,*APT] #d #a#i#f-#a#i#f#f ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,ALB]T ,MELTZ] ,TEXT 3 #a#i#f-#a#i#f#f ,ON ,JANU>Y FIF?1 #a#i#f1 ,FRANCISCO ,SABATE 7EL ,QUICO1 SOMETIMES WRONGLY DESCRIB$ AS ,SABAT]7 ONE ( ! MO/ T5ACI\S & BE/ KN[N ( ! LIB]T>IAN ACTIVI/S1 WAS KILL$ 9 ! VILLAGE ( ,SAN ,CELONI 7NE> ,B>CELONA7 FOLL[+ A GUN BATTLE ) OV] #a ,GU>DIA ,CIVIL ! PREVI\S DAY1 :5 F\R COMRADES FROM HIS GR\P HAD BE5 AMBU%$ & KILL$ 9 A ,PYR5EAN F>MH\SE4 ,SABATE1 ?\< BADLY W\ND$1 MANAG$ TO ESCAPE & MAKE HIS WAY TO ,SAN ,CELONI BY HI-JACK+ A TRA91 BUT HE WAS RECOGNIZ$ & BR\Y AN>*I/ ACTIVISM1 :O N[ REALIZ$ ?AT !Y MU/ BREAK DECISIVELY FROM ! NONRESI/ANCE W+S & ALIGN !MSELVES 9T]NATIONALLY ) O!R REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVI/S4 ,! ,SPANI% RESI/ANTS 9 ! 9T]IOR REALIZ$ ?AT !Y C\LD NOT RELY ON ! ,T\L\SE FACTION :OSE SOLE PURPOSE WAS TO DIVIDE !M FROM !IR REAL ALLIES1 ! 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,SABATE'S DEA? ?US M>K$ ! 5D ( AN ]A ( 9TROSPECTION & APA?Y1 & ! BEG9N+ ( A NEW 9T]NATIONALLY COORD9AT$ REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVI/ /RUGGLE AGA9/ IMP]IALISM 9 ALL ITS MANIFE/ATIONS4 ,! RELUCTANCE ( REVOLUTION>Y AN>*ISM TO CUT ITSELF (F FROM TOTALLY OSSIFI$ GR\P+S OR ?OSE :O1 US+ ! LABEL 'AN>*I/' HAD NO LONG] ANY LIB]T>IAN OR REVOLUTION>Y 9T]E/S1 MAY SEEM CURI\S TO ! \TSID]2 BUT WAS BORN A LONG TRADITION )9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T TO ACCEPT ANYONE AS AN AN>*I/ :O HAPP5$ TO CALL HIMSELF ONE 7SOME?+ LONG S9CE IMPOSSIBLE = SOCIALI/S1 OR ,M>XI/S71 & 9 ! ABS5CE ( A P>TY ORGANIZATION1 ?IS ACCEPTANCE ALONE DEF9$ AN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,BUT IT WAS ALWAYS A DANG]\S TRADITION 7IT MEANT ?AT SOMEONE WELL KN[N = BE+ AN AN>*I/1 ?\< HAV+ NO LONG] ANY CONNECTION ) ! MOVEM5T1 C\LD 'SPEAK' = SOME?+ ( :I* HE WAS NOT A SPOKESMAN1 ONE DISA/R\S EXAMPLE BE+ ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 A MEMB] ( NO AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION AT ! TIME1 APOLOGIZ+ = ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I & CAUS+ AS MU* H>M TO ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T AS IF HE HAD 9DE$ BE5 ITS DELEGATE74 ,! DEA? ( ,SABATE1 H[EV]1 :I* WAS H]ALD$ 9 ! ,SPANI% PRESS AS ! 5D ( ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM1 & :I* PROVOK$ ! USUAL HYPOCRITICAL DISCLAIM]S FROM ,T\L\SE1 MEANT ?AT ! ,SPANI% MOVEM5T ( ! 9T]IOR DECISIVELY BROKE FROM ,T\L\SE4 ,?\< /ILL US+ ! NAME ',C,N,T' TO D5OTE ! TYPE ( UNION ORGANIZATION :I* !Y WI%$ TO BUILD UP1 IT WAS CLE>LY UND]/OOD ?AT !Y W]E NOT REF]R+ TO ! ,ORGANIZATION 9 ,EXILE 7,M,L,E7 BUT DID NOT WI% TO CONFUSE ! WORK]S AS A :OLE4 7,& !Y ALSO CLUNG TO ! WI% NOT TO APPE> TO BE 'S*ISMATIC'47 ,H[EV]1 )9 ONE MON? ( ,SABATE'S DEA? ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,DIRECTORATE ( ,IB]IAN ,LIB]ATION 7,D,R,I,L7 ANN\NC$ ITS EXI/5CE1 & IMM$IATELY OBTA9$ SUPPORT FROM ?IS AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ( ! ,SPANI% 9T]IOR AS WELL AS ( O!R GR\P+S4 ,IT MADE A NUMB] ( D>+ ATTACKS ON ! DICTATOR%IPS ( BO? ,SPA9 & ,PORTUGAL1 SU* AS ! HI-JACK+ BY A COMM&O ( ,SPANI% & ,PORTUGUESE & ,S\?-,AM]ICAN FIIA ON ! HI< SEAS ON ,JANU>Y #b#a/ #a#i#f#a4 ,! POSSIBILITIES ( A TWO-FOLD /RUGGLE OP5$ UP ONCE MORE -- ! VANGU>D ( WORK]S' C\NCILS1 N[ BE+ E/ABLI%$ BY ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ( ! 9T]IOR--7,F,O,I -- ,F$]ACION ,OBR]A ,IB]ICA1 ,WORK]S ,IB]IAN ,F$]ATION--! '9T]NAL' NAME ( ! GR\P+S 'PRO ,C,N,T'7 & ?IS RE>GU>D ( >M$ FIY RESI/ANCE ) FUTILE MOVES TO F9D A 'DIPLOMATIC SOLUTION' TO SOME?+ :I* 9T]NATIONAL CAPITALISM & WORLD DIPLOMACY HAD SOLV$ TO ITS [N SATISFACTION4 ,BUT IT WAS N[ TOO LATE1 & F9ALLY ! ORGANIZATION WAS DOOM$ TO S9K 9TO /]ILITY1 ) C\NT]-EXCOMMUNICATIONS ( ! OLD GU>D ( ! BUREAUCRACY4 ,ELSE:]E 9 ! WORLD W]E ! /ILL SOME:AT ISOLAT$ 'SECT>IAN' GR\PS ( AN>*I/ REVOLUTION>IES2 ! EXP&+ MOVEM5T ?AT WAS COM+ VIA ! NUCLE> DIS>MAM5T MOVEM5T1 & ! 'AN>*O-,M>XI/' MOVEM5TS GR[+ UP QUITE 9DEP5D5TLY1 MOV+ FROM ,M>XISM BUT BR++ MANY ,M>XI/ ATTITUDES1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE ( '?IRD WORLD' NATIONALISM1 ) !M4 ,YET ! COM+ TOGE!R ( ! FIR/ ( !SE SECTIONS ) ! ,SPANI% ACTIVI/S SOON SURPRIS$ ! WORLD1 S9CE IT APP>5TLY SEEM$ ?AT 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/ ACTIVITY HAD EM]G$ FROM ! BLUE LIKE ! KRAK5 WAK5+ AFT] YE>S ( SLEEP4 ,MOREOV]1 AL?\< ! 9T]NATIONAL ACTIVI/S HAD NO CONNECTIONS )1 & USUALLY A /RONG DISLIKE =1 ! 'HIPPIE' & 'NEW LEFT'1 NEV]!LESS ! LATT] DID AF=D !M A POOL 9 :I* TO SWIM4 ,!IR IDEAS W]E ABLE TO BE HE>D = ! FIR/ TIME BY A L>G] AUDI5CE4 ,SYMPA?Y = !IR ACTIONS HAD NEV] BE5 LACK+ BY A V]Y MU* WID] SECTION ( ! PUBLIC ?AN ! PRESS EV] IMAG9$1 & PRESS DI/ORTIONS & HY/]IA NOT)/&+1 !RE WAS A DEEP UND]LY+ SUPPORT = AN>*I/ IDEAS 9 WORK+ CLASS CIRCLES & AMONG PEOPLE ( ALL G5]ATIONS4 ,ALL ?IS L$ TO ! SETT+ UP ( A SECRET ORGANIZATION ! ,D,I 7,9T]NAL ,DEF5SE7 :I* BR\S ( ACTIVITY 9 EV]Y P>T ( ! WORLD TO CO-ORD9ATE !IR CL&E/9E ACTIVITIES AGA9/ TYRANNY--9 ! E>LY SPR+ ( #aifb & )9 A FEW MON?S SURPRIS$ ! WORLD BY ! APP>5TLY SUDD5 REEM]G5CE ( 9T]NATIONAL REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ ACTIVITY AFT] YE>S ( IGNORANCE ( ITS EXI/5CE4 ,BUT ONLY :5 ! 'NE> MISS'1 ON ,FRANCO'S LIFE AT ,SAN ,SEBA/IAN 7,AUGU/ #a#i#f#b7 TOOK PLACE DID ! 9T]NATIONAL COLLABORATION COME TO G5]AL NOTICE1 P>TLY BECAUSE ?IS HAD ALSO ! EFFECT ( MAK+ AN 9ROAD BY ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T ON ! ,BASQUE C\NTRY4 ,= LONG ,BASQUE NATIONALISM HAD BE5 REACTION>Y1 NATIONALI/ & CL]ICAL4 ,N[ IT WAS AS DISCR$IT$ AS MO/ ( ! 9ACTIVE MOVEM5TS ( ! ,REPUBLIC 9 EXILE4 ,! ,E,T,A WAS ! NEW1 DYNAMIC ,BASQUE MOVEM5T1 & :ILE IT WAS TO SOME EXT5T NATIONALI/IC1 IT ALSO CONTA9$ MANY :O W]E NOT1 & C\LD EMBRACE NATIONALI/S1 M>XI/S1 CA?OLICS & LIB]T>IANS 9 A COMMON /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,FRANCO4 ,AS A RESULT ( ! T]ROR AGA9/ ! ,BASQUES1 ,FRANCO HAD SUCCE$$ 9 UNIT+ ALMO/ ! :OLE ,BASQUE C\NTRY AGA9/ HIM1 IRRESPECTIVE ( :E!R IT HAD NATIONALI/ ASPIRATIONS OR NOT4 ,IT ALSO SIGNAL$ A NEW WAVE ( REPRESSION :I* SWEPT ,SPA9 DIRECT$ P>TICUL>LY AGA9/ ! M9]S ( ! ,A/URIAN COALFIELDS & ! LIB]T>IAN ACTIVI/S4 ,FEEL+ ITSELF 5DANG]$ BY ! RISE 9 REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS & ACTIVITY ! ,FRANCO ,GOV]NM5T RETURN$ TO ! USE ( T]ROR P]FECT$ 9 ! YE>S IMM$IATELY FOLL[+ ! ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,N[1 H[EV]1 9T]NATIONAL ACTION1 CONC]T$ = ! FIR/ TIME1 WAS ABLE TO ANSW] ! REPRESSION )9 ,SPA94 ,! ,C\NCILS ( ,W> S5T ?IRTY LIB]T>IANS TO PRISON ) SAVAGE S5T5CES1 & = ONE ( !M ! ,/ATE ,PROSECUTOR DEM&$ ! DEA? P5ALTY4 ,SUPPORT = ,JORGE ,CUNILL ,VALS1 ! Y\NG AN>*I/ S5T5C$ TO DEA?1 GREW ?R\<\T ! WORLD1 & 9 ,MILAN ! ,SPANI% ,VICE-CONSUL WAS KIDNAPP$ BY ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S 7ON ,SEPTEMB] #b#i1#a#i#f#b74 ,C>D9AL ,MONT9I 7N[ ,POPE7 9T]V5$ ON BEHALF ( ! CONDEMN$ ,CATALAN ,AN>*I/1 & ! REBUFF HE RECEIV$ HAS CAUS$ ! T5SION :I* EXI/S BETWE5 ! ,VATICAN & ! ,PRADO TO ?IS DAY 7& IS :Y ! ,*UR* IS N[ BACK+ MORE ?AN ONE SIDE 9 ! FI ,JULIAN ,GRIMAU & ! AN>*I/S ,DELGADO & ,GRANADOS W]E S5T5C$ TO DEA? BUT PROTE/S AGA9/ ! EXECUTIONS W]E SO WIDESPREAD ?AT ,FRANCO'S HOPES ( ADMISSION 9TO ! COMMON ,M>KET W]E TOTALLY FRU/RAT$4 ,GOV]NM5TS ( ! ,WE/]N ,WORLD W]E UNABLE TO FLAGRANTLY GO AGA9/ :AT W]E WIDESPREAD S5TIM5TS BY ADMITT+ ,FRANCO 7! ,GOV]NM5TS ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE HAD1 ( C\RSE1 NO SU* 9HIBITIONS1 & C\LD DO TRADE DEALS :5EV] !Y WI%$ )\T REG>D = PUBLIC OP9ION :I* DID NOT EXI/ 9 !IR C\NTRIES74 ,H[EV]1 )\T ADMITT+ IT TO ! G5]AL PUBLIC1 & SOMETIMES ILLEGALLY1 ! POLICE ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE W]E WORK+ 9 CLOSE ASSOCIATION ) ,FRANCO ?\< IT WAS NOT UNTIL T5 YE>S AFT]W>DS ?AT ?IS WAS G5]ALLY ADMITT$4 ,?IS POLICE ACTIVITY WAS EXCUS$ 9 ,FRANCE BY ! FACT ?AT1 AS ,FRANCO HAD CLAMP$ D[N ON ! ,FR5* ,O,A,S OP]AT+ AGA9/ ,DE ,GAULLE FROM ,MADRID1 !Y %\LD CLAMP D[N ON ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S 9 ,FRANCE OP]AT+ AGA9/ ,G5]AL ,FRANCO 7?\< IT WAS (T5 POLITICALLY 9EXP$I5T = POLICE :O HAD COLLABORAT$ ) ! ,NAZIS TO CLAMP D[N OP5LY ON LIB]T>IANS :O HAD BE5 TO ! =E-FRONT ( ! ,RESI/ANCE74 ,9 ,5GL& NO EXCUSE EXI/$1 & 9 FACT ! ISSUE ( ,GIBRALT> MEANT ?AT ,SPECIAL ,BRAN* WAS 9 FACT ACT+ AGA9/ ,BRITI% IMP]IAL 9T]E/S BY ITS ASSI/ANCE TO ,FRANCO :OSE /AG$ DEMON/RATIONS = ,GIBRALT> W]E SOLELY DE/9$ TO DEFLECT PUBLIC ATT5TION FROM ! ,RESI/ANCE CRITICISMS ( HIS REGIME4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ,SCOTL& ,Y>D WAS ABLE TO SUPPLY 'SECRET 9=MATION TO A =EIGN P[]' FEEL+ ?AT 9 TIME 7AS IT DID7 GOV]NM5T OP9ION W\LD SEE ?AT POLICE 9T]E/S AGA9/ REVOLUTION W]E HI<] ?AN SU* N>R[ NATIONALI/IC 9T]E/S4 ,IT WAS !RE=E POSSIBLE = CONC]T$ POLICE ACTION TO BE TAK5 AGA9/ ,FR5*1 ,ITALIAN & ,BRITI% AN>*I/S WORK+ 9 CONJUNCTION ) ! REVOLUTION>Y Y\? MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA91 DEMON/RAT+ ! 9T]NATIONAL NATURE BO? ( ,AN>*ISM & ! ,POLICE4 ,?IS L$ TO ! >RE/ ( ,SCOTTI% AN>*I/ ,/U>T ,*RI/IE 9 ,SPA91 :]E HE WAS TAK+ P>T 9 AN ATTEMPT TO ASSASS9ATE ! DICTATOR4 ,WORLD OP9ION WAS DIRECT$ TO ,SPANI% PRISONS & 9 P>TICUL> ! MAT]IAL SUPPORT :I* HE BEGAN TO RECEIVE WAS DIV]T$ BY HIM TO LIB]T>IAN PRISON]S 9 G5]AL4 ,= A LONG TIME ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HAD1 UND] A V>IETY ( ANTI-FASCI/ & DEMOCRACTIC S\ND+ NAMES1 BE5 COLLECT+ AID = ,SPANI% PRISON]S FROM ALL2 BUT GIV+ ONLY TO !IR '[N' -- ?US O!R PRISON]S CAME TO BE =GOTT51 ) A CORRESPOND+ DAMP5] UPON ! RESI/ANCE MOVEM5T4 ,! AN>*I/S NOT ONLY HAD BE5 RECEIV+ ! LONGE/ S5T5CES & BE5 ! SUBJECT ( ! BITT]E/ P]SECUTION1 BUT ! COMMUNI/S1 :O 5GAG$ ONLY 9 PROPAG&A ACTIVITIES EXTOLL+ ! GLORIES ( ,RUSSIA1 & ADVOCAT+ AN ALLIANCE ) ! ,*RI/IAN-,DEMOCRATS AGA9/ ,AM]ICAN BASES 9 ,SPA91 W]E ! ONLY ONES TO RECEIVE AID 9 JAIL4 ,N[ AT LA/ ?AT SITUATION WAS REV]S$1 IRREVOCABLY1 A DIRECT CONSEQU5CE ( ,*RI/IE'S >RE/4 ,HIS >RE/1 & ?AT ( O!R '=EIGN]S'1 ALSO HELP$ TO CEM5T ! 9T]NATIONAL ALLIANCE ?AT F9ALLY BROKE D[N ! B>RI] ?AT HAD BE5 ]ECT$ BY ! OSSIFI$ & NONRESI/ANT W+S ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,9 #aife ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? ,MOVEM5T BROKE COMPLETELY & F9ALLY ) ! MA9 AN>*I/ & CONF$]AL ORGANIZATIONS 9 EXILE4 ,! REASON = ?IS WAS ! REFUSAL BY ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T TO IMPLEM5T ! DECISIONS AGRE$ ON 9 #aifa TO R5EW ! CL&E/9E >M$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,FRANCO REGIME4 ,?IS UNWILL+NESS TO ACT MAY HAVE BE5 DUE TO TIR$NESS1 FE> OR P]HAPS NOT WI%+ TO COMPROMISE ! /EADY COM=TABLE EXI/5CE !Y W]E LEAD+ 9 EXILE4 ,H[EV]1 ) ! BREAK F9ALIZ$ ! REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ ACTIVI/ MOVEM5T WAS N[ ABLE TO BREAK FREE FROM ! FETT]S :I* HAD B\ND IT = SO LONG ITS ASSOCIATION ) ! MOVEM5T 9 EXILE4 ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,JANU>Y #i1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/