,*APT] #a 

#aiaeaiae 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,! SC5E HAS *ANG$ FUNDAM5TALLY4 ,! SIX WEEKS' M>* TO ,P>IS HAS GR[N 9TO A WORLD DRAMA4.<#a.> ,MASS SLAU<T] HAS BECOME ! TIRESOME & MONOTON\S BUS9ESS ( ! DAY & ! 5D IS NO CLOS]4 ,B\RGEOIS /ATECRAFT IS HELD FA/ 9 ITS [N VISE4 ,! SPIRITS SUMMON$ UP CAN NO LONG] BE EXORCIZ$4 

,GONE IS ! EUPHORIA4 ,GONE ! PATRIOTIC NOISE 9 ! /REETS1 ! *ASE AFT] ! GOLD-COLOR$ AUTOMOBILE1 ONE FALSE TELEGRAM AFT] ANO!R1 ! WELLS POISON$ BY *OL]A1 ! ,RUSSIAN /UD5TS HEAV+ BOMBS OV] EV]Y RAILWAY BRIDGE 9 ,B]L91 ! ,FR5* AIRPLANES OV] ,NUREMB]G1 ! SPY HUNT+ PUBLIC RUNN+ AMOK 9 ! /REETS1 ! SWAY+ CR[DS 9 ! C(FEE %OPS ) E>-DEAF5+ PATRIOTIC SONGS SURG+ EV] HI<]1 :OLE CITY NEI<BORHOODS TRANS=M$ 9TO MOBS READY TO D5\NCE1 TO MI/REAT WOM51 TO %\T HURRAH & TO 9DUCE DELIRIUM 9 !MSELVES BY MEANS ( WILD RUMORS4 ,GONE1 TOO1 IS ! ATMOSPH]E ( RITUAL MURD]1 ! ,KI%9EV AIR :]E ! CROSS+ GU>D IS ! ONLY REMA9+ REPRES5TATIVE ( HUMAN DIGNITY4.<#b.> 

,! SPECTACLE IS OV]4 ,G]MAN S*OL>S1 ?OSE 0/UMBL+ LEMURS10 HAVE BE5 :I/L$ (F ! /AGE LONG AGO4 ,! TRA9S FULL ( RES]VI/S >E NO LONG] ACCOMPANI$ BY VIRG9S FA9T+ FROM PURE JUBILATION4 ,!Y NO LONG] GREET ! PEOPLE FROM ! W9D[S ( ! TRA9 ) JOY\S SMILES4 ,C>RY+ !IR PACKS1 !Y QUIETLY TROT ALONG ! /REETS :]E ! PUBLIC GOES AB\T ITS DAILY BUS9ESS ) AGGRIEV$ VISAGES4 

,9 ! PROSAIC ATMOSPH]E ( PALE DAY !RE S\NDS A DIFF]5T *ORUS - ! HO>SE CRIES ( ! VULTURE & ! HY5AS ( ! BATTLEFIELD4 ,T5 ?\S& T>PAUL9S GU>ANTE$ UP TO REGULATIONS6 ,A HUNDR$ ?\S& KILOS ( BACON1 COCOA P[D]1 C(FEE-SUB/ITUTE - C4O4D1 IMM$IATE DELIV]Y6 ,H& GR5ADES1 LA!S1 C>TRIDGE P\*ES1 M>RIAGE BUREAUS = WID[S ( ! FALL51 LEA!R BELTS1 JOBB]S = W> ORD]S - S]I\S (F]S ONLY6 ,! CANNON FODD] LOAD$ ONTO TRA9S 9 ,AUGU/ & ,SEPTEMB] IS MOLD]+ 9 ! KILL+ FIELDS ( ,BELGIUM1 ! ,VOSGES1 & ,MASURIAN ,LAKES :]E ! PR(ITS >E SPR++ UP LIKE WE$S4 ,IT'S A QUE/ION ( GETT+ ! H>VE/ 9TO ! B>N QUICKLY4 ,ACROSS ! OCEAN /RET* ?\S&S ( GRE$Y H&S TO SNAT* IT UP4 

,BUS9ESS ?RIVES 9 ! RU9S4 ,CITIES BECOME PILES ( RU9S2 VILLAGES BECOME CEMET]IES2 C\NTRIES1 DES]TS2 POPULATIONS >E BEGG>$2 *UR*ES1 HORSE /ALLS4 ,9T]NATIONAL LAW1 TREATIES & ALLIANCES1 ! MO/ SACR$ WORDS & ! HI<E/ AU?ORITY HAVE BE5 TORN 9 %R$S4 ,EV]Y SOV]EIGN 0BY ! GRACE ( ,GOD0 IS CALL$ A ROGUE & LY+ SC\NDREL BY HIS C\S9 ON ! O!R SIDE4 ,EV]Y DIPLOMAT IS A CUNN+ RASCAL TO HIS COLLEAGUES 9 ! O!R P>TY4 ,EV]Y GOV]NM5T SEES EV]Y O!R AS DOOM+ ITS [N PEOPLE & WOR?Y ONLY ( UNIV]SAL CONTEMPT4 ,!RE >E FOOD RIOTS 9 ,V5ICE1 9 ,LISBON1 ,MOSC[1 ,S+APORE4 ,!RE IS PLAGUE 9 ,RUSSIA1 & MIS]Y & DESPAIR EV]Y:]E4 

,VIOLAT$1 DI%ONOR$1 WAD+ 9 BLOOD1 DRIPP+ FIL? - !RE /&S B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,?IS IS IT .<9 REALITY.>4 ,NOT ALL SPIC & SPAN & MORAL1 ) PRET5SE TO CULTURE1 PHILOSOPHY1 E?ICS1 ORD]1 PEACE1 & ! RULE ( LAW - BUT ! RAV5+ BEA/1 ! WIT*ES' SABBA? ( AN>*Y1 A PLAGUE TO CULTURE & HUMANITY4 ,?US IT REVEALS ITSELF 9 ITS TRUE1 ITS NAK$ =M4 

,9 ! MID/ ( ?IS WIT*ES' SABBA? A CATA/ROPHE ( WORLD-HI/ORICAL PROPORTIONS HAS HAPP5$3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY HAS CAPITULAT$4 ,TO DECEIVE \RSELVES AB\T IT1 TO COV] IT UP1 W\LD BE ! MO/ FOOLI%1 ! MO/ FATAL ?+ ! PROLET>IAT C\LD DO4 ,M>X SAYS3 0444! DEMOCRAT 7?AT IS1 ! PETTY B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION>Y7 .<COMES.> \T ( ! MO/ %AMEFUL DEFEATS AS UNM>K$ AS HE NAIVELY W5T 9TO !M2 HE COMES AWAY ) ! NEWLY GA9$ CONVICTION ?AT HE MU/ BE VICTORI\S1 NOT ?AT HE OR HIS P>TY \<T TO GIVE UP ! OLD PR9CIPLES1 BUT ?AT CONDITIONS \<T TO ACCOMMODATE HIM40.<#c.> ,! MOD]N PROLET>IAT COMES \T ( HI/ORICAL TE/S DIFF]5TLY4 ,ITS TASKS & ITS ]RORS >E BO? GIGANTIC3 NO PRESCRIPTION1 NO S*EMA VALID = EV]Y CASE1 NO 9FALLIBLE LEAD] TO %[ IT ! PA? TO FOLL[4 ,HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE IS ITS ONLY S*OOL MI/RESS4 ,ITS ?ORNY WAY TO SELF-EMANCIPATION IS PAV$ NOT ONLY ) IMMEASURABLE SUFF]+ BUT ALSO ) C\NTLESS ]RORS4 ,! AIM ( ITS J\RNEY - ITS EMANCIPATION DEP5DS ON ?IS - IS :E!R ! PROLET>IAT CAN LE>N FROM ITS [N ]RORS4 ,SELF-CRITICISM1 REMORSELESS1 CRUEL1 & GO+ TO ! CORE ( ?+S IS ! LIFE'S BREA? & LI<T ( ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T4 ,! FALL ( ! SOCIALI/ PROLET>IAT 9 ! PRES5T WORLD W> IS UNPREC$5T$4 ,IT IS A MIS=TUNE = HUMANITY4 ,BUT SOCIALISM WILL BE LO/ ONLY IF ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAT FAILS TO MEASURE ! DEP? ( ?IS FALL1 IF IT REFUSES TO LE>N FROM IT4 

,! LA/ =TY-FIVE YE> P]IOD 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! MOD]N LABOR MOVEM5T N[ /&S 9 D\BT4 ,:AT WE >E EXP]I5C+ 9 ?IS CRITIQUE IS A CLOS+ ( ACC\NTS = :AT WILL SOON BE HALF A C5TURY ( WORK AT \R PO/S4 ,! GRAVE ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE 5D$ ! FIR/ PHASE ( ! ,EUROPEAN LABOR MOVEM5T AS WELL AS ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4.<#d.> ,S9CE !N !RE BEGAN A NEW PHASE4 ,9 PLACE ( SPONTANE\S REVOLUTIONS1 RIS+S1 & B>RICADES1 AFT] :I* ! PROLET>IAT EA* TIME FELL BACK 9TO PASSIVITY1 !RE BEGAN ! SY/EMATIC DAILY /RUGGLE1 ! EXPLOITATION ( B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T>IANISM1 MASS ORGANIZATIONS1 ! M>RIAGE ( ! ECONOMIC ) ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 & ?AT ( SOCIALI/ IDEALS ) /UBBORN DEF5SE ( IMM$IATE DAILY 9T]E/S4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME ! POLE/> ( /RICT SCI5TIFIC TEA*+S LIT ! WAY = ! PROLET>IAT & = ITS EMANCIPATION4 ,9/EAD ( SECTS1 S*OOLS1 UTOPIAS1 & ISOLAT$ EXP]IM5TS 9 V>I\S C\NTRIES1 !RE >OSE A UNI=M1 9T]NATIONAL !ORETICAL BASIS :I* B\ND C\NTRIES TOGE!R LIKE ! /R&S ( A ROPE4 ,M>XI/ KN[L$GE GAVE ! WORK+ CLASS ( ! 5TIRE WORLD A COMPASS BY :I* IT CAN MAKE S5SE ( ! WELT] ( DAILY EV5TS & BY :I* IT CAN ALWAYS PLOT ! RI<T C\RSE TO TAKE TO ! FIX$ & F9AL GOAL4 

,%E :O BORE1 *AMPION$1 & PROTECT$ ?IS NEW ME?OD WAS ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 ,! .<,FRANCO-,PRUSSIAN.> ,W> & ! DEFEAT ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE HAD %IFT$ ! C5T] ( GRAVITY = ! ,EUROPEAN WORK]S' MOVEM5T TO ,G]MANY4 ,AS ,FRANCE WAS ! CLASSIC SITE ( ! FIR/ PHASE ( PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE & ,P>IS ! BEAT+1 BLE$+ HE>T ( ! ,EUROPEAN LABOR+ CLASSES ( ?OSE TIMES1 SO ! ,G]MAN WORK]S BECAME ! VANGU>D ( ! SECOND PHASE4 ,BY MEANS ( C\NTLESS SACRIFICES & TIRELESS ATT5TION TO DETAIL1 !Y HAVE BUILT ! /RONGE/ ORGANIZATION1 ! ONE MO/ WOR?Y ( EMULATION2 !Y CREAT$ ! BIGGE/ PRESS1 CALL$ ! MO/ EFFECTIVE MEANS ( $UCATION & 5LI<T5M5T 9TO BE+1 GA!R$ ! MO/ P[]FUL MASSES ( VOT]S & ATTA9$ ! GREATE/ NUMB] ( P>LIAM5T>Y M&ATES4 ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY WAS CONSID]$ ! PURE/ EMBODIM5T ( ,M>XI/ SOCIALISM4 ,%E HAD & LAID CLAIM TO A SPECIAL PLACE 9 ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL - ITS 9/RUCTRESS & LEAD]4.<#e.> 

,9 HIS FAM\S #ahie =EWORD TO ,M>X'S ,! ,CLASS ,/RUGGLES 9 ,FRANCE1 #a#h#d#h-#a#h#e1 ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS WROTE3 

0,NO MATT] :AT HAPP5S 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY HAS A SPECIAL POSITION & !RE=E A SPECIAL TASK1 AT LEA/ = ! TIME BE+4 ,! TWO MILLION VOT]S IT S5DS TO ! BALLOT BOX1 & ! Y\NG M5 & WOM5 :O1 AL?\< NONVOT]S1 /& BEH9D !M1 CON/ITUTE ! MO/ NUM]\S & COMPACT MASS1 ! 'DECISIVE =CE' ( ! PROLET>IAN >MY40 

,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 AS ! ,VI5NA ,>BEIT]ZEITUNG WROTE ON ,AUGU/ #e1 #a#i#a#d1 WAS 0! JEWEL ( CLASS-CONSCI\S PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATIONS40 ,9 H] FOOT/EPS TROD ! 9CREAS+LY 5?USIA/IC ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS ( ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY1 & ,BELGIUM1 ! LABOR MOVEM5TS ( ,HOLL&1 ,SC&9AVIA1 ,SWITZ]L&1 & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,! ,SLAVIC C\NTRIES1 ! ,RUSSIANS1 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS ( ! ,BALKANS LOOK$ UPON .<,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY.> ) LIMITLESS1 NE>LY UNCRITICAL1 ADMIRATION4 ,9 ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL ! ,G]MAN 0DECISIVE =CE0 PLAY$ ! DET]M9+ ROLE4 ,AT ! .<9T]NATIONAL.> CONGRESSES1 9 ! MEET+S ( ! 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALI/ BUREAUS1 ALL AWAIT$ ! OP9ION ( ! ,G]MANS4 ,ESPECIALLY 9 ! QUE/IONS ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ MILIT>ISM & W>1 ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ALWAYS TOOK ! LEAD4 0,= US ,G]MANS ?AT IS UNACCEPTABLE0 REGUL>LY SUFFIC$ TO DECIDE ! ORI5TATION ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 :I* BL9DLY BE/[$ ITS CONFID5CE UPON ! ADMIR$ LEAD]%IP ( ! MI<TY ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY3 ! PRIDE ( EV]Y SOCIALI/ & ! T]ROR ( ! RUL+ CLASSES EV]Y:]E4 

,& :AT DID WE 9 ,G]MANY EXP]I5CE :5 ! GREAT HI/ORICAL TE/ CAME8 ,! MO/ PRECIPIT\S FALL1 ! MO/ VIOL5T COLLAPSE4 ,NO:]E HAS ! ORGANIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAT BE5 YOK$ SO COMPLETELY TO ! S]VICE ( IMP]IALISM4 ,NO:]E IS ! /ATE ( SIEGE BORNE SO DOCILELY4.<#f.> ,NO:]E IS ! PRESS SO HOBBL$1 PUBLIC OP9ION SO /IFL$1 ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL CLASS /RUGGLE ( ! WORK+ CLASS SO TOTALLY SURR5D]$ AS 9 ,G]MANY4 

,BUT ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY WAS NOT M]ELY ! /RONGE/ VANGU>D TROOP1 IT WAS ! ?9K+ HEAD ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,= ?IS REASON1 WE MU/ BEG9 ! ANALYSIS1 ! SELF-EXAM9ATION PROCESS1 ) ITS FALL4 ,IT HAS ! DUTY TO BEG9 ! SALVATION ( 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM1 ?AT MEANS UNSP>+ CRITICISM ( ITSELF4 ,NONE ( ! O!R P>TIES1 NONE ( ! O!R CLASSES ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 MAY LOOK CLE>LY & OP5LY 9TO ! MIRROR ( !IR [N ]RORS1 !IR [N WEAKNESSES1 = ! MIRROR REFLECTS !IR HI/ORICAL LIMITATIONS & ! HI/ORICAL DOOM ?AT AWAITS !M4 ,! WORK+ CLASS CAN BOLDLY LOOK TRU? /RAI<T 9 ! FACE1 EV5 ! BITT]E/ SELF-R5UNCIATION1 = ITS WEAKNESSES >E ONLY CONFUSION4 ,! /RICT LAW ( HI/ORY GIVES BACK ITS P[]1 /&S GU>ANTEE = ITS F9AL VICTORY4 

,UNSP>+ SELF-CRITICISM IS NOT M]ELY AN ESS5TIAL = ITS EXI/5CE BUT ! WORK+ CLASS'S SUPREME DUTY4 ,ON \R %IP WE HAVE ! MO/ VALUABLE TREASURES ( MANK9D1 & ! PROLET>IAT IS !IR ORDA9$ GU>DIAN6 ,& :ILE B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 %AM$ & DI%ONOR$ BY ! BLOODY ORGY1 RU%ES HEADLONG T[>D ITS DOOM1 ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAT MU/ & WILL GA!R UP ! GOLD5 TREASURE ?AT1 9 A MOM5T ( WEAKNESS & CONFUSION 9 ! *AOS ( ! WORLD W>1 IT HAS ALL[$ TO S9K TO ! GR\ND4 

,ONE ?+ IS C]TA94 ,! WORLD W> IS A TURN+ PO9T4 ,IT IS FOOLI% & MAD TO IMAG9E ?AT WE NE$ ONLY SURVIVE ! W>1 LIKE A RABBIT WAIT+ \T ! /ORM UND] A BU%1 9 ORD] TO FALL HAPPILY BACK 9TO ! OLD R\T9E ONCE IT IS OV]4 ,! WORLD W> HAS ALT]$ ! CONDITIONS ( \R /RUGGLE &1 MO/ ( ALL1 IT HAS *ANG$ US4 ,NOT ?AT ! BASIC LAW ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 ! LIFE-&-DEA? W> BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR1 WILL EXP]I5CE ANY AMELIORATION4 ,BUT N[1 9 ! MID/ ( ! W>1 ! MASKS >E FALL+ & ! OLD FAMILI> VISAGES SMIRK AT US4 ,! TEMPO ( DEVELOPM5T HAS RECEIV$ A MI<TY JOLT FROM ! ]UPTION ( ! VOLCANO ( IMP]IALISM4 ,! VIOL5CE ( ! CONFLICTS 9 ! BOSOM ( SOCIETY1 ! 5ORM\SNESS ( ! TASKS ?AT T[] UP BE=E ! SOCIALI/ PROLET>IAT - !SE MAKE EV]Y?+ ?AT HAS TRANSPIR$ 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T SEEM A PLEASANT IDYLL4 

,HI/ORICALLY1 ?IS W> WAS ORDA9$ TO ?RU/ =W>D ! CAUSE ( ! PROLET>IAT 444 ,IT WAS ORDA9$ TO DRIVE ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT TO ! P9NACLE ( ! NATION & !REBY BEG9 TO ORGANIZE ! 9T]NATIONAL & UNIV]SAL CONFLICT BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR = POLITICAL P[] )9 ! /ATE4 

,& DID WE 5VISION A DIFF]5T ROLE = ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! WORLD W>8 ,LET US RECALL H[ WE1 ONLY A %ORT :ILE AGO1 W]E ACCU/OM$ TO DESCRIBE ! FUTURE3 

,!N COMES ! CATA/ROPHE4 ,!N ! GREAT MOBILIZATION WILL TAKE PLACE 9 ,EUROPE2 #a#f-#a#h MILLION M51 ! FL[] ( ! V>I\S NATIONS1 >M$ ) ! BE/ TOOLS ( DEA?1 WILL 5T] ! FIELD AS 5EMIES4 ,BUT1 ,I AM CONV9C$1 ?AT BEH9D ! GREAT MOBILIZATION !RE /&S ! GREAT HAVOC4 ,IT WILL NOT COME ?R\< \R AG5CY1 BUT RA!R Y\RS4 ,Y\ >E DRIV+ ?+S TO ! LIMIT4 ,Y\ >E LEAD+ US TO CATA/ROPHE4 ,Y\ WILL REAP :AT Y\ HAVE S[N4 ,! ,GOTT]DAMM]UNG ( ! B\RGEOIS WORLD APPROA*ES4 ,BELIEVE IT6 ,IT IS APPROA*+6 .<,ALL ITALICS >E ,LUXEMBURG'S4.> 

,?US SPOKE \R LEAD]1 .<,AUGU/.> ,BEBEL.<#g.>1 DUR+ ! ,REI*/AG DEBATE ON ! ,MOROCCO ,CRISIS4 

,IMP]IALISM OR ,SOCIALISM81 ! (FICIAL P>TY PAMPHLET DI/RIBUT$ 9 HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( COPIES A FEW YE>S AGO1 CLOSES ) !SE WORDS3 

,?US ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ IMP]IALISM DEVELOPS EV] MORE 9TO ! DECISIVE /RUGGLE BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR4 ,W> CRISES1 RIS+ PRICES1 CAPITALISM VS4 PEACE1 WELF>E = ALL1 SOCIALISM6 ,?US IS ! QUE/ION /AT$4 ,HI/ORY IS MOV+ T[>D GREAT DECISIONS4 ,! PROLET>IAT MU/ WORK UNCEAS+LY AT ITS WORLD-HI/ORICAL TASK1 /R5G!N ITS ORGANIZATION1 ! CL>ITY ( ITS UND]/&+4 ,!N COME :AT MAY1 BE IT ?AT .<PROLET>IAN.> P[] SP>ES MANK9D ! T]RIBLE CRUELTY ( A WORLD W>1 OR BE IT ?AT ! CAPITALI/ WORLD S9KS 9TO HI/ORY 9 ! SAME WAY AS IT WAS BORN1 9 BLOOD & VIOL5CE4 .<,9 EI!R CASE.> ! HI/ORICAL H\R WILL F9D ! WORK+ CLASS PREP>$ - & PREP>ATION IS EV]Y?+4 .<,ALL ITALICS >E ,LUXEMBURG'S4.> 

,! (FICIAL ,H&BOOK = ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,VOT]S 7#a#i#a#a71 = ! LA/ ,REI*/AG ELECTION1 SAYS ON P4#d#b CONC]N+ ! EXPECT$ WORLD W>3 

,DO \R RUL]S & RUL+ CLASSES EXPECT ! PEOPLES TO P]MIT ?IS AWFUL ?+8 ,WILL NOT A CRY ( HORROR1 ( SCORN1 ( \TRAGE NOT SEIZE ! PEOPLES & CAUSE !M TO PUT AN 5D TO ?IS MURD]8 ,WILL !Y NOT ASK3 ,= :OM8 :AT'S IT ALL =8 ,>E WE M5TALLY DI/URB$ TO BE TREAT$ ?IS WAY1 TO ALL[ \RSELVES TO BE SO TREAT$8 ,HE :O IS CALMLY CONV9C$ ( ! PROBABILITY ( A GREAT ,EUROPEAN W> CAN COME TO NO O!R CONCLUSION ?AN ! FOLL[+3 ,! NEXT ,EUROPEAN W> WILL BE SU* A DESP]ATE GAMBLE AS ! WORLD HAS NEV] SE54 ,9 ALL PROBABILITY IT WILL BE ! LA/ W>4 

,) SPEE*ES & WORDS SU* AS !SE1 \R CURR5T ,REI*/AG DEPUTIES ACQUIR$ !IR #aa M&ATES4 

,9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#a#a1 :5 ! ,PAN!R MADE ITS LUNGE TO ,AGADIR.<#h.> & ! NOISY AGITATION ( ! ,G]MAN IMP]IALI/S PUT W> 9 ! IMM$IATE (F+1 AN 9T]NATIONAL MEET+ 9 ,LONDON ACCEPT$ ! FOLL[+ RESOLUTION 7,AUGU/ #d1 #a#i#a#a73 

,! DELEGATES ( ! ,G]MAN1 ,SPANI%1 ,5GLI%1 ,DUT*1 & ,FR5* WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS DECL>E !MSELVES TO BE READY TO OPPOSE ANY DECL>ATION ( W> ) ALL ! MEANS AT !IR DISPOSAL4 ,EV]Y REPRES5T$ NATION UND]TAKES ! OBLIGATION1 ACCORD+ TO ! RESOLUTIONS ( NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL CONGRESSES1 TO ACT AGA9/ ALL CRIM9AL MA*9ATIONS ( ! RUL+ CLASSES4 

,:51 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#b1 ! CONGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL MET 9 ! M9/] AT ,BASEL & :5 ! LONG PROCESSION ( WORK] REPRES5TATIVES 5T]$ ! CA!DRAL1 EV]YONE PRES5T FELT A PRES5TIM5T ( ! GREATNESS ( ! COM+ DE/9Y & A H]OIC RESOLVE4 

,! COOL1 SKEPTICAL ,VICTOR ,ADL] SPOKE3 

,COMRADES1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT ?+ IS ?AT WE >E H]E AT ! COMMON S\RCE ( \R /R5G?1 ?AT WE CAN DRAW FROM ?IS /R5G? SO ?AT EA* CAN DO 9 HIS [N C\NTRY :AT HE CAN1 ACCORD+ TO ! =MS & MEANS ?AT WE HAVE1 TO OPPOSE ! CRIME ( W> ) ALL ! P[] WE POSSESS4 ,& IF IT CAN BE /OPP$1 IF IT IS REALLY /OPP$1 !N WE MU/ SEE TO IT ?AT IT BECOMES A CORN]/ONE = ! 5D .<( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY.>4 ,?IS IS ! MOV+ SPIRIT = ! :OLE ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,& IF MURD] & >SON & PE/IL5CE >E UNLEA%$ ?R\<\T CIVILIZ$ ,EUROPE - WE CAN ONLY ?9K ( ?IS ) HORROR1 \TRAGE & 9DIGNATION *URN+ 9 \R BREA/S4 ,& WE ASK \RSELVES3 >E WE M51 >E ! PROLET>IANS ( TODAY /ILL %EEP ?AT !Y CAN BE L$ DUMBLY TO SLAU<T]8 444 

,& .<,JEAN.> ,JAURES CONCLUD$ ! READ+ ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BUREAU'S MANIFE/O AGA9/ ! W> ) !SE WORDS3 

,! ,9T]NATIONAL REPRES5TS ALL ! MORAL =CE ( ! WORLD6 ,& IF ! TRAGIC H\R /RIKES & WE MU/ GIVE \RSELVES UP TO IT1 ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ?IS WILL SUPPORT & /R5G!N US4 ,WE DO NOT M]ELY SAY 0NO0 BUT FROM ! DEP? ( \R HE>TS WE DECL>E \RSELVES READY TO SACRIFICE EV]Y?+4 

,IT WAS REM9ISC5T ( ! ,OA? ( ,RUETLI4.<#i.> ,! WORLD DIRECT$ ITS GAZE TO ! *UR* AT ,BASEL :]E ! BELL S\ND$ SOLEMNLY = ! FUTURE GREAT BATTLE BETWE5 ! >MY ( LABOR & ! P[] ( CAPITAL 444 

,EV5 A WEEK BE=E ! \TBREAK ( W>1 ON ,JULY #b#f1 #a#i#a#d1 ,G]MAN P>TY NEWSPAP]S WROTE3 

,WE >E NOT M>IONETTES4 ,WE COMBAT ) ALL \R 5]GY A SY/EM ?AT MAKES M5 9TO WILL-LESS TOOLS ( BL9D CIRCUM/ANCE1 ?IS CAPITALISM ?AT SEEKS TO TRANS=M A ,EUROPE ?IR/+ = PEACE 9TO A /EAM+ SLAU<T]H\SE4 ,IF DE/RUCTION HAS ITS WAY1 IF ! UNIT$ WILL TO PEACE ( ! ,G]MAN1 ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAT1 :I* WILL MAKE ITSELF KN[N 9 P[]FUL DEMON/RATIONS 9 ! COM+ DAYS1 IF ! WORLD W> CANNOT BE F5D$ (F1 !N AT LEA/ ?IS %\LD BE ! LA/ W>1 IT %\LD BECOME ! ,G8TT]D8MM]UNG ( CAPITALISM4 7,FRANKFURT] ,VOLKS/IMME7 

,!N ON ,JULY #c1 #a#i#a#d1 ! C5TRAL ORGAN ( ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY /AT$3 

,! SOCIALI/ PROLET>IAT REJECTS ANY RESPONSIBILITY = ! EV5TS BE+ BR\<T AB\T BY A BL9D$1 A MADD5$ RUL+ CLASS4 ,LET IT BE KN[N ?AT A NEW LIFE %ALL BLOOM FROM ! RU9S4 ,ALL RESPONSIBILITY FALLS TO ! WIELD]S ( P[] TODAY6 ,IT IS 0TO BE OR NOT TO BE60 0,WORLD-HI/ORY IS ! WORLD-C\RT60 

,& !N CAME ! UNHE>D (1 ! UNPREC$5T$1 ! #d? ( ,AUGU/ #a#i#a#d4 

,DID IT HAVE TO COME8 ,AN EV5T ( ?IS SCOPE IS C]TA9LY NO GAME ( *ANCE4 ,IT MU/ HAVE DEEP & WIDE-REA*+ OBJECTIVE CAUSES4 ,!SE CAUSES CAN1 H[EV]1 ALSO LIE 9 ! ]RORS ( ! LEAD] ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 9 ! WAN+ ( \R FI<T+ SPIRIT1 \R C\RAGE1 & LOYALTY TO \R CONVICTIONS4 ,SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM HAS TAU<T US TO COMPREH5D ! OBJECTIVE LAWS ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,M5 DO NOT MAKE HI/ORY ACCORD+ TO !IR [N FREE WILL4 ,BUT !Y MAKE HI/ORY NONE!LESS4 ,PROLET>IAN ACTION IS DEP5D5T UPON ! DEGREE ( MATURITY 9 SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,H[EV]1 SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T IS NOT 9DEP5D5T ( ! PROLET>IAT BUT IS EQUALLY ITS DRIV+ =CE & CAUSE1 ITS EFFECT & CONSEQU5CE4 .<,PROLET>IAN.> ACTION P>TICIPATES 9 HI/ORY4 ,& :ILE WE CAN AS LITTLE SKIP A /AGE ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T AS ESCAPE \R %AD[1 WE CAN C]TA9LY ACCEL]ATE OR RET>D HI/ORY4 

,SOCIALISM IS ! FIR/ POPUL> MOVEM5T 9 WORLD HI/ORY ?AT HAS SET ITSELF ! GOAL ( BR++ HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS1 & !REBY FREE WILL1 9TO PLAY 9 ! SOCIAL ACTIONS ( MANK9D4 ,= ?IS REASON1 ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS DESIGNAT$ ! F9AL VICTORY ( ! SOCIALI/ PROLET>IAT A LEAP ( HUMANITY FROM ! ANIMAL WORLD 9TO ! REALM ( FRE$OM4 ,?IS 0LEAP0 IS ALSO AN IRON LAW ( HI/ORY B\ND TO ! ?\S&S ( SE$S ( A PRIOR TORM5T-FILL$ & ALL-TOO-SL[ DEVELOPM5T4 ,BUT ?IS CAN NEV] BE REALIZ$ UNTIL ! DEVELOPM5T ( COMPLEX MAT]IAL CONDITIONS /RIKES ! 9C5DI>Y SP>K ( CONSCI\S WILL 9 ! GREAT MASSES4 ,! VICTORY ( SOCIALISM WILL NOT DESC5D FROM HEAV54 ,IT CAN ONLY BE WON BY A LONG *A9 ( VIOL5T TE/S ( /R5G? BETWE5 ! OLD & ! NEW P[]S4 ,! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAT UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS WILL !REBY LE>N TO TRY TO TAKE ITS HI/ORY 9TO ITS [N H&S2 9/EAD ( REMA9+ A WILL-LESS FOOTBALL1 IT WILL TAKE ! TILL] ( SOCIAL LIFE & BECOME ! PILOT TO ! GOAL ( ITS [N HI/ORY4 

,FRI$RI* ,5GELS ONCE SAID3 0,B\RGEOIS SOCIETY /&S AT ! CROSSROADS1 EI!R TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM OR REGRESSION 9TO B>B>ISM40 ,:AT DOES 0REGRESSION 9TO B>B>ISM0 MEAN TO \R L(TY ,EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION8 ,UNTIL N[1 WE HAVE ALL PROBABLY READ & REPEAT$ !SE WORDS ?\<TLESSLY1 )\T SUSPECT+ !IR FE>SOME S]I\SNESS4 ,A LOOK >\ND US AT ?IS MOM5T %[S :AT ! REGRESSION ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY 9TO B>B>ISM MEANS4 ,?IS WORLD W> IS A REGRESSION 9TO B>B>ISM4 ,! TRIUMPH ( IMP]IALISM LEADS TO ! ANNIHILATION ( CIVILIZATION4 ,AT FIR/1 ?IS HAPP5S SPORADICALLY = ! DURATION ( A MOD]N W>1 BUT !N :5 ! P]IOD ( UNLIMIT$ W>S BEG9S IT PROGRESSES T[>D ITS 9EVITABLE CONSEQU5CES4 ,TODAY1 WE FACE ! *OICE EXACTLY AS ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS =ESAW IT A G5]ATION AGO3 EI!R ! TRIUMPH ( IMP]IALISM & ! COLLAPSE ( ALL CIVILIZATION AS 9 ANCI5T ,ROME1 DEPOPULATION1 DESOLATION1 DEG5]ATION - A GREAT CEMET]Y4 ,OR ! VICTORY ( SOCIALISM1 ?AT MEANS ! CONSCI\S ACTIVE /RUGGLE ( ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAT AGA9/ IMP]IALISM & ITS ME?OD ( W>4 ,?IS IS A DILEMMA ( WORLD HI/ORY1 AN EI!R_/OR2 ! SCALES >E WAV]+ BE=E ! DECISION ( ! CLASS-CONSCI\S PROLET>IAT4 ,! FUTURE ( CIVILIZATION & HUMANITY DEP5DS ON :E!R OR NOT ! PROLET>IAT RESOLVES MANFULLY TO ?R[ ITS REVOLUTION>Y BROADSWORD 9TO ! SCALES4 ,9 ?IS W> IMP]IALISM HAS WON4 ,ITS BLOODY SWORD ( G5OCIDE HAS BRUTALLY TILT$ ! SCALE T[>D ! ABYSS ( MIS]Y4 ,! ONLY COMP5SATION = ALL ! MIS]Y & ALL ! %AME W\LD BE IF WE LE>N FROM ! W> H[ ! PROLET>IAT CAN SEIZE MA/]Y ( ITS [N DE/9Y & ESCAPE ! ROLE ( ! LACKEY TO ! RUL+ CLASSES4 

,DE>LY B\<T IS ! MOD]N WORK+ CLASS'S UND]/&+ ( ITS HI/ORICAL VOCATION4 ,ITS EMANCIPATION AS A CLASS IS S[N ) FE>FUL SACRIFICES1 A V]ITABLE PA? TO ,GOLGO?A4 ,! ,JUNE DAYS1 ! SACRIFICE ( ! ,COMMUNE1 ! M>TYRS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION - A DANCE ( BLOODY %AD[S )\T NUMB]4.<#a.> ,ALL FELL ON ! FIELD ( HONOR4 ,!Y >E1 AS ,M>X WROTE AB\T ! H]OES ( ! ,COMMUNE1 ET]NALLY 05%R9$ 9 ! GREAT HE>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS40 ,N[1 MILLIONS ( PROLET>IANS ( ALL TONGUES FALL UPON ! FIELD ( DI%ONOR1 ( FRATRICIDE1 LAC]AT+ !MSELVES :ILE ! SONG ( ! SLAVE IS ON !IR LIPS4 ,?IS1 TOO1 WE >E NOT SP>$4 ,WE >E LIKE ! ,JEWS ?AT ,MOSES L$ ?R\< ! DES]T4 ,BUT WE >E NOT LO/1 & WE WILL BE VICTORI\S IF WE HAVE NOT UNLE>N$ H[ TO LE>N4 ,& IF ! PRES5T LEAD]S ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 DO NOT UND]/& H[ TO LE>N1 !N !Y WILL GO UND] 0TO MAKE ROOM = PEOPLE CAPABLE ( DEAL+ ) A NEW WORLD40 

,FOOTNOTES 

.<#a.> ,SIX WEEKS WAS ! TIME ALLOTT$ = VICTORY ON ! ,WE/]N ,FRONT BY ! ,S*LIEFF5 ,PLAN4 ,! G5]AL /AFF WAS =C$ TO SCRAP ! PLAN 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#d1 AS ! W> ( MOVEM5T SWIFTLY EVOLV$ 9TO GR9D+ TR5* W>F>E4 

.<#b.> ,= ?REE DAYS 9 ,APRIL #a#i#c1 ,KI%9EV1 ! PROV9CIAL CAPITAL ( ,BESS>ABIA 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE1 WAS ! SC5E ( AN ANTI-,JEWI% RIOT4 ,ACCORD+ TO AN (FICIAL REPORT1 MORE ?AN FIFTY ,JEWS W]E KILL$ & OV] FIVE HUNDR$ 9JUR$2 HUNDR$S ( HOMES & %OPS W]E PLUND]$ & V&ALIZ$4 ,LOCAL AU?ORITIES SUPPORT$ ANTISEMITIC ORGANIZATIONS & DELIB]ATELY MAXIMIZ$ ! C>NAGE BY HOLD+ BACK ON ! USE ( =CE TO REE/ABLI% ORD]4 ,LUXEMBURG H]E USES ! REF]5CE TO ! ,KI%9EV POGROM & TO 0RITUAL MURD]0 - ! M$IEVAL BELIEF ?AT ,JEWS US$ ! BLOOD ( ,*RI/IANS1 USUALLY *ILDR51 = RITUAL PURPOSES - AS ! NADIR ( CIVILIZATION4 

.<#c.> ,QUOT+ ,K>L ,M>X1 ,! ,EI<TE5? ,BRUMAIRE ( ,L\IS ,BONAP>TE 7#a#h#e#b74 

.<#d.> ,AT ! CLOSE ( ! ,FRANCO-,PRUSSIAN ,W> ( #a#h#g-#g#a1 BESIEG$ ,P>IS REVOLT$ AGA9/ ! REGUL> ,FR5* GOV]NM5T 7SITT+ 9 ,BORDEAUX74 ,= T5 WEEKS REPRES5TATIVES ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ORGANIZ$ AS ! ,COMMUNE1 RUL$ 0! CAPITAL ( ,EUROPE0 ) AN EFFICI5CY & FAIRNESS ?AT SURPRIS$ & DI/URB$ ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES ALL OV] ,EUROPE4 ,REC\P+ ITS =CES1 ! ELECT$ ,FR5* GOV]NM5T RETOOK ,P>IS 9 /REET-BY-/REET FI<T+ M>K$ BY WANTON ATROCITIES & DE/RUCTION ( PROP]TY ON BO? SIDES4 ,! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 F\ND$ ) ! COLLABORATION ( ,K>L ,M>X 9 #a#h#f#d1 WAS FALSELY ACCUS$ ( FOM5T+ ! ,COMMUNE1 BUT DEF5D$ IT AGAISNT ! ATTACKS ( ,REACTION 7CF4 ,M>X'S ,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE74 ,ITS TRUE PURPOSE WAS TO UNITE WORK+ CLASS P>TIES 9 PURSUIT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y GOALS FIR/ \TL9$ 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O 7#a#h#d#h74 ,BUT AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ! ,COMMUNE1 DOCTR9AL DIVISIONS & FACTIONALISM P>ALYZ$ ! ORGANIZATION :I* MET = ! LA/ TIME 9 ,PHILADELPHIA 9 #a#h#g#d4 

.<#e.> ,! SUCCESSOR TO ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! ,SECOND TOOK =M 9 #ahhi & COORD9AT$ MO/ ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC P>TIES ( ,EUROPE FROM ITS C5TRAL (FICES 9 ,BRUSSELS4 ,WORLD ,W> ,I DE/ROY$ ! VIABILITY ( ! ORGANIZATION1 AL?\< IT CONT9U$ TO FUNCTION AS ! VOICE ( MOD]ATE SOCIALI/S AS OPPOS$ TO ! MORE RADICAL COMMUNI/ P>TIES >RAY$ 9 ,L59'S ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL OR ,COM9T]N 7#a#i#a#i-#d#c74 

.<#f.> ,) MOBILIZATION AT ! \TBREAK ( ! W>1 ! ROLE ( ! CIVILIAN SECTOR 9 ,G]MANY %RANK CONT9UALLY4 ,! C\NTRY WAS DIVID$ 9TO DEF5SE SECTORS & COMM&+ G5]ALS )9 !SE TOOK OV] ALL ! FUNCTIONS ( GOV]NM5T2 !Y C\LD SUSP5D CIVIL RI<TS1 >RE/ 9DIVIDUALS UND] ! GUISE ( PROTECTIVE CU/ODY1 & EX]CIZE CONSID]ABLE P[]S ( C5SOR%IP4 ,?US !Y W]E ABLE TO /IFLE DISS5T & P>TICUL>LY TO RE/RICT NEWS ( ! MILIT>Y FAILURES4 

.<#g.>,AUGU/ ,BEBEL 7#a#h#d-#a#i#a#c71 AN AU!NTIC WORK]1 S+LEH&$LY ORGANIZ$ ! ,M>XI/ BRAN* ( ! ,G]MAN LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ! #a#h#fS & !N GUID$ IT UNTIL HIS DEA?4 ,! ,SECOND ,MOROCCO ,CRISIS ( #aiaa >\S$ FE>S ( IMM95T ,EUROPEAN W>4 ,! CRISIS RESOLUTION 5TAIL$ ,G]MANY'S RECOGNITION ( A ,FR5* PROTECTORATE 9 EX*ANGE = A L>GE1 RELATIVELY WOR?LESS /RIP ( ,FR5* ,EQUATORIAL ,AFRICA4 ,:ILE ,BRITA9 /RONGLY SUPPORT$ ITS ,FR5* ALLY1 ,G]MANY HAD HAD TO BACK D[N :5 ITS [N ALLIES %[$ CLE> UNWILL+NESS TO GO TO W> ON BEHALF ( OV]SEAS 9T]E/S4 ,NATIONALI/S AT HOME REG>D$ ! \TCOME AS A HUMILIATION1 FUR!R PRO( ?AT ! ,KAIS]'S GOV]NM5T WAS 9CAPABLE ( DIRECT+ ! DRIVE = WORLD P[]4 ,LEFTI/S SAW ! CRISIS AS OM9\S PRO( ( ! 9T5TIONS ( MILIT>I/S & IMP]IALI/S4 

.<#h.> ,S5D+ ! ,G]MAN GUNBOAT1 ,PAN!R1 TO ,AGADIR1 A PORT 9 ,MOROCCO1 WAS ! ,KAIS]'S WAY ( ANN\NC+ HIS 9T5TION ( PROTECT+ ,G]MAN 9T]E/S4 ,! SYMBOLIC ATTEMPT TO PREEMPT ,FR5* DESIGNS ON ]ECT+ A PROTECTORATE OV] ,MOROCCO WAS SE5 AS A PROVOCATION & HELP$ ! CONFLICT 9 9T]E/ ESCALATE 9TO A FULL-BL[N CRISIS4 

.<#i.> ,ACCORD+ TO LEG5D1 ,WILHELM ,TELL & REPRES5TATIVES ( ?REE ,SWISS CANTONS MET AT ,RUETLI 9 #acg TO PL$GE RESI/ANCE AGA9/ ,AU/RIAN TYRANNY1 ! TRADITIONAL F\NDATION ( ,SWISS FRE$OM4 

.<#a.> ,9 ,JUNE #a#h#d#h1 F\R MON?S AFT] ! REVOLUTION>Y OV]?R[ ( ! ,ORLEANI/ MON>*Y 9 ,FRANCE1 ! CONS]VATIVE B\RGEOISIE REGA9$ CONTROL ( ,P>IS AMID /REET-FI<T+ & GREAT BLOOD%$4 ,! DEFEAT ( ! ,P>ISIAN COMMUN>DS 9 ,JUNE #ahga BY REGUL> ,FR5* =CES WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY MASS EXECUTIONS & LAT] DEPORTATIONS4 ,! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION REF]R$ TO BY ,LUXEMBURG TOOK PLACE 9 #a#i#e4 ,BRIEFLY1 WORK]S' SOVIETS 7C\NCILS7 CONTROLL$ ,/4 ,PET]SBURG & ,MOSC[1 BUT ,CZ>I/ =CES W]E ABLE TO QUELL ! REVOLUTION>IES & REE/ABLI% A SOME:AT MODIFI$ AUTOCRACY4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiad 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,PUBLICATION4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/