,D5M>K 9 ,JANU>Y #a#h#f#d4 ,PRUSSIA ANNEX$ ,S*LESWIG1 ,AU/RIA TOOK ,HOL/E94 

,9 #ahff ,PRUSSIA1 HAV+ SECUR$ ! NEUTRALITY ( ,RUSSIA1 ,FRANCE & ,ITALY TURN$ AGA9/ ITS ALLY ( #ahfd & ) A S]IES VICTORIES 5D+ 9 ,SAD[A1 DEFEAT$ ,AU/RIA1 ANNEX+ NEW T]RITORIES & E/ABLI%+ ! DOM9ATION ( ! ,HOH5ZOLL]NS OV] ! NOR? ,G]MAN ,CONF$]ATION & 5D+ ! ,G]MAN ,CONF$]ATION4 

,9 #ahfi ! RUL]S ( BO? ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY WANT$ W>4 ,9 ,MAY ( ?AT YE> ! ,EMPRESS ,EUG5IE HAD DECL>$ ?AT ONLY A W> C\LD SAVE ! ,BONAP>TE DYNA/Y4 ,9 ,SEPTEMB] AN AGREEM5T WAS REA*$ BETWE5 ,AU/RIA1 ,ITALY & ,FRANCE4 ,ON #bND ,JULY #ahg ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T ( ,SPA9 PROMULGAT$ ! C&IDATURE ( ,PR9CE ,LEOPOLD ( ,HOH5ZOLL]N TO SUCCE$ ,QUE5 ,ISABELLA1 :O HAD BE5 DEPOS$ 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#h#f#h4 ,ON #f ,JULY ,FRANCE PROTE/$ & #f DAYS LAT] ! C&IDATURE WAS )DRAWN4 ,ON #g? ,JULY ! ,FR5* AMBASSADOR TO ,G]MANY1 ,B5$ETTI1 DEM&$ AN APOLOGY FROM ! K+ ( ,PRUSSIA & AN UND]TAK+ ?AT A ,HOH5ZOLL]N W\LD NEV] AGA9 ASPIRE TO ! ,SPANI% ?RONE4 ,! ,K+ WAS AT ,EMS TAK+ ! WAT]S4 ,BISM>CK DRAFT$ ! ,K+'S REPLY1 ! N[ FAM\S ,EMS DISPAT*1 MAK+ W> 9EVITABLE4 ,PRUSSIA1 HAV+ NEUTRALIZ$ ,5GL& & ,RUSSIA1 SCOR$ IMM$IATE VICTORIES4 ,ON #b#g? ,OCTOB] #a#g#e1 TROOPS UND] ,M>%AL ,BAZA9E W]E SURR\ND$ AT ,METZ4 ,! MA9 >MY UND] ,M>%AL ,MAC,MAHON & ! ,EMP]OR ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I SURR5D]$ AT ,S$AN AN #bND ,SEPTEMB]4 ,P>IS FELL AFT] A #d-MON? SIEGE 7#a#i? ,SEPTEMB] #a#h#g-#b#h? ,JANU>Y #a#h#g#a74 ,UND] ! ,TREATY ( ,FRANKFURT 7#a? ,MAY #a#h#g#a71 ,FRANCE LO/ ,ALSACE1 ,LORRA9E1 ,MOSELLE1 ,HAUT ,RH9E & ,BAS ,RH9E1 & HAD TO PAY AN 9DEMNITY ( #e BILLION FRANCS4 

.<#a#g.>,G$ANK5 & ,]9N]UNG5 7,G]MAN73 ,BISM>CK'S ,REFLECTIONS & ,REM9ISC5CES1 WRITT5 #a#h#i#f-#i#h4 

.<#a#h.> ,BEG9N+ #a#i#f1 ,AU/RIA APPLI$ ECONOMIC SANCTIONS AGA9/ ,S]BIA :I* F\ND ITS M>KET = LIVE/OCK 9 ,AU/RIA-,HUNG>Y4 ,?IS L$ TO ! 0,PIG ,W>0 ( #aif & LAT] POLITICAL FRICTION4 

.<#a#i.> ,LUXEMBURG'S PR$ICTION PROV$ CORRECT4 ,AT ,V]SAILLES ! ,AU/RO-,HUNG>IAN ,EMPIRE WAS C>V$ UP1 & ,AU/RIA WAS LEFT ) ALMO/ ! SAME T]RITORY AS %E N[ OCCUPIES4 

.<#b.> ,ON #b#h? ,JUNE #a#i#a#d--! ANNIV]S>Y ( ! DEFEAT ( ,S]BIA BY ,TURKEY 9 #a*i & ! DEFEAT ( ! ,TURKS 9 ! #a/ ,BALKAN ,W>--,>*DUKE ,FRANZ ,F]D9&1 ,CR[N ,PR9CE ( ,AU/RIA1 & HIS WIFE1 :O W]E VISIT+ ,S>AJEVO1 !N P>T ( ,AU/RO-,HUNG>Y1 W]E FIR$ AT & KILL$ BY A ,S]BIAN PATRIOT1 ,GAVRILO ,PR9CIP4 

,?IS PROVID$ ! EXCUSE = ,AU/RIA'S ULTIMATUM TO ,S]BIA ON #b#cRD ,JULY #aiad & ! DECL>ATION ( W> ON ! #b#g?4 

,G]MANY1 :OSE ,G5]AL ,/AFF1 HAD HAD ! >MY READY = W> S9CE ! #a/ ,JUNE1 DECL>$ W> ON ,RUSSIA ON #a/ ,AUGU/ & ON ! SAME DAY ! ,G]MAN >MIES ROLL$ 9TO ,BELGIUM & ,LUXEMB\RG AGA9/ ,FRANCE4 

,TODAY ,S>AJEVO IS ! CAPITAL ( ! ,BOSNIA-,H]ZEGOV9A3 ,:5 ,BOSNIA WAS P>T ( ,YUGOSLAVIA ! SPOT :]E ,PR9CIP FIR$ ! HI/ORIC %OTS WAS M>K$ BY A COMMEMORATIVE PLAQUE1 & A BRIDGE NE>BY WAS NAM$ AFT] HIM4 

.<#b#a.> ,! WORDS QUOT$ >E ?OSE ( ,KAIS] ,WILHELM ,I,I4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiad 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,PUBLICATION4 

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