,! IRRESI/IBLE CORRECTNESS ( AN>*ISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,IA9 ,MC,KAY 

,TEXT 3 

,! ,RESI/IBLE ,RISE ( ,B5ITO ,MUSSOL9I1 ,TOM ,BEHAN1 ,BOOKM>KS1 #b#c1 ,G,B,P#h 

0,IF ! AN>*I/S >E NOT C>EFUL1 !IR 5EMIES WILL WRITE !IR HI/ORY0 7,GAETANO ,SALVEM9I7 .<#a.> 

,! RISE ( FASCISM 9 ,ITALY IS A SUBJECT ?AT %\LD BE ( 9T]E/ TO AN>*I/S4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE ,MUSSOL9I'S RISE CANNOT BE DETA*$ FROM ! BI5NIO ROSSO1 ! TWO R$ YE>S ( #aiai & #a#i#b4 ,?IS REA*$ ITS PEAK ) ! FACTORY OCCUPATIONS ( #a#i#b1 :5 HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( WORK]S TOOK OV] !IR WORKPLACES & PEASANTS SQUATT$ ! L& !Y US$ BUT DID NOT [N4 ,ITALY WAS ON ! V]GE ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,FASCISM WAS A RESPONSE TO ?IS1 A TOOL BY ! RUL+ CLASS TO CRU% WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATION1 RESI/ANCE & P[]4 ,IT WAS1 TO USE ,LUIGI ,FABBRI'S EXPRESSION1 A 0PREV5TATIVE C\NT]-REVOLUTION40 

,UN=TUNATELY1 !RE >E FEW1 IF ANY1 DEC5T BOOKS ON ?IS P]IOD 9 ,5GLI%4 ,! BE/ BOOKS ON ! FACTORY OCCUPATIONS >E \T ( PR9T4 .<#b.> ,AS = WORK+ CLASS RESI/ANCE TO FASCISM1 ! SITUATION IS EV5 WORSE4 ,ALL ( :I* MADE ! REC5T PUBLICATION ( ,TOM ,BEHAN'S 0,! ,RESI/IBLE ,RISE ( ,B5ITO ,MUSSOL9I0 POT5TIALLY V]Y IMPORTANT4 ,?IS BOOK1 BY ! ,U,K'S ,SOCIALI/ ,WORK] ,P>TY'S PUBLI%] ,BOOKM>KS1 CLAIM$ TO BE ! AB\T ! 0,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO0 7,AD,P71 ! FIR/ ANTI-FASCI/ MOVEM5T 9 ! WORLD4 ,ITS NAME LIT]ALLY MEANS ! 0PEOPLE'S %OCK TROOPS0 & ITS GR\PS MANAG$ TO /OP ,MUSSOL9I'S ,BLACK ,%IRTS ON NUM]\S OCCASIONS FROM ATTACK+ WORK+ CLASS >EAS4 

,?IS GR\P1 LIKE POPUL> RESI/ANCE 9 G5]AL1 IS R>ELY M5TION$ 9 ACC\NTS ( ! RISE ( ,FASCISM4 ,EXCEPT = ! PAMPHLET 0,R$ ,YE>S1 ,BLACK ,YE>S0 ON AN>*I/ RESI/ANCE .<#c.> & A %ORT >TICLE 9 ,ANTI-,FASCI/ ,ACTION'S PAP] 0,FI<T+ ,TALK0 ! EXI/5CE ( ?IS GR\P1 NEV] M9D ITS ACTIVITY1 HAS NOT BE5 KN[N TO ,5GLI% SPEAK+ ANTI-FASCI/S4 ,& IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT ACC\NTS ( IT HAVE BE5 LIMIT$ TO SU* S\RCES4 ,AS ,BEHAN NOTES 0.<D.>ESPITE ! 9ITIAL SUCCESS ( ! ,AD,P1 ! GR\P HAS BE5 L>GELY ]AS$ FROM HI/ORY 444 .<,?IS.> [ES MU* TO ! HO/ILITY ( LEFT-W+ P>TIES AT ! TIME1 & !IR SUBSEQU5T FAILURE TO FACE UP TO !IR [N FATAL MI/AKES4 ,! HI/ORIOGRAPHY ( ! WORK+ CLASS HAS BE5 DOM9AT$ BY ,COMMUNI/ & ,SOCIALI/ HI/ORIANS1 & IT WAS !SE ORGANIZATIONS ?AT W]E UNWILL+ TO RECOGNIZE SOME UNCOM=TABLE TRU?S40 7PP4 #b-#c7 

,AS WILL BE DISCUSS$1 IT WAS ONLY ! AN>*I/S & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S :O SUPPORT$ ?IS MOVEM5T :OLEHE>T$LY4 ,NOT1 ( C\RSE1 Y\ W\LD KN[ ?AT FROM ,BEHAN'S ACC\NT4 ,:I* IS ! REASON = ?IS REVIEW1 NAMELY TO RECLAIM AN>*I/ & WORK+ CLASS HI/ORY FROM ?OSE1 LIKE ! ,S,W,P1 :O SEEK TO MISUSE IT = !IR [N 5DS4 ,BEHAN'S ACC\NT ( ! ,ITALIAN LABOR MOVEM5T1 ! NE> REVOLUTION AFT] ! W>1 ! RESI/ANCE TO FASCISM & ! LESSONS TO BE LE>N$ >E ALL SKEW$ 9 FAVOR ( ! ,S,W,P'S V]Y PECULI> V]SION ( AN>*ISM & ! NE$S TO JU/IFY ITS NON-REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE & IDEOLOGY4 .<#d.> 

,SO ?IS REVIEW IS AN ATTEMPT TO RECLAIM AN>*I/ HI/ORY BY EXPOS+ ! PHONY REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS & S*OL>%IP ( ! ,S,W,P4 ,A ?ANKLESS TASK1 ( C\RSE1 BUT AN ESS5TIAL ONE4 ,AN>*I/S NE$ TO C>E AB\T \R HI/ORY & DEF5D IT AGA9/ ?OSE MORE ?AN WILL+ TO DI/ORT IT AS NO ONE ELSE WILL4 ,TO GR[ \R MOVEM5T NE$S TO LE>N FROM & BUILD UPON ! SUCCESSES & FAILURES ( ! PA/4 ,& ?AT WILL NEV] HAPP5 IF WE DO NOT KN[ & UND]/& \R [N HI/ORY1 H[ \R IDEAS W]E APPLI$ 9 ! PA/ & :Y ! LIKES ( ! ,S,W,P FEEL ! NE$ TO LIE AB\T BO?4 

,AN HONE/ ACC\NT ( ! EV5TS DISCUSS$ BY ,BEHAN 9 HIS BOOK W\LD QUICKLY COME TO ONE CONCLUSION1 NAMELY ?AT AN>*I/ IDEAS W]E PROV5 RI<T DUR+ ?IS P]IOD4 ,IT WAS ! AN>*I/S1 NOT ! ,M>XI/S1 :O W]E AT ! =EFRONT ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ BO? CAPITALISM & FASCISM4 ,?IS CAN BE SE5 FROM ,BEHAN'S ANALYSIS ( ! FAILURE ( ! ,ITALIAN ,SOCIALI/S & ,COMMUNI/S1 :]E EV]Y SUGGE/ION HE MAKES WAS1 9 FACT1 PROPOS$ AT ! TIME BY AN>*I/S & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S & IGNOR$ BY ! ,M>XI/S4 .<#e.> 

,UNSURPRIS+LY1 GIV5 ?IS1 ,BEHAN FAILS TO 9=M HIS READ] ( NUM]\S KEY FACTS AB\T ?IS P]IOD1 SPECIFICALLY ! ROLE ( LIB]T>IANS 9 ! /RUGGLE4 ,ONCE AN HONE/ ACC\NT ( LIB]T>IAN !ORY & PRACTICE IS PRES5T$ IT BECOMES OBVI\S ?AT 0,! ,RESI/IBLE ,RISE ( ,B5ITO ,MUSSOL9I10 MU* AGA9/ ITS AU?OR'S DESIRES1 IRRESI/IBLY PROVES ! CORRECTNESS ( AN>*ISM4 ,?IS REVIEW IS1 9 P>T1 AN ATTEMPT TO PRES5T ! EVID5CE TO SUPPORT ?IS CLAIM & TO EXPOSE ! DI/ORTIONS ( ,BEHAN'S ACC\NT4 

,NOT ALL ,BAD 

,BE=E DISCUSS+ ! DI/ORTIONS ,BEHAN 9FLICTS UPON ! READ] & :AT !SE MEAN = ! POLITICS & ACTIVITY ( ! ,S,W,P1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO 9DICATE :Y SOMEONE W\LD WANT TO READ ?IS BOOK4 ,IT IS NOT ALL BAD4 ,! ACTUAL ACC\NTS ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,AD,P & SPECIFIC 7SUCCESSFUL7 FI<TS AGA9/ ! ,BLACK ,%IRTS 9 ,ROME1 ,P>MA & ,S>ZANA PRES5TS ! ,5GLI% SPEAK+ WORLD ) MU* NEW MAT]IAL4 ,?IS 9=MATION IS 9SPIR+ & WOR? READ+4 ,IT IS A %AME Y\ HAVE TO WADE ?R\< SO MU* CRAP TO GET TO IT4 ,HOPEFULLY ! BOOKS HE CULLS ?IS 9=MATION FROM WILL BE TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,5GLI% SOME TIME4 

,SIMIL>LY1 ! ROLE ( FASCISM AS A DEF5SE ( CAPITALISM AGA9/ A REBELLI\S WORK+ CLASS IS CLE>LY PRES5T$4 ,! ACTIONS ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE 9 PROTECT+ ! ,BLACK ,%IRTS1 ! L9KS BETWE5 !M & ! POLICE & ! FUND+ PROVID$ BY WEAL?Y 9DU/RIALI/S & L&LORDS >E 9DICAT$4 ,BEHAN QUOTES FROM ! ,TIMES & ,W9/ON ,*UR*ILL'S PRAISE = ,MUSSOL9I FROM #aibg TO %[ ?AT FASCISM WAS SUPPORT$ 9T]NATIONALLY BY ! RUL+ CLASS BECAUSE IT EFFECTIVELY PUT ! WORK+ CLASS BACK 9TO ! PLACE ALLOTT$ TO IT BY CAPITALISM4 ,HE NOTES ?AT >\ND #f1 WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE W]E MURD]$ BY FASCI/S & POLICE BETWE5 #aiag & #a#i#b#b1 ) T5S ( ?\S&S W\ND$4 .<#f.> ,&1 ( C\RSE1 ,BEHAN IS RI<T 9 /RESS+ ?AT FASCISM C\LD HAVE BE5 /OPP$ & 9 PLAC+ ! ,AD,P AT ! C5T] ( ANY ATTEMPT TO DO SO4 

,! MAJOR LIMITATION 9 ,BEHAN'S BOOK IS ?AT IT IS IDEOLOGICALLY DRIV54 ,IT AIMS TO %[ ?AT ,L59ISM IS CORRECT4 ,9 ORD] TO DO ?AT1 HE MU/ REWRITE HI/ORY QUITE SIGNIFICANTLY4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 HE MU/ REWRITE ! ROLE ( AN>*ISM DUR+ ?IS P]IOD4 ,ONLY BY DO+ ?IS CAN BE PRES5T ,L59ISM AS ! ONLY VALID REVOLUTION>Y !ORY AVAILABLE4 .<#g.> ,IRONICALLY IT IS EASY TO REFUTE ,BEHAN'S ACC\NT ( AN>*ISM & ITS ROLE 9 ?IS P]IOD4 ,WE NE$ ONLY LOOK AT ! BOOKS HE HIMSELF USES AS REF]5CES4 .<#h.> ,ONCE ?AT IS DONE1 A RADICALLY DIFF]5T PICTURE EM]GES ?AN ! ONE ?AT ,BEHAN PRES5TS4 .<#i.> ,:ILE HIS S\RCES WILL BE SUPPLEM5T$ BY O!R S\RCES1 ?IS DOES NOT *ANGE ! FACT ?AT ,BEHAN HAS SIGNIFICANTLY ABUS$ HIS REF]5CES4 

,! DI/ORT+ 9FLU5CE ( IDEOLOGY 

,= ! ,S,W,P 7& MO/ ,M>XI/S7 AN>*ISM IS DISMISS$ AS 09DIVIDUALISM0 OR 0PETTY B\RGEOIS0 &1 AS SU*1 AGA9/ COLLECTIVE WORK+ CLASS /RUGGLE & ORGANIZATION & ES*EW ! NE$ TO ORGANIZE TO SPREAD RADICAL IDEAS4 ,AS AN>*ISM IS NO SU* ?+1 ! ,S,W,P GET R\ND ?IS FACTUAL PROBLEM BY DIVID+ AN>*I/S 9TO TWO4 ,!RE >E ! 0AN>*I/S0 & !Y FOLL[ MANY ( ! IDEAS ( ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN9 7SOMETIMES ,KROPOTK9 GETS A M5TIONS7 & !N !RE >E ! 0SYNDICALI/S40 ,! ,S,W,P T5D TO IMPLY ?AT ! LATT] >E QUASI-,M>XI/ AS !Y OBVI\SLY DO NOT REJECT COLLECTIVE WORK+ CLASS /RUGGLE & ORGANIZATION4 ,BUT ! SYNDICALI/S >E DAMN$ BECAUSE !Y REJECT 0POLITICS10 0POLITICAL /RUGGLE0 & 7MO/ IMPORTANTLY7 ! 0POLITICAL P>TY40 

,! PROBLEM ) ! ,S,W,P VIEW ( AN>*ISM IS ?AT IT FACTUALLY WRONG4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 AN>*I/S DO NOT REJECT COLLECTIVE WORK+ CLASS /RUGGLE & ORGANIZATION & SYNDICALI/S ALSO FOLL[ MANY ( ! IDEAS ( ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK94 ,SIMIL>LY1 AN>*I/S & MANY SYNDICALI/S T5D TO FAVOR ORGANIZ+ TOGE!R 9TO GR\PS & F$]ATIONS TO SPREAD !IR IDEAS 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,AS SU*1 ! ,S,W,P'S VIEW ( AN>*ISM BE>S LITTLE RELATION%IP TO ! REALITY ( AN>*I/ IDEAS & ACTION4 

,) ?AT 9 M9D1 WE W\LD EXPECT ANY ACC\NT ( /RUGGLES 9 A C\NTRY ) A L>GE AN>*I/ MOVEM5T TO BE %AP$ BY ?IS DI/ORT$ VISION ( AN>*ISM4 ,WE CAN EXPECT ! FOLL[+3 

,! AN>*I/S >E NOT M5TION$ EV5 IF \R 9FLU5CE IS KEY TO UND]/&+ :AT HAPP5$4 

,:5 !Y >E M5TION$1 !N IT WILL BE 9 PASS+4 

,:5 A FEW AN>*I/S ACT 9 WAYS ?AT CONFIRM ! ,S,W,P'S PREJUDICES !N !SE WILL BE GIV5 MORE SPACE ?AN ! #i#i.0 ( AN>*I/S :O >E DO+ :AT ! ,S,W,P SAY WE DON'T DO4 

,IF AN>*I/S DO ?+S ?AT ! ,S,W,P SAYS WE DON'T !N WE >E LABEL$ 0SYNDICALI/0 & NO M5TION IS MADE ( 9FLU5TIAL AN>*I/ F$]ATIONS & NEWPAP]S4 

,BEHAN BOOK CONFIRMS !SE PR$ICTIONS TIME & TIME AGA94 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,BEHAN MAKES ABSOLUTELY NO M5TION ( ! ,ITALIAN ,AN>*I/ ,UNION 7,U,A,I71 ! TW5TY ?\S& /RONG AN>*I/ F$]ATION ) A DAILY NEWSPAP] :I* PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 ! BI5NIO ROSSO4 ,?AT ?IS OMISSION HAPP5S TO CO9CIDE ) ! ,S,W,P'S DI/ORTIONS ON AN>*ISM IS1 MAYBE1 A CO9CID5CE1 BUT A H&Y ONE4 ,IT DOES MAKES P]FECT S5SE IF Y\ SUBSCRIBE TO ! POSITION ?AT AN>*I/S REJECT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION BUT IT DOES GREAT MIS*IEF TO ANY ACC\NT ?AT SEEKS TO UND]/& ! DYNAMICS ( HI/ORY4 

,! AIM ( ?IS ESSAY IS1 AS NOT$1 TO RECLAIM WORK+ CLASS HI/ORY FROM ?OSE SEEK TO ABUSE IT = !IR [N 5DS4 ,P>T ( ?IS1 BY NECESSITY1 WILL 9VOLVE RECLAIM+ AN>*I/ HI/ORY FROM ?OSE :O SEEK TO BURY IT4 ,:Y BO!R1 SOME MAY ASK4 ,! ANSW] IS SIMPLE4 ,IF !SE DI/ORTIONS ( HI/ORY >E NOT ANSW]$ !N A NEW G5]ATION ( ACTIVI/S WILL HAVE FALSE UND]/&+ ( HI/ORY & AN>*ISM4 ,& ?OSE :O DO NOT LE>N ! LESSONS ( HI/ORY >E DOOM$ TO REPEAT !M4 ,HOPEFULLY BY %[+ ! DI/ORTIONS ( HI/ORY & AN>*ISM ?AT ,BEHAN 9FLICTS ON HIS READ]S1 MEMB]S ( ! ,S,W,P WILL WOND] :Y !IR LEAD]%IP LIES TO !M SO REGUL>LY4 ,&1 P]HAPS1 !Y WILL SEEK \T G5U9E REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS & />T ?9K+ = !MSELVES4 

,! ,AN>*I/S 

,TO BE FAIR1 AT LEA/ ,BEHAN'S BOOK DOES ACTUALLY M5TION AN>*I/S4 .<#a.> ,SOMETIMES !Y >E P>T ( 0! LEFT10 SOMETIMES !Y >E NOT4 .<#a#a.> ,AS A RULE ( ?UMB1 IT SEEMS TO BE ?AT :5 ! AN>*I/S >E PURSU+ A L9E OPPOS$ TO ! ,SOCIALI/S OR ,COMMUNI/S BUT :I* ,BEHAN IS 9 AGREEM5T ) !N !Y >E NOT 9CLUD$4 .<#a#b.> 

,= EXAMPLE1 ,BEHAN /ATES ?AT /ATE REPRESSION & PROPAG&A 9 #aiag SAW 0! LEFT FLIPP+ OV] & SUPPORT+ ! W>40 7P4 #b#a7 ,9 FACT1 ! AN>*I/S HAD 0BE5 9TRANSIG5T REVOLUTION>Y 'DEFEATI/S' 7I4E4 ANTI-W>7 ?R\<\T ! W>40 .<#a#c.> ,!IR POSITION DID NOT *ANGE 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,SIMIL>LY1 HE >GUES ?AT RISE ( FASCISM W\LD NOT HAVE HAPP5$ IF ! ,AD,P 0HAD BE5 SUPPORT$ BY ! RE/ ( ! LEFT0 7P4 #e#a7 YET ! AN>*I/S W]E ! ONLY GR\P :I* DID SUPPORT ! ORGANIZATION :OLEHE>T$LY4 .<#a#d.> ,HE NOTES ?AT ! RAILWAY WORK]S' HAD 0.<O.>NE ( ! MO/ MILITANT UNIONS0 & IT 0HAD SUPPORT$ ! ,>DITI DEL POPOLO ! MO/0 7P4 #e#a7 BUT FAILS TO M5TION ?AT ! 0LIB]T>IANS W]E /RONG 9 !IR TRADITION >EAS10 :I* 9CLUD$1 AMONG O!RS1 BO? ,P>MA & ! RAILWAYM5 70,! 9DEP5D5T RAILWAY & M>ITIME UNIONS W]E HEAVILY 9FLU5C$074 .<#a#e.> ,P]HAPS1 !RE=E1 IT IS UNSURPRIS+ ?AT ! ,AD,P HAD 0A V]Y HI< PROPORTION ( RAILWAY WORK]S0 9 IT4 7P4 #f#b7 

,!N !RE IS ! EXAMPLE ( ,ROME1 :]E AN AD HOC 0,ROMAN PROLET>IAN DEF5SE COMMITTEE0 WAS =M$4 ,BEHAN NOTES ?AT TWO ( ITS MEMB]S CAME FROM ! 0,ROMAN TRADES C\NCIL1 AS WELL AS MEMB]S ( ! ,REPUBLICAN ,P>TY & 9DIVIDUALS :O DEF9$ !MSELVES AS AN>*O-COMMUNI/S4 ,NOBODY ATT5D$ FROM ! ,COMMUNI/ OR ,SOCIALI/ P>TIES40 7P4 #e#h7 ,GIV5 ?AT ,ROME WAS AN AN>*I/ /RON<OLD1 IT W\LD NOT BE SURPRIS+ IF ! TRADES C\NCIL M5TION$ BY ,BEHAN WAS AN ,ITALIAN ,SYNDICALI/ ,UNION 7,U,S,I7 ONE1 P>TICUL>LY GIV5 ! FACT ?AT ,U,A,I REPRES5TATIVES OBVI\SLY ATT5D$ 7I4E4 ?OSE AN>*O-COMMUNI/ 09DIVIDUALS0 ,BEHAN M5TIONS7 & ! /AT$ OPPOSITION BY ! SOCIALI/S & COMMUNI/S4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,BEHAN NOTES ?AT A G5]AL /RIKE WAS CALL$ 9 ,ROME & ! 5TIRE ,LAZIO REGION 9 RESPONSE TO A FASCI/ \TRAGE AT ! 5D ( ,JULY1 #a#i#b#a4 ,HE NOTES ?AT ! ,AD,P 0HAD ASK$ ! TRADES C\NCIL TO CALL IT40 7P4 #f#a7 ,GIV5 ?AT ! ,ITALIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 7,P,S,I7 HAD A PEACE PACK ) ! FASCI/S1 IT SEEMS UNLIKELY ?AT IT WAS A SOCIALI/ TRADES C\NCIL :I* RESPOND$ TO ! CALL4 ,IT W\LD BE 9T]E/+ TO KN[ :I* TRADES C\NCIL WAS 9VOLV$ AS IT W\LD 9DICATE :]E ! MA9 SUPPORT = ! ,AD,P CAME FROM & :I* K9D ( POLITICS W]E ATTRACT$ TO ITS MILITANT1 DIRECT ACTIONI/ ANTI-FASCISM4 

,!N !RE IS ! WAY ?AT AN>*I/S ONLY SEEM TO APPE> AS 09DIVIDUALS0 & NEV] AS P>T ( A POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,BEHAN DOES NOT M5TION ! EXI/5CE ( ! ,U,A,I 7,ITALIAN ,AN>*I/ ,UNION71 AN EXTREMELY 9FLU5TIAL F$]ATION ( AN>*I/ GR\PS ) A DAILY NEWSPAP]4 ,?US HE REPEATS ! OLD ,S,W,P NONS5SE AB\T AN>*I/S REJECT+ SPECIFIC POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,SYNDICALI/S 9 ! ,U,S,I ALSO APPE>1 SO ALL[+ ,BEHAN TO MA9TA9 ! RIDICUL\S NOTION ?AT AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S HAVE FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T POLITICAL IDEAS4 

,MOREOV]1 HE CONSI/5TLY DI/ORTS ! 9FLU5CE1 ROLE & POLITICS ( \R COMRADES 9 ORD] TO M>G9ALIZE !M4 ,= EXAMPLE1 HE /ATES ?AT 9 ! #a#h#gS AN>*ISM WAS 0MORE ATTUN$ TO ! NE$S ( ! PEASANTS0 & ?AT IT 0WAS CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! T[NS & C\NTRYSIDE ( ! ,S\?1 & HAD RELATIVELY LITTLE FOLL[+ 9 ! NOR!RN CITIES40 7P4 #f-#g7 ,:ILE ?IS MAY REFLECT ,M>XI/ IDEOLOGY ON ! SOCIAL ROOTS ( AN>*ISM1 ! FACTS >E RADICALLY DIFF]5T4 ,9DE$1 ,BEHAN'S COMM5TS >E DIRECTLY CONTRADICT$ BY A BOOK HE USES AS A REF]5CE 7& SO1 PRESUMABLY1 HAS READ74 ,ACCORD+ TO ,NUNZIO ,P]NICONE'S 9 DEP? /UDY ( ,ITALIAN AN>*ISM 9 ?IS P]IOD ITS 0REAL /RON<OLD0 WAS 0NOR?-C5TRAL ,ITALY40 ,MOREOV]1 ! MAJORITY ( MEMB]S W]E >TISANS & WORK]S1 & ! 0SOCIAL ELEM5T ) ! LEA/ REPRES5TATION0 WAS ! PEASANTRY4 .<#a#f.> 

,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ,BEHAN 9FLICTS ALL ! /&>D ,M>XI/ NONS5SE AB\T AN>*ISM ONTO HIS READ]S4 ,HE OP9ES ?AT 0.<S.>U* WAS ! /R5G? ( ,BAKUN9'S FOLL[+ ?AT ,F$]ICK ,5GELS COMPLA9$ 9 #ahgb ?AT HIS /ANCE WAS 'SO SIMPLE ?AT IT C\LD BE LE>N$ BY HE>T 9 FIVE M9UTES4'0 7P4 #f7 ,IT IS H>D TO WORK \T :AT ,BEHAN IS >GU+ H]E DUE TO HIS MUTILATION ( ! ,5GLI% LANGUAGE4 ,IS HE REALLY SUGGE/+ ?AT ! /R5G? ( ,BAKUN9'S FOLL[+ RESULT$ 9 HIS IDEAS BE+ 0SO SIMPLE0 RA!R ?AN VICE V]SA8 ,BUT1 ( C\RSE1 QUOT+ ,5GELS ON ,BAKUN9 IS AS CONV9C+ AN >GUM5T AS QUOT+ ! ,POPE ON ! JOYS ( ,CA?OLICISM4 ,WE NE$ NOT BO!R DISCUSS+ ! OBVI\S CONTEMPT ,BEHAN EXPRESSES T[>DS ! 9TELLECT ( ! WORK]S & >TISANS ( ,ITALY :O F\ND 9 ,BAKUN9'S IDEAS 9SPIRATION = !IR /RUGGLES4 .<#a#g.> ,AS WILL BE DISCUSS$1 ,BEHAN HIMSELF PROVIDES MORE ?AN 5\< EVID5CE TO %[ ?AT IT WAS ,BAKUN91 NOT ,5GELS1 :O CORRECTLY PR$ICT$ ! FATE ( ,ITALIAN ,M>XISM4 

,IRONICALLY1 :ILE HE ATTACKS ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S = !IR FAIL$ 9SURRECTIONS ( #ahgd & #a#h#g#g1 HE FAILS TO NOTE ?AT !SE ATTEMPTS :]E1 9 FACT1 AT ODDS ) ,BAKUN9'S IDEAS ON ! MATT]4 ,:ILE HAPPY TO QUOTE ,MALATE/A FROM ,P]NICONE'S BOOK DECADES LAT] ON ! BASELESS HOPES ( SPONTANE\S REVOLUTION >IS+ FROM !SE 9SURRECTIONS1 ,BEHAN FAILS TO PRES5T ,P]NICONE'S EXPLANATIONS = ?IS POLICY 9 ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL CONTEXTS ( ! TIME4 ,NOR DOES ,BEHAN NOTE ?AT 0ANY CRITIQUE ( ,BAKUN9'S !ORY MU/ TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! FACT ?AT ! 9SURRECTIONS HAD NOT BE5 CONDUCT$ 9 CON=MITY ) HIS TEA*+S4 ,= ALL HIS ALLEG$ RELIANCE ON ! REVOLUTION>Y '9/9CTS' & 'SPONTANEITY' ( ! MASSES1 ,BAKUN9 HAD ALWAYS BE5 CAUTI\S TO EMPHASIZE PRACTICAL CONSID]ATIONS1 SU* AS ! NE$ = ORGANIZATION & PREP>$NESS40 ,! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S HAD NOT =G$ 0A REVOLUTION>Y ALLIANCE BETWE5 ! URBAN WORK+ CLASSES & ! PEASANT MASSES0 AS ,BAKUN9 HAD CONSI/5TLY >GU$4 .<#a#h.> ,AS ,P]NICONE NOTES1 ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S 9 ! #a#h#hS & #a#h#iS %\LD HAVE PLAC$ 0GREAT] EMPHASIS ON TRADE UNIONISM & ECONOMIC /RUGGLE1 ESPECIALLY S9CE MANY AN>*I/S1 9CLUD+ ,BAKUN91 HAD LONG RECOGNIZ$ ! REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL ( SYNDICALISM40 .<#a#i.> ,! EXP]I5CE ( AN>*ISM AFT] ! TURN ( ! C5TURY 7P>TICUL>LY 9 #a#i#a#i-#b7 %[ ! VALIDITY ( ,BAKUN9'S IDEAS 9 ?IS RESPECT4 .<#b.> ,IT IS TO ,MALATE/A'S CR$IT ?AT HIS REEVALUATION ( HIS OLD IDEAS ! #a#h#iS HELP$ ?IS PROCESS ( RETURN+ TO ! ROOTS ( AN>*ISM 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 

,! ,R$ ,YE>S 

,H[EV]1 HIS MO/ \TRAGE\S CLAIM IS ! ?AT 0SEMI-AN>*I/1 SEMI-REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/ ,U,S,I F$]ATION 444 ) ITS MA9 /RON<OLD 9 ! RURAL >EAS ( ! ,PO VALLEY 444 !RE=E PLAY$ A RELATIVELY M9OR ROLE 9 ! BIG 9DU/RIAL DISPUTES0 ( ! BI5NIO ROSSO4 7P4 #b#e7 

,NE$LESS TO SAY1 HE DOES PROVIDE A REF]5CE = ?IS CLAIM1 A #aifc BOOK BY ,D ,HOR[ITZ CALL$ 0,! ,ITALIAN ,LABOR ,MOVEM5T40 ,SADLY1 ,BEHAN FAILS TO EXPLA9 :Y HE %\LD PREF] ?IS S\RCE ?AN ! MORE REC5T WORK BY ,GWYN ,WILLIAMS1 ,C>L ,LEVY & ,M>T9 ,CL>K 7ALL ( :I* HE USES AS REF]5CES74 ,NOR DOES HE EXPLA9 :Y HE !N BO!RS TO NOTE A FEW PAGES LAT] ?AT ! 0AN>*I/ ,U,S,I F$]ATION >GU$ = (F5SIVE RA!R ?AN DEF5SIVE OCCUPATIONS1 & = 9VOLV+ O!R CATEGORIES ( WORK]S0 9 ! RUN UP TO ! FACTORY OCCUPATIONS ( ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#b4 7P4 #c#b7 ,:Y AN ORGANIZATION :I* PLAY$ A 0RELATIVELY M9OR ROLE0 9 !SE EV5TS %\LD EV5 BE M5TION$ IS LEFT UNEXPLA9$4 

,P]HAPS AN ANSW] CAN BE GLEAN$ FROM LOOK+ AT ! BOOKS ,BEHAN REJECTS 9 FAVOR ( ,HOR[ITZ8 ,IF Y\ DO1 Y\ WILL BE /RUCK BY ! FACT !Y >E QUITE CLE> ON ! SIGNIFICANT ROLE PLAY$ BY ! ,U,S,I DUR+ !SE 0BIG 9DU/RIAL DISPUTES40 ,IT IS SIGNIFICANT ?AT ,BEHAN REJECTS ! BOOKS ?AT CONC5TRATE ON ! EV5TS & DYNAMICS ( ?IS 9T5SE P]IOD ( CLASS /RUGGLE 9 FAVOR ( AN ACADEMIC ACC\NT ( ! :OLE LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,SIMPLY PUT1 ,BEHAN IS DI/ORT+ HI/ORY4 

,SUFFICE TO SAY1 ,BEHAN IS FOLL[+ ! LEAD+ ,SOCIALI/ 7!N ,COMMUNI/7 ,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI 9 ?IS4 ,9 ,JULY1 #a#i#b1 ,GRAMSCI WROTE A REPORT ON ! ,TUR9 MOVEM5T ( FACTORY C\NCILS = ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,LIKE ,BEHAN1 ,GRAMSCI M5TION$ ! AN>*I/S 9 PASS+4 ,WILLIAMS COMM5TS ON ?IS ASPECT ( ,GRAMSCI'S REPORT3 

0,IT W\LD P]HAPS BE UNCOMRADELY TO REM9D ! %ADE ( ,ANTONIO ( HIS R++ /ATEM5T A YE> E>LI] -- ',TO TELL ! TRU? IS A COMMUNI/ & REVOLUTION>Y ACT4' ,9 ?AT SAME REPORT HE SAID ! ,TUR9 MOVEM5T1 BETRAY$ & AB&ON$ BY ! :OLE SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 /ILL F\ND POPUL> SUPPORT DUR+ ! ,APRIL /RUGGLE 444 ,HE OMITT$ TO M5TION ?AT !SE ACTIONS W]E EI!R DIRECTLY L$ OR 9DIRECTLY 9SPIR$ BY AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S4 ,HE REFRA9$ FROM MAK+ ! PO9T ?AT ! C\NCIL MOVEM5T \TSIDE ,TUR9 WAS ESS5TIALLY AN>*O-SYNDICALI/4 ,& :5 HE SAID ( ,TUR9 ',AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ GR\PS HAVE H>DLY ANY 9FLU5CE ON ! WORK+ MASS1' HE C\LD P]HAPS BE =GIV5 = NOT REPORT+ ?AT !SE UN-9FLU5TIAL GR\PS W]E 9 ,M>*-,APRIL ?REAT5+ TO CUT ! C\NCIL MOVEM5T \T FROM UND] HIM40 .<#b#a.> 

,ACCORD+ TO ,WILLIAMS1 0,AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM DUR+ #a#i#a#i-#a#i#b >E NEGLECT$ & ILL-S]V$ BY HI/ORY40 .<#b#b.> 0,AN>*I/S & REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S10 HE /RESSES1 0W]E ! MO/ CONSI/5TLY & TOTALLY REVOLUTION>Y GR\P ON ! LEFT 444 ! MO/ OBVI\S FEATURE ( ! HI/ORY ( SYNDICALISM & AN>*ISM 9 #a#i#a#i-#b3 RAPID & VIRTUALLY CONT9U\S GR[? 444 ,! SYNDICALI/S ABOVE ALL CAPTUR$ MILITANT WORK+-CLASS OP9ION :I* ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T WAS UTT]LY FAIL+ TO CAPTURE40 .<#b#c.> 

,?IS ROLE CAN BE SE5 FROM ! FACTORY OCCUPATIONS4 ,ON #a#g? ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#b1 METAL & %IPBUILD+ PLANTS 9 ,LIGURIA W]E OCCUPI$ BY !IR WORK]S 0UND] SYNDICALI/ LEAD]%IP40 .<#b#d.> ,UNSURPRIS+LY1 !RE=E1 IT WAS ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S :O FIR/ RAIS$ ! IDEA ( OCCUPY+ WORKPLACES4 .<#b#e.> ,9 ,M>* #a#i#b1 DUR+ 0A /RONG SYNDICALI/ CAMPAIGN TO E/ABLI% .<WORK]S'.> C\NCILS 9 ,MILAN1 ,>M&O ,BOR<I .<AN>*I/ SECRET>Y ( ! ,U,S,I.> CALL$ = MASS FACTORY OCCUPATIONS4 ,9 ,TUR91 ! REELECTION ( WORK%OP COMMISS>S WAS JU/ 5D+ 9 A TWO-WEEK ORGY ( PASSIONATE DISCUSSION & WORK]S CAU<T ! FEV]4 .<,FACTORY ,C\NCIL.> ,COMMISS>S BEGAN TO CALL = OCCUPATIONS40 ,UNSURPRIS+LY1 ! SECRET>Y ( ! SYNDICALI/ METAL-WORK]S 0URG$ SUPPORT = ! ,TUR9 C\NCILS BECAUSE !Y REPRES5T$ ANTI-BUREAUCRATIC DIRECT ACTION1 AIM$ AT CONTROL ( ! FACTORY & C\LD BE ! FIR/ CELLS ( SYNDICALI/ 9DU/RIAL UNIONS 444 ,! SYNDICALI/ CONGRESS VOT$ TO SUPPORT ! C\NCILS4444 ,MALATE/A 444 SUPPORT$ !M AS A =M ( DIRECT ACTION GU>ANTE$ TO G5]ATE REBELLI\SNESS 444 ,UMANITA ,NOVA & ,GU]RA DI ,CLASSE .<PAP] ( ! ,U,S,I.> BECAME ALMO/ AS COMMITT$ TO ! C\NCILS AS ,L',ORD9E ,NUOVO & ! ,TUR9 $ITION ( ,AVANTI40 .<#b#f.> ,9DE$1 0BY ,M>* #aib ! SYNDICAI/S W]E VIRTUALLY ! ONLY SPOKESM5 LEFT = POPUL> DISCONT5T 444 9 ! SPR+ ( #aib 444 ! SYNDICALI/S PROVID$ TEMPOR>ILY ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL LEAD]%IP = MANY SECTIONS ( ! ,ITALIAN WORK+ CLASS40 

.<#b#g.> 

,9 ,TUR9 ITSELF LIB]T>IANS 0WORK$ )9 ,F,I,O,M0 & HAD BE5 0HEAVILY 9VOLV$ 9 ! ,ORD9E ,NUOVO CAMPAIGN FROM ! BEG9N+40 .<#b#h.> ,9 ,APRIL1 #a#i#b1 ! 0SYNDICALI/S W]E ! ONLY ONES TO MOVE0 .<#b#i.> 9 SUPPORT ( ! ,TUR9 G5]AL /RIKE4 .<#c.> ,! RAILWAY WORK]S 9 ,PISA & ,FLOR5CE REFUS$ TO TRANSPORT TROOPS :O W]E BE+ S5T TO ,TUR94 ,!RE W]E /RIKES ALL >\ND ,G5OA1 AMONG DOCK WORK]S & 9 WORKPLACES :]E ! ,U,S,I WAS A MAJOR 9FLU5CE4 ,?IS PROCESS CONT9U$ ?R\<\T ! SUMM] & 0BY MID-,JULY ! ,TUR9 METAL-WORK]S W]E ONCE MORE 9 OPPOSITION TO !IR (FICIAL ,UNION LEAD]%IP AB\T 'REVOLUTION>Y' ISSUE2 IT WAS1 H[EV]1 ! SYNDICALI/S1 & NOT ! .<,M>XI/.> ,ORD9E ,NUOVO1 :O W]E AT ! HEAD ( ! MOVEM5T40 ,! GR[? ( SYNDICALI/ 9FLU5CE 0WAS NOT CONF9$ TO ,TUR93 IT WAS A NATIONAL PH5OM5ON40 .<#c#a.> ,9DE$1 ,ORD9E ,NUOVO 0PLAY$ NO P>T 9 ! EV5TS LEAD+ UP TO ! FACTORY OCCUPATIONS 9 ,TUR91 & 444 IT WAS OPPOS$ TO FACTORY SEIZURE AS A ME?OD ( CLASS /RUGGLE40 .<#c#b.> ,RA!R IT WAS ! SYNDICALI/S :O 0CONT9U$ !IR AGITATION = FACTORY SEIZURE0 AT ?IS TIME1 ) ! OCCUPATIONS CAUS$1 9 P>T1 0BY ! /R5G? ( SYNDICALI/ IDEAS40 .<#c#c.> 

,BY ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#i#b1 ! MA9 REASON :Y IDEA ( L>GE-SCALE /AY-9 /RIKES 9 ,ITALY WAS 9 ! AIR WAS ?ANKS TO AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE3 0,C5TRAL TO ! CLIMATE ( ! CRISIS WAS ! RISE ( ! SYNDICALI/S40 ,9 MID-,AUGU/1 ! ,U,S,I METAL-WORK]S 0CALL$ = BO? UNIONS TO OCCUPY ! FACTORIES0 & CALL$ = 0A PREV5TIVE OCCUPATION0 AGA9/ LOCK-\TS4 ,! ,U,S,I SAW ?IS AS ! 0EXPROPRIATION ( ! FACTORIES BY ! METAL-WORK]S0 7:I* MU/ 0BE DEF5D$ BY ALL NECESS>Y MEASURES07 & SAW ! NE$ 0TO CALL ! WORK]S ( O!R 9DU/RIES 9TO BATTLE40 .<#c#d.> ,9DE$1 0.<I.>F ! ,F,I,O,M HAD NOT EMBRAC$ ! SYNDICALI/ IDEA ( AN OCCUPATION ( FACTORIES TO C\NT] AN EMPLOY]'S LOCK\T1 ! ,U,S,I MAY WELL HAVE WON SIGNIFICANT SUPPORT FROM ! POLITICALLY ACTIVE WORK+ CLASS ( ,TUR940 .<#c#e.> 

,ITALY WAS 0P>ALYZ$1 ) HALF A MILLION WORK]S OCCUPY+ !IR FACTORIES & RAIS+ R$ & BLACK FLAGS OV] !M40 ,! MOVEM5T SPREAD ?R\<\T ,ITALY1 NOT ONLY 9 ! 9DU/RIAL HE>TL& >\ND ,MILAN1 ,TUR9 & ,G5OA1 BUT ALSO 9 ,ROME1 ,FLOR5CE1 ,NAPLES & ,PAL]MO4 ,! 0MILITANTS ( ! ,U,S,I W]E C]TA9LY 9 ! =EFRONT ( ! MOVEM5T10 :ILE ,UMANITA ,NOVA >GU$ ?AT 0! MOVEM5T IS V]Y S]I\S & WE MU/ DO EV]Y?+ WE CAN TO *ANNEL IT T[>DS A MASSIVE EXT5SION40 ,! P]SI/5T CALL ( ! ,U,S,I WAS = 0AN EXT5SION ( ! MOVEM5T TO ! :OLE ( 9DU/RY TO 9/ITUTE !IR 'EXPROPRIAT+ G5]AL /RIKE4'0 .<#c#f.> ,RAILWAY WORK]S1 0HEAVILY 9FLU5C$0 BY ! LIB]T>IANS1 REFUS$ TO TRANSPORT TROOPS1 WORK]S W5T ON /RIKE AGA9/ ! ORD]S ( ! RE=MI/ UNIONS & PEASANTS OCCUPI$ ! L&4 .<#c#g.> 

,QUITE IMPRESSIVE = A MOVEM5T :I* HAD 0PLAY$ A RELATIVELY M9OR ROLE0 9 !SE /RUGGLES6 ,:ILE ! OCCUPATIONS MAY HAVE OCCURR$ )\T ?IS LIB]T>IAN AGITATION1 IT IS UNLIKELY4 ,!RE=E IT IS SIMPLY DI%ONE/ ( ,BEHAN TO D[NPLAY ! KEY ROLE AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S PLAY$ 9 ?IS P]IOD1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! 9DU/RIAL DISPUTES & ! FACTORY C\NCILS & OCCUPATIONS4 ,GIV5 ! CRUCIAL ROLE LIB]T>IANS PLAY$ 9 !SE EV5TS1 IT IS UNSURPRIS+ ?AT ,BEHAN PREF]S TO REF]5CE AN ACADEMIC /UDY ( ,ITALIAN TRADE UNIONISM RA!R ?AN ?OSE LAT] /UDIES ?AT SPECIFICALLY CONC5TRATE ON ! DYNAMICS ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE DUR+ ! NE>-REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD 9 QUE/ION8 

,! ,FACTORY ,C\NCILS & ,AN>*ISM 

,?IS SUPPORT = ! C\NCILS IS UNSURPRIS+1 GIV5 ! ROLE !SE HAD PLAY$ 9 REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ !ORY S9CE ,BAKUN94 ,AS HE SAW IT1 ! REVOLUTION W\LD BE BAS$ ON 0! F$]ATIVE ALLIANCE ( ALL WORK+ M5'S ASSOCIATIONS0 :I* C\LD 0CON/ITUTE ! ,COMMUNE40 ,! 0REVOLUTION EV]Y:]E MU/ BE CREAT$ BY ! PEOPLE1 & SUPREME CONTROL MU/ ALWAYS BELONG TO ! PEOPLE ORGANIZ$ 9TO A FREE F$]ATION ( AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL ASSOCIATIONS 444 ORGANIZ$ FROM ! BOTTOM UPW>DS BY MEANS ( REVOLUTION>Y DELEGATION40 .<#c#h.> ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S /RESS$ ?IS POSITION DUR+ ! ,R$ ,YE>S4 ,TO QUOTE ONE FROM ! ,JULY #aib ,U,A,I CONGRESS AT ,BOLOGNA3 

0.<,! ,C\NCILS >E.> ! PROP] ORGANIZATIONS = 5ROLL+1 9 PREP>ATION = ! ,REVOLUTION1 ALL MANUAL OR 9TELLECTUAL PRODUC]S RI<T ON ! JOB4 .<,! ,C\NCILS.> >E1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! 5DS ( AN>*I/ COMMUNI/ PR9CIPLES1 ABSOLUTELY ANT-,/ATE ORGANIZATIONS & POSSIBLE NUCLEI = ! FUTURE DIRECTION ( 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION40 .<#c#i.> 

,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! ,U,S,I ,METAL-,WORK]S ,UNION CONSID]$ 0! SEIZURE ( ! FACTORIES0 AS A MEANS BY :I* 0! WORK]S' UNIT$ FRONT MU/ EXI/ 9 REALITY40 .<#d.> ,9 ,MAY1 #a#i#b1 A ,LOMB>DY AN>*I/ CONF]5CE CALL$ = A BIG PROPAG&A CAMPAIGN = FACTORY C\NCILS & 0! UNIT$ FRONT ( ! MASSES40 .<#d#a.> ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ,BEHAN FAILS TO NOTE ! AN>*I/ SUPPORT = ! C\NCILS AS A MEANS ( CREAT+ A UNIT$ FRONT FROM BEL[4 ,GIV5 ?AT HIS BOOK >GUES ?AT ?IS WAS AN ESS5TIAL MEANS = COMBAT+ FASCISM1 SU* AN OMISSION IS EXTREMELY /RANGE4 

,?IS SUPPORT = FACTORY C\NCILS WAS NOT UNIQUE TO ,ITALIAN ,AN>*ISM4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/S RECOGNIZ$ ?IS AFF9ITY ( WORK]S' C\NCILS TO AN>*ISM DUR+ ! #aie REVOLUTION4 ,UNLIKE ! ,RUSSIAN ,M>XI/S 7BO? ,BOL%EVIKS & ,M5%EVIKS71 !Y SAW ! SOVIETS AS BE+ ! PRACTICAL CONFIRMATION ( AN>*I/ IDEAS ( WORK+ CLASS SELF-ORGANIZATION AS BE+ ! FRAMEWORK ( A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! SYNDICALI/S 0REG>D$ ! SOVIETS 444 AS ADMIRABLE V]SIONS ( ! B\RSES DU TRAVAIL1 BUT ) A REVOLUTION>Y FUNCTION ADD$ TO SUIT ,RUSSIAN CONDITIONS4 ,OP5 TO ALL LEFTI/ WORK]S REG>DLESS ( SPECIFIC POLITICAL AFFILIATION1 ! SOVIETS W]E TO ACT AS NONP>TISAN LABOR C\NCILS IMPROVIS$ 'FROM BEL[' 444 ) ! AIM ( BR++ D[N ! OLD REGIME40 ,! AN>*I/S ( ,KHLEB I ,VOLIA 0ALSO LIK5$ ! #aie ,PET]SBURG ,SOVIET -- AS A NONP>TY MASS ORGANIZATION -- TO ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a40 .<#d#b.> ,KROPOTK9 >GU$ ?AT AN>*I/S %\LD TAKE P>T 9 ! SOVIETS AS LONG AS !Y 0>E ORGANS ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE & ! /ATE1 & NOT ORGANS ( AU?ORITY40 .<#d#c.> 

,! UNACCID5TAL DEMONIZATION ( AN>*ISM 

,:ILE ,BEHAN'S COMM5TS REG>D+ AN>*ISM HAVE LITTLE RELATION%IP TO REALITY1 !Y DO REFLECT ,S,W,P IDEOLOGY ON ! MATT]4 ,AFT] ALL1 ! ,S,W,P LIKE TO CLAIM ?AT AN>*ISM REJECTS COLLECTIVE CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,PRES5T+ AN ACCURATE PICTURE ( AN>*I/ 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! ,B5NIO ,ROSSO 7& ! ,AD,P7 W\LD CONFUSE !IR MEMB]S & SO IT GOES UNM5TION$4 ,!RE=E IT IS UNSURPRIS+1 GIV5 ! ,S,W,P'S L9E ON ?IS MATT]1 ?AT ,BEHAN ACTUALLY GIVES MORE SPACE TO D5\NC+ ! 0NOTORI\S 9CID5T0 ( A BOMB ATTACK ON A ,MILAN !AT] ?AN AN>*I/ P>TICIPATION 9 MASS /RUGGLE4 ,HE EV5 GIVES 0T]RORI/ ATTACKS0 7( :I* HE PRES5TS ONE67 EQUAL BILL+ ) ! OCCUPATION ( ! FACTORIES & ! GR[? ( SOCIALISM & COMMUNISM .<#d#d.> = MAK+ FASCISM AN 0ATTRACTIVE PROPOSITION0 7P4 #d#f7 = MANY6 

,HE PATRONIZ+LY 9TRODUCES ?IS SUBJECT BY /AT+ ?AT 0.<A.>L?\< AN>*I/S DID PLAY A VITAL ROLE )9 .<! ,AD,P.> G5]ALLY1 SADLY SOME HAD A T5D5CY TO 5GAGE 9 9DIVIDUAL 'DE$S1' OR ACTS ( T]RORISM40 7P4 #d#e7 ,SO ONE ACT1 COMMITT$ BY A FEW AN>*I/S1 IS CONSID]$ MORE TYPICAL ( AN>*ISM ?AN ! ?\S&S :O TOOK P>T 9 ! ,AD,P ACROSS ! C\NTRY4 ,AS USUAL1 REALITY IS DIFF]5T4 ,AS ,C>L ,LEVY NOTES ! 0AN>*I/S PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLES 9 ! ,>DITIT DEL ,POPOLO 9 #a#i#b#a0 :I* WAS 0P>TICUL>LY SUCCESSFUL 9 C5TRAL ,ITALY W]E ! TRADITIONS ( LIB]T>IAN 'SUBV]SIVISM' W]E ! /RONGE/40 ,HE NOTES ?AT IT WAS 0! SECT>IANISM ( ! COMMUNI/S0 & ! 0TIMIDITY ( ! SOCIALI/S0 :I* WEAK5$ IT4 .<#d#e.> 0,IT IS NO CO9CID5CE10/ATES ,TOBIAS ,ABSE1 0?AT ! /RONGE/ WORK+-CLASS RESI/ANCE TO ,FASCISM WAS 9 444 T[NS OR CITIES 9 :I* !RE WAS QUITE A /RONG AN>*I/1 SYNDICALI/ OR AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ TRADITION40 .<#d#f.> 

,BEHAN !N HELPS ! READ] UND]/& HIS PO9T BY /AT+ ?AT 0.<S.>U* ACTS .<SIC6.> ( 9DIVIDUAL T]RORISM W]E COMPLETELY DIFF]5T FROM ! TRADITIONS ( ! ORGANIZ$ WORK+ CLASS0 :I* >E 0OP5 & MASS RESI/ANCE40 7P4 #d#e7 ,HE !N GOES ON TO QUOTE ,TROTSKY ON ! FUTILITY ( SU* TACTICS4 ,IT IS A %AME HE DID NOT QUOTE ,KROPOTK9'S ?\<TS ON ?IS ISSUE4 ,9 #ahid ,KROPOTK9 >GU$ ?AT A 0/RUCTURE BAS$ ON C5TURIES ( HI/ORY CANNOT BE DE/ROY$ BY A FEW KILOS ( EXPLOSIVES40 .<#d#g.> ,MILL] SUMM>IZES ! /&>D AN>*I/ POSITION ON ?IS MATT] BY NOT+ ?AT 0,KROPOTK9 DECRI$ ! FUTILITY ( ! T]RORI/ ACT 444 ,! REAL MEAN+ ( 'PROPAG&A BY ! DE$' WAS MASS RESI/ANCE TO ! OPPRESSION ( ! /ATE1 COLLECTIVE ACTION AGA9/ TYRANNY 444 ,MASSES1 NOT 9DIVIDUALS1 MAKE ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION40 .<#d#h.>,BUT1 ( C\RSE1 PRES5T+ AN ACCURATE ACC\NT ( AN>*ISM'S IDEAS ON ?IS MATT] C\LD RESULT 9 ,BEHAN'S READ] F9D+ \T MORE AB\T IT4 ,SUFFICE TO SAY1 IF SOMEONE G5]ALIZ$ AB\T ,M>XISM FROM ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,R$ ,BRIGADES AS ,BEHAN DOES AB\T AN>*ISM H]E1 HE W\LD HAVE A FIT4 

,9CID5TALLY1 EV5 HIS [N EXAMPLE FAILS ,BEHAN4 ,?IS BOMB+ CAMPAIGN HAD NO?+ TO DO ) ! RESI/ANCE TO FASCISM4 ,RA!R1 IT WAS 9 SUPPORT ( ! HUNG] /RIKE :I* ,MALATE/A & O!R IMPRISON$ AN>*I/S M\NT$ TO PROTE/ !IR IMPRISONM5T S9CE ,OCTOB] #a#i#b4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ,BEHAN FAILS TO M5TION ?AT ! ,PRIME ,M9I/] HAD >RE/$ ! 5TIRE LEAD]%IP ( ! ,U,S,I & ,U,A,I AFT] ! FACTORY OCCUPATIONS HAD BE5 BETRAY$ 7%[+ ?AT ! ,ITALIAN /ATE1 UNLIKE ,BEHAN1 KNEW :]E ! REALLY REVOLUTION>Y ?REAT WAS 9 ,ITALY 9 ?OSE DAYS74 ,9 ?IS1 HE REPEATS ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,M>XI/S ( ! TIME :O 0MORE-OR-LESS IGNOR$ ! P]SECUTION ( ! LIB]T>IANS0 UNTIL ! HUNG] /RIKE 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#b#a4 .<#d#i.> 

,MOREOV]1 AN>*I/S HAD US$ 0OP5 & MASS RESI/ANCE40 ,9 ! WORDS ( ,M>IE-,L\ISE ,B]N]I3 

0,! WORK]S HAD BE5 TOO DEMORALIZ$ BY ! DEFEAT :I* FOLL[$ ! OCCUPATION ( ! FACTORIES TO PUT UP ANY S]I\S OPPOSITION4 ,! SITUATION WAS DIFF]5T 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#b2 !N ! ,GOV]NM5T TRI$ TO >RE/ ,MALATE/A 444 ,IMM$IATELY ALL ! MAJOR T[NS ( ,TUSCANY DECL>$ A G5]AL /RIKE 444 ,MALATE/A WAS RELEAS$40 

,%E PO9TS \T ?AT 0,AN>*I/S & ,SYNDICALI/S ALL OV] ,ITALY ORGANIZ$ DEMON/RATIONS 9 ORD] TO OBTA9 ! LIB]ATION ( !IR COMRADES BUT !Y RECEIV$ NO SOLID>ITY FROM ! SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS40 .<#e.> ,! ,SOCIALI/ PAP] URG$ ITS READ]S 0TO PAY NO ATT5TION TO ANY APPEALS = ACTION0 UNTIL !Y HAD 0BE5 DULY PASS$ BY ! ,P>TY'S C5TRAL ORGANS & BY ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS COMPET5T TO DEAL ) !M40 ,!Y F9ALLY DECID$ UPON A ONE H\R /RIKE6 ,AS ,B]N]I >GUES1 0.<T.>HANKS TO ! COMPLICITY ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,RE=MI/ ORGANIZATIONS ! ,GOV]NM5T WAS ABLE TO KEEP ,MALATE/A & ,BOR<I 9 PRISON = N9E MON?S40 .<#e#a.> 

,LA/LY1 ,BEHAN 9CR$IBLY CALLS ! BOMB]S ! 0FOLL[]S ( ! AN>*I/ LEAD] ,]RICO ,MALATE/A40 ,SURELY HE MU/ BE AW>E ?AT ,MALATE/A1 LIKE MO/ AN>*I/S !N & N[1 DID NOT SUBSCRIBE TO SU* TACTICS8 

,P]HAPS IT IS UNSURPRIS+ ?AT ,BEHAN SP5DS MORE TIME QUOT+ ,TROTSKY ?AN DISCUSS+ ! ROOTS ( ?IS ACT & ITS REAL RELATION%IP ) AN>*I/ !ORY & AN>*I/ PRACTICE 9 ,ITALY AT ! TIME8 ,IT DOES FIT 9TO ! /&>D ,S,W,P VIEW ( AN>*ISM4 

,SYNDICALISM & POLITICS 

,BEHAN1 NE$LESS TO SAY1 RECYCLES USUAL ,M>XI/ MY?S AB\T SYNDICALISM AS WELL AS AN>*ISM4 ,HE /ATES ?AT = SYNDICALI/S 0CLOSE 9VOLVEM5T 9 /RUGGLES = POLITICAL RE=MS C\LD CON/ITUTE A TRAP 9 ! LONG T]M1 9 :I* ACTIVI/S W\LD BE SUCK$ 9TO ACCEPT+ ! BE/ ( CURR5T SY/EM HAD TO (F]40 ,?IS POSITION1 HE CLAIMS1 0MEANT1 ON A DAY TO DAY BASIS1 'POLITICS' WAS LEFT TO ! RE=MI/S40 ,HE !N QUOTES ,TONY ,CLIFF ON ,BRITI% ,SYNDICALISM3 0,SYNDICALISM HAD NO ANSW] TO ! G5]ALIZ$ POLITICAL >GUM5TS ( ,LABOR1 BECAUSE IT REJECT$ 'POLITICS' 9 PR9CIPLE40 7P4 #a#c7 

,:ILE QUOT+ ,CLIFF MAY BE 5\< = ,S,W,P MEMB]S1 = O!RS ?IS ANSW]S NO?+4 ,IF ,CLIFF WAS WRONG !N QUOT+ HIM DOES NOT SUDD5LY MAKE HIM RI<T6 ,& ,CLIFF1 LIKE ,BEHAN1 IS WRONG4 ,!SE ASS]TIONS >E WRONG ON TWO LEVELS4 ,FIR/LY1 SYNDICALI/S DO NOT ACTUALLY HAVE ! POSITION ,BEHAN 7& ,CLIFF7 CLAIMS !Y HAVE &1 SECONDLY1 ,BEHAN'S [N WORK SUPPORTS ! SYNDICALI/ POSITION4 

,SYNDICALI/S1 LIKE AN>*I/S1 DO NOT REJECT 0POLITICS0 OR 0/RUGGLES = POLITICAL RE=MS0 9 ! AB/RACT4 ,!Y >E KE5LY AW>E ( ! NECESSITY ( POLITICAL !ORY1 P>TICUL>LY ON ! ROLE ( ! /ATE4 ,AS ONE HI/ORIAN ON ,BRITI% SYNDICALISM CORRECTLY NOTES :ILE ?IS K9D ( ASS]TION IS 0C]TA9LY A DEEPLY EMB$D$ >TICLE ( FAI? AMONG ?OSE M>XI/S :O HAVE TAK5 ,L59'S /RICTURES AGA9/ SYNDICALISM AT FACE VALUE10 IT 0BE>S LITTLE RELATION TO ! ACTUAL NATURE ( REVOLUTION>Y 9DU/RIAL /RUCTURES40 ,! SYNDICALI/S DID NOT 0NEGLECT POLITICS & ! /ATE 444 ON ! CONTR>Y0 !Y W]E 0HI<LY 'POLITICAL' 9 ?AT !Y S\<T TO UND]/&1 *ALL5GE & DE/ROY ! /RUCTURE ( CAPITALI/ P[] 9 SOCIETY4 ,!Y QUITE CLE>LY P]CEIV$ ! OPPRESSIVE ROLE ( ! /ATE :OSE P]IODIC 9T]V5TION 9 9DU/RIAL UNRE/ C\LD H>DLY HAVE BE5 MISS$40 .<#e#b.> 

,AS = 0/RUGGLES = POLITICAL RE=MS10 SYNDICALI/S >E 9 FAVOR ( SU* /RUGGLES AS LONG AS !Y >E CONDUCT$ BY MEANS ( DIRECT ACTION & SOLID>ITY ON WORK+ CLASS T]RA9 7I4E4 )9 9DU/RY OR 9 ! COMMUNITY74 ,!Y REJECT 0POLITICS0 & POLITICAL 0/RUGGLES0 :5 !Y 9VOLVE ELECTIONE]+ & A FEW LEAD]S WORK+ )9 B\RGEOIS 9/ITUTIONS4 ,?IS1 !Y >GUE1 WILL LEAD TO RE=MISM & ! CO-OPT+ ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T 9TO CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,IRONICALLY1 ,BEHAN HAD ALREADY IMPLICITLY ADMITT$ ?AT ! SYNDICALI/S W]E RI<T BY NOT+ TWO PAGES PREVI\SLY H[ ! ,P,S,I 7LIKE ALL SOCIALI/ P>TIES7 HAD BECOME RE=MI/4 7P4 #a#a7 ,LIKEWISE1 ! ROLE ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & ,TRADE ,UNION BUREAUCRATS DUR+ ! BI5NIO ROSSO CONFIRMS ! SYNDICALI/ ANALYSIS 7AS IT HAD CONFIRM$ ,BAKUN9'S74 

,! ,FAILURE ( ,M>XISM 

,IT IS UND]/&ABLE :Y ,BEHAN %\LD REWRITE HI/ORY SO4 ,AFT] ALL1 HIS BOOK %[S ! ABSOLUTE FAILURE ( ,M>XISM 79 ALL ITS GUISES74 

,LOOK+ AT ! ,ITALIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 IT IS OBVI\S ?AT IT PROV$ ,BAKUN9 RI<T1 NOT ,M>X & ,5GELS4 ,! LATT] HAD PROCLAIM$ ?AT 0POLITICAL ACTION0 7I4E4 ELECTIONE]+7 W\LD RESULT 9 SOCIALISM4 ,BAKUN9 PR$ICT$ IT W\LD D]ADICALISE ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T & RESULT 9 RE=MISM4 ,BEHAN'S BOOK %[S H[ RI<T ,BAKUN9 WAS4 .<#e#c.> ,! ,ITALIAN SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T WAS BUREAUCRATIC & RE=MI/4 ,SADLY1 :ILE HE NOTES ?AT ?IS HAD 0HAPP5$ TO SIMIL> P>TIES1 SU* AS ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS 9 ,G]MANY10 HE FAILS TO DISCUSS :E!R ,M>X'S TACTICS CAN CONTRIBUT$ TO ?IS PROCESS4 7P4 #a#a7 ,SO :5 ,BEHAN QUOTES ,GIOLITTI 7! ,ITALIAN ,PRIME ,M9I/]7 AS ACCURATELY DESCRIB+ ! ,P,S,I AS HAV+ 0S5T ,K>L ,M>X UP 9TO ! ATTIC10 7P4 #a#a71 :5 HE NOTES ?AT ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL HAD BE5 0DISCR$IT$ :5 NE>LY ALL ITS MEMB]S 444 HAD VOT$ TO SUPPORT '!IR' GOV]NM5TS 9 ! SLAU<T] ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>0 & ?AT !RE WAS 0A G5]AL LACK ( EXP]I5C$ REVOLUTION>Y P>TIES0 7P4 #i#i7 9 ,EUROPE AT ! TIME1 ,BAKUN9 CAN FEEL V9DICAT$4 

,BEHAN USEFULLY EXPOSES ! BETRAYAL ! ,P,S,I ( ! ANTI-FASCI/ /RUGGLE4 ,HE REC\NTS ! TOTAL & BLOODY DEFEAT ( ! FASCI/S 9 ,S>ZANA BY ! LOCAL ,AD,P 9 ,JULY #a#i#b#a4 7P4 #f#c-#d7 ,) #ah DEAD & #c W\ND$ FASCI/S1 ! NEXT FEW WEEKS SAW ,MUSSOL9I PURPOSE A 0PEACE0 PACT ) ! ,SOCIALI/S4 ,! LATT] SIGN$ UP TO ! PACT1 D5\NC+ ! ,AD,P & DECL>+ ITSELF 0UNCONNECT$0 TO IT4 .<#e#d.> ,IT SEEMS ?AT ,5GELS PRAISE = ! ,ITALIAN SOCIALI/S TURN+ !IR BACK ON AN>*ISM WAS UNW>RANT$4 

,BEHAN ALSO 7IMPLICITLY7 ACKN[L$GES ?AT ,BAKUN9 HAD BE5 RI<T TO ATTACK ,M>XI/ EMPHASIS ON ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT BE ADMITT+ ?AT 09 ?IS P]IOD ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ,ITALIAN WORK+ PEOPLE /ILL LIV$ 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE40 .<#f#e.> ,:ILE BE+ TOTALLY WRONG 9 IMPLY+ ?AT ,BAKUN9'S 0/RONG FOLL[+0 WAS 9 ! PEASANTRY1 ,BEHAN IS RI<T ?AT TO /ATE ?AT ,BAKUN9 WAS RI<T TO TRY & 0GA9 SUPPORT AMONG POOR PEASANTS0 & ?AT ?IS WAS 0SOME?+ ?AT ! EM]G+ SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T SY/EMATICALLY FAIL$ TO DO40 7P4 #f7 ,YET ,BAKUN9'S AW>5ESS ( !SE OBVI\S FACTS HAVE NEV] /OPP$ ,M>XI/S ATTACK+ AN>*ISM AS BE+ 0PETTY B\RGEOIS0 = >GU+ ?AT NO REVOLUTION C\LD SUCCE$ )\T A MOVEM5T ( WORK]S & PEASANTS6 

,!N !RE >E ! NEGATIVE EFFECTS ( ! HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURES FAVOR$ BY ,M>XI/S4 ,HE D5\NCES ! 0,SOCIALI/S' 9ABILITY TO PROVIDE /RONG LEAD]%IP10 7P4 #d#a7 YET HE FAILS TO SEE ?AT ! FAILURE WAS ?AT ! SOCIALI/ RANK & FILE C\LD NOT TAKE 9DEP5D5T ACTION !MSELVES4 ,?IS SUGGE/S ?AT HI]>*ICAL LEAD]%IP SO BELOV$ ( ! ,S,W,P FAILS :5 IT C\NTS4 ,?IS ANALYSIS WAS RAIS$ 9 ,ITALY AT ! TIME4 ,AFT] ! ,APRIL #aib /RIKES1 ! AN>*I/S 0ACCUS$ ! SOCIALI/S ( BETRAYAL4 ,!Y CRITICIZ$ :AT !Y BELIEV$ WAS A FALSE S5SE ( DISCIPL9E ?AT HAD B\ND SOCIALI/S TO !IR [N C[>DLY LEAD]%IP4 ,!Y CONTRA/$ ! DISCIPL9E ?AT PLAC$ EV]Y MOVEM5T UND] ! 'CALCULATIONS1 FE>S1 MI/AKES & POSSIBLE BETRAYALS ( ! LEAD]S' TO ! O!R DISCIPL9E ( ! WORK]S ( ,SE/RI ,PON5TE :O /RUCK 9 SOLID>ITY ) ,TUR91 ! DISCIPL9E ( ! RAILWAY WORK]S :O REFUS$ TO TRANSPORT SECURITY =CES TO ,TUR9 & ! AN>*I/S & MEMB]S ( ! ,UNIONE ,S9DACALE :O =GOT CONSID]ATIONS ( P>TY & SECT TO PUT !MSELVES AT ! DISPOSITION ( ! ,TOR9ESI40 .<#f#f.> ,SADLY1 ?IS TOP-D[N 0DISCIPL9E0 ( ! SOCIALI/S & !IR UNIONS W\LD BE REPEAT$ DUR+ ! FACTORY OCCUPATIONS1 ) T]RIBLE RESULTS4 ,RA!R ?AN POND] :E!R HI]>*Y WORKS1 ,BEHAN SIMPLY CALLS = BETT] 70/RONG07 LEAD]%IP 7! IRONY ( SO DO+ 9 A BOOK AB\T RESI/ANCE TO FASCISM SEEMS TO BE LO/ ON HIM674 

,FROM ,M>XISM TO ,FASCISM 

,TALK+ ( :I*1 :ILE ,BEHAN DISMISSES ,MUSSOL9I AS LITTLE MORE ?AN A 0DEMAGOGUE0 ) 0SUP]FICIAL RADICALISM10 7P4 #a#b7 ! READ] HAS TO WOND] H[ SU* A P]SON MANAG$ TO RISE SO F> 9 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY TO BEG9 )4 ,SURELY SOME AW>5ESS ( ,M>XISM W\LD BE REQUIR$8 ,& :Y DID ! ,P,S,I LEAD]%IP NOT NOTICE8 ,& :AT ( ! MEMB]%IP :O PLAC$ HIM 9 ?AT POSITION8 ,P]HAPS IT IS EASI] = A ,M>XI/ TO SUGGE/ ?AT ,MUSSOL9I WAS NEV] ONE ?AN SUBJECT ,M>XISM TO ANY =M ( DEEP ANALYSIS4 

,P]HAPS ?IS EXPLA9S :Y ,BEHAN =GETS TO M5TION ! ,M>XI/ ORIG9S ( ! 9TELLECTUAL REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S :O BECAME NATIONALI/ & PRO-W> 9 #a#i#a#d8 ,AFT] ALL1 ?AT A LEAD+ LEFT-W+ SOCIALI/ LIKE ,MUSSOL9I BECAME A FASCI/ IS BAD 5\< BUT ?AT A :OLE HO/ ( LEFT-W+]S BECAME NATIONALI/S IS DEEPLY EMB>RASS+4 ,:ILE ,BEHAN NOTES ?AT ,MUSSOL9I 0F\ND COMMON GR\ND ) A SURPRIS+LY L>GE NUMB] ( REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S0 7PP4 #a#g-#a#h7 HE FAILS TO 9=M HIS READ]S ( A FEW P]T95T FACTS4 

,FIR/LY1 AS ,DAVID ,ROB]TS 7ONE ( ,BEHAN'S REF]5CES7 NOTES1 0.<I.>N ,ITALY1 ! SYNDICALI/ DOCTR9E WAS MORE CLE>LY ! PRODUCT ( A GR\P ( 9TELLECTUALS1 OP]AT+ )9 ! ,SOCIALI/ P>TY & SEEK+ AN ALT]NATIVE TO RE=MISM40 ,!Y 0EXPLICITLY D5\NC$ AN>*ISM0 & 09SI/$ ON A V>IETY ( ,M>XI/ OR?ODOXY0 ,! 0SYNDICALI/S G5U9ELY DESIR$ -- & TRI$ -- TO WORK )9 ! ,M>XI/ TRADITION40 .<#e#g.> 

,SECONDLY1 MO/ SYNDICALI/S DID NOT BECOME PRO-W>3 0,! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! ORGANIZ$ WORK]S FAIL$ TO RESPOND TO ! SYNDICALI/S' APPEALS & CONT9U$ TO OPPOSE .<,ITALIAN.> 9T]V5TION .<9 ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>.>1 %UNN+ :AT SEEM$ TO BE A FUTILE CAPITALI/ W>4 ,! SYNDICALI/S FAIL$ TO CONV9CE EV5 A MAJORITY )9 ! ,U,S,I 444 ! MAJORITY OPT$ = ! NEUTRALISM ( ,>M&O ,BOR<I1 LEAD] ( ! AN>*I/S )9 ! ,U,S,I4 ,S*ISM FOLL[$ AS ,DE ,AMBRIS L$ ! 9T]V5TIONI/ M9ORITY \T ( ! CONF$]ATION40 .<#e#h.> 

,CLE>LY1 !RE=E1 ,BEHAN %\LD HAVE SAID ?AT A 0SURPRIS+LY L>GE NUMB]0 ( ,M>XI/ REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S 0F\ND COMMON GR\ND0 ) ! ,M>XI/ ,MUSSOL9I :ILE ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S REMA9$ TRUE TO !IR LIB]T>IAN IDEALS4 ,?AT ,BEHAN FAILS TO DO ?IS IS UNSURPRIS+4 ,IT W\LD RAISE F> TOO MANY QUE/IONS AB\T ! 0REVOLUTION>Y0 NATURE ( ,M>XISM & ITS ABILITY TO ATTRACT SU* PEOPLE TO IT4 

,! ,FAILURE ( ,BOL%EVISM 

,IT WILL BE OBJECT$ ?AT ?IS IS NOT REAL ,M>XISM1 AS EXPRESS$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIK TRADITION4 ,SADLY = ,BEHAN1 HIS BOOK ALSO %[S ! FAILURE ( ,BOL%EVISM AS WELL4 ,BEHAN1 P]HAPS UNKN[+LY1 PRES5TS MU* EVID5CE AGA9/ ,BOL%EVIK WAYS ( ORGANIZ+4 

,:ILE ,BEHAN DEPLORES ! ACTIONS ( ! ,ITALIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 7,P,C,I7 & ITS LEAD]%IP1 HE NEV] ASKS HIMSELF BASIC QUE/IONS AB\T ! VALIDITY ( ,BOL%EVISM AS A REVOLUTION>Y !ORY & /RATEGY4 ,:Y1 IF ! ,BOL%EVIK MODEL ( ORGANIZ+ PRODUCES ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC P>TY EV]1 DID ! ,P,C,I PURSUE ITS POLICY AGA9/ ! WI%ES ( ITS MEMB]S1 AS ,BEHAN IMPLIES8 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,BEHAN /ATES ?AT 0MANY ,P,C,I MEMB]S US$ !IR COMMON S5SE & JO9$ ! ,AD,P0 AGA9/ !IR P>TY'S WI%ES 7P4 #f#h7 & ! DESPITE 0FE$BACK FROM BEL[0 ! 0,P,C,I ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE DUG ITS HEELS 940 7P4 #f#i7 ,?IS IS H>D TO RECONCILE ) ATTEMPTS TO PRES5T 0DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM0 AS BE+ EV5 SLI<TLY 7NEV] M9D HI<LY7 DEMOCRATIC4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,BEHAN NOTES ?AT ! ,COM9T]N'S 0UND]/&+ ( EV5TS 9 ,ITALY CONT9U$ TO SUFF] FROM DI/ORTIONS & 9ACCURACIES OV] ! COM+ MON?S40 7P4 #a#f7 ,:ILE ?IS IS TO BE EXPECT$ 9 A C5TRALIZ$ /RUCTURE1 IT DOES NOT BODE WELL = DEF5SES ( C5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION AS BE+ 9H]5TLY MORE EFFICI5T4 .<#e#i.> 

,BEHAN ALSO NOTES H[ ! LEAD]%IP H9D]$ LOCAL ACTION4 ,BORDIGA1 = EXAMPLE1 0TOLD ! ,ROME BRAN* .<( ! ,P,C,I.> ?AT ! P>TY NE$$ TO TAKE A POSITION ON ! ,AD,P NATIONALLY1 & ?AT UNTIL HAPP5$ BRAN* MEMB]S HAD TO CURB !IR 5?USIASM = WORK+ ) ! ,AD,P40 7P4 #f#g7 ,YET ?IS IS A CORE IDEA ( DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM3 ! HI<] ORGANS ( ! P>TY HAVE ! RI<T 7EV5 DUTY7 TO OV]RIDE LOCAL ONES4 ,?AT ?IS ME?OD ( ORGANIZ+ FAILS MASSIVELY IS A RECURR+ !ME 9 HI/ORIES ( ,L59ISM 7& #aiag IS NO EXCEPTION74 

,BEHAN'S ACC\NT1 !RE=E1 PROVIDES MORE EVID5CE = ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9'S SUMMATION3 

0 ,! LOCAL GR\PS1 :I* KN[ !IR [N IMM$IATE SITUATION BETT] ?AN ANY REMOTE LEAD]S1 >E OBLIG$ TO SUBORD9ATE !IR 9SI<TS TO DIRECTIVES FROM ABOVE4 ,! LEAD]%IP1 LACK+ ANY DIRECT KN[L$GE ( LOCAL PROBLEMS1 RESPONDS SLUGGI%LY & PRUD5TLY4 ,AL?\< IT /AKES \T A CLAIM TO ! 'L>G] VIEW1' TO GREAT] '!ORETICAL COMPET5CE1' ! COMPET5CE ( ! LEAD]%IP T5DS TO DIM9I% AS ONE ASC5DS ! HI]>*Y ( COMM&4 ,! MORE ONE APPROA*ES ! LEVEL :]E ! REAL DECISIONS >E MADE1 ! MORE CONS]VATIVE IS ! NATURE ( ! DECISION-MAK+ PROCESS1 ! MORE BUREAUCRATIC & EXTRANE\S >E ! FACTORS :I* COME 9TO PLAY1 ! MORE CONSID]ATIONS ( PRE/IGE & RETR5*M5T SUPPLANT CREATIVITY1 IMAG9ATION1 & A DIS9T]E/$ D$ICATION TO REVOLUTION>Y GOALS4 

0,! P>TY BECOMES LESS EFFICI5T FROM A REVOLUTION>Y PO9T ( VIEW ! MORE IT SEEKS EFFICI5CY BY MEANS ( HI]>*Y1 CADRES & C5TRALIZATION4 ,AL?\< EV]YONE M>*ES 9 /EP1 ! ORD]S >E USUALLY WRONG1 ESPECIALLY :5 EV5TS BEG9 TO MOVE RAPIDLY & TAKE UNEXPECT$ TURNS -- AS !Y DO 9 ALL REVOLUTIONS40 .<#f.> 

,GIV5 ! OBVI\SLY UNDEMOCRATIC NATURE ( ! ,P,C,I 7H[ ELSE CAN ! APP>5T DIV]G5CE BETWE5 ! LEAD]%IP & ! MEMB]%IP BE EXPLA9$87 CAN IT BE UNSURPRIS+ ?AT ITS LEAD]%IP 0COMMITT$ MI/AKES ON A GR& SCALE08 7P4 #i#e7 ,MOREOV]1 ,BEHAN FAILS TO EXPLA9 H[ ! LEAD]%IP REMA9$ 9 P[]4 ,AFT] ALL1 AT ITS #aibb CONGRESS 0,BORDIGA'S !SES W]E C>RI$ BY AN OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY0 & ?AT ONLY 0A M9ORITY ( ! P>TY EXPRESS$ COMPLETE SOLID>ITY ) ,Z9OVIEV40 .<#f#a.> ,GIV5 ?IS1 ,BEHAN HAS TWO POSSIBILITIES4 ,FIR/LY1 EI!R ! ,P,C,I WAS SIMPLY 9CR$IBLY UNDEMOCRATIC 7& :]E DOES ?AT LEAVE DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM87 OR ?AT ! MEMB]%IP ( ! ,P,C,I W]E1 ON ! MA91 AS SECT>IAN AS !IR LEAD]%IP 7& :]E DOES ?AT LEAVE ,M>XISM874 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ,BEHAN FAILS TO NOTE ?AT ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P,C,I WAS NOT *ANG$ BY ITS MEMB]%IP4 ,RA!R1 IT WAS ! ,COM9T]N ?AT DID SO4 .<#f#b.> ,IF ! POLICIES ( ,BORDIGA W]E SO AT ODDS ) ! ACTIONS ( ! MEMB]%IP1 AS ,BEHAN LIKES TO IMPLY1 !N :Y WAS HE NOT EVICT$ BY ! MEMB]%IP8 

,SO ! FATALLY WRONG DECISIONS BY ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P,C,I DO NOT MAKE ,BEHAN RAISE QUE/IONS ON ! VALIDITY ( 0DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM40 ,NO QUE/IONS >E RAIS$ ON :E!R IT IS DEMOCRATIC OR :E!R C5TRALISM IS ACTUALLY V]Y EFFICI5T4 ,= OBVI\S REASONS4 ,BEHAN DOES M5TION ! PROBLEM ( ,BOL%EVIK C5TRALISM :5 HE DISCUSSES ! FACT ?AT ! ,AD,P DID NOT HAVE POLITICAL FACTIONS )9 ! ORGANIZATION DUE TO MEMB]S HAV+ TO FOLL[ ITS DISCIPL9E4 7P4 #f7 ,HE /ATES ?AT ?IS DIFFICULTY 0C\LD HAVE RESOLV$ IF ! P>TY HADN'T HAD SU* A RIGID S5SE ( DISCIPL9E40 ,YET ?IS GOES AGA9/ ! :OLE ,BOL%EVIK TRADITION :I* PLAC$ 7AT LEA/ !ORETICALLY7 P>TY DISCIPL9E ABOVE ALL ELSE4 ,NOR1 AS ,BEHAN ASS]TS1 DID ! 0UNIT$ FRONT0 POLICY BY ,L59 & ,TROTSKY RESOLVE ?IS ISSUE AS P>TY DISCIPL9E WAS /ILL ! BASIS ( ANY SU* FRONT4 ,9DE$1 ,BEHAN QUOTES ,TROTSKY /AT+ ?AT ! ,C,P W\LD BE AN 09DEP5D5T DETA*M5T0 7P4 #a#e7 9 ANY FRONT1 MAK+ UNITY 9 ACTION DEP5D5T ON ! LEAD]%IP ( ! P>TY RA!R ?AN ! DECISIONS ( ! ,AD,P MEMB]%IP4 ,! REFUSAL BY ! ,AD,P TO ALL[ POLITICAL FACTIONS W\LD1 UND\BT$LY1 HAVE MADE IT UNATTRACTIVE = A ,BOL%EVIK P]SPECTIVE4 

,IRONICALLY1 !RE=E1 GIV5 ! ROLE ( ! ,P,C,I1 ,BEHAN /ATES ?AT 0TO ADD TO !IR .<! 9DU/RIALI/S & L>GE L&[N]S.> PROBLEMS1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY WAS BORN 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#b#a40 7P4 #c#i7 ,IF ANY?+1 ?IS EV5T HELP$ ! RUL+ CLASS IMM5SELY4 

,WORK]S' ,P[]8 

,ANYONE FAMILI> ) ,S,W,P BOOKS KN[ ( ! USUAL MISUSE ( REF]5CES ASSOCIAT$ ) !M4 ,BEHAN DOES NOT DISAPPO9T4 ,= EXAMPLE1 HE TALKS AB\T ! SYNDICALI/ ,DE ,AMBRIS HAV+ 0A LONG T]M VISION ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( WORK+ CLASS P[]0 & SO 0WEI<$ EA* SITUATION UP SPECIFICALLY1 & ON OCCASION WAS PREP>$ TO RETREAT0 RA!R ?AN 0ALWAYS TRY+ TO CALL & SU/A9 ! MO/ RADICAL ACTION )\T ASSESS+ ! BALANCE ( =CES1 OR SUDD5LY UNLE%+ A SPONTANE\S G5]AL /RIKE40 ,HE CONTRA/S HIM 0) O!R SYNDICALI/S & AN>*I/S40 7PP4 #g#g-#h7 ,TO SUPPORT HIS CLAIMS ON ,DE ,AMBRIS V]SUS ! 0O!R SYNDICALI/S0 ,BEHAN REF]5CES PAGE #gd ( ,ROB]TS' BOOK4 ,SADLY1 ?IS PAGE SAYS ! EXACT OPPOSITE1 NAMELY ?AT ! 0SYNDICALI/S SIMPLY DID NOT %>E ! AN>*I/ BELIEF 9 ! VALUE ( SPONTANE\S POPUL> UPRIS+S40 ,IRONICALLY1 ,ROB]TS NOTES ?AT 0.<S.>TUD5TS ( ! MOVEM5T0 FAIL$ 0TO DI/+UI% SYNDICALISM FROM AN>*ISM40 ,Y\ DO NOT HAVE TO SUBSCRIBE TO ! SYNDICALI/S EVALUATION ( :AT AN>*I/S BELIEVE TO SEE ?AT ?AT ,BEHAN SUMM>Y IS AT ODDS ) ! S\RCE4 .<#f#c.> 

,!N1 ( C\RSE1 !RE IS ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! IDEA ( 0WORK+ CLASS P[]0 ) ! FACT ?AT ,DE ,AMBRIS 7TO QUOTE ,BEHAN7 0CALL$ (F ! G5]AL /RIKE 444 AFT] JU/ TWO DAYS40 7P4 #g#h7 ,& :Y DID ,DE ,AMBRIS DO ?IS8 ,BECAUSE1 ACCORD+ TO ,ROB]TS1 0! MOVEM5T 9 ,P>MA BEGAN TO GET \T ( CONTROL ) /ONE ?R[+ & VIOL5CE40 ,SURELY1 IF 0WORK+ CLASS P[]0 IS TO MEAN ANY?+1 SU* A DECISION %\LD RE/ ) ! UNION'S MEMB]%IP RA!R ?AN A FEW LEAD]S8 

,MOREOV]1 ,BEHAN HIMSELF NOT$ ?AT ! 0C\NTRY EXPLOD$0 DUR+ ! 0,R$ ,WEEK0 & PRES5TS A DESCRIPTION :I* CONFIRMS AN>*I/ HOPES 9 IT 7P4 #a#f74 ,IRONICALLY1 ! REASON :Y ! /RUGGLES ( #a#i#a#i-#b W]E ALSO DEFEAT$ WAS BECAUSE ! 0,P,S,I LEAD]%IP W\LD DO NO?+ TO TAKE ! MOVEM5T =W>D0 & ! TRADE UNION BUREAUCRATS ACT$ 9 EXACTLY ! SAME WAY AS !Y DID 9 #a#i#a#d4 ,9 #a#i#b1 ! ,C,G,L LEAD]%IP ALSO CLAIM$ TO BE+ WEI<+ UP ! SITUATION :5 IT CALL$ ! OCCUPATIONS (F4 ,ULTIMATELY1 ,BEHAN'S PRAISE = ,DE ,AMBRIS %[S ! WEAKNESS ( HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION4 

,LA/LY1 ,ROB]TS 9DICATES :AT ?IS 0LONG T]M VISION0 ACTUALLY MEANT3 0,ALL SYNDICALI/ LIT]ATURE .<DUR+ ! BI5NIO ROSSO.> 444 CON/ANTLY /RESS$ 444 .<?AT.> ! ,ITALIAN PROLET>IAT WAS SIMPLY NOT MATURE 5\< = A REAL SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION40 ,AN 0ANTIREVOLUTION>Y0 MESSAGE1 9 O!R WORDS4 .<#f#d.> 

,UNIT$ ,FRONT 

,:ILE ,BEHAN >GUES ?AT A UNIT$ FRONT WAS ESS5TIAL1 HE DOES NOT DISCUSS 9 ANY DETAIL ?AT ?IS IDEA HAD BE5 RAIS$ DUR+ !SE /RUGGLES4 ,P]HAPS ! LACK ( DISCUSSION IS PROMPT$ BY ! FACT IT WAS ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S :O W]E >GU+ = IT CONSI/5TLY FROM ! />T ( #aiai ONW>DS4 ,9 ,JANU>Y1 #a#i#a#i1 ! ,U,S,I CONGRESS 0CALL$ = /RONG ACTION 9 WORK]S' UNITY0 & 9 ,APRIL ,>M&O ,BOR<I1 AN>*I/ SECRET>Y ( ! SYNDICALI/ ,U,S,I1 PROPOS$ A 0UNIT$ REVOLUTION>Y FRONT0 =M$ ?R\< REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES ( ! ,P,S,I1 ! ,C,G,L1 ,U,S,I1 ,U,A,I & ! RAILWAY M54 ,! ,C,G,L WAS 0TOTALLY OPPOS$40 .<#f#e.> 

,?IS SECOND CALL1 SIGNIFICANTLY1 CAME TWO DAYS AFT] NATIONALI/S & FASCI/S BURN$ ! (FICES ( ,AVANTI 7! ,P,S,I NEWSPAP]71 YET ,BEHAN DOES NOT M5TION ?IS OR ! ,P,S,I RESPONSE4 ,WILLIAMS1 ONE ( ,BEHAN'S S\RCES1 CONSID]$ ?IS 0A CRITICAL MOM5T0 7AL?\< IT 0REMA9S OBSCURE074 ,9 SPITE ( ,MAY ,DAY MEET+S 9 ,TUR9 & ,MILAN GREET+ 0! PROPOSAL ) 5?USIASM10 IT WAS 0DUR+ ,MAY & 9TO ,JUNE0 ?AT ! ,P,S,I 0TURN$ AWAY FROM ANY ALLIANCE ) ! SYNDICALI/S40 ,IT WAS ! SOCIALI/ LEAD] ,S]RATI :O1 ACCORD+ TO ,WILLIAMS1 0PLAY$ A KEY ROLE0 9 ?IS4 ,S]RATI ?\<T ?AT 0) ! EXCEPTION ( A FEW BIG >EAS 9 ,NOR? ,ITALY1 SOME >EAS NE> ,BOLOGNA1 & TO SOME EXT5T ! ,M>*ES0 ! RE/ ( ,ITALY WAS 09CAPABLE EV5 ( MAK+ ANY K9D ( COLLECTIVE GE/URE40 ,SO MU* = DECADES ( SOCIALI/ ACTIVITY6 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! 0SEV]AL ( ! C5T]S ( REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL ?AT ,S]RATI S+L$ \T W]E 9 FACT SYNDICALI/ /RON<OLDS40 ,WILLIAMS >GUES ?AT ! 0REVOLUTION>Y LOGIC0 ( ALL SECTORS ( ! SOCIALI/S WAS LONG-T]M4 .<#f#f.> ,IT SEEMS LIKELY ?AT ! HABITS G5]AT$ BY ,M>XI/ TACTICS PLAY$ ! KEY ROLE4 ,! ,P,S,I1 LIKE MO/ ,M>XI/S1 SAW ! REVOLUTION AS A P>TY AFFAIR1 P>TICUL>LY ! P>TY HI]>*Y1 & SEEM$ W>Y ( P>TICIPAT+ 9 MOVEM5TS \TSIDE ITS CONTROL4 

,A SIMIL> PROCESS ( OCCURR$ 9 ! SUMM] ( #aib 9 ,TUR91 :]E ! ,P,S,I BRAN* WAS CONTROLL$ BY AN ALLIANCE ( AB/5TIONI/ COMMUNI/S & ! ,ORD9E ,NUOVO4 ,?IS ALLIANCE 0BROKE UP 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#b1 MA9LY OV] ! IMPORTANT ISSUE ( :E!R ,SOCIALI/S %\LD COLLABORATE ) AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S40 ,TWO ( ! F\ND]S ( ,ORD9E ,NUOVO 7,TASCA & ,T]RAC9I7 W]E OPPOS$ TO COLLABORATION1 ! BRAN* SECRET>Y 7AN AB/5TIONI/7 WAS NOT4 ,A RESOLUTION 9 ,JULY1 CALL+ = ,P,S,I BRAN*ES TO S5D DELEGATES TO TAKE P>T 9 A MEET+ 9 ,G5OA ( REVOLUTION>Y & ,TRADE ,UNION ORGANIZATIONS1 CAUS$ ! EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE TO SPLIT &1 F9ALLY1 RESIGN4 .<#f#g.> ,:ILE1 IRONICALLY1 ! AB/5TIONI/S ADVOCAT$ 0MEET+S ( REPRES5TATIVES ( ! V>I\S ORGANIZATIONS1 & AMONG ! WORK]S ( CITY & C\NTRY1 TO CREATE UNITY ( ?\<T & ACTION0 ! ELECTIONI/S 7:I* 9CLUD$ MO/ ( ,GRAMSCI'S COLLEAGUES ON ,ORD9E ,NUOVO7 0DEPLOR$ ! /R5G? ( ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S40 .<#f#h.> ,A YE> BE=E1 A SIMIL> SITUATION >OSE 9 ,TUR9 ) ! ,P,S,I REFUS+ TO A =MAL ALLIANCE ) ! AN>*I/S AFT] ! ,AVANTI6 (FICES 9 ,MILAN HAD BE5 BURN$ BY FASCI/S4 ,?IS DID NOT /OP ! ,FASCIO ,S9DACALE D',AZIONE ,RIVOLUZION>IA BE+ CREAT$ BY LIB]T>IANS4 ,AS WELL AS 0BE+ 9VOLV$ .<9.> ! POLITICS ( ! LOCAL TRADE UNIONS 444 .<,IT.> WAS ALSO ! BIR?PLACE ( ! ,TOR9ESE ,R$ ,GU>DS40 .<#f#i.> ,GIV5 ! KEY ROLE ,BEHAN GIVES TO ! 0UNIT$ FRONT0 IT SEEMS /RANGE ?AT HE FAILS TO DISCUSS !SE EV5TS4 

,IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT ?IS OPPOSITION TO A UNIT$ FRONT ) AN>*I/S HAD A LONG HI/ORY4 ,BEHAN FAILS TO NOTE ?AT ,GRAMSCI 7HIS OBVI\S PREF]5CE = ,P,C,I LEAD]7 HAD 0OPPOS$ POLITICALLY 9SPIR$ UNIT$ FRONTS ( AN>*I/S & SOCIALI/S 9 ,TUR9 OR 9 ,ITALY0 BETWE5 #aiaf & E>LY #a#i#a#h4 .<#g.> ,GIV5 ?AT !RE HAD BE5 A PUBLIC DEBATE ON ?IS MATT] BETWE5 ,LUIGI ,FABBRI & ,S]RATI 7= ! ,P,S,I71 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 USEFUL = ,BEHAN TO SUMM>IZE ?IS DISCUSSION 7& SUBSEQU5T ONES7 9 ORD] = ! READ] TO EVALUATE HIS CLAIM ?AT ! 0UNIT$ FRONT0 WAS A PRACTICAL OPTION AGA9/ FASCISM &1 EQUALLY IMPORTANT1 ! HURDLES ?AT IT FAC$4 ,BUT P]HAPS WE %\LD NOT BE SURPRIS$1 AS IT SEEMS LIKELY ?AT ?IS BOOK WAS WRITT5 TO JU/IFY CURR5T ,S,W,P PRACTICE ?AT ACTUALLY TO UND]/& PREVI\S REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLES & SUGGE/$ TACTICS4 

,UNSURPRIS+LY1 ,BEHAN DOES NOT BO!R TO 9=M ! READ] ( PRACTICAL /EPS MADE T[>DS ?IS LIB]T>IAN 9SPIR$ 0UNIT$ FRONT0 BE=E #a#i#b#b4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 MID-,SEPTEMB] #aib ! ,U,S,I SPONSOR$ AN 09T]-PROLET>IAT0 CONV5TION ) DELEGATES FROM ! SYNDICALI/ F$]ATION1 ! RAIL & M>ITIME UNIONS & ! ,U,A,I4 .<#g#a.> ,9 CONTRA/1 ,JUNE ( ?AT YE> SAW ! ,P,S,I AGREE TO ACCEPT AN 9VITATION FROM ! ,U,S,I TO A JO9T CONF]5CE ONLY = IT TO BREAK (F TALKS AFT] A POPUL> UPRIS+ 9 ! AN>*I/ /RON<OLD ( ,ANCONA & :5 ! SYNDICALI/S 0SWEPT TO ! HEAD0 ( A MOVEM5T AGA9/ ! PRODUCTION ( >MS :I* MI<T BE US$ AGA9/ ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA4 .<#g#b.> ,?AT ! ,P,S,I REFUS$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 TALKS :5 ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9T5SIFI$ & WAS NO LONG] UND] ,P,S,I CONTROL SAYS IT ALL4 ,IT SUGGE/S A REASON :Y ! LIB]T>IAN 0UNIT$ FRONT0 WAS NEV] S]I\SLY CONSID]$ BY ! ,M>XI/S AT ?IS TIME4 .<#g#c.> 

,BEHAN1 SURPRIS+LY1 QUOTES ,MALATE/A'S APPEAL = UNITY AGA9/ FASCISM MADE 9 ,MAY #a#i#b#b4 7P4 #d#i7 ,GIV5 ?AT ONE ( HIS MA9 LESSONS FROM ?IS P]IOD IS ! NE$ = A UNIT$ FRONT1 IT SEEMS /RANGE ?AT HE REMA9S QUIET ON !SE AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ CALLS & ,M>XI/ RESPONSES TO !M4 ,AFT] ALL1 AS ,TOBIAS ,ABSE >GUES1 0.<W.>HAT HAPP5$ 9 ,P>MA 9 ,AUGU/ #aibb 444 C\LD HAVE HAPP5$ ELSE:]E1 IF ONLY ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,SOCIALI/ & ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES ?R[N !IR WEI<T BEH9D ! CALL ( ! AN>*I/ ,MALATE/A = A UNIT$ REVOLUTION>Y FRONT AGA9/ ,FASCISM40 .<#g#d.> ,HE DOES NOT NOTE ?AT ?IS CALL = COOP]ATION HAD BE5 URG$ S9CE E>LY #a#i#a#i1 NOR DOES HE DISCUSS :Y ! SOCIALI/S & COMMUNI/S REJECT$ !SE APPEALS UNTIL IT WAS TOO LATE 7#a#i#b#b SAW ! CREATION ( A ,LABOR ,ALLIANCE :OSE G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,AUGU/ WAS1 AS ,BEHAN REC\NTS1 DEFEAT$ BY FASCI/ VIOL5CE74 

,GIV5 ?AT ,BEHAN'S BOOK IS AN ATTEMPT TO EXPLA9 ! NECESSITY ( A UNIT$ FRONT AGA9/ FASCISM1 IT SEEMS /RANGE 7TO SAY ! LEA/7 ?AT HE FAILS TO M5TION !SE AN>*I/ CALLS 7& ! DEBATES !Y MU/ HAVE PRODUC$74 ,!SE CALLS MU/ BE KN[N TO HIM AS !Y >E 9 BOOKS HE USES AS A REF]5CES1 YET HE FAILS TO M5TION !M OR EXPLA9 :Y ! ,P,S,I C\LD NOT BE WON OV] TO AN ALLIANCE4 ,UNSURPRIS+LY1 !RE=E1 :5 ,BEHAN TALKS AB\T 0AN ,AD,P UNIT$ FRONT0 HE JU/ TALKS AB\T A 0CLE> UNIT$-FRONT APPROA* TO ,SOCIALI/S0 BY ! ,P,C,I 7P4 #a#e7 & S+UL>LY FAILS TO DISCUSS ! LONG HI/ORY ( AN>*I/ CALLS TO ! ,SOCIALI/S ALONG ! SAME L9E & !IR REJECTION4 .<#g#e.> ,HE C\LD HAVE REC\NT$ ! ,P,S,I & ,P,C,I >GUM5TS AGA9/ ?IS LIB]T>IAN SUGGE/ION4 ,BY SO DO+1 HE W\LD HAVE HELP$ TO UND]/& ! P]IOD BETT] & 9DICATE ! REAL OB/ACLES ?AT EXI/$ TO HIS SUGGE/ION ( A 0UNIT$ FRONT0 AGA9/ FASCISM4 ,HE NEV] ADDRESSES ! QUE/ION ( :E!R ! ,P,S,I 7OR ITS LEAD]%IP7 W\LD HAVE SUPPORT$ A ,ITALIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 7,P,C,I7 CALL = A 0UNIT$ FRONT0 IF IT HAD MADE IT4 

,BUT ,BEHAN FAILS TO DO ?IS & SO ! READ] IS LEFT P]PLEX$ TO :Y 0! LEFT0 9 ,ITALY ACT$ AS IT DID4 ,?IS IS UNSURPRIS+1 GIV5 ! ,S,W,P'S P]SPECTIVE ON AN>*ISM4 ,BY M5TION+ !SE CALLS = A REVOLUTION>Y FRONT ! ,S,W,P W\LD HAVE CONFUS$ ITS MEMB]%IP ) AN ACC\NT ( AN>*I/S :I* %ATT]$ !IR USUAL C>ICATURES & DI/ORTIONS4 ,ULTIMATELY1 = A BOOK :OSE AIM IS TO PUT =W>D ! CASE = A 0UNIT$ FRONT0 IT SEEMS /RANGE ?AT ,BEHAN FAILS TO M5TION ATTEMPTS TO =M SU* ORGANIZATIONS 9 ?IS P]IOD4 ,P]HAPS HE WANTS ! READ] TO ?9K ?AT ! IDEA ( A 0UNIT$ FRONT0 CAME PURELY FROM ,L59 & ,TROTSKY8 ,OR ?AT IT WAS ALL ,BORDIGA'S FAULT8 

,& ?IS DOES SEEM TO BE ! GI/ ( ,BEHAN'S BOOK4 ,HE CONT9UALLY PO9TS US 9 ! DIRECTION ( FLAW$ LEAD]S1 NOT 9 ! DYNAMICS ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,?US ,BEHAN /ATES ?AT IT IS 0H>D TO BE SUFFICI5TLY CRITICAL ( ,AM$EO ,BORDIGA 9 ?IS P]IOD0 7P4 #i#a7 ) ! OBVI\S CONCLUSION BE+ ?AT IF ! ,P,C,I HAD A BETT] LEAD] !N FASCISM W\LD HAVE BE5 DEFEAT$6 ,WE >E LEFT ) ! QUE/ION ( :AT W\LD HAVE HAPP5$ IF !RE HAD BE5 AN ,ITALIAN ,L59 7OR ,TROTSKY7 9 #aiai OR IF ,L59 7OR ,TROTSKY7 HAD >GU$ = ! 0UNIT$ FRONT0 9 #a#i#a#i4 .<#g#f.> ,?US1 IRONICALLY1 HI/ORY IS R$UC$ TO ! ACTIONS ( A FEW GREAT M51 ) ! MASSES ROLE ?AT ( SIMPLY FOLL[+ !M4 ,A F> MORE FRUITFUL DISCUSSION W\LD HAVE BE5 TO EXPLA9 :AT IT WAS AB\T ! ,M>XI/ ORGANIZATIONS ?AT ALL[$ SU* T]RIBLE LEAD]S TO DOM9ATE 9 ! FIR/ PLACE &1 EQUALLY IMPORTANT1 :Y !IR MEMB]%IP NOT ONLY PUT UP ) !M BUT ALSO C>RI$ \T !IR ORD]S4 

,BUT SU* AN ANALYSIS W\LD H>DLY BE A ,L59I/ ONE & SO IT IS UNSURPRIS+LY NOT EV5 M5TION$4 

,MOSC[ 

,BEHAN M5TIONS ?AT ! 0.<O.>NE ( ! REASONS = ! POPUL>ITY ( ! ,P,C,I WAS ! TREM5D\S PRE/IGE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY 9 ,RUSSIA1 :I* HAD L$ A SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION 9 #a#i#a#g40 7P4 #i#i7 ,YET HE S+UL>LY FAILS TO DISCUSS H[ ,P,C,I POLICIES W]E 9FLU5C$ BY DEVELOPM5TS 9 ,BOL%EVIK PRACTICE & !ORY4 ,IF HE DID1 !N ! READ] W\LD GA9 AN 9SI<T 9TO :Y ! ,P,C,I ACT$ LIKE IT DID4 ,MOREOV]1 !Y W\LD />T TO QUE/ION H[ 0SUCCESSFUL0 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ACTUALLY WAS4 

,! P]IOD BE+ DISCUSS$ IS AN IMPORTANT ONE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,BOL%EVISM4 ,:ILE ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY HAD SEIZ$ P[] 9 #aiag ) WORK+ CLASS SUPPORT1 BY ! SUMM] ( #aiah ?+S HAD *ANG$4 ,FAC$ ) REJECTION 9 SOVIET ELECTIONS ?R\<\T ,EUROPEAN ,RUSSIA ! ,BOL%EVIKS REPLI$ BY DISB&+ & G]RYM&]+ SOVIETS4 .<#g#g.> ,BY ! BEG9N+ ( ! CIVIL W>1 ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T HAD BECOME A DICTATOR%IP OV] ! PROLET>IAT 7AS ,BAKUN9 HAD PR$ICT$74 ,AS ! CIVIL W> PROGRESS$1 ! ,BOL%EVIK POSITION SOLIDIFI$1 ) ,L59 PROCLAIM+ 9 #aiai ?AT 0.<W.>H5 WE >E REPROA*$ ) HAV+ E/ABLI%$ A DICTATOR%IP ( ONE P>TY 444 WE SAY1 ',YES1 IT IS A DICTATOR%IP ( ONE P>TY6 ,?IS IS :AT WE /& = & WE %ALL NOT %IFT FROM ?AT POSITION 444'0 .<#g#h.> ,BY ! SECOND CONGRESS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 ,Z9OVIEV WAS OP5LY PROCLAIM+ ?IS POSITION ON ! DEBATE ON ! ROLE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,HE OP9$3 

0,TODAY1 PEOPLE LIKE ,KAUTSKY COME ALONG & SAY ?AT 9 ,RUSSIA Y\ DO NOT HAVE ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! WORK+ CLASS BUT ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! P>TY4 ,!Y ?9K ?IS IS A REPROA* AGA9/ US4 ,NOT 9 ! LEA/6 ,WE HAVE A DICTATOR%IP ( ! WORK+ CLASS & ?AT IS PRECISELY :Y WE ALSO HAVE A DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,! DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY IS ONLY A FUNCTION1 AN ATTRIBUTE1 AN EXPRESSION ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! WORK+ CLASS 444 ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT IS AT ! SAME TIME ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY40 .<#g#i.> 

,9 ! SAME YE> ,L59 /RESS$ ?AT ! 0V]Y PRES5TATION ( ! QUE/ION -- 'DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,P>TY OR DICTATOR%IP ( ! CLASS1 DICTATOR%IP 7,P>TY7 ( ! LEAD]S OR DICTATOR%IP 7,P>TY7 ( ! MASSES8' IS EVID5CE ( ! MO/ 9CR$IBLE & HOPELESS CONFUSION ( M9D0 & 0.<T.>O GO SO F> 444 AS TO DRAW A CONTRA/ 9 G5]AL BETWE5 ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! MASSES & ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! LEAD]S1 IS RIDICUL\SLY ABSURD & /UPID40 .<#h.> 

,?IS !ORETICAL JU/IFICATION = P>TY RULE WAS1 AS CAN BE SE51 NOT BAS$ ON SPECIFICALLY ,RUSSIAN NE$S BUT WAS RA!R UNIV]SALIZ$ 9TO A G5]AL LAW ( REVOLUTION4 ,MOREOV]1 ?IS POSITION WAS COMB9$ ) /ATE REPRESSION DIRECT$ AGA9/ O!R SOCIALI/S 7SU* AS ! ,M5%EVIKS1 ,LEFT-,S,RS1 ETC47 AS WELL AS AN>*I/S1 MILITANT WORK]S & PEASANTS4 ,NONE ( !SE GR\PS HAD ANY L9KS ) ! ,:ITE C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 !Y SIMPLY ASK$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO /ICK TO !IR PRE-#a#i#a#g RHETORIC & ! SOVIET CON/ITUTION4 ,?IS DID NOT /OP ! ,BOL%EVIKS DEMONIZ+ !M1 P>TICUL>LY ! ,M5%EVIKS4 ,!SE POSITIONS W]E1 UNSURPRIS+LY1 TRANSMITT$ 9TO O!R ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES4 ,?IS 9CLUD$ PRO-,COMMUNI/S 9 ! ,ITALIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & ! ,P,C,I ONCE IT SPLIT FROM ! ,P,S,I 9 E>LY #a#i#b#a4 

,?US WE F9D ,AVANTI ON ! #b#f? ( ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#i#b1 >GU+ ?AT 09 ,RUSSIA1 UND] ! SOVIET REGIME1 ! ,P>TY REALLY DIRECTS ALL ,/ATE POLICY & ALL PUBLIC ACTIVITIES2 9DIVIDUALS AS WELL AS GR\PS BE+ UTT]LY SUBORD9AT$ TO ! DECISIONS ( ! ,P>TY1 SO ?AT! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT IS REALLY ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! P>TY &1 AS SU*1 ( ITS C5TRAL COMMITTEE40 .<#h#a.> ,MALATE/A CORRECTLY >GU$ ?AT 0WE KN[ :AT WE HAVE TO LOOK =W>D TO3 ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 OR ( ! AS YET UNBORN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY40 .<#h#b.> ,BORDIGA OBVI\SLY SUBSCRIB$ TO ?IS POSITION1 AS CAN BE SE5 FROM HIS #aiba ESSAY 0,P>TY & ,CLASS0 :]E HE /RESS$ ?AT ! 0DIRECTION ( CLASS ACTION IS DELEGAT$ TO ! P>TY40 .<#h#c.> 

,SO :5 ,BEHAN ATTACKS ,BORDIGA = BE+ 0WRONG ON ! ISSUE ( DEMOCRACY0 7P4 #i#b71 HE FAILS TO PLACE ,BORDIGA'S >GUM5TS )9 ! CONTEXT ( DEVELOPM5TS )9 ! ,BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION & ! ACTIONS & IDEOLOGY ( ,L59 & ,TROTSKY4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 SU* A P]SPECTIVE W\LD AUTOMATICALLY EXCLUDE ANY NOTION ( A 0UNIT$ FRONT0 DUR+ ?IS P]IOD4 ,H[ C\LD Y\ WORK ) O!RS IF ! AIM WAS TO IMPOSE Y\R [N DICTATOR%IP 9 ! NE> FUTURE8 .<#h#d.>,?IS HELPS EXPLA9 ! LACK ( ,P,S,I 9T]E/ 9 ! AN>*I/ CALL = A REVOLUTION>Y FRONT1 A CALL FIR/ MADE 9 #a#i#a#i4 

,MOREOV]1 ONCE ! ,P,C,I WAS =M$ ! LIKELIHOOD ( IT JO9+ 9 AN 0UNIT$ FRONT0 ) :AT ITS MEMB]S CONSID]$ AS ! ,ITALIAN EQUIVAL5T ( ! ,M5%EVIKS W\LD HAVE BE5 EV5 MORE REMOTE4 ,AFT] ALL1 HAD NOT ! ,P,S,I1 LIKE ! ,M5%EVIKS1 BETRAY$ ! WORK+ CLASS8 ,HAD IT NOT SID$ ) ! B\RGEOISIE1 AS HAD ! ,M5%EVIKS8 ,& IF ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E >RE/+ 7& EV5 %OOT+7 ,M5%EVIKS 9 ,RUSSIA1 H[ C\LD ,COMMUNI/S 9 ,ITALY WORK ) !IR EQUIVAL5TS8 ,?US :5 ,BEHAN QUOTES ,BORDIGA FROM #aiba >GU+ ?AT 0,FASCI/S & SOCIAL DEMOCRATS >E BIT TWO ASPECTS ( TOMORR['S S+LE 5EMY0 7P2 #i#c7 HE FAILS TO NOTE ?AT ?IS HAD BE5 ! ,BOL%EVIK L9E AGA9/ ! ,RUSSIAN SOCIAL-DEMOCRATS = AT LEA/ ?REE YE>S4 

.<#h#e.> 

,!SE 9FLU5CES FROM ,MOSC[ CAN EXPLA9 O!R ,P,C,I DECISIONS ,BEHAN NOTES BUT FAILS TO DISCUSS4 ,?IS CAN BE SE5 FROM ! ,P,C,I LEAD]%IP'S POSITION ON ! ,AD,P4 ,!Y >GU$ ?AT 7TO QUOTE ,BORDIGA7 ! 0PROLET>IAN'S REVOLUTION>Y MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION MU/ BE ON A P>TY BASIS0 & SO MEMB]S 0CANNOT & MU/ NOT TAKE P>T 9 ACTIVITIES ORGANIZ$ BY O!R P>TIES1 OR :I* 9 ANY EV5T >ISE \TSIDE ! P>TY40 7P4 #f#h7 ,! SUCCESS ( ! ,AD,P 9 ,S>AZANA 7& ELSE:]E7 DID NOT *ANGE ?AT POLICY1 NOR DID ! FACT ?AT MANY RANK & FILE COMMUNI/S IGNOR$ ! LEAD]%IP4 

,BEHAN MAKES NO REAL ATTEMPT TO EXPLA9 ?IS DECISION4 ,?IS IS UNSURPRIS+ AS ?IS POLICY CAN BE/ BE UND]/OOD IF EV5TS 9 ,RUSSIA >E TAK5 9TO ACC\NT4 ,!RE BO? ! ,>MY & ,SECRET ,POLICE 7I4E4 :AT W\LD BE CONSID]$ ! 0PROLET>IAN'S REVOLUTION>Y MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION07 W]E UND] P>TY CONTROL4 ,IT HAD TO BE TO IMPLEM5T ! P>TY DICTATOR%IP4 ,GIV5 ?AT ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P,C,I CONSID]$ !MSELVES AS FOLL[+ 9 ! ,BOL%EVIK'S FOOT/EPS1 IT IS EASY TO SEE :Y !Y ADVOCAT$ ! POSITIONS !Y DID4 

,IT W\LD SEEM 9CR$UL\S TO FAIL TO M5TION1 NEV] M9D DISCUSSION1 !SE 9FLU5CES FROM ,MOSC[ :5 EVALUAT+ ! DECISIONS & ACTIONS ( ! ,P,C,I4 ,YET ?IS IS :AT ,BEHAN DOES4 ,HE FAILS TO EXPLA9 :Y ,BOR<IA & ! BULK ( ! ,P,C,I HELD ! POSITIONS IT DID4 ,SURELY ! >GUM5TS MADE BY !SE COMRADES >E WOR?Y ( REPORT+8 ,EV5 IF FLAW$1 IT IS UNCONV9C+ TO SIMPLY DISMISS !M )\T REAL DISCUSSION4 ,NOR IS IT CONV9C+ TO IGNORE ! NEGATIVE 9FLU5CE ASSOCIAT$ ) ,RUSSIAN ,BOL%EVISM & ! RHETORIC IT US$ TO JU/IFY ITS DICTATOR%IP4 

,MAK+ Y\R M9D UP6 

,9 SPITE ( LACK ( EVID5CE & (FICIAL ,P,C,I HO/ILITY1 ,BEHAN TRIES HIS BE/ TO PA9T ! ,P,C,I AS ! MA9SPR+ ( ! ,AD,P4 ,:ILE ACKN[L$G+ ?AT 0ITS MEMB]%IP CAME FROM MANY DIFF]5T POLITICAL TRADITIONS0 HE ASS]TS ?AT ! 0MAJORITY W]E PROBABLY ,COMMUNI/S0 7P4 #f#b7 & ?AT 0AS F> AS CAN BE E/ABLI%$1 ! MAJORITY ( ,AD,P ACTIVI/S DEF9$ !MSELVES AS ',COMMUNI/S1' AL?\< MO/ PROBABLY W]5'T MEMB]S ( ! ,P,C,I40 .<#h#f.> 7P4 #i#h7 ,HE !N CONTRADICTS HIMSELF 9 ! CONCLUSION BY /AT+ ?AT :ILE MANY ,>DITI W]E ,SOCIALI/S1 AN>*I/S OR EV5 ,REPUBLICANS 0IF !Y CONT9U$ TO 5GAGE 9 POLITICS !Y G5]ALLY BECAME ,COMMUNI/S40 7P4 #a#a#d7 ,HE ALSO >GUES ?AT ! ,P,C,I %\LD HAVE 05T]$ ! ,AD,P 5 MASSE0 & ?IS 709 ALL PROBABILITY067 W\LD HAVE PROVID$ !M A 0MORE /ABLE LEAD]%IP1 & 9CREAS$ !IR SUCCESS >\ND ! C\NTRY40 7P4 #a#e7 ,H[ C\LD ! 9FLUX ( ,P,C,I MEMB]S HAVE RESULT$ 9 BETT] 0LEAD]%IP0 :51 HE CLAIMS1 0COMMUNI/S0 ALREADY W]E ! LEAD]S & ?AT ! MEMB]S 0PROBABLY0 ALSO W]E8 ,& H[ C\LD !Y BECOME COMMUNI/S IF1 AS HE E>LI] CLAIM$1 !Y ALREADY W]E8 ,EV5 ! F\R PEOPLE HE DISCUSSES 9 ! CONCLUSION FAIL TO SUPPORT HIS ASS]TION4 ,( ! F\R1 ONLY ONE BECAME A COMMUNI/ 7HE WAS ORIG9ALLY A SOCIALI/74 ,! AN>*I/ REMA9$ AN AN>*I/ & ! COMMUNI/ REMA9$ A COMMUNI/4 ,UNLESS HE CLAIMS ?AT ,>GO ,SECOND>I'S DESC5T 9TO MADNESS IS EQUIVAL5T TO BECOM+ A COMMUNI/1 WE >E LEFT ) ONLY A M9ORITY BECOM+ COMMUNI/4 

,! CONTRADICTIONS CAN ONLY BE EXPLA9$ BY ! SIMPLE FACT ?AT ! 0MAJORITY0 9 ! ,AD,P W]E NOT1 9 FACT1 0PROBABLY0 COMMUNI/S AT ALL4 ,?IS CAN BE SE5 FROM ,BEHAN'S ACC\NT4 ,AFT] ALL1 :Y %\LD ! ,P,C,I HAVE OPPOS$ P>TICIPATION 9 ! ,AD,P IF 0COMMUNI/S0 W]E 0PROBABLY0 ! MAJORITY ( ! ACTIVI/S8 ,?AT SEEMS AN ILLOGICAL & 9SUPPORTABLE ASS]TION ON ,BEHAN'S P>T4 ,& !SE HOPES >E NOT SUPPORT$ BY ! >GUM5TS ( ! ,P,C,I LEAD]%IP4 ,GRAMSCI .<#h#g.>1 = EXAMPLE1 LOOK$ BACK AT ?IS P]IOD & /AT$ ?AT 0! P>TY LEAD]%IP'S ATTITUDE ON ! QUE/ION ( ! ,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO 444 CORRESPOND$ TO A NE$ TO PREV5T ! P>TY MEMB]S FROM BE+ CONTROLL$ BY A LEAD]%IP ?AT WAS NOT ! P>TY'S LEAD]%IP40 ,HE ADD$ ?AT ?IS POLICY 0S]V$ TO DISQUALIFY A MASS MOVEM5T :I* HAD />T$ FROM BEL[ & :I* C\LD 9/EAD HAVE BE5 EXPLOIT$ BY US POLITICALLY40 .<#h#h.> ,UNSURPRIS+LY1 ,BEHAN ONLY QUOTES ! SECOND P>T ( ,GRAMSCI'S >GUM5T 7P4 #a#h7 SO TURN+ HIS SUPPORT = ! DISA/R\S ,P,C,I POLICY 9TO OPPOSITION4 ,?IS SELECTIVE QUOT+ ALSO HAS ! ADVANTAGE ( HID+ ! LACK ( ,P,C,I 9FLU5CE 9 ! ,AD,P & SO HID+ KEY 9=MATION TO ! READ]S SEEK+ TO UND]/& ! ACTIONS ( ! ,P,C,I4 

,LOOK+ AT ,GRAMSCI'S FULL >GUM5T1 IT BECOMES CLE> ?AT = ! ,P,C,I ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ FASCISM WAS SE5 PURELY AS A MEANS ( GA9+ MORE MEMB]S4 ,MOREOV]1 IT IS CLE> ?AT ,MOSC[ WANT$ A ,P,C,I DOM9AT$ 0UNIT$ FRONT10 NOT A DEMOCRATIC ONE4 ,BUKH>9 /AT$ ?AT ! ,P,C,I 0WAS TOO WEAK TO DOM9ATE ?IS SPONTANE\S MOVEM5T40 7P4 #a#g7 ,! ,COM9T]N /AT$ ?AT ! ,P,S,I & ,P,C,I %\LD M]GE 9 SU* A WAY AS TO 0ASSURE A FIRM REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMUNI/ LEAD]%IP40 7P4 #a#a7 ,H[ ?IS C\LD BE A*IEV$ :5 ,BEHAN ADMITS ?AT ! ,P,S,I 0HAD AB\T ?REE TIMES0 AS MANY MEMB]S AS ! ,P,C,I IS NOT EXPLA9$4 ,?US WE HAVE A 0UNIT$ FRONT0 :OSE AIM WAS TO SECURE & 9CREASE ,COMMUNI/ 9FLU5CE &1 IF ?IS C\LD NOT BE A*IEV$1 IT IS D\BTFUL ?AT IT W\LD HAVE BE5 SUPPORT$4 ,:5 ! OPPOSITE WAS A POSSIBILITY1 !Y PREF]R$ DEFEAT & FASCISM ?AN RISK !IR FOLL[]S BECOM+ 9FLU5C$ BY AN>*ISM4 ,:I*1 9 HIS [N WAY1 IS CONFIRM$ BY ,BEHAN HIMSELF4 ,POND]+ ! ACTIONS ( ! ,P,C,I LEAD]%IP HE TRIES TO EXPLA9 ?IS BY ! ,P,C,I BE+ A Y\NG P>TY 709FANTILE10 P]HAPS87 AS WELL AS BE+ 0MU* SMALL]0 ?AN ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY4 ,HE !N LETS ! CAT \T ( ! BAG BY /AT+ 0IT ALSO HAD TO CONT5D ) A V]Y L>GE AN>*I/ MOVEM5T40 ,?IS 0CONTEXT10 HE /ATES1 ALL[S SOME ( ITS 0SUSPICION & SECT>IANISM0 TO BE 0UND]/OOD0 7BUT NOT DEF5D$74 7P4 #i#d7 

,N[1 :Y %\LD ! EXI/5CE ( A V]Y L>GE AN>*I/ MOVEM5T CAUSE ! ,P,C,I LEAD]%IP TO BE SECT>IAN8 ,BEHAN DOES NOT EXPLA94 ,P]HAPS HE WANTS ! READ] TO CONCLUDE ?AT IT WAS AN>*I/ SECT>IANISM ?AT CAUS$ ! ,P,C,I LEAD]%IP TO RECIPROCATE8 ,BUT SU* A CONCLUSION C\LD NOT BE DRAWN 9 LI<T ( OV] TWO YE>S ( CONSI/5T AN>*I/ >GUM5TS = A REVOLUTION>Y UNIT$ FRONT4 ,BUT1 !N1 ,BEHAN FAILS TO M5TION ?IS4 ,HE ONLY QUOTES ,MALATE/A FROM ,MAY #aiba ON ITS NECESSITY4 ,YET AS ,MALATE/A IS ! ONLY P]SON ,BEHAN DOES QUOTE >GU+ = A UNIT$ FRONT1 SOME EVID5CE IS !RE TO %[ ?AT ! T]RIBLE POLICIES ( ! ,P,C,I CANNOT BE CONSID]$ ! FAULT ( ! AN>*I/S4 ,SO :]E DOES ?AT LEAVE US8 ,C\LD IT BE ?AT ! ,P,C,I LEAD]%IP WAS SECT>IAN SIMPLY BECAUSE !Y KNEW ?AT IF !IR MEMB]S WORK$ ) AN>*I/S !N1 9 ALL LIKELIHOOD1 !Y W\LD LEAVE ! P>TY & BECOME AN>*I/S8 ,IF WE LOOK1 AT SAY1 ,LUIGI ,FABBRI'S TOTAL & UTT] DE/RUCTION ( ,BUKH>9'S >GUM5TS AGA9/ AN>*ISM WE CAN SAY ?AT ! ,P,C,I LEAD]%IP'S CONC]NS W]E JU/IFI$ 7JU/ AS TODAY ! ,S,W,P LEAD]%IPS' SME>S AGA9/ AN>*ISM CAN BE UND]/OOD 9 A SIMIL> LI<T74 .<#h#i.> 

,:I*1 ( C\RSE1 W\LD EXPLA9 ,BEHAN'S [N APPROA* TO AN>*I/S 9 HIS BOOK4 ,HE CONSI/5TLY DI/ORTS ! IDEAS1 ACTIONS & 9FLU5CE ( LIB]T>IANS 9 ! ,ITALIAN LABOR MOVEM5T1 ! BI5NIO ROSSO & ! RESI/ANCE TO FASCISM4 ,HE CONT9UALLY FAILS TO M5TION H[ DEEP AN>*I/ 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! ,AD,P ACTUALLY WAS4 ,AT BE/ HE M5TIONS !M 9 PASS+1 AT WORSE HE IGNORES !M4 ,= EXAMPLE1 HE MANAGES TO TURN HI/ORY ON ITS HEAD BY CONC5TRAT+ ON ! ,SOCIALI/S & ,COMMUNI/S 9 ! LIB]T>IAN /RON<OLD ( ,P>MA & !N /AT+ 0CRUCIALLY1 !Y W]E JO9$ BY REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S & AN>*I/S06 ,:ILE ! WAY HE PHRAS$ IT C\LD BE CONSID]$ AS AN IMPLICIT COMPLIM5T TO ! AN>*I/S1 ! FACTS ( ! MATT] IS ?AT ! /RONGE/ WORK+-CLASS RESI/ANCE TO FASCISM WAS 09 ,P>MA1 ,ANCONA1 ,LIVORNO1 LA ,SPEZIA1 ,B>I1 ,CIVITAVEC*IA1 ,ROME1 ,PISA & ,PIOMB9O0 ALL ( :I* HAD A /RONG LIB]T>IAN TRADITION4 .<#i.> ,BEHAN [N EXAMPLES ( SUCCESSFUL WORK+ CLASS RESI/ANCE TO FASCISM SUPPORTS ?IS4 ,HE PO9TS TO ,ROME .<#i#a.>1 ,P>MA & ,S>ZANA 7:]E 9HABITANTS WORK$ 9 NE>BY ,LA ,SPEZIA OR 0! TRADITIONALLY AN>*I/ /RON<OLD ( ,C>R>A074 

,IT W\LD1 !RE=E1 BE F> MORE TRU?FUL TO SAY ?AT SUCCESS 9 ,P>MA 7AS ELSE:]E7 WAS DUE TO ! SUCCESSFUL APPLICATION ( LIB]T>IAN IDEAS ( A REVOLUTION>Y UNIT$ FRONT4 ,?IS POLICY BAS$ ITSELF ON ! DIRECT ACTION TRADITIONS DEVELOP$ BY LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATIONS & :I* MEMB]S ( O!R P>TIES SAW ! VALIDITY ( & JO9$ 7USUALLY AGA9/ ! WI%ES ( !IR [N LEAD]%IP74 ,! ACTIONS ( ! LIB]T>IANS W]E CRUCIAL 9 ! SUCCESS ( RESI/ANCE 9 ,P>MA & SO !Y CANNOT BE LEFT AS AN AFT]?\<T AS ,BEHAN DESIRES4 ,AS ONE AN>*I/ PAMPHLET CORRECTLY PUTS IT1 ! 0.<I.>NSURRECTIONS AT ,S>ZANNA1 9 ,JULY #a#i#b#a1 & AT ,P>MA1 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#b#b1 >E EXAMPLES ( ! CORRECTNESS ( ! POLICIES :I* ! AN>*I/S URG$ 9 ACTION & PROPAG&A40 .<#i#b.> ,ONE HI/ORIAN PO9TS TO ! ,AD,P 9 ,LIVORNO AS 0! MO/ FULLY TRANSLAT$ 9TO REALITY0 EXAMPLE ( ! 0UNIT$ FRONT ( ! F\R 'SUBV]SIVE' GR\PS -- ,SOCIALI/S1 ,COMMUNI/S4 ,REPUBLICANS1 & AN>*I/S - PUT =W>D BY ! AN>*I/ ,MALATE/A40 .<#i#c.> ,:ILE ,BEHAN M5TIONS ,LIVORNO 7P4 #e#e7 HE DOES NOT M5TION ! MASSIVE GR[? 9 LIB]T>IAN 9FLU5CE :I*1 UND\BT$LY1 MADE ! ANTI-FASCI/ UNITY & RESI/ANCE HE PRAISES POSSIBLE4 

,BEHAN /ATES ?AT ! ,AD,P 0REPRES5T$ A CLE> ALT]NATIVE TO ! 9ADEQUACIES ( BO? ! ,P,C,I & ! ,P,S,I0 :I* 0MANY RANK & FILE ,COMMUNI/S & ,SOCIALI/S 9/9CTIVELY WANT$ TO BE P>T (40 ,! TRAG$Y WAS ?AT ! 0,COMMUNI/ & ,SOCIALI/ LEFT NEV] CAME TOGE!R >\ND AN 5L>G$ ,AD,P TO =M A UNIT$ FRONT AGA9/ FASCI/ ATTACKS40 7P4 #a#h7 ,BY NOT M5TION+ ! AN>*I/S1 ,BEHAN AVOIDS HAV+ TO EXPLA9 TO HIS READ]S :Y ! ,P,S,I & ,P,C,I REFUS$ TO TAKE UP ! LONG /&+ AN>*I/ PROPOSAL = UNIT$ ACTION & :Y ! AN>*I/S W]E ABLE TO TAKE P>T 9 ! ,AD,P4 ,AS WELL AS EXPLA9+ ?AT1 HE C\LD ALSO EXPLA9 :Y ,M>XI/ ORGANIZATIONS CONSI/5TLY FAIL$ TO EXPRESS ! WI%ES ( !IR RANK & FILES4 ,AFT] ALL1 IT DOES NOT BODE WELL = ! MEMB]%IP ( SU* P>TIES ?AT !IR LEAD]%IPS CAN EFFECTIVELY IGNORE !M6 

,! ,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO 

,:I* %[S ! DEEP FLAW 9 ! :OLE WORK4 ,:ILE ,BEHAN CLAIMS ?AT ! ,AD,P 0=MS ! C5TRAL P>T0 ( HIS BOOK ! FACT IS1 TO P>APHRASE ,TROTSKY'S ABHORR5T ANALOGY .<#i#d.>1 ?IS ORGANIZATION PLAYS ! SAME 0C5TRAL P>T0 AS /EAM DOES 9 A PI/ON4 ,! REAL FOCUS IS ON ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ! ORGANIZATION ,BEHAN OBVI\SLY SEES AS PROVID+ ! NECESS>Y LEAD]%IP = ! MASSES4 

,IRONICALLY1 EV5 H]E HIS ACC\NT EXPOSES ! LIMITATIONS ( ,L59ISM RA!R ?AN ITS NECESSITY4 ,! READ] OBVI\SLY 9VIT$ TO DRAW ! CONCLUSION ?AT ONLY IF ! ,P,C,I HAD NOT ELECT$ ,AM$EO ,BORDIGA LEAD] !N ! ,P,C,I C\LD HAVE LEAD ! MASSES TO A VICTORY !Y W]E OBVI\SLY UNABLE TO A*IEVE BY !MSELVES4 ,:Y ! PEOPLE ,BEHAN CONSID]S AS 0(T5 ! MO/ POLITICALLY SOPHI/ICAT$ ACTIVI/S0 7P4 #a#i7 %\LD HAVE ELECT$ 7& REELECT$ UNTIL #a#i#b#f67 SU* 9COMPET5T LEAD]S IS LEFT UNASK$ NEV] M9D UNANSW]$6 ,HE COMPLA9S ?AT ! ,AD,P HAD TO 0PRIORITIZE MILIT>Y MATT]S OV] POLITICAL ISSUES10 AL?\< HE CLAIMS ?AT IF ! ,P,C,I HAD BE5 MORE 9VOLV$ IT 0W\LD HAVE BECOME MORE 'POLITICAL' & W\LD HAVE WID5$ ITS HORIZONS40 7P4 #a#i7 ,:Y ! AN>*I/S1 REPUBLICANS & SOCIALI/S 9VOLV$ W]E NOT CAPABLE ( DO+ ?AT IS NOT EXPLA9$1 BUT IT IS SIGNIFICANT ?AT ,BEHAN ?9KS IT IMPOSSIBLE = ! ,AD,P TO DEVELOP REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS BY !MSELVES4 ,9 ?IS HE REPEATS SOME ( ! MO/ REPULSIVE ASPECTS ( ,L59'S IDEAS &1 LIKE ,L591 IS PROV$ WRONG BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,SIMPLY PUT1 LIKE ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S 9 #a#i#e1 #aiag & #aiba 9 REG>D TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 ! ,AD,P W]E MORE ADVANC$ ?AN ! ,P,C,I4 

,SO :ILE ,BEHAN /ATES ?AT ! ,AD,P >E AT ! CORE ( ! BOOK1 V]Y LITTLE ANALYSIS ( ! ORGANIZATION IS ACTUALLY PRES5T$4 ,:ILE !RE IS DESCRIPTIVE ACC\NTS ( V>I\S EV5TS 7& IT %\LD BE /RESS$ ?AT MU* ( ?IS IS NEW TO ,5GLI% SPEAK]S7 ! FACT IS ?AT ,BEHAN DISCUSSES ! 9S & \TS ( ! 9T]NAL POLITICS ( ! ,P,C,I & ITS RELATIONS ) ,MOSC[ MORE ?AN GIV+ A S]I\S ACC\NT ( ! PROBLEMS FAC+ ! ,AD,P1 H[ IT ORGANIZ$1 H[ CONFRONT$ BO? FASCISM & ITS RELATIONS ) O!R ANTI-FASCI/ =CES4 ,P]HAPS ?IS CAN BE EXPLA9$ BY ! FACT ?AT ! ,AD,P'S FIR/ MANIFE/O /ATES ?AT IT WAS 0,AN AN>*IC =MATION P> EXCELL5CE40 7P4 #e#g7 ,9 A C\NTRY ) A /RONG AN>*I/ MOVEM5T & TRADITION1 SU* A COMM5T CANNOT BE CONSID]$ ACCID5TAL4 

,:5 ,BEHAN DOES DISCUSS ! POLITICS ( ! ,AD,P HE R>ELY DOES IT JU/ICE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,BEHAN /ATES ?AT :ILE ! ,AD,P HAD BROK5 ) FASCISM & S\<T TO OPPOSE IT1 IT 0!Y W]E /ILL 9FLU5C$ BY ! IDEAS ( ,D',ANNUNZIO & !RE=E NATIONALISM0 BE=E QUOT+ !IR FIR/ MANIFE/O :I* CLE>LY /AT$ ?AT 0,WE REJECT ! MANIPULATIONS & GRE$ ( PATRIOTISM1 :I* TAKES PRIDE ONLY 9 ITS RACE4 ,WE AVOID ALL NATIONALI/ S*EM+40 7P4 #e#g7 ,NO:]E 9 ! PROVID$ QUOTE IS !RE ANY SIGN ( NATIONALISM1 QUITE ! OPPOSITE4 ,IT IS USUALLY EXPECT$ ?AT A QUOTE IS US$ TO BOL/] A /ATEM5T1 NOT REFUTE IT4 ,IF ,BEHAN GETS SU* BASIC PO9TS WRONG1 IT IS FAIR TO SAY ?AT HIS ATT5TION IS LESS ?AN FOCUS$ ON ! ,AD,P6 

,LA/LY1 ,BEHAN NOTES ?AT ,BORDIGA ?\<T ?AT 0FIF? COLUMNI/S C\LD HAVE 5T]$ ! .<,AD,P.> ORGANIZATION ) SOME K9D ( /RATEGIC 9T5T40 7P4 #f#i7 ,HE QUOTES A ,P,C,I MEMB] JU/IFY+ HIS P>TY'S REFUSAL TO BE 9VOLV$ ) ! ,AD,P BECAUSE1 9 P>T1 ,SECOND>I1 ! HEAD ( ! ORGANIZATION1 0WAS PUBLICLY ACCUS$ AS BE+ A POLICE SPY & DIDN'T EXPLA9 HIMSELF40 7P4 #a#g7 ,BEHAN1 IRONICALLY1 HAS FOLL[$ ?IS EXAMPLE BY LABEL+ ! MORE MILITANT ELEM5TS ( ! CURR5T 0ANTI-CAPITALI/0 MOVEM5T AS /ATE AG5TS4 ,AS HE PUT IT 9 ! ,NOVEMB]1 #b#b1 ISSUE ( 0,SOCIALI/ ,REVIEW03 0,! ,BLACK ,BLOC3 ,ONE P>TICUL>LY AGGRESSIVE K9D CAN EASILY BE SPOTT$4 ,!Y DRESS ALL 9 BLACK1 BUT HAVE A R$ /RIPE RUNN+ D[N !IR TR\S]S-WE'RE TALK+ AB\T ! C>AB9I]I POLICE =CE40 .<#i#e.> ,BUT1 ( C\RSE1 ! ,S,W,P IS NOT BE+ SECT>IAN :5 IT EQUATES ! ,BLACK ,BLOC ) ! POLICE444 

,TODAY 

,P]HAPS ! PROBLEMS ) ! HI/ORICAL ACCURACY ( MANY ( ,BEHAN'S CLAIMS & ASS]TIONS C\LD BE =GIV5 IF HE MANAG$ TO DRAW CORRECT CONCLUSIONS FROM ! RESI/ANCE TO ! RISE ( FASCISM 9 ,ITALY4 ,SADLY1 BUT UNSURPRIS+LY1 HE DOES NOT4 ,AS HE SAYS1 ) ! RISE ( FASCISM ACROSS ,EUROPE1 0?IS IS NOT JU/ ANCI5T HI/ORY40 7P4 #a#a#f7 ,UN=TUNATELY HE SEEMS 9T5T ON REPEAT+ HI/ORY RA!R ?AN LE>N+ FROM IT4 

,?IS CAN BE SE5 FROM HIS DISCUSSION ( ! /ATE REPRESSION ( ! ,G5OA PROTE/S 9 ,JULY1 #b#a1 = EXAMPLE4 ,BEHAN DOES M5TION ! OBVI\S L9KS BETWE5 ! POLICE & FASCI/S & ! FACT ?AT ! POLICE ATTACK$ ! HUGE 0ANTI-CAPITALI/0 DEMON/RATION4 ,H[EV]1 HE /ATES AGA9/ ALL LOGIC ?AT 0! ANTI-CAPITALI/ MOVEM5T HAS %[N GREAT /R5G?0 9 ?AT ! BIG DEMON/RATIONS 0HAVE BR\<T PEOPLE TOGE!R1 & TAU<T !M ! IMPORTANCE ( HAV+ HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE ON ! /REETS -- ( SAFETY 9 NUMB]S40 7P4 #a#a#h7 ,?IS AFT] HE HAS PROV5 ! OPPOSITE1 NAMELY ?AT L>GE NUMB]S DID NOT /OP ! POLICE ATTACK+ ! ,G5OA DEMON/RATION6 ,IF ! RISE ( FASCISM CAN BE SAID TO %[ ANY?+ IT IS 0SAFETY 9 NUMB]S0 IS NOT 5\<4 ,!RE W]E MILLIONS 9 RADICAL UNIONS & GR\PS DUR+ #a#i#a#h-#a#i#b#b1 BUT ! FASCI/S ATTACK$ !M ANYWAY & WON4 ,SIMPLY PUT1 L>GE NUMB]S >E NOT AUTOMATICALLY P[]FUL UNLESS !Y >E ORGANIZ$ WELL4 ,AS HIS [N BOOK %[S1 ! ,M>XI/ ALT]NATIVE SIMPLY FAILS TO DO ?IS4 

,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ FASCISM TODAY IS SOME:AT DISSIMIL> TO ?OSE FAC+ ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ,ITALY 9 ! E>LY #a#i#bS4 ,!RE HAS BE5 NO NE> REVOLUTION & ! TRADITIONAL =MS ( WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATION >E CLE>LY ALI5AT$ FROM ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,UNLIKE ,ITALY1 FASCISM IS NOT NE$$ BY ! RUL+ CLASS TO CRU% REBELLI\S WORK+ CLASS 7AL?\<1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT MAY *ANGE74 ,MOREOV]1 ! ,LABOR ,P>TY IS 9 P[] &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 RESPONSIBLE = MANY ATTACKS ON WORK+ CLASS :I* ! ,B,N,P USES TO PRES5T ITSELF AS A 0RADICAL0 ALT]NATIVE = :ITE WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE4 ,:ILE ! FAILURE ( RE=MI/ POLITICS IS A ROOT CAUSE = ! RISE ( FASCISM !N & N[1 ! ACTUAL NATURE ( ?AT FAILURE IS RADICALLY DIFF]5T4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT ! TACTICS FASCI/S USE TODAY >E DIFF]5T ?AN ?OSE ( ! ,BLACK ,%IRTS 9 ,ITALY & SO ! MEANS ( COMBAT+ HAVE TO BE DIFF]5T4 ,IT MEANS ?AT ! 0UNIT$ FRONT0 /RATEGY HAS TO BE REEVALUAT$ & MODIFI$ AS REQUIR$4 

,! IDEA ( A 0UNIT$ FRONT0 BAS$ ON PURE ANTI-FASCISM CANNOT BE US$ AS SIMPLY AS ! ,S,W,P W\LD LIKE TO SUGGE/4 ,AFT] ALL1 H[ C\LD A 0UNIT$ FRONT0 :I* 9VOLV$ ! ,LABOR ,P>TY 7AS OPPOS$ TO 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]S7 CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! ANTI-WORK+ CLASS POLICIES IT WAS IMPLEM5T+8 ,H[ C\LD IT ATTRACT MEMB]S ( MA9/REAM P>TIES IF IT RESOLUTELY ATTACK$ ! POLICIES & ACTIONS ( ?OSE P>TIES8 ,DOES ?IS NOT MEAN ANY 0UNIT$ FRONT0 W\LD REPLACE A RADICAL ANALYSIS ( ! CAUSES ( FASCISM & MILITANT APPROA* TO FI<T+ IT ) A BL& SUPPORT = ! /ATUS QUO ?AT IS FAIL+ WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE & CREAT+ ! CONDITIONS BY :I* SOME TURN TO FASCISM & O!R TO RELIGI\S FUNDAM5TALISM8 

,:I* SUGGE/S ?AT ! ,S,W,P DOM9AT$ ,ANTI-,NAZI ,LEAGUE 7,A,N,L7 WILL BE AS 9EFFECTUAL 9 FI<T+ FASCISM 9 ! FUTURE AS IT HAS BE5 9 ! PA/4 ,FASCISM 9 ,EUROPE TODAY NE$S TO BE F\<T US+ REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ IDEAS1 NOT 7TO QUOTE ,BEHAN7 0TWO SIMPLE /R&S10 NAMELY 0! EXPOSURE ( PEOPLE PRET5D+ TO BE DEMOCRATS AS ,NAZI ,HITL]-LOV]S0 & 0MILITANT CAMPAIGN+ TO 5SURE ?AT ! ,NAZIS NEV] GA9 A /ABLE FOO?OLD 9 SOCIETY40 7P4 #a#a#i7 ,?IS DOES NOT PRES5T AN ALT]NATIVE TO FASCISM &1 MOREOV]1 CAN BOIL D[N TO SUPPORT+ ,NEW ,LABOR 7OR EV5 ! ,TORIES7 AS A PREF]ABLE 0ALT]NATIVE0 TO FASCISM4 ,GIV5 ?AT !SE P>TIES >E RESPONSIBLE = MA9TA9+ ! SOCIAL PROBLEMS ?AT ! ,B,N,P TRY TO USE TO SCAPEGOAT M9ORITIES1 ! MESSAGE IS ?AT 0ANTI-FASCISM0 MEANS SUPPORT+ ! /ATUS QUO & ! %IT CONDITIONS WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE FACE4 

,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ,BEHAN PAYS LIP S]VICE TO ! NE$ = ANTI-FASCISM TO BE RELEVANT TO WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE4 ,HE SAYS ?AT WE %\LD BE 05C\RAG+ WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE TO DEF5D !IR JOBS & PUBLIC S]VICES40 7P4 #a#b7 ,YET ?IS IS NOT SE5 AS BE+ AT ! CORE ( ANTI-FASCISM AS IT NOT ONE ( ! 0TWO SIMPLE /R&S0 HE CLAIMS ?AT ! ,A,N,L IS BAS$ ON4 ,NOR DOES HE SEEM AW>E ?AT MANY PEOPLE DO NOT HAVE JOBS TO DEF5D NOR >E PUBLIC S]VICES ! BE ALL & 5D ALL ( WORK+ CLASS NE$S4 ,:I* %[S H[ F> ! ,S,W,P IS FROM WORK+ CLASS LIFE4 ,AS SU*1 ! SITUATION N[ REFLECTS ?AT ( #aib 9 ?AT IT %[S ! FAILURE ( ,M>XI/ REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS AS WELL AS RE=MISM4 ,YES1 /OPP+ ! FASCI/ ?REAT 0REQUIRES REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ POLITICS0 7P4 #a#b7 BUT ! ,S,W,P DOES NOT HAVE !M4 ,ITS ,BOL%EVISM & MIDDLE CLASS BASE PLACES IT \TSIDE ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,?IS IS IMPLICITLY ACKN[L$G$ :5 ,BEHAN SOME:AT PATRONIZ+ /ATES ?AT 0A REVOLUTION>Y P>TY IS NE$$ TO $UCATE & ORGANIZE TOGE!R ) WORK]S40 7P4 #a#b7 ,?US ! WORK+ CLASS 7LIKE ! ,AD,P7 IS CONSID]$ ! /EAM :I* ! 5G9E]S ( REVOLUTION USE TO IMPLEM5T ITS IDEOLOGICALLY CORRECT PR9CIPLES4 ,?AT REVOLUTION>Y !ORY IS BAS$ AS MU* ON LI/5+ & LE>N+ AS ON TALK+ & $UCAT+ ESCAPES ,BOL%EVISM4 ,RA!R ?AN A SOCIALISM ROOT$ 91 & GR[+ \T (1 WORK+ CLASS LIFE & /RUGGLES1 WE HAVE A 0SOCIALISM0 :I* ! WORK+ CLASS MU/ BE 0$UCAT$0 9TO FOLL[+4 

,LITTLE WOND] ?AT >M$ ) SU* AN ELITI/ & PATRONIZ+ ATTITUDE ! ,S,W,P & ITS FRONTS HAVE BE5 SO 9EFFECTUAL AGA9/ ! ,B,N,P4 ,RA!R ?AN PRES5T A WORK+ CLASS SOCIALISM1 ! ,S,W,P IS PURSU+ AN ESS5TIALLY CONS]VATIVE AG5DA4 ,ITS 0ANTI-FASCISM0 AM\NTS TO SUPPORT+ ! /ATUS QUO & FAILS TO EXPLA9 ! CLASS >GUM5T AGA9/ FASCISM4 ,BY DEF5D+ B\RGEOIS SOCIETY AGA9/ FASCISM1 ! ,S,W,P >E 9CAPABLE ( BUILD+ A REAL ANTI-FASCISM AS ?IS NE$S TO BE ANTI-CAPITALI/4 

,P]HAPS ?IS EXPLA9S :Y ,BEHAN SEEMS TO CONSID] ?AT ! CLASS BAS$ POLITICS ( ! #a#i#bS AS A MI/AKE4 ,HE OPPOSES ! 0/]ILE V]BAL EXTREMISM0 ( ! ,P,S,I :I* RESULT$ 9 0A PRACTICAL REFUSAL TO MAKE COMMON CAUSE ) ANY 'PROGRESSIVE B\RGEOIS' ELEM5TS40 7P4 #i#f7 ,HE /ATES ?AT BY #aiba ! WORK+ CLASS 0WAS N[ ON ! DEF5SIVE & NE$$ ALLIES4 ,?IS MEANT CREAT+ ALLIANCES ON ! GR\ND1 EV5 \TSIDE ! WORK+ CLASS40 7P4 #g#d7 ,HE COMPLA9S ?AT ! 0FASCI/S MANAG$ TO W9 OV] ! URBAN MIDDLE CLASSES10 CAUS$ 9 P>T BY ! LEFT BE+ 0OBSESS$ ) ATTACK+ ! MIDDLE CLASSES AS A :OLE RA!R ?AN W9+ L>GE SECTIONS ( !M TO AN ANTI-FASCI/ POSITION40 7P4 #g#e7 

,BY !SE COMM5TS HE 9DICATES ! ,S,W,P FRONTS HAVE MORE 9 COMMON ) ,/AL9'S 0POPUL> FRONT0 ?AN ! 0UNIT$ FRONT0 ( ,MALATE/A & ! AN>*I/S OR EV5 ! 0UNIT$ FRONT0 ( ,L594 ,BEHAN NOTES ?AT ! =M] 09VOLV$ ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES 5T]+ 9TO BROAD NATIONAL AGREEM5TS ) ! LEAD]%IPS ( MAJOR B\RGEOIS ORGANIZATIONS & POLITICAL P>TIES40 7P4 #a#d7 ,! 0UNIT$ FRONT0 IS1 AS HE SAYS1 0UNITY 9 ACTION FROM BEL[ AIM$ AT A SPECIFIC GOAL10 BUT BY WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS4 ,YET ONE ( HIS MAJOR CONCLUSIONS SEEMS TO BE ?AT ! ANTI-FASCI/S 9 ! #a#i#bS MADE A MI/AKE 9 NOT ORGANIZ+ ) ELEM5TS ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,SO :]E DOES ?AT LEAVE ! ,A,N,L8 ,! ,A,N,L1 HE CLAIMS1 IS 0A UNIT$ FRONT0 YET IT IS NOT BAS$ ON ANY CLASS ORGANIZATIONS4 ,RA!R IT IS A MI%-MA% ( V>I\S 9DIVIDUALS & T5D5CIES1 UNIT$ BY ! L[E/ COMMON D5OM9ATOR ( BE+ 0\TRAG$ & DISGU/$0 BY FASCISM4 7P4 #a#b7 ,IF FASCISM IS A SYMPTOM ( ! DISEASE ( CAPITALISM1 H[ CAN Y\ EFFECTIVELY COMBAT IT :5 ANTI-CAPITALISM IS REPLAC$ BY ANTI-FASCISM8 ,NOR IS IT A CASE ( DISAGREE+ OV] 0:AT SOLUTIONS %\LD BE (F]$0 :5 FI<T+ FASCISM4 ,! SOLUTIONS WILL AFFECT ! MEANS US$4 ,H[ CAN IT PURSUE A /RONG CLASS POLICY AGA9/ FASCISM IF1 BY SO DO+1 IT WILL ALI5ATE ! 0MIDDLE CLASS0 ELEM5TS ! ,S,W,P WANTS TO ATTRACT8 ,H[ CAN IT PRES5T AN HONE/ ANTI-FASCISM IF IT HAS TO S(T-P$DLE ! ROLE ( ,LABOR 9 KEEP+ CAPITALISM GO+ 9 ORD] TO RETA9 MEMB]S8 

,BEHAN DOES NOT EXPLA9 H[ ! 0LONG T]M0 AIM ( ! 0WORK+ CLASS0 NE$+ TO 0BE MOBILIZ$ TO FI<T ! SY/EM -- CAPITALISM -- :I* G5]ATES FASCISM0 CAN BE RECONCIL$ ) 9VOLV+ ! MIDDLE CLASS4 7P4 #a#i7 ,SIMIL>LY1 :5 HE CORRECTLY >GUES ?AT 0A POLITICAL UND]/&+ WAS NE$$ 9 :I* ANTI-FASCI/S CLE>LY REALIZ$ ?AT TO DEFEAT FASCISM ! /ATE ALSO NE$$ TO BE DEFEAT$0 7P4 #h#g7 HE FAILS TO EXPLA9 H[ ?IS IS POSSIBLE 9 ! ,A,N,L & = IT TO REMA9 PURELY ANTI-FASCI/4 ,ULTIMATELY1 ! ,S,W,P FAILS TO RECOGNIZE ?AT AN ANTI-FASCISM :I* WAT]S D[N ANTI-CAPITALISM WILL SIMPLY PLAY ! SAME ROLE AS ,/AL9ISM DID 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 NAMELY DE/ROY+ SOCIALISM TO PLACATE ! MIDDLE CLASSES4 ,LITTLE WOND]1 !N1 ?AT ITS 9T]V5TIONS 9 SU* PLACES AS ! ,NOR? ( ,5GL& HAVE MEET ) SO LITTLE SUCCESS -- 9 SPITE ( LEAFLET+ AGA9/ ! ,B,N,P1 PEOPLE /ILL VOT$ = !M4 ,CLE>LY LABEL$ !M 0,NAZI ,HITL]-LOV]S0 SIMPLY DOES NOT WORK4 ,FASCISM WILL ONLY BE DEFEAT$ :5 A VIABLE WORK+ CLASS SOCIALISM EXI/S -- ONE BAS$ ON SELF-MANAGEM5T1 DIRECT ACTION & SOLID>ITY 7I4E4 AN>*ISM74 

,:I* PO9TS TO ! FLAW 9 ,BEHAN'S CONCLUSIONS4 ,9CR$IBLY HE ASS]TS ?AT ! ,A,N,L HAS 0SOME SIMIL>ITIES0 TO ! ,AD,P4 7P4 #a#a#i7 ,:AT AN 9SULT TO ! ,AD,P6 ,! ,AD,P WAS ROOT$ 9 WORK+ CLASS LIFE & MILITANTS ) AN ORGANIC L9K TO MEAN+FUL WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS4 ,IT IS PRECISELY SU* L9KS & ORGANIZATIONS ?AT NE$ TO BE REBUILT4 ,& TO MAKE !M RELEVANT !Y NE$ TO BAS$ ON :AT WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE WANT & NE$1 NOT WANT ! ,S,W,P ASSUMES !Y NE$4 ,ANTI-FASCISM NE$S TO BE CLE> ?AT 0,POPUL> FRONT0 ANTI-FASCISM HAS NEV] WORK$4 ,IT NE$S A CLE> WORK+ CLASS P]SPECTIVE1 ! P]SPECTIVE ,BEHAN PAYS LIP-S]VICE TO :ILE ADVOCAT+ ! OPPOSITE1 NAMELY ! AW>5ESS ?AT ANTI-CAPITALISM IS NOT JU/ !ORETICALLY ESS5TIAL TO FI<T+ FASCISM BUT PRACTICALLY SO4 

,& !RE WAS_/IS AN ANTI-FASCI/ ORGANIZATION :I* WAS BAS$ ON ?AT P]SPECTIVE1 NAMELY ,ANTI-,FASCI/ ,ACTION 7,A,F,A74 ,LET US NOT =GET ?AT ! ,S,W,P CREAT$ ! ,A,N,L OV]NI<T1 IGNOR+ ! FACT ?AT !RE ALREADY EXI/$ A BROAD-BAS$ ANTI-FASCI/ GR\P 7NAMELY ,A,F,A74 ,S9CE ! ,A,N,L CAME ON ! SC5E1 FASCISM 9 ! ,U,K HAS BECOME MORE ( A ?REAT1 NOT LESS4 ,SADLY ,BEHAN FAILS TO ADDRESS ?IS ISSUE4 ,! SAME BL9DNESS AFFLICTS HIS DISCUSSION ( ! 0ANTI-CAPITALI/0 MOVEM5T4 ,IRONICALLY1 :ILE >GU+ ! NE$ = GR\PS TO 0BE 9SIDE ! ANTI-CAPITALI/ MOVEM5T0 TO TRY & 09FLU5CE ITS G5]AL DIRECTION0 HE ACKN[L$GES 0ITS GR[+ RE=MISM40 7P4 #a#a#h7 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 HE DOES NOT POND] :Y ! P]IOD ( 9CREAS$ ,S,W,P & O!R LEFTI/ 9VOLVEM5T 9 ?AT MOVEM5T IS ALSO M>K$ BY FALL+ RADICALISM4 ,:ILE NOT D5Y+ ?AT ALL GR\PS %\LD 9VOLVE !MSELVES 9 MASS /RUGGLE1 :AT IS SIGNIFICANT IS ?AT FACT ?AT S9CE ! ,S,W,P HAS GOT 9VOLV$ & =M$ IT FRONT GR\P 0,GLOBALIZE ,RESI/ANCE0 ! MOVEM5T'S RADICALISM HAS WI!R$4 ,C\LD SOME?+ BE WRONG ) ! ,S,W,P'S APPROA*8 ,SADLY1 SU* SELF-CRITICISM IS NO:]E TO BE SE5 & 9/EAD WE >E SUBJECT$ TO 9APPROPRIATE COMP>ISONS ( ! ,A,N,L TO ! ,AD,P4 

,IT ALSO MEANS ?AT FI<T+ FASCISM1 AS ! ,AD,P WAS WELL AW>E1 MEANS VIOL5CE4 ,BEHAN SEEMS AMBIGU\S ON ?IS MATT]4 ,HE /ATES ?AT 0PHYSICALLY CONFRONT+ ,NAZIS0 9VOLVES 0FLYPO/+0 OR 0WIP+ \T FASCI/ SLOGANS40 ,:ILE ?AT IS NECESS>Y1 IT IS NOT 0PHYSICALLY CONFRONT+0 ANYONE4 ,HE IS ON FIRM] GR\ND :5 HE TALKS AB\T 0C\NT]+ !IR ATTEMPTS AT MASS LEAFLET+1 M>*+ OR HOLD+ PUBLIC MEET+S40 ,!N HE /ATES ?IS 0(T5 BR+S ! VIOL5T ,NAZI NATURE ( ! H>DCORE TO ! SURFACE1 ?US UND]CUTT+ !IR SUPPORT EV5 FUR!R40 7PP4 #a#a#i-#a#b7 ,:AT DOES ?AT MEAN8 ,?AT VIOL5CE ALI5ATES POT5TIAL FASCI/S8 ,DOES ?AT MEAN ANTI-FASCI/S %\LD BE PACIFI/S1 PROVOK+ ! ,B,N,P TO VIOL5CE8 ,?AT1 AS HI/ORY %[S1 WILL EMBOLD5 ! ,NAZI'S1 NOT DISC\RAGE !M4 

,SIMPLY PUT1 IF ANTI-FASCISM MEANS SACRIFIC+ Y\RSELF TO EXPOSE ! 0VIOL5T NATURE0 ( ,NAZISM !N IT WILL FAIL4 ,AN>*I/S DO NOT EXPOSE ,NAZISM BECAUSE IT IS VIOL5T4 ,WE OPPOSE IT BECAUSE IT IS VIOL5CE DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT IS VIOL5CE US$ TO REPRESS WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE & SUBJECT !M TO BO? /ATE & CAPITAL4 ,IT IS VIOL5CE ?AT IS US$ TO DIVIDE ! WORK+ CLASS1 TO GET !M FI<T+ AMONG !MSELVES RA!R ?AN !IR REAL COMMON 5EMIES -- ! RI* & P[]FUL4 ,MOREOV]1 IT SEEMS /RANGE ?AT A P>TY D$ICAT$ 79 !ORY7 TO 9SURRECTION & /ATE REPRESSION ( 0C\NT]-REVOLUTION0 79CLUD+ REBELLI\S WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE7 %\LD PLACE EXPOS+ ,NAZI VIOL5CE SO HI< ON ITS ANTI-FASCI/ /RATEGY4 ,BUT IT DOES PLAY WELL ) CONC]N$ LIB]ALS 0\TRAG$0 BY FASCISM 7& IT P&]S TO !IR (T5 LESS ?AN HIDD5 ELITISM AGA9/ ! WORK+ CLASS74 

,LA/LY1 !RE >E LESSONS = AN>*I/S TODAY4 ,! IMPACT ( ! LIB]T>IAN 9 ,ITALY PO/-WORLD W> WAS IMPRESSIVE4 ,IT %[S ! NE$ TO ORGANIZE EFFECTIVELY1 BO? POLITICALLY & 9DU/RIALLY4 ,IT %[S ?AT WE CANNOT WAIT = A REVOLUTION OR MASS REVOLT BE=E WE ORGANIZE TOGE!R4 ,BY !N IT IS TOO LATE4 ,WE NE$ TO />T TO CREATE ! EQUIVAL5T ( ! ,U,A,I TODAY1 SO ?AT :5 /RUGGLE 9CREASES WE >E 9 A POSITION TO SPREAD \R IDEAS & 9FLU5CE IT 9 A LIB]T>IAN DIRECTION4 ,! EV5TS 9 ,ITALY ALSO %[ ! B5EFITS & DRAWBACKS ( DUAL UNIONISM4 ,IT IS UND\BT$LY TRUE ?AT ! ,U,S,I 9FLU5C$ ! MOVEM5T MASSIVELY BUT IT IS ALSO TRUE ?AT ! MEMB]S ( ! SOCIALI/ UNION REMA9$ TI$ TO !IR LEAD]S & ORGANIZATION4 ,MALATE/A POND]$ ?AT AS 0! ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION C\LD NOT BE DE/ROY$ & REPLAC$ ) ANO!R EQUALLY P[]FUL ORGANIZATION1 W\LD IT NOT HAVE BE5 BETT] TO HAVE AVOID$ S*ISM & REMA9 )9 ! ORGANIZATION TO W>N MEMB]S AGA9/ ! SOMNOL5CE ( ITS LEAD]S80 .<#i#f.> ,AS SU*1 WAYS = AN>*I/S TO WORK )9 EXI/+ MASS ORGANIZATIONS %\LD BE DISCUSS$ 9 ! LI<T ( ! SUCCESSES & FAILURES ( ! ,U,S,I4 

,BY WAY ( A CONCLUSION444 

,SO :AT IS REQUIR$8 ,WELL1 AN ANTI-FASCISM ?AT IS CLE>LY WORK+ CLASS W\LD BE A />T4 ,ONE ?AT DOES NOT WAT] D[N ITS IDEAS TO GA9 SUPPORT FROM POLITICIANS & ! MIDDLE CLASSES4 ,ONE ?AT COMB9ES PHYSICAL CONFRONTATION ) POLITICAL CONFRONTATION4 ,IT ALSO MEANS ADDRESS+ ! REAL CAUSES ( SOCIAL PROBLEMS 7& ! ROLE ( ! ,LABOR ,P>TY 9 MA9TA9+ !M7 & PRES5T+ A POSITIVE ALT]NATIVE VISION RA!R ?AN ! /ATUS QUO4 ,IT MEANS RECOGNIZ+ ?AT ANTI-FASCISM IS NOT 5\< &1 MOREOV]1 ?AT IT HAS BE5 RESPONSIBLE = NUM]\S REVOLUTION>Y DEFEATS 7! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION SPR+S TO M9D74 

,ULTIMATELY IT MEANS REJECT+ ,BEHAN'S MODIFI$ 0POPUL> FRONT0 VISION & A RETURN TO ! 0UNIT$ FRONT0 ADVOCAT$ BY ! AN>*I/S DUR+ ! TWO R$ YE>S4 ,ONE :I* IS BAS$ ON WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS & CONC]NS4 ,IT MEANS BUILD+ ON ! EXAMPLE ( ,A,F,A1 NOT ! ,A,N,L1 & DEVIS+ A POLITICAL /RATEGY :I* CAN UND]M9E ! FALSE RADICALISM ( ,FASCISM ) A REAL RADICAL ALT]NATIVE1 ONE :I* 5C\RAGES ! ACTIVE P>TICIPATION ( WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE 9 SOLV+ ! PROBLEMS WE ALL FACE REG>DLESS ( COLOR1 SEX OR RELIGION4 ,IT C\LD TAKE ! =M ( 5C\RAG+ COMMUNITY & WORKPLACE ASSEMBLIES & ! USE ( DIRECT ACTION & SOLID>ITY TO FI<T = IMPROVEM5TS 9 \R LIVES4 

,& IT 9VOLVES A POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 AS MU* AGA9/ ! FALSE IDEOLOGIES ( A BANKRUPT /ATE SOCIALI/ TRADITION AS FASCISM4 ,AFT] ALL1 ! ,B,N,P IS TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! WEAKNESS ( BO? RE=MI/ & REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM4 ,WE NE$ TO RECLAIM ! LIB]T>IAN ROOTS ( SOCIALISM & PRES5T AN ALT]NATIVE TO CAPITALISM1 ,LABORISM & ,BOL%EVISM4 ,IT IS NO CO9CID5CE ?AT ,FASCISM 9 ,ITALY & ,SPA9 HAD TO BE 5=C$ ONTO A REBELLI\S WORK+ CLASS4 ,BO? C\NTRIES HAD /RONG AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS :O F\<T FASCISM TOO? & NAIL4 ,! SAD FACT IS ?AT IF ! AN>*I/ IDEAS ON FI<T+ CAPITALISM & FASCISM HAD BE5 FOLL[$ 9 ,ITALY BY ! ,M>XI/ P>TIES !N ! HI/ORY ( ! WORLD W\LD HAVE BE5 DIFF]5T4 ,NOT ?AT ! READ] W\LD KN[ ?IS FROM ,BEHAN'S BOOK4 

,:I* COMES AS NO SURPRISE4 ,AS ,BEHAN /ATES1 0EV]Y UNIT$ FRONT IS AN >5A = POLITICAL & IDEOLOGICAL /RUGGLE40 7P4 #a#e7 ,IT WAS ! ?REAT ?AT ! AN>*I/S W\LD W9 ?AT /RUGGLE :I* PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 ! ,P,S,I & ,P,C,I REFUSAL TO JO9 A UNIT$ FRONT OR TAKE P>T 9 ! ,AD,P4 ,IT ALSO EXPLA9S :Y ,BEHAN'S ACC\NT ( ?IS P]IOD IS SO LACK+4 ,= READ+ 0! ,RESI/IBLE ,RISE ( ,B5ITO ,MUSSOL9I0 A READ] ) A BASIC KN[L$GE ( ! P]IOD & ! IDEAS & ACTIONS ( ! AN>*I/S CAN DRAW BUT ONE CONCLUSION1 NAMELY ! IRRESI/IBLE CORRECTNESS ( AN>*ISM4 

.<#a.> QUOT$ BY ,C>L ,LEVY1 0,ITALIAN ,AN>*ISM1 #a#h#g-#a#i#b#f10 ,= ,AN>*ISM3 ,HI/ORY1 ,!ORY1 & ,PRACTICE1 ,DAVID ,GOODWAY 0,$471 ,R\TL$GE1 #a#i#h#i4 

.<#b.> ,PAOLO ,SPRIANO1 ,! ,OCCUPATION ( ! ,FACTORIES3 ,ITALY #a#i#b1 ,PLUTO ,PRESS #a#i#g#e2 ,GWYN ,A4 ,WILLIAMS1 ,PROLET>IAN ,ORD]3 ,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI1 ,FACTORY ,C\NCILS & ! ,ORIG9S ( ,COMMUNISM 9 ,ITALY #a#i#a#a-#a#i#b#a1 ,PLUTO ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#e2 ,M>T9 ,CL>K1 ,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI & ! ,REVOLUTION ?AT ,FAIL$1 ,YALE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #aigg 

.<#c.> ,R$ ,YE>S1 ,BLACK ,YE>S3 ,AN>*I/ ,RESI/ANCE TO ,FASCISM 9 ,ITALY1 ,A,S,P1 ,LONDON1 #aihi 

.<#d.> ,SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ,PAT ,/ACK'S 9CR$IBLY EMB>RASS+ ESSAY 0,AN>*Y 9 ! ,U,K80 = H[ L[ ! ,S,W,P >E WILL+ TO GO TO DI/ORT AN>*ISM4 ,REPLIES CAN BE F\ND AT3 AN>*ISM4PAGEABODE4COM & AN>*ISM4PAGEABODE4COM 

.<#e.> ,TO SAVE SPACE1 ! T]M AN>*I/ WILL BE US$ TO COV] BO? AN>*I/S & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S4 

.<#f.> ,UNSURPRIS+LY1 ,BEHAN FAILS TO M5TION ?AT :ILE ?IS ONSLAU<T AGA9/ ! ,ITALIAN WORK+ CLASS WAS GO+ ON1 ,ITALY RECEIV$ A ,SOVIET TRADE MISSION 9 ,M>* #aiba & AFT] PROTRACT$ NEGOTIATIONS SIGN$ A TRADE AGREEM5T AT ! 5D ( ! YE>4 .<,E4,H4 ,C>R1 ,! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION1 VOL4 #c1 P4 #c#d.> ,9DE$1 ,BOL%EVIK ,RUSSIA WAS HAPPY TO NEGOTIATE ) FASCI/ ,ITALY & ,MUSSOL9I DECL>$ HIMSELF PREP>$ = DE JURE RECOGNITION ( ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#b#c1 A DECL>ATION :I* WAS TRIUMPHANTLY HAIL$ 9 ,MOSC[ AS ! FIR/ 0BREA* 9 ! OLD ,5T5TE UNIT$ FRONT AGA9/ ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA40 .<,E4,H4 ,C>R1 ,! ,9T]REGNUM3 #a#i#b#c-#a#i#b#d1 P4 #b#d#i.> 

.<#g.> ,?IS IS NOT ! FIR/ TIME ! ,S,W,P HAVE DONE ?IS4 ,JOHN ,REES 9 0,9 ,DEF5SE ( ,OCTOB]0 DOES A SIMIL> HAT*ET JOB ON BO? ! ,KRON/ADT REBELS & ! ,MAKHNOVI/S 79DE$1 ! ME?ODS US$ >E SIMIL>74 ,SEE AN>*ISM4PAGEABODE4COM = DETAILS4 

.<#h.> ,?IS IS USUALLY ! CASE ) ,S,W,P ACC\NTS4 ,IT IS OBVI\SLY CASE ?AT ! LEAD]%IP ASSUMES ?AT NO ONE WILL *ECK !IR REF]5CES4 ,SOMEONE %\LD TELL !IR MEMB]%IP TO DO SO4 ,P]HAPS ?AT WAY WE CAN /OP ! LEAD]%IP TREAT+ !M AS IDIOTS4 

.<#i.> ,?IS WILL1 BY NECESSITY1 BE RE/RICT$ TO ,5GLI% LANGUAGE BOOKS4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS D\BTFUL ?AT ,BEHAN HAS US$ ! ,ITALIAN S\RCES 9 A DIFF]5T WAY4 

.<#a.> ,! ,S,W,P SEEM TO HAVE A RULE ( ?UMB4 ,PEOPLE >E NAM$ AS AN>*I/S OR !Y >E NAM$ AS BE+ 9FLU5TIAL 9 ! WORK+ CLASS1 R>ELY BO?4 ,?US ! ,*ICAGO ,M>TYRS >E USUALLY CALL$ TRADE UNION LEAD]S BUT NOT AN>*I/S OR1 MORE R>ELY1 AN>*I/S & NOT TRADE UNION LEAD]S4 ,L\ISE ,MI*EL IS CALL$ A ,COMMUN>D1 BUT NOT AN AN>*I/1 & SO ON4 

.<#a#a.> ,GIV5 ! POV]TY ( ! ,LEFT1 ITS BE/ TO LEAVE IT UP TO ! READ] TO DECIDE :E!R ?IS IS A BAD ?+ OR NOT6 

.<#a#b.> ,IT W\LD BE 9T]E/+ TO F9D ! EXACT FACTS AB\T C]TA9 ( ,BEHAN'S COMM5TS4 ,:ILE HE G5]ALLY NOTES A ,M>XI/ 9FLU5CE 7SU* AS CALL+ ! AN>*I/ /RON<OLD ,S>ZANA A 0,SOCIALI/-RUN0 T[N7 HE BECOMES V]Y VAGUE AT O!R TIMES4 ,?US ,BEHAN TALKS AB\T A ,P>MA ,AD,P LEAD] 0WRIT+ 9 A NEWSPAP]0 7P4 #h#f7 :I* WAS PRODUC$ 9 ,MILAN4 ,AS ,MILAN WAS ! HOME ( ! AN>*I/ DAILY1 C\LD ?AT EXPLA9 ! ANONYMITY8 ,SIMIL>LY1 HE :5 M5TIONS ?AT 0! TRADE C\NCIL0 9 ,P>MA TOOK 0AN ACTIVE P>T 9 TRY+ TO MOBILIZE WORK]S01 7P4 #h#a7 WE HAVE TO ASK :I* ONE8 ,! ,C,G,L1 ,U,S,I OR ,U,I,L8 ,?IS ANONYMITY C\LD BE EXPLA9$ BY ! FACT ?AT ,P>MA HAD BE5 ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,U,S,I UNTIL E>LY #a#i#b4 ,!N !RE IS ! REF]5CE TO ! 0TWO ,ROMAN TRADE C\NCILS0 9 ! 0,PROLET>IAN ,DEF5SE ,C\NCIL40 7P4 #g#b7 ,GIV5 ,P,S,I HO/ILITY TO IT1 CAN WE REALLY BE EXPECT$ ?AT ONE ( !M WAS ! SOCIALI/ TRADE UNION8 

.<#a#c.> ,TOBIAS ,ABSE1 0,! ,RISE ( ,FASCISM 9 AN ,9DU/RIAL ,CITY10 ,RE?9K+ ,ITALIAN ,FASCISM1 P4 #$ 

.<#a#d.> ,BEHAN REIT]ATES ?IS CLAIM1 TALK+ ( 0! HO/ILITY ( ! RE/ LEFT0 TO ! ,AD,P & ( ! 0POLITICAL MI/AKES ( ! E/ABLI%$ LEFT40 7P4 #a#i7 ,GIV5 ! /UPIDITY ( ! ,P,S,I & ,P,C,I IT IS PROBABLY GOOD ?AT ! AN>*I/S >E NOT 9CLUD$ 9 ,BEHAN'S 0LEFT06 

.<#a#e.> ,WILLIAMS1 ,PROLET>IAN ,ORD]1 P4 #a#i#d2 ,LEVY TALKS AB\T 0! AN>*I/-L$ RAILWAYM50 .<,LEVY1 ,GRAMSCI & ! ,AN>*I/S1 P4 #b#b#b.> 

.<#a#f.> ,ITALIAN ,AN>*ISM1 #a#h#f#d-#a#h#i#b1 P4 #gf & PP4#g#h-#i 

.<#a#g.> ,BEHAN'S CONTEMPT MAT*ES ?AT ( ,5GELS HIMSELF :O1 AS ,P]NICONE MAKES CLE>1 0CONSI/5TLY UND]E/IMAT$ ,BAKUN9 AS A POLITICAL ADV]S>Y & REFUS$ TO BELIEVE ?AT ,ITALIAN WORK]S MI<T EMBRACE AN>*I/ DOCTR9ES40 ,HE FAIL$ TO ACKN[L$GE ?AT AN>*ISM 0WAS RAPIDLY DEVELOP+ A FOLL[+ AMONG ,ITALIAN >TISANS & WORK]S10 PREF]R+ TO 9DULGE 9 CONSPIRACY !ORIES TO EXPLA9 ! UNPOPUL>ITY ( ! ,M>XI/ PROGRAM4 .<,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #e#b.> 

.<#a#h.> ,P]NICONE1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #id 

.<#a#i.> ,P]NICONE1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #aag 

.<#b.> ,TO PRES5T A TYPICAL QUOTE FROM ,BAKUN9 ON ?IS SUBJECT3 0,ORGANIZE ! CITY PROLET>IAT 9 ! NAME ( REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALISM1 & 9 DO+ ?IS UNITE IT 9TO ONE PREP>ATORY ORGANIZATION TOGE!R ) ! PEASANTRY40 .<,! ,POLITICAL ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,BAKUN91 P4 #c#g#h.> 

.<#b#a.> ,PROLET>IAN ,ORD]1 PP4 #a#i#c-#d 

.<#b#b.> ,IBID41 P4 #b#e#b1 FN #b4 ,CL>K AGREES1 NOT+ ?AT ! ,U,S,I 0REMA9$ IMPORTANT ?R\<\T #aiai & #aib -- 9DE$1 !IR 9FLU5CE HAS BE5 MU* UND]E/IMAT$ BY MU/ HI/ORIANS40 .<,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI & ! REVOLUTION ?AT FAIL$1 P4 #c#d.> 

.<#b#c.> ,PROLET>IAN ,ORD]1 PP4 #a#i#d-#a#i#e 

.<#b#d.> ,IBID41 P4 #aii 

.<#b#e.> ,= EXAMPLE1 ,MALATE/A RAIS$ ! IDEA 9 ,UMANITA ,NOVA 9 ,M>*1 #a#i#b3 0,G5]AL /RIKES ( PROTE/ NO LONG] UPSET ANYONE 444 ,ONE MU/ SEEK SOME?+ ELSE4 ,WE PUT =W>D AN IDEA3 TAKE-OV] ( FACTORIES444 ! ME?OD C]TA9LY HAS A FUTURE1 BECAUSE IT CORRESPONDS TO ! ULTIMATE 5DS ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T & CON/ITUTES AN EX]CISE PREP>+ ONE = ! ULTIMATE ACT ( EXPROPRIATION40 .<,LIFE & ,IDEAS1 P4 #a#c#d.> 

.<#b#f.> ,WILLIAMS1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #b1 P4 #aic & P4 #a#i#f.> 

.<#b#g.> ,CL>K1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #id 

.<#b#h.> ,WILLIAMS1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #aie 

.<#b#i.> ,WILLIAMS1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #bg 

.<#c.> ,BEHAN NOTES ?AT ! 0,P,S,I LEAD]S REFUS$ TO CALL = SOLID>ITY ACTION ELSE:]E0 BUT DOES NOT M5TION SYNDICALI/ SOLID>ITY 7P4 #b#i7 

.<#c#a.> ,CL>K1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #ade 

.<#c#b.> ,CL>K1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #afb 

.<#c#c.> ,CL>K1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #a$ & P4 #aef 

.<#c#d.> ,WILLIAMS1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #b#c#f1 PP4 #b#c#h-#i 

.<#c#e.> ,C>L ,LEVY1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #abi 

.<#c#f.> ,WILLIAMS1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #bcf & PP4 #b#d#c-#d 

.<#c#g.> ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #aid 

.<#c#h.> ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN93 ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S1 P4 #ag & P4 #agb 

.<#c#i.> QUOT$ BY ,JOHN ,M4 ,CAMETT1 ,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI & ! ,ORIG9S & ,ITALIAN ,COMMUNISM1 P4 #abd 

.<#d.> QUOT$ BY ,CL>K1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #aee 

.<#d#a.> QUOT$ BY ,CL>K1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #aah 

.<#d#b.> ,PAUL ,AVRI*1 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/S1 PP4 #h-#a 

.<#d#c.> QUOT$ BY ,GRAHAM ,PUR*ASE1 ,EVOLUTION & ,REVOLUTION1 P4 #c 

.<#d#d.> ,BEHAN MAKES NO M5TION1 ( C\RSE1 AB\T ! GR[? ( AN>*ISM 9 ?IS P]IOD4 

.<#d#e.> ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #bbb 

.<#d#f.> ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #ef 

.<#d#g.> QUOT$ BY ,M>T9 ,A4 ,MILL]1 ,KROPOTK91 P4 #agd 

.<#d#h.> ,MILL]1 ,IBID41 PP4 #a#g#d-#e 

.<#d#i.> ,C>L ,LEVY1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 #b#b#a-#b 

.<#e.> ,TOBIAS ,ABSE1 = EXAMPLE1 RECORDS ! LIB]T>IAN-L$ G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,LIVORNO 9 ,M>* #aiba TO RELEASE ,MALATE/A .<,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #g#a.> 

.<#e#a.> 0,! ,RISE ( ,FASCISM 9 ,ITALY10 ,W> ,COMM5T>Y1 MID-,SEPTEMB] #a#i#d#c1 P4 #a 

.<#e#b.> ,BOB ,HOLTON1 ,BRITI% ,SYNDICALISM1 #a#i-#a#i#a#d1 PP4 #b#a-#b 

.<#e#c.> ,BEHAN CANNOT MAKE HIS M9D UP AB\T ! IMPACT ( VOTE *AS+ ON ! FATE ( ! ,P,S,I4 ,ON ONE PAGE HE >GUES ?AT 0MOD]ATION0 BY ! LEAD]%IP 0WAS UND\BT$LY ONE ( ! REASONS BEH9D ! FALL 9 ! ,P,S,I VOTE 9 ! #aid ELECTION40 7P4 #a#a7 ,A FEW PAGES LATT]1 HE >GUES ?AT ! ,GIOLITTI 0WON AN 9CREAS$ MAJORITY BECAUSE PROGRESSIVE MIDDLE-CLASS OP9ION HAD BE5 FRI<T5$ BY ! G5]AL /RIKE40 7P4 #a#e7 ,AS !RE WAS RE/RICT$ SUFFRAGE AT ! TIME1 ! SECOND EXPLANATION IS OBVI\SLY CLOS] TO ! TRU?4 

.<#e#d.> ,AS REG>DS ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 !Y W]E EQUALLY AS HO/ILE1 BUT = O!R REASONS 7AS ,BEHAN DISCUSSES74 ,IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT !Y EXPRESS$ HO/ILITY TO ! ,AD,P BE=E ! EV5TS 9 ,S>ZANA1 NOT AFT] AS ,BEHAN IMPLIES 7P4 #f#g74 

.<#e#g.> ,! ,SYNDICALI/ ,TRADITION & ,ITALIAN ,FASCISM1 P4 #f#f1 P4 #g#b1 P4 #eg & P4 #gi 

.<#e#h.> ,IBID41 P4 #aac 

.<#e#i.> ,IRONICALLY1 ,BEHAN /ATES ?AT ! NEW ,P,C,I WAS 0A HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ P>TY1 & ULTIMATE CONTROL LAY ) ! FIVE-MAN ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE0 )\T QUE/ION+ :AT ?IS HAS TO SAY AB\T ,BOL%EVISM4 7P4 #d#d7 ,P]HAPS ,BEHAN'S OPPOSITION TO EXCESSIVE C5TRALISM MAY BE ?AT ( ,L59'S1 :O OPPOS$ IT :5 HE WAS 9 ! M9ORITY4 ,AFT] ALL ,BEHAN SEEMS TO IMPLY ?AT ! PROBLEM WAS DUE TO ! 0WRONG0 LEAD]%IP BE+ ELECT$ 7HE /ATES ?AT ! ,E,C WAS MADE UP ( 0FOLL[]S ( ,BORDIGA074 

.<#f.> ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 0,LI/51 ,M>XI/601 ,PO/ ,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM1 P4 #aig 

.<#f#a.> ,E4,H4 ,C>R1 ,SOCIALISM 9 ,ONE ,C\NTRY1 VOL4 #c1 P4 #a#e#hF & P4 #afd 

.<#f#b.> 0,FROM ?IS MOM5T .<! #aibb ,ITALIAN CONGRESS.> IT BECAME CLE> 9 ,MOSC[ ?AT ! ONLY HOPE ( GE>+ ! ,P,C,I TO ! COM9T]N L9E WAS T \/ ,BORDIGA FROM ! LEAD]%IP10 :I* !Y DID4 .<,E4 ,H4 ,C>R1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #a#e#h.> 

.<#f#c.> ,?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S DI/ORT$ ! AN>*I/ POSITION CAN BE SE5 FROM ,MALATE/A >GU+ ?AT ! 0?\< WE C\LD NOT YET HAVE ! REVOLUTION = ! LACK ( NECESS>Y PREP>ATION & UND]/&+1 ! MOVEM5T W\LD C]TA9LY HAVE ASSUM$ L>G] PROPORTIONS & A MU* GREAT] IMPORTANCE40 ,HE CORRECTLY CALL$ ! DECISION BY ! RE=MI/ TRADE UNION LEAD]%IP TO CALL (F ! /RIKE AN ACT ( 0TREA*]Y0 & 0BETRAYAL40 .<,MALATE/A3 ,LIFE & ,IDEAS1 P4 #b#a#h.> 

.<#f#d.> ,ROB]TS1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #aef 

.<#f#e.> ,WILLIAMS1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 PP4#g#g-#g#h1 P4 #ha & P4#a#i#e 

.<#f#e.> ,WILLIAMS1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 PP4#g#g-#g#h1 P4 #ha & P4#a#i#e 

.<#f#f.> ,WILLIAMS1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 PP4 #h#a-#b 

.<#f#f.> ,WILLIAMS1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 PP4 #h#a-#b 

.<#f#g.> ,CL>K1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #ad 

.<#f#h.> ,CL>K1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #adc & P4 #adb 

.<#f#i.> ,LEVY1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 PP4 #a#c#h-#a#c#i4 

.<#g.> ,LEVY1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #ac 

.<#g#a.> ,WILLIAMS1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #bfd 

.<#g#b.> ,WILLIAMS1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #bag 

.<#g#c.> ,CL>K QUOTES A POLICE 9=M] /AT+ 9 ,MAY #abi ?AT ! ,SOCIALI/ DEPUTIES 0W\LD NOT BE AV]SE TO A LITTLE REACTION TO 9DUCE ! MASSES TO RETURN TO ! ORD]S ( !IR LEAD]S :O HAVE LO/ 9FLU5CE ?R\< ! FAULT ( AN>*I/ PROPAG&I/S40 .<QUOT$ BY ,CL>K1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #a#d#fF.> 

.<#g#d.> ,TOBIAS ,ABSE1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #ef 

.<#g#e.> ,WRIT+ 9 #a#i#b#f1 ,MALATE/A TALK$ AB\T 0! CON/ANT EF=TS MADE BY ?OSE LEAD]S .<( ! SOCIALI/ TRADE UNION.> TO FRU/RATE ANY PROPOSAL = UNIFICATION & KEEP DISSID5TS AT BAY0 DUR+ ?IS TIME4 .<,! ,AN>*I/ ,REVOLUTION1 P4 #c#c.> 

.<#g#f.> ,IRONICALLY1 ,MALATE/A WAS CALL$ BY SOME ! 0,L59 ( ,ITALY10 A NOTION HE REJECT$ & COMBAT$4 ,HE GREET$ ,L59'S DEA? 9 #aibd ) ! WORDS 0,L59 IS DEAD4 ,LONG LIVE LIB]TY40 .<,PET] ,M>%AL1 ,DEM&+ ! ,IMPOSSIBLE1 P4 #c#e#c.> 

.<#g#g.> ,= EXAMPLE1 SEE ,SAMUEL ,F>B]'S ,BE=E ,/AL9ISM = A %ORT BUT USEFUL SUMM>Y4 

.<#g#h.> ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS1 VOL4 #b#i1 P4 #ece 

.<#g#i.> ,PROCE$+S & ,DOCUM5TS ( ! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS #a#i#b1 VOL4 #a1 PP4 #a#e#a-#b 

.<#h.> ,LEFT-,W+ ,COMMUNISM3 ,AN ,9FANTILE ,DISORD]1 P4 #bg & P4 #be 

.<#h#a.> QUOT$ BY ,MALATE/A1 0,5F96 ,CE ,QUE ,C'E/ QUE 2A ',DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT'01 ,AN>*I/ES1 ,SOCIALI/ES ET ,COMMUNI/ES1 P4 #bi 

.<#h#b.> ,IBID4 

.<#h#c.> 0,P>TY & ,CLASS10 CONTA9$ 9 ,BORDIGA V]SUS ,PANNEKOEK1 ,ANTAGONISM ,PRESS P4 #c#i4 ,BORDIGA'S ESSAY IS CLE>LY AN ATTEMPT TO JU/IFY ! ,BOL%EVIK TRUISM ?AT REVOLUTION REQUIR$ P>TY RULE OV] ! WORK+ CLASS4 

.<#h#d.> ,BEHAN QUOTES ,TROTSKY FROM #aiba >GU+ ?AT ! 0UNIT$ FRONT0 WAS REQUIR$ BECAUSE 0WE >E NO LONG] CLOSE TO SEIZ+ P[] 9 ! WORLD REVOLUTION4 ,9 #aiai WE ?\<T IT WAS A QUE/ION ( MON?S1 BUT N[ WE >E SAY+ ?AT IT IS P]HAPS A QUE/ION ( YE>S40 7P4 #a#c7 ,AS ! ,P,S,I_/,P,C,I 9 #a#i#b_/#a ?\<T IT WAS A 0QUE/ION ( MON?S10 IT IS OBVI\S :Y !Y W]E HO/ILE TO ! AN>*I/ CALL = AN UNIT$ FRONT4 

.<#h#e.> ,SIMIL>LY1 :5 ,BORDIGA /AT$ ?AT ! ,P,C,I 0%\LD AIM AT ! LIQUIDATION ( ALL O!R ANTI-FASCI/ OPPOSITIONS0 HE WAS SIMPLY FOLL[+ ! LEAD ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 :O HAD ELIM9AT$ ALL OPPOSITION TO ! P>TY4 .<,E4,H4 ,C>R1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #h#d.> 

.<#h#f.> ,GIV5 ?AT MO/ AN>*I/S DESCRIB$ !MSELVES AT ! TIME AS COMMUNI/-AN>*I/S & HAD DONE SO S9CE ! #a#h#hS1 IT DOES NOT AUTOMATICALLY MEAN ?AT 0COMMUNI/0 EQUATES TO ,M>XI/ AT ?IS TIME4 

.<#h#g.> ,= ,BEHAN1 ,GRAMSCI IS ! GREAT H]O4 0,AP>T FROM ,GRAMSCI10 HE /ATES1 0,P,C,I LEAD]S ONLY />T$ TO COME TO !IR S5SES :5 IT WAS TOO LATE40 7P4 #i#i7 ,?IS IS 9 RELATION TO EV5TS 9 MID-#a#i#b#b4 ,YET AS ONE HI/ORIAN NOTES1 ,GRAMSCI 0F\<T H>D AGA9/0 ! 0DANG]0 ( BE+ 0ABSORB$0 9TO 0A G5]IC ANTI-,FASCI/ FRONT1 9T]E/$ MA9LY 9 P]SEV]+ 'B\RGEOIS LIB]TIES' 444 ,EV5 9 #a#i#b#e1 HE WAS NOT 9T]E/$ 9 PRES]V+ 'B\RGEOIS LIB]TIES'4 ,?AT WAS NOT :AT ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HAD BE5 =M$ TO DO40 ,HE 0D5\NC$ ?OSE RI<T-W+ ,COMMUNI/S 444 :O HELD ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/S %\LD BE ! 'LEFT-W+' ( AN ANTI-,FASCI/ COALITION40 .<,CL>K1 ,OP4 ,CIT4.> ,EV5 9 #a#i#b#f1 ,GRAMSCI DID NOT DI/ANCE HIMSELF FROM ! DECISIONS ( ! ,P,C,I LEAD]%IP OV] ! ,AD,P4 ,:ILE ACKN[L$G+ IT ISOLAT$ ! ,P,C,I FROM ! MASSES HE SUB/ANTIALLY AGRE$ ) :Y ?AT WAS REQUIR$4 ,UNSURPRIS+LY1 ,BEHAN SELECTIVELY QUOTES ,GRAMSCI ON ?IS MATT]4 

.<#h#h.> ,SELECTIONS FROM ,POLITICAL ,WRIT+S 7#a#i#b#a-#a#i#b#f71 P4 #ccc 

.<#h#i.> ,SEE ,LUIGI ,FABBRI'S CLASSIC ESSAY ,AN>*Y & ',SCI5TIFIC' ,COMMUNISM4 ,?IS ESSAY IS AVAILABLE AT3 WWW4ZABALAZA4NET 

.<#i.> ,TOBIAS ,ABSE1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #ef 

.<#i#a.> ,BEHAN NOTES ?AT 0.<M.>ANY 9DIVIDUAL AN>*I/S & ,>DITI W5T TO ! MEET+S0 ( ! 0,PROLET>IAN ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE0 :I* DEFEAT$ ! FASCI/S 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#b4 ,?IS COMMITTEE WAS MADE UP ( 0! TWO ,ROMAN TRADES C\NCILS & ! ,REPUBLICAN ,P>TY40 7P4 #g#b7 ,HE ALSO NOTES ! 0TRADE UNION & ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY LEAD]S EFFECTIVELY FELL SIL5T 9 ?OSE CRUCIAL H\RS1 SAY+ NO?+ & ORGANIZ+ NO?+0 AS WELL AS 0! LACK ( ,P,C,I 9VOLVEM5T0 9 ! ANTI-FASCI/ VICTORY4 7PP4 #g#c-#d7 

.<#i#b.> ,R$ ,YE>S1 ,BLACK ,YE>S1 P4 #b 

.<#i#c.> ,TOBIAS ,ABSE1 ,OP4 ,CIT41 P4 #gd 

.<#i#d.> 0,)\T A GUID+ ORGANIZATION1 ! 5]GY ( ! MASSES W\LD DISSIPATE LIKE /EAM NOT 5CLOS$ 9 A PI/ON4 ,BUT NEV]!LESS1 :AT MOVES ?+S IS NOT ! PI/ON OR ! BOX1 BUT ! /EAM40 .<,HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 VOL4 #a1 P4 #a#g.> 

.<#i#e.> 0,TOM ,BEHAN ANALYZES ! ,ITALIAN LEFT01 WWW4SWP4ORG4UK 

.<#i#f.> ,! ,AN>*I/ ,REVOLUTION1 P4 #cc 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,! IRRESI/IBLE CORRECTNESS ( AN>*ISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,! IRRESI/IBLE CORRECTNESS ( AN>*ISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/